TUTORIAL REPORT

PHYSIOLOGY AND WORK MEASUREMENT

STOPWATCH

Group : IP 10 Tutorial : November 22, 2019

Date
Name / NIM : 1. ALMA FITRIA Tutorial : FRIDAY
MILANIA Day
Submissio : THURSDAY
(18522215)
n Day
2. NABILA ARISTA
(18522237)
Class : IP Yogyakarta,........................2019
Assistant : ARUM DWI C.
Scoring Criteria (filled by assistant)
Report Format :
Tutorial Objectives & :
Assistant
Task
Literature Review :
Input :
Output :
Conclusion, Attachment, : ( Arum DwiCahyani )
& Bibliography
TOTAL :

WORK SYSTEM DESIGN AND ERGONOMIC LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA
2019
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CHAPTER VI
STOPWATCH

6.1 Tutorial Objectives

There are several objectives to be achieved in this practicum, includes:
1. Knowing the Stopwatch practitioner in the live work time measurement
application.
2. Calculating the normal and standard time of a job by identifying and
measuring the elements of their work.
3. Determining number of work cycles by calculating the adequacy and
uniformity of the data test.
4. Determining an operator's rating factor and allowance by analyzing work
performance and the operator's environmental conditions.

6.2 Tutorial Task

There are several tasks to be done in this practicum, includes:
This research was conducted to find out the standard time to complete a work
cycle, the results of which will be used for standard work completion for all
workers who carry out the same work. This work is used for work that is done
repeatedly and briefly. And the work we take is to assemble the plug from what is
still a plug that has not been assembled into a plug that has been shaped and can be
used.

6.3 Literature Review

Table 1. Literature Review
No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion
1. Reliability This Each runner (n = 18) The distribution of
and journal participated in two errors made the
Accuracy uses an 200-m trials development
of Experiment sprint, resulting in 36 of a reliable
Handheld al total trials. Data from correction factor to
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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

Stopwatch Approach five trials are convert HHS to ET
es to removed due to a impossible. It was
Compared Problems failure of the ET- concluded that on the
with to ensure system function. basis of the small
Electronic punctuality Repeated actions mean error and high
Timing in . This ANOVA revealed no intraclass
Measuring journal also significant difference correlations, the use
Sprint uses a between MSTs across of HHSs
Performan timer as a time intervals (Table may be a viable
ce subject. 1). Means grand for alternative to ET in
The HHSs five collecting group
used in this MST is 3.87 6 0.46 data.
study were seconds per split. However, on the
two types Although small basis of the absolute
of digital variations exist error between HHS
quartz between MST at and
Stopwatche various distances ET, when high
s. Intervals (e.g. 25, 50 degrees of precision
Electronica and 75 m), there are are required, ET
lly timed no interactions should be
splits were between timers and used, and reliable
recorded to distances revealed. correction of HHS to
the nearest  ICC on average ET values is not
1/100th of in all five MST is possible. It was
a second 0.98. There is no further concluded
using established ICC value that HHS times
Speedtrap to evaluate reliability. should be
II. However, when seen reported without
with an average attempting correction
standard error (SEM), and interpreted in
calculated in this case light
to be 0.122 seconds of the shortcomings
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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

for MST, the ICC of the HHS method.
coefficient of
0.90. Because of this,
in all
Subsequent analysis
compares the time
method (ET, SST,
MST), the value
obtained from MST 4
is used based on
random choice.
Average difference
between
similar methods at
each interval, as
proven by
Similar and consistent
average and absolute
error values
standard deviation.
Descriptive data for
all means
Measured intervals
are presented in Table
4. The average time
represents the average
time collected for
each 25-m
Intervals along the
200-m sprint.
Because of this,
overall
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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

means that all
divisions are similar
to average time in the
middle of the road
point (100 m) but a
little higher because
the runner is finished
the second part of the
200m sprint at a
slower speed.
Not
Significant
differences were
found between time
methods
using ANOVA of
repeated actions (p.
0.99). Frequency
The HHS interval is
faster than, slower
than, or equal to the
ET value
Table 6 presents the
results of
The ICC model (2, 3)
checks the reliability
of the three
method. The results in
Table 6 show that for
one time
the chosen method,
the ICC is 0.964, and
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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

the average in all
three methods are
0.988.

2. Work A research Table I present Work measurement

Measurem methodolo observed time based should be carried out
ent gy is used on stopwatch by
Approach to describe time study. Fig 1 industrial and
to steps to shows that a plotted business area to
Determine solve point inside increase
Standard problem. the control limits. It productivity.
Time in The indicates that normal Before conducting
Assembly problem is condition have been time study, it is
Line observed in present during much necessary to
plastic stopwatch time select the worker that
manufactur study. The 3-sigma qualified and
ing limit is ordinarily experienced to
company. used in determining perform a specific
The data the upper and lower task or operation at
are control limits. This normal pace.
collected means that there are The worker should
and only three chances in know the
analyzed 1000 that a standardized method
according point will fall outside to
the the limits owing to a accomplish task or
requiremen chance operation. The
ts. Primary cause. performance rating
and Observed time is not factor and allowance
secondary the actual time factor that used in
data is used required to this study are
in this accomplish the work based on analysts’
research. for operator. It is judgments; therefore,
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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

Primary normalized need reviews
data were using the performance and retraining of
obtained rating factor. work-study analysts
through Westinghouse system to keep
observation of rating describes calibrating the
and four factors standard times. Time
interview. for rating standard as a
While performance. There result of time study
secondary are skill, effort, may be used for cost
data were conditions and control,
collected consistency. In scheduling and wage
from Westinghouse and budget
reference method, estimation.
book, there are six classes
journal and of each factor as
previous shown in Fig II. The
research standard time for
related assembly line is then
to research computed, refer to
this (2), as 646.05 second
subject. per product.
Data In a 7-hour workday
analysis per shift, an operator
was can
conducted produce 455 products
after data per shift. This
collection standard time
that can be used to
divided determine efficiency
into several and increase
steps. worker performance
Following in assembly
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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

procedures workstations. Then
is the bottleneck will be
followed in treated using time
getting study
standard method. This method
time: explains the best way
conduct to
stopwatch improve production
time study, quantity and quality
record the and increase
details, productivity.
measure
the time of
each
element,
determine
standard
rating,
calculate
the
normal
time,
determine
the
allowance,
and
determine
the
standard
time.

3. Determina This study In this section, From result of

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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

tion of was explained about data observation of work
Standard conducted collection, data measurement by
Time in by processing, and data using stopwatch
Packaging measuring interpretation.Based method of
Processing working on data analysis Time Study at 4 line
Using time by shows that the packaging can be
Stopwatch sequence value of availability concluded as
Time such as rate is 88.82%, follows: Standard
Study to activity performance rate time is a
Find time 93.70%, and quality reasonable time
Output measureme rate required by a normal
Standard. nt, 98.20%; then the worker to
uniformity OEE values obtained complete his work
test, 81.73%. done in the best
adequacy The dominant factor working
test, of losses is high system of the day.
determinati downtime From the calculation
on of due to mechanical results
performanc motor breakdown that obtained standard
e rating, is time required in
allowance, 24% or 1160 minutes, completing
standard and duration of setup the target company
time, and time is 19.4% or 935 of 4 line packaging is
standard minutes. not
output. Types of activities much different /
that are at the root of almost the same.
the problem include: Sequentially
no lubrication the standard time
periodically, workers line 1 to line
delaying clean up the 4 is
dirt on the machine, 7.325 seconds, 7.240
heating furnace is too seconds, 7.225
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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

long at the time of seconds,
machine setup, and 7.065 seconds.
material storage Thus, have a level of
(animal ability
compost) and fuel or productivity that
(coal) in the open is not much different.
space. The Allowance is special
solutions offered to times needed for
PT.SBK as a step to personal
increase machine needs, rest breaks,
performance and other reasons out
improvements of
are by: revise the control. The sharing
machine maintenance of this case study
schedule to be more allowance is to chat
frequently, improving with co-workers,
more clean
practical hygiene hands of feed dust,
procedures and and influence the
adding aids, waiting
making a special time for forklifts
storage place closed from carriers that
for materials and fuel, move pallets
as well as conducting to storage.
training to employees Determination of
at all levels. allowance can be
Allowance given to adjusted for each
workers is different, worker needs and
because every worker according
has different needs. to the calculation of
However, in order to data obtained there
keep balance between are
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No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

workers, 8 percent some allowance that
allowance can be is 6.42%, 7.31%,
used for all 4.78%,
workers in every and 5.47% for each
working hours. line. Thus, the
Calculations allowance
by the authors can be that can be used is
used as a reference or 8% taken from the
standard of the largest
productivity of each allowance rounding
worker. result because it has
Thus, workers are been
expected to increase in accordance with
productivity over time the consideration of
to be able to exceed time
output targets. In and output target. In
addition, from the addition, with the use
company at of
least also helps the largest allowance
increase the has been able to
productivity of represent
these workers, for a small allowance.
example help improve
the
layout of facilities for
storage. So with the
arrangement of the
location of a good
warehouse to worker
in finding the place
needed in storage.
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6.4 Input
6.4.1 Subject Description
This study uses one operator with self data, namely:
Name : Nabila Arista
Age : 19 years old
Gender: Female
Object : Electric socket
6.4.2 Summary Data
The following is a time observation data table of the work done by the
operator:
Tabel 2. Time of Observation for Each Element
Work Observations (Seconds)
Elemen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ts

18.9
9.15 9.72 11.68 6.3 9.18 19.51 8.49 7.81 11.98
6
1
18.9 56.4 128.2 164.0 208.2 255.5 295.6 331.9 373.8
91.47
6 1 9 1 9 6 3 7 7

4.67 3.01 4.01 2.44 3.66 4.3 3.54 3.29 3.48 2.14
2 59.1 95.7 130.7 167.6 212.5 259.1 298.9 335.4 351.1 376.0
5 5 3 7 9 9 2 5 8 1

23.3 22.8
20.86 26.98 31.44 23.55 27.95 25.24 26.44 23.84
6 7

3
46.9 82.0 116.6 157.7 199.1 236.1 287.1 324.1 361.8 399.8
9 2 1 1 1 4 4 6 9 5
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6.5 Output
6.5.1 Calculation of Sufficiency The Data Test and Uniformity Test of Data
a. Sufficiency The Data Test
Data Adequacy Test is conducted to find out whether the amount of
observational data is sufficient to conduct research. To find a test of the
adequacy of the data, the formula is used below:
 Element work 1
K= 2
S= 0.05
2
k
N '= [
s
√ ( N . ∑ x2 ) −(∑ x )2
∑X ] 2
2
'
N= [
0.05
√ ( 10 x 1455.304 ) −12719.3284
112.78 ]
N ' =230.6677
 Element work 2
K= 2
S= 0.05
2
k
N '= [
s
√ ( N . ∑ x2 ) −(∑ x )2
∑X ] 2
2
'
N= [
0.05
√ ( 10 x 124.834 ) −1193.0116
34.54 ]
N ' =74.20334
 Element work 3
K= 2
S= 0.05
2
k
N '= [
s
√ ( N . ∑ x2 ) −(∑ x )2
∑X ]
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2
2
'
N=
0.05
[
√ ( 10 x 6460.5419 )−63771.4009
252.53 ]
N ' =20.92519
b. Uniformity Test of Data
Data Uniformity Test is conducted to determine whether the data obtained by
researchers is uniform or not. It is said uniform if all data is between two
control limits, namely the upper control limit (UCL) and the lower control
limit (LCL). Data Uniformity Test can be calculated using the following
methods and formulas:
 Element Work 1
STDEV = 4.51382 seconds
UCL = 20.30564 seconds
LCL = 2.250359 seconds
UCL/LCL = 20.30564 /2.250359 = 9.023287 seconds
Below is a graphic image of the Data Uniformity Test that has been
carried out with the above calculation

DATA UNIFORMITY TEST ELEMENTS X(ELEMENT WORK 1)

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

UCL X LCL

Figure 1. Element Uniformty Data Test 1

 Element Work 2
STDEV = 0.784066 seconds
UCL = 5.022133 seconds
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LCL = 1.885867 seconds

UCL/LCL = 5.022133 /1.885867 = 2.663036 seconds
Below is a graphic image of the Data Uniformity Test that has been
carried out with the above calculation:

DATA UNIFORMITY TEST ELEMENTS X(ELEMENT

WORK 2)
6

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

UCL X LCL

Figure 2. Element Uniformty Data Test 2

 Element Work 3
STDEV = 3.044153 seconds
UCL = 31.34131 seconds
LCL = 19.16469 seconds
UCL/LCL = 31.34131 /19.16469 = 1.635367 seconds
Below is a graphic image of the Data Uniformity Test that has been
carried out with the above calculation:
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DATA NON-UNIFORMITY TEST ELEMENTS

X(ELEMENT WORK 3)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

UCL X LCL

Figure 3. Element Uniformty Data Test 3

6.5.2 Calculation of Rating Factors and Allowances

a) Rating factors
Furthermore, a rating factor calculation is performed to determine how
much time the adjustment is made to the operator to match the operator
who is working normally. Below is a table of rating factors using the
Westinghouse Electric Corporation method.
RF=Po+ Pi
 Element work 1
Tabel 3. Rating Factors for Element Work 1
Factors Class Code Value
Skill Good C2 +0.03
Effort Excellent B2 +0.08
Condition Good C +0.02
Consistency Excellent B +0.03
Total +0.16 + 1

 Element work 2
Tabel 4. Rating Factors for Element Work 2
Factors Class Code Value
Skill Excellent B2 +0.08
Effort Excellent B2 +0.08
Condition Good C +0.02
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Consistency Excellent B +0.03

Total +0.21 + 1

 Element work 3
Tabel 5. Rating Factors for Element Work 3
Factors Class Code Value
Skills Good C1 +0.06
Effort Excellent B2 +0.08
Condition Excellent B +0.04
Consistency Good C +0.01
Total +0.19 + 1

b) Allowances
Below is an allowance calculation table for calculating the leeway required
by the operator to do his work. This allowance can be in the form of
personal needs, to eliminate fatigue, and for obstacles that cannot be
avoided by the operator itself.
Tabel 6. Allowances calculations
Factors Value
Energy Spent 3
Work Attitude 0.5
Work Movement 0
Eyestrain 3
Workplace Temperature 2.5
State of Atmosphere 2.5
Good Environmental 0
Circumstances
Personal Needs 2.5
Total 14

6.5.3 Calculation of Cycle Time, Normal Time, and Standard Time

a. Cycle Times Average (Ws)/ Work Elements Average
 Element work 1

Ws=
∑x
N
112.78
Ws=
10
Ws=11.278 seconds
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 Element work 2

Ws=
∑x
N
34.54
Ws=
10
Ws=3.454 seconds
 Element work 3

Ws=
∑x
N
252.53
Ws=
10
Ws=25.253 seconds
b. Normal Time
The normal time calculation is used to show that a qualified operator will
complete the work at a normal working tempo. In the calculation of standard
time by researchers, we need data on the average time element of the rating
factor that is measured during the observation. To find normal time you can
use the formula:
 Element work 1
NR=Ws x RF
NR=11.278 x 1.16
NR=13.08248 seconds
 Element work 2
NR=Ws x RF
NR=3.454 x 1.21
NR=4.17934 secocnds
 Element work 3
NR=Ws x RF
NR=25.253 x 1.19
NR=30.05107 seconds
Tabel 7. The Calculation of Normal Time
Work Elements Normal Time Total Normal Time
(second)
1 13.08248 47.31289
2 4.17934
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3 30.05107

c. Standard Time
The standard time used in this study is to provide the time that the operator
should have used in completing his work by involving the total normal time
and allowance of the operator at work. The formula used, namely:
 Element work 1

100
ST =Normal Time x
100−allowance
100
ST =13.08248 x
100−14
ST =15.21218605seconds
 Element work 2
100
ST =Normal Time x
100−allowance
100
ST =4.17934 x
100−14
ST =4.859697674 seconds
 Element work 3
100
ST =Normal Time x
100−allowance
100
ST =30.05107 x
100−14
ST =34.94310465seconds

Table 8. The Work Elements’ Average Time of Elements, Rating Factor, Normal
Time, and Standard Time
Average
Normal Standard
Time of Rating
No. Work Elements Time Time
Elements Factor
(second) (second)
(second)
1 Take the bottom 11.278 +0.16 13.08248 15.21218605
frame and do the
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assembly between
iron 1 and 2 with
the bottom frame of
the plug.
Take the top frame 3.454 +0.21 4.17934 4.859697674
(cover) and do the
2
assembly with the
bottom frame.
Take the bolt then 25.253 +0.19 30.05107 34.94310465
insert and tighten
the bolt into the
3
plug hole. After
that, put the plug
back in place.
Total Time (Seconds) 47.31289 55.01498837

6.6 Data Analysis

6.6.1 Analysis of Calculation of Sufficiency The Data Test and Uniformity Test of
Data.
a. Sufficiency The Data Test
Data Sufficiency Test is conducted to find out whether the amount
of observational data is sufficient to conduct research.The results obtained
in conducting the element work 1 sufficiency test, N 'obtained is 230.6677.
This value is greater than the actual N (N ' > N).The number of theoritical
observations is greater than the number of observations that exist. so the
data is not sufficiently stated. therefore, the data can be processed to look
for the standard time, the observation data must be augmented to a greater
extent than the theoritical amount of observational data.
The results obtained in conducting the element work2 sufficiency
test, N 'obtained is 74.20334. This value is greater than the actual N (N ' >
N).The number of theoritical observations is greater than the number of
observations that exist. so the data is not sufficiently stated. therefore, the
data can be processed to look for the standard time, the observation data
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must be augmented to a greater extent than the theoritical amount of

observational data.
The results obtained in conducting the data sufficiency test, N
'obtained is 20.92519. This value is greater than the actual N (N ' > N).The
number of theoritical observations is greater than the number of
observations that exist. so the data is not sufficiently stated. therefore, the
data can be processed to look for the standard time, the observation data
must be augmented to a greater extent than the theoritical amount of
observational data.
b. Uniformity Test of Data
Data Uniformity Test is conducted to determine whether the data
obtained by researchers is uniform or not. It is said uniform if all data is
between two control limits, namely the upper control limit (UCL) and the
lower control limit (LCL).From the data graph 1, it can be seen that the
results of observations about the time in work data 1 namely take the
bottom frame and do the assembly between iron 1 & 2 with the bottom
frame of the plug, can be said to be uniform because it does not exceed the
upper limit of control (UCL ) and the lower control limit (LCL).
From the data graph 2, it can be seen that the results of observations
about the time in work data 2, namely take the top frame (cover) and do
the assembly with the bottom frame, can be said to be non-uniform
because in experiment 1 the results exceed the upper control limit
(UCL).From the data graph 3, it can be seen that the observations about the
time in work data 3, namely take the bolt then insert and tighten the bolt
into the plug hole then put the plug back in place, can be said to be non-
uniform because in experiment 3 the results exceed the limit over control
(UCL).

6.6.2 Analysis Determination of Rating Factor and Allowances

a. Rating Factors
The reason for giving the value of good skills in data 1 is because the
operator has fulfilled several good skill criteria such as looking like
capable, stable workers, and well-coordinated movements.The reason for
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rating data 1 the rating factor is because the operator works very well, and
is fast. Operators meet several criteria of excellent effort in data 1
including high work speed and rare work errors.The reason for giving the
rating of good condition in data 1 is because the working conditions are
quite calm, relaxed and still have enough speed.The rating of excellent
consistency in data 1 is due to workmanship that is consistent in terms of
speed, only a slight difference in speed is seen in several observations but
not yet included in the assessment of ideal consistency.
The reason for giving the value of excellent skills in data 2 is because
the operator has fulfilled several criteria of excellent skills including
confidence, fit in with the work and appear to have been well trained when
doing the elements of the job.The reason for rating excellent effort in data
2 is because the operator works very well, and is fast. Operators meet
several criteria of excellent effort including high work speed and rare
work errors.The reason for giving the rating good condition in data 2 is
because the working conditions are quite calm, relaxed and still have
enough speed.The reason for giving rating of excellent consistency in data
2 is consistent in terms of speed, only a slight difference in speed is seen
in several observations but not yet included in the assessment of ideal
consistency.
The reason for giving the value of good skills in data 3 is because the
operator has fulfilled several good skill criteria such as looking like
capable, stable workers, and well-coordinated movements. The reason for
rating excellent effort is because the operator works very well, and is fast.
Operators meet several criteria of excellent effort including high work
speed and rare work errors.The reason for giving the rating of excellent
condition in data 3 is because the working conditions are calm, relaxed but
have a good speed.The rating good consistency in data 3 is given because
the work process is quite good and consistent in terms of time.

b. Allowances
The energy expended by the operator is only a little because the
operator only sits and assembles so that no energy is expended by a lot. so
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the allowance is 3%. The work attitude of the operator when assembling
an object is to sit, then the allowance given is 0.5%.The operator's work
movements when assembling are normal, unlimited and not difficult, the
allowance given is 0%.In the process of assembling the object, the
operator's eye view is almost continuous to the object because it requires
sufficient accuracy in assembling this object, therefore the allowance
given is 3% (Good lightening).When assembling the object, the operator is
in a room with normal temperature (temperature around 22-28 Celsius),
and the fatigue experienced is normal, the allowance given is 2.5%.When
assembling, the operator is in a closed room and therefore the allowance
given is 2.5%.In the process of assembling, the condition of the place used
is clean and with sufficient lighting, the allowance given is 0%.The
operator of this experiment is a girl, so the allowance for personal needs is
2.5%.

6.6.3 Analysis of Cycle Time, Normal Time, and Standard Time

The cycle time of each work elements is being calculated by using the
average duration of time doing the work. The cycle time of the first work
element is 11.278seconds, it is a little bit longer because it is more
difficult to assembly the parts. The cycle time of the second work element
is 3.454 seconds, it is the easiest one so the operators can do the assembly
in short duration of time. The cycle time of the third element work is
25.253 seconds, because this part is the most difficult one to assembly. So,
the operators need longer time to do it.
The next calculation phase is to calculate the normal time for each
work element that results in a total normal time value of 47.31289
seconds. The resulting normal time value is then used in calculating the
operator's standard time in doing his work. The results obtained from the
calculation of the total standard time produce a value of 55.01498837
seconds based on 10 times the observations made by the operator using
the stopwatch method.
After getting the cycle time and normal time, then can calculate the
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standard time. Standard time is the actual time used by the operator to
complete 1 work cycle involving allowances. Standard time is affected by
the results of normal time and the allowance value given to operators is
14%. Based on the calculation results, the standard time is 55.01498837
seconds.
Based on the cycle time, normal time, and standard time obtained by
operators, it can be said that the time obtained is not good time. This is
caused by several factors, such as when assembling the plug for each
element must have different levels of difficulty. Besides, it is also because
the experiment is 10 times and repeated this also makes the operator
saturated and when in the last experiment the operator has lost focus.

6.7 Recommendation
The recommendation that can be given to the operator when
assembling is to be able to provide the principle of economic motion
which has to do with motion towards the layout of the workplace layout.
That is because if the plug parts are arranged by type (iron, bottom, top) it
will speed up the operator to assemble the plug. Other than that, when do
assembly work, the operator uses an automatic screwdriver. It is because
can reduce the time when doing assembly work and also can reduce the
operator’s fatigue.

6.8 Conclusions
1. The stopwatch method is a direct measurement of working time that is usually
applied to jobs that are short and repetitive.
2. The data collected is quite good objectively, even though there is some data
that non-uniform.
3. Allowance given to operators is 14.
4. From the calculation results obtained a normal time of 48.51 seconds and a
standard time of 56.41 seconds of an activity consisting of four elements of
work.
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REFERENCES

Hartanti, L. P. (2016). Reliability and Accuracy of HandheldStopwatches Compared

with ElectronicTiming in Measuring Sprint Performance. International Journal
of Management and Applied Science: 2, 10.

Hetzler, R. K., et al. (2008). Reliability and Accuracy of HandheldStopwatches

Compared with ElectronicTiming in Measuring Sprint Performance. The
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: 22, 6, p. 1969 – 1976.
 International Program
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Lukodono, R. P., &Ulfa, S. K. (2017). Determination of Standard Time in Packaging

Processing Using Stopwatch Time Study to FindOutput Standard.Journal of
Engineering and Management Industrial System: 5.

APPENDIX

1. Observation Sheet
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International Program
Odd2019/2020
International Program
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