CELLPHONE

USE OF MOBILE DEVICES BY HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

Need for Mobile Devices at the Point of Care

One major motivation driving the widespread adoption of mobile devices by HCPs has been the
need for better communication and information resources at the point of care.7,14 Ideally, HCPs
require access to many types of resources in a clinical setting, including:

 Communication capabilities—voice calling, video conferencing, text, and e-mail 7

 Hospital information systems (HISs)—electronic health records (EHRs), electronic
medical records (EMRs), clinical decision support systems (CDSSs), picture archiving
and communication systems (PACSs), and laboratory information systems (LISs)7
 Informational resources—textbooks, guidelines, medical literature, drug references7
 Clinical software applications—disease diagnosis aids, medical calculators7

Prior to the development of mobile devices, these resources were mainly provided by stationary
computers, which do not support the need for mobility in health care settings.7 In an attempt to
address this need, some health care environments set up portable, wireless mobile information
stations such as Computers on Wheels (COWs) or Workstations on Wheels (WOWs).7 With the
availability of mobile devices, however, clinicians now have access to a wellspring of
information at their fingertips, through their smartphones and tablets.10
The results of the 2012 Manhattan Research/Physician Channel Adoption Study also identified
the purposes for which HCPs rely on mobile devices.13 Searching was the most popular activity
among HCPs, with 98% using their desktops/laptops to search, 63% using their tablets, and 56%
using their smartphones.13 Focusing on smartphone use for doctors alone, searching is again the
most common activity, occupying 48% of phone time, with professional apps consuming an
additional 38%.13 Physicians were also found to spend an average of three hours per week
watching web videos for professional purposes on desktops/laptops (67%), tablets (29%), and
smartphones (13%); the most frequently viewed content (55%) was continuing medical
education (CME) activities.13 A frequent reliance on mobile devices was also reported in the
survey of medical school HCPs and students, with 85% reporting the use of a mobile device at
least once daily for clinical purposes, often for information and time management or
communication relating to education and patient care.

TV SET
 TV, interactive video games, and the Internet can be excellent sources of education and entertainment for kids.
But too much screen time can have unhealthy side effects.
That's why it's wise to monitor and limit the time your kids spend playing video games, watching TV, and using
the Internet.
What's Recommended?
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued these guidelines for screen time:
 Babies and toddlers up to 18 months old: No screen time, with the exception of
video-chatting with family and friends.
 Toddlers 18 months to 24 months: Some screen time with a parent or caregiver. 
 Preschoolers: No more than 1 hour a day of educational programming, together with a
parent or other caregiver who can help them understand what they're seeing.
 Kids and teens 5 to 18 years: Parents should place consistent limits on screen time,
which includes TV, social media, and video games. Media should not take the place of getting
enough sleep and being physically active.
Kids should have a wide variety of free-time activities, like spending time with friends and playing sports, which
can help develop a healthy body and mind.
Screen Time
Here are some practical ways to make kids' screen time more productive:
 Stock any rooms that have a TV, computer, or other devices with plenty of other
non-screen entertainment (books, kids' magazines, toys, puzzles, board games, etc.) to
encourage kids to do something non-screen related.
 Keep TVs, iPads, and other screens out of kids' bedrooms.
 Turn off all screens during meals.
 Don't allow your child to watch TV while doing homework.
 Treat screen time as a privilege that kids need to earn, not a right that they're
entitled to. Tell them that screen time is allowed only after chores and homework are completed.
 Try a weekday ban. Schoolwork, sports activities, and job responsibilities make it tough
to find extra family time during the week. Record shows or save video games for weekends, and
you'll have more family togetherness time to spend on meals, games, and physical activity
during the week.
 Set a good example. Limit your own screen time.
 Check the TV listings and program reviews. Look for programs your family can watch
together (like developmentally appropriate and nonviolent programs that reinforce your family's
values). Choose shows that foster interest and learning in hobbies and education (reading,
science, etc.).
 Preview programs. Make sure you think they're appropriate before your kids watch
them.
 Use the ratings. Age-group rating tools have been developed for some TV programs and
usually appear in newspaper TV listings and onscreen during the first 15 seconds of some TV
programs.
 Use screening tools. Many new standard TV sets have internal V-chips (V stands for
violence) that let you block TV programs and movies you don't want your kids to see.
 Come up with a family TV schedule. Make it something the entire family agrees on.
Then post the schedule in a visible household area (like on the refrigerator) so that everyone
knows which programs are OK to watch and when. And make sure to turn off the TV when the
"scheduled" program is over instead of channel surfing for something else to watch.
 Watch TV and play video games with your child, to see if the programming is OK for
your child.
 Find out about other TV policies. Talk to other parents, your doctor, and your child's
teachers about their TV-watching policies and kid-friendly programs they'd recommend.
 Offer fun alternatives to screen time. If you want your child to turn off the screen,
suggest alternatives like playing a board game, starting a game of hide and seek, or playing
outside.
RADIO

Cellular Radio Telecommunication for Health Care: Benefits and Risks

Abstract
Radiotelephony has been used in health care since it was first introduced commercially in the 1950s, 1 but
it was not until the introduction of hand-held transceivers and nation-wide cellular network coverage in
the last decade that communication using these devices has become ubiquitous in the United States.
Evolution of Technology
The technical advance that made the limited radio spectrum assigned for telephony available to the millions of
current subscribers is automated frequency reassignment. Automated switching servers rapidly reassign
frequency channels across a geographic network of relatively low-power, short-range, static transceivers to
very-low-power, short-range, mobile transceivers so that each mobile is sufficiently separated to avoid radio
channel interference. Each static transceiver uses an array of directional antennae (usually mounted on towers)
to sense frequency shifts and signal strength of the mobile units within adjacent geographic cells, so that the
system can track and “hand off” a moving call.
First-generation (1G) cellular systems used analog signal transmission for voice; digitized data were
transmitted by modem similarly to wired telephony; however, reliable data speeds did not exceed 10 kilobits
per second. The 1G networks developed in the United States in the 1980s have largely been replaced by digital
second-generation systems, which further subdivide and multiplex concurrent transmissions over the limited
bandwidths assigned to radio telephony by the Federal Communications Commission.
The second-generation (2G) cellular systems (used by most current health care applications) use digital signal
processing in which voice and other data are transmitted, usually with compression, by one of several
algorithms including time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), global
system for multiple communications (GSM), and integrated digital enhanced network (iDEN). Although data
are encoded in digital packets, these packets are transmitted sequentially over an assigned circuit switched to
the individual units for the duration of the connected call. Because of the multiple 2G algorithms, cellular
hardware often is incompatible unless connected through the landline-based public switched telephone
network (PSTN).
Packet switching labels data so that each unit can be routed over the path of least congestion through a network
and reassembled at its destination. Current transmission speeds achieved by 2G cellular systems are not
adequate for reliable conversational speech with a packet-switched protocol; so-called “2.5G” networks divide
their assigned spectrum into a circuit-switched range for voice and a packet-switched range for other data. 17
Third-generation (3G) cellular systems blur the distinction between wireless networks and radiotelephony. 3G
systems will use packet-switched transmission for both voice and other data. A key feature is the integration of
wireless local area networking having transmission speeds in a gigabit per second range with cellular radio
systems having speeds in a hundreds of kilobits per second range. 3G systems are expected to have the
following features: fixed and variable rate bit traffic, bandwidth on demand, asymmetric data rates in the
forward and reverse links, multimedia mail store and forward, capability to determine geographic position of
mobile units and report it to both the network and the mobile terminal, and international interoperability and
roaming. 3G-compatible radio protocols already in commercial use include general packet radio system
(GPRS), cellular digital packet data (CDPD), and Bluetooth with several others in testing. 18 It is not clear that
any of the candidate 3G radio protocols can support mobile units when data rates are high enough that a
Doppler shift effect of motion on the frequency-modulated carrier signal can induce errors in reading the
pattern of “on” and “off” digits.
In any communication network, transmission speeds are limited by the bandwidth available divided by traffic
demands; the available radio spectrum has competing demands from applications such as commercial
broadcasting, law enforcement, air traffic control, military, and devices like garage door openers and wireless
EKG monitors. New frequencies for wireless communication may be allotted if methods for reliable service
without interference with other vital applications are developed.
LAPTOP

Importance of Computers in Medical Sector

Computers have now become an inseparable part of our life. Be it school or colleges or offices or
hospitals or home, there is hardly any place where you can’t see a computer. The importance of
computers can’t be confided in words. Apart from making our work simpler, easier and faster, computers
have actually helped humans in many life threatening situations. And this contribution can’t be put into
words.
Especially in the field of medical and hospitals, we have seen so much advancement which was not
possible had it not been computers for our help there. In this article we will discuss some major areas in
medical sector where computers have helped us humans and made our lives simpler, easier and better.
1. Computerized Robotic Operations: Earlier days, if a patient is sick and needs treatment from the
doctor, the doctors from the hospital have to be available in the hospital with that patient all the time.
Performing diagnostics, operating a patient and post operation checkups required a doctor to be
physically available near the patient. Now it’s not the case. With the advancements of computers,
hospitals have introduced cutting edge technologies and treatments methods using which a doctor can
perform the diagnosis and checkups thousands of miles away from the patient.
Even operations are performed remotely with the help of robotic arm. The introduction of robotic
operations has made lives of so many needy patients easier. If certain services are not available locally,
the patient now needs not to travel hundreds of miles to go to a better hospital. The hospital and its
services will come directly to him/her. The doctor can perform the remote operation with the help of the
robotic arm placed near the patient and checking all the vital body factors on the digital display in front of
him/her. It’s literally like doctor is performing the operation in person. The introduction of robotic
operations has made the operation and treatment of the needy patients much faster, easier and cheaper
at the same time.
2. Computerized Internal Diagnosis: There are often scenarios where the doctor needs to perform the
internal diagnosis of the patient to get the clear picture and state of the disease. Certain tumors and
cancer may seem neutralized from outside but from inside the situation can be completely opposite and
this can’t be found out until unless a proper internal diagnosis of the infected body part is performed. Even
performing CT Scans, X-Rays and other scans can’t give a proper state of the disease and can delay the
treatment at the same time.
The introduction of computerized internal diagnosis has made the job so much easier, faster and
effective. While employing the computerized internal diagnosis, most of the times a computerized tiny
robot with a camera head is inserted in the body of the patient. The tiny robot makes its way through the
infected part of the body providing real-time images of the internal parts at the same time. The doctors
can literally see each and every area of the infected part and then can make justified decision about the
criticality of the disease and can perform the treatment accordingly.
3. Computerized Electromagnetic Treatments: There are many minor to moderate internal and
external medical problems which are now treated using the electromagnetic technologies with the help of
computers. Many skin, hair and eyes related problems are now being resolved using the laser, radio and
electromagnetic technologies.
Earlier these situations and many such medical ailments require performing an operation and keeping the
patient in hospitals for days. With the introduction of electromagnetic treatments, these problems are
being taken care without the operation and the patient need not to be hospitalized either. The patient can
simply walk out and perform his/her daily rituals as earlier.
These are some of the very basic areas where computers have found their way to show how important
they are in our medical sectors. Everyday new advancements are made in the medical sectors, many
incurable diseases are now curable and all this is because of the advancement in the computers and
technology sector. With computer’s speed, efficiency and applications increasing every day, many more
improvements are expected in near future.
MOTOR VEHICLE

Emergency medical services

Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance services or paramedic services,
are emergency services which treat illnesses and injuries that require an urgent medical response,
providing out-of-hospital treatment and transport to definitive care.[1] They may also be known as a
first aid squad,[2] FAST squad,[3] emergency squad,[4] rescue squad,[5] ambulance squad,[6] ambulance
corps,[7] life squad[8] or by other initialisms such as EMAS or EMARS.
In most places, the EMS can be summoned by members of the public (as well as medical facilities,
other emergency services, businesses and authorities) via an emergency telephone number which
puts them in contact with a control facility, which will then dispatch a suitable resource to deal with
the situation.[9] Ambulances are the primary vehicles for delivering EMS, though some also
use cars, motorcycles, aircraft or boats. EMS agencies may also operate the non-emergency patient
transport service, and some have units for technical rescue operations such as extrication, water
rescue, and search and rescue.[10]
As a first resort, the EMS provide treatment on the scene to those in need of urgent medical care. If
it is deemed necessary, they are tasked with transferring the patient to the next point of care. This is
most likely an emergency department of a hospital. Historically, ambulances only transported
patients to care, and this remains the case in parts of the developing world. [11] The term "emergency
medical service" was popularised when these services began to emphasise diagnosis and treatment
at the scene. In some countries, a substantial portion of EMS calls do not result in a patient being
taken to hospital.[12]
Training and qualification levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary
widely throughout the world. In some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to
drive ambulances, with no medical training.[11] In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain
at least basic first aid certifications, such as basic life support (BLS). In English-speaking countries,
they are known as emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics, with the latter having
additional training such as advanced life support (ALS) skills. Physicians and nurses also provide
pre-hospital care to varying degrees in different countries.
Organization[edit]
Depending on country, area within country, or clinical need, emergency medical services may be
provided by one or more different types of organization. This variation may lead to large differences
in levels of care and expected scope of practice. Some countries closely regulate the industry (and
may require anyone working on an ambulance to be qualified to a set level), whereas others allow
quite wide differences between types of operator.
Government ambulance service
Operating separately from (although alongside) the fire and police services of the area, these
ambulances are funded by local, provincial or national governments. In some countries, these only
tend to be found in big cities, whereas in countries such as the United Kingdom, almost all
emergency ambulances are part of a national health system. [30]
In the United States, ambulance services provided by a local government are often referred to as
"third service" EMS (the fire department, police department, and separate EMS forming an
emergency services trio) by the employees of said service, as well as other city officials and
residents. Government ambulance services also have to take civil service exams just like
government fire departments and police. In the United States, certain federal government agencies
employ emergency medical technicians at the basic and advanced life support levels, such as
the National Park Service and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.