TUTORIAL REPORT

PHYSIOLOGY AND WORK MEASUREMENT

WORK PHYSIOLOGY

Group : IP 10 Tutorial Date : SEPTEMBER

13, 2019
Name / NIM : 1. ALMA Tutorial Day : FRIDAY

FITRIA Submission Day : Thursday

MILANIA
(18522215)
2. NABILA
ARISTA
(18522237)
Class : IP Yogyakarta,.............................2019
Assistant : ARUM DWI C.
Scoring Criteria (filled by assistant)
Report Format :
Tutorial Objectives & :
Assistant
Task
Literature Review :
Input :
Output :
Conclusion, Attachment, : ( Arum Dwi Cahyani )
& Bibliography
TOTAL :

WORK SYSTEM DESIGN AND ERGONOMIC LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA
2019
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CHAPTER I
WORK PHYSIOLOGY

1.1 Tutorial Objectives

There are several objectives to be achieved in this practicum, includes:
1. Able to perform measurements and analyze the results of physical workload by doing squat jump
measurements using pulse rate method, CVL%.
2. Able to calculate the amount of energy spent (energy expenditure) and ideal resting time on a
particular job (squat jump) based on the intensity of heart rate (pulse rate).
3. Able to perform the classification of workload by using Brouha method.
4. Able to perform measurements using spirometer on the subjects.

1.2 Tutorial Task

1. Determine the operator for doing physical work.
2. Measure the physical workload with 10 pulse method, % CVL, and Brouha.
3. Write down the result of physical work.
4. Measure the energy that released from the body and the ideal resting time.
5. Know and analyze the output results of the Spirometer tool.
6. Make the conclusion based on tutorial result.

1.3 Literature Review

Table 1. Literature Review

No. Tittle Methods Result Conclusion

1. Fatigue: Working Reviewing It is understood that fatigue is Factors that cause fatigue,
Under the numerous typically caused by physical, signs and symptoms of fatigue,
Influence literatures cognitive and emotional and communicate the impacts
[CITATION activities or by lack of sleep. of fatigue at work as fatigue
The most common signs of mimic alcohol intoxication.
Suk09 \l 1033
fatigue are forgetfulness, poor
]
communication, yawning,
always tired, nodding off, lack
of alertness, drowsiness, micro
sleep, feeling withdrawn,
feeling moody, feeling quick to
anger, feeling irritable, no sense
of humor, slow reaction time,
boredom, depressed, lack of
interest, restlessness, tired or
sore eyes, and impaired
decision making skills. Workers
under the influence should not
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be driving equipment or be
making important decisions.
Therefore, it is imperative to
identify if a worker is fatigued
or not at his/her worksites.
2. Obesity, BMI, Critical review The major focus on prevention The BMI was not originally

and Health and treatment should be on developed for use specifically

those unfortunate individuals as an index of fatness in
[ CITATION
who are grossly obese, population-based studies.
Fra15 \l
mechanically compromised, However, it has been coopted
1033 ] and who are at very high risk for this use because it is a
for death. Currently there are 4 readily obtained metric. It
truths regarding historical should be understood that the
changes in body weights and BMI has serious limitations
the prevalence of obesity. when used as an indicator of
People of Western European percent of body fat mass.
extraction are on average (1)
heavier, (2)taller, and (3)more
likely to be ‘‘overweight’’ or
‘‘obese’’ as defined by current
BMI standards than those in
other parts of the world.
However, (4) it also should be
pointed out they are healthier
and are living longer than in
any previous period in history.
Some also are concerned that
the increase in obesity (defined
by BMI) will overwhelm any
gains in health and life
expectancy noted over the past
several decades.
3. The In this research, Pulse Rate is used to measure The measurement results of
measurement of workload energy consumption. Overall, physical workload medical
Physical measurement is Energy Expenditure personnel are a mild category.
Workload and divided into 2. respondents ware category In mental and physical
Mental Workload The first is the lightly. workload, nurses produced the
Level of Medical physical highest score.
Personnel workload, and the
[CITATION second is the
Res19 \l 1033 mental workload.
The medical
]
personnel
physical
workload was
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measured using
pulse rate.

1.4 Input
1.4.1 Subject Description
a. Physical Work (Squat Jump)
Name : Nabila Arista
Age : 19 years old
Gender : Female
Weight : 55 Kg
Height : 158 cm
BMI Category : Normal
Disease History :-
b. Spirometer
First Subject
Name : Nur Imamah Al-Karimah
Age : 19 years old
Gender : Female
Weight : 50 Kg
Height : 158 cm
BMI Category : Normal
Disease History : Asthma, vertigo, mag

Second subject:
Name : Margawinata Suryakusuma
Age : 23 years old
Gender : Male
Weight : 56 Kg
Height : 169 cm
BMI Category : Normal
Disease History :-

1.4.2 Object Description

a. Pulse Data and Duration Activities
Table 2. CVL Method

Working Time for 10 pulse (second) Pulse (bits per minute)

Time(minute) Resting Pulse Working Pulse Rest Work
15 6.47” 5.52” 92.7 108.69

20 6.47” 6.25” 92.7 96

25 6.47” 6.31” 92.7 95.08

Resting pulse
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10 pulse
pulse= ×60
amount of time
10 pulse
pulse=
6.47 } ×6¿
pulse=92.7 bits per minute
Working pulse
 Squat jump n=15 times

10 pulse
pulse= ×60
amount of time
10 pulse
pulse=
5.52} ×6 ¿
pulse=108.69 bits per minute
 Squat jump n=20 times

10 pulse
pulse= ×60
amount of time
10 pulse
pulse=
6.25 } ×6¿
pulse=96 bits per minute
 Squat jump n=25 times

10 pulse
pulse= ×60
amount of time
10 pulse
pulse=
6.31} ×6 ¿
pulse=95.08bits per minute

Table 3. Brouha Method

Brouha Calculation
Brouha Calculation (in P1,P2,P3 (second per
Resting Working
30 second) minute)
Time Time
1 2 3 1 2 3
(minute) (minute)
4 0.16” 54 51 48 108 102 96
4 0.244” 64 52 48 128 104 96
4 0.3” 68 58 46 136 116 92

b. Test Result Using a Spirometer

Table 4. Spirometer Result for the First Subject

Prediction Prediction #1 % Prediction

FVC 4.11 2.25 55
FEV1 3.58 1.99 56
FEV1/FVC 82.7 88.4 107
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Table 5. Spirometer Result for the Second Subject

Prediction Prediction #1 % Prediction
FVC 4.74 3.36 71
FEV1 4.05 2.46 61
FEV1/FVC 82.7 73.2 89

1.5 Output
1.5.1 Calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI)
a. Physical Work (Squat Jump) Operator

Weight (Kg)
BMI =
Height ( m ) × Height (m)
55 Kg
BMI =
1.58 m ×1.58 m
BMI =22.03
18.5 < X < 25.5 (Normal)
Form the result, operator’s nutrition status can be classified into normal.
b. Spirometer Operator
First Subject (Nur Imamah Al-Karimah)

Weight (Kg)
BMI =
Height ( m ) × Height (m)
50 Kg
BMI =
1.58 m ×1.58 m
BMI =20.02
18.5 < X < 25.5 (Normal)
Form the result, operator’s nutrition status can be classified into normal.
Second subject (Margawinata Suryakusuma)

Weight (Kg)
BMI =
Height ( m ) × Height (m)
56 Kg
BMI =
1.69 m ×1.69 m
BMI =19.6
18.5 < X < 25.5 (Normal)
Form the result, operator’s nutrition status can be classified into normal.
1.5.2 Cardiovascular Load (% CVL) Calculation
Maximum pulse rate (Female) = 200 – age
= 200 – 19 = 181
a. Squat Jump n= 15 times

100× ( working pulse rate−resting pulse rate )

%CVL=
maximum pulserate−resting pulserate
100× ( 108.69−92.7 )
%CVL=
181−92.7
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100× 15.99
%CVL=
88.3
%CVL=18.10 %
X ≤ 30%, no fatigue.
b. Squat Jump n= 20 times

100×(working pulserate−resting pulserate)

%CVL=
maximum pulse rate−resting pulse rate
100×(96−92.7)
%CVL=
181−92.7
100× 3.3
%CVL=
88.3
%CVL=3.73 %
X ≤ 30%, no fatigue.
c. Squat Jump n= 25 times

100×(working pulserate−resting pulserate)

%CVL=
maximum pulse rate−resting pulse rate
100×(95.08−92.7)
%CVL=
181−92.7
100× 2.38
%CVL=
88.3
%CVL=2.69 %
X ≤ 30%, no fatigue.
1.5.3 Energy Expenditure Calculation
Pulse rate=Energy expenditure
upper limit −working pulse rate upper limit−energy expenditure
=
upper limit −lower limit upper limit−lower limit
a. Squat Jump n= 15 times
110−108.69 5−X
=
110−90 5−2.5
1.31 5−X
=
20 2.5
3.275=100−20 X
20 X =96.725
X =4.83 kcal /min (moderate)
b. Squat Jump n= 20 times
110−96 5−X
=
110−90 5−2.5
14 5− X
=
20 2.5
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35=100−20 X
20 X =65
X =3.25 kcal/min (moderate)
c. Squat Jump n= 25 times
110−95.08 5−X
=
110−90 5−2.5
14.92 5−X
=
20 2.5
37.3=100−20 X
20 X =62.7
X =3.135 kcal/min (moderate)
1.5.4 Rest Time Calculation

Tr=Ts ( MM−1.5
−S
)
a. Squat Jump n=15 times

Tr=0.16 ( 4.83−4
4−1.5 )
Tr=0.16 ×0.332
Tr=0.05312minutes
b. Squat Jump n=20 times

Tr=0.244 ( 3.25−4
4−1.5 )
Tr=0.244 × (-0.3)
Tr=−0.0732minutes
c. Squat Jump n=25 times

Tr=0.3 ( 3.135−4
4−1.5 )
Tr=0.3× (-0.346)
Tr=¿ -0.1038 minutes
1.5.5 Brouha Calculation
a. Squat Jump n=15 times
P1 - P3 = 108 – 96
= 12
P1 - P3 ≥ 10 ppm and P1 ≤ 110ppm (not excessive)
b. Squat Jump n=20 times
P1 - P3 = 128 – 96
= 32
It cannot be classified because it does not fulfill the requirements.
c. Squat Jump n=25 times
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P1 - P3 = 136 – 92
= 44
It cannot be classified because it does not fulfill the requirements.
1.5.6 Cardiovascular Load ( % CVL) Analysis
Table 6.CVL Classification

%CVL Treatment
X≤ 30% No fatigue
30 < X ≤ 60% Need to be improve
60 < X ≤ 80% Work in short time
80 < X ≤ 100% Action immediately
X> 100% Not allowed to do activity

The percentage of cardiovascular load when the operator did squat jump for 15 times is
18,10%, it means that if there is no fatique. The percentage of CVL when the operator did squat jump
for 20 times is 3,73%, it means that in the second work there is no fatique too. The percentage of
cardiovascular when the operator did squat jump for 25 times is 2,69% so, it means that in the last
work there is no fatique too. Based on the data, all of the work there is no fatique. From the first work
until the last work, the CVL rate always decreases. That is because in the first physical work, the
body is shocked to do the work because previously there was no exercise or warm up. But
eventhough in the second and third work the workload is more, but the amount of CVL more low than
the first work because the body is used to the physical workload that they do previously. Because of

that the operator should do exercise or warm up first before doing physical work [ CITATION Sat
\l 1033 ].

1.5.7 Energy Expenditure and Rest Time Analysis

Table 7. Classification of Workload and Physiological Reactions

Workload Energy Expenditure Pulse Rate Oxygen Consumption

Classification Kcal/minute Pulse/minute Liter/minute
Light <2.5 <90 <0.5
Moderate 2.5 - 5.0 90 - 110 0.5 - 1.0
Heavy 5.0 – 7.5 110 – 130 1.0 – 1.5
Very Heavy 7.5 – 10.00 130 – 150 1.5 – 2.0
Extremely Heavy >10.00 150 – 170 >2.0
Energy expenditure in humans is determined by body size and body composition, environment

and behavior [ CITATION KRW17 \l 1033 ]. Physical work results in energy expenditure, it is
closely related to energy consumption. Energy consumption at work is usually determined indirectly,
namely by measuring heart rate velocity. The results of analysis the expenditure energy are when the
operator did squat jump for 15 times, we got the energy expenditure is 4,38 Kkal/seconds it means the
level of work classified as moderate, then when the operator did squat jump for 20 times, we got
energy expenditure is 3,25Kkal/seconds it means that the level of work is moderate, and when the
operator did squat jump for 25 times, we got energy expenditure is 3,135Kkal/seconds, so it means
the level of work is classified as moderate.
The results of analysis the ideal resting time are when the operator did squat jump for 15
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times, the ideal resting time is 0.05312 minutes. Then when the operator did squat jump for 20 times,
the ideal resting time is -0.0732 minutes, and when the operator did squat jump for 25 times, the ideal
resting time is -0.1038 minutes. The results of resting time in first work is positive. This means the
operator needs more rest time than usual when he does not do the squat jump work. But in the second
and third work, the result of the resting time required by the operator is negative. This means that the
operator does not need more rest time than usual when she is not doing squat jump work. Negative
results are also caused by the operator repeating the work because the work is incorrect. This makes
the body already accustomed to doing it.

1.5.8 Brouha Analysis

Table 8. Workload Classification Table with Brouha Method

Criteria Workload Classification

P1 – P3≥ 10 ppm and P1, P2, and P3≤90 ppm Normal
P1 – P3≥10 ppm and P1≤110 ppm Not excessive
P1 – P3< 10 ppm and P3> 90 ppm Heavy (need to design work system)

When the operator did squat jumping for 15 times the P 1 - P3 is 12 and P1 is 108. So, it
classified into not excessive workload because P 1 - P3 ≥ 10 ppm and P1 ≤ 110ppm. Because the
workload classified into not excessive then the operator can maximize the productivity and focus on
the task. When the operator did squat jumping for 20 times the P 1 - P3 is 32. It cannot be classified
because it does not fulfill the requirements. When the operator did squat jumping for 25 times the P 1 -
P3 is 44. It cannot be classified because it does not fulfill the requirements. This error can be caused by
individual errors such as physical limitations of the operator due to no warming up so it gave a shock
to the body itself and also observer habits such as the lack of accuracy in measurement. Workload
affect the performance of the physical work, so it is best for the operator to have normal workload. To
have a normal workload is by designing the best work system based on the research result
[ CITATION IKW17 \l 1033 ].

1.5.9 Overall Analysis

From the %CVL calculation, it shows that the pulse rate will affect the result of CVL, the
faster the heartbeat is it will make the %CVL higher. Because pulse rate affects blood pressure and
blood stream. It also happened for energy expenditure, when the pulse rate is faster, it makes the
energy expenditure higher. It needed more energy to burn when the pulse rate speed up. The resting
time, calculate by the total time shift work and the energy expenditure. In the case of determining
energy consumption, the parameter index of an increase in heart rate is used. This index is the
difference between heart rate faltering in certain work times with heart rate at rest [CITATION
Nin \l 1033 ]. The ideal resting time will be longer when the working pulse is faster and
energy expenditure is higher. The factors which may affect the calculation on energy expenditure are
body size, age, physical activity, pregnancy and lactation, and climate [CITATION FAO73 \l
1033 ]. On the other side, to determine the workload of the physical work is by using Brouha
method. The smaller the difference between resting pulse rate, the heavier the workload is. Workload
affect the performance of the physical work, so it is best for the operator to have normal workload.
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1.5.10 Spirometer Output Analysis

Picture 1. Spirometer
Spirometry is an examination that evaluates the mechanical integrated functions of the
lung, chest wall and respiratory muscles by measuring the amount of air volume exhaled from total
lung capacity (TLC) to residual volume [CITATION McC18 \l 1033 ]. Spirometry
indications are divided into 4 benefits, namely: diagnostics, monitoring, paralysis, and public health.
Spirometer will show FEV1 and FVC of predictive value.
The first subject of this observation is a 19 years old female. In this case the subject has asthma
disease. The result of spirometer on the first subject shows that the FVC is 55% of predictive value,
the FEV1 is 56% of predictive value, and the ratio FEV1/FVC is 107% of predictive value. The loss
of lung volume plays a central role in determining the dysfunction of the asthmatic lung as measured

by FEV1 [CITATION Irv09 \l 1033 ]. Based on the graph, the subject’s lungs can be classified
into restriction abnormal ventilator function.
The second subject is a male and also heavy smoker. The result of spirometer on the first
subject shows that the FVC is 71% of predictive value, the FEV1 is 61% of predictive value, and the
ratio FEV1/FVC is 89% of predictive value. S2moking decreased pulmonary function including
forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), and FEV1/FVC.
Cigarette smoking causes deficits in both FEV1/FVC and FEF which indicate airway obstruction and

small airway disease in adult smoker [CITATION tan14 \l 1033 ]. Thus, smoking caused lungs
cannot work maximally. Based on the graph, the subject’s lungs can be classified into mixed
abnormal ventilator function.
The lungs of women tend to be smaller than the lungs that is owned by men. In addition,
women's lungs have fewer bronchioles respiration at birth. But the number of alveoli per unit area
between men and women do not have a significant difference. This causes the total amount of male

alveolar and alveolar surface area is greater than women of a certain age [ CITATION Car17 \l
1033 ]. So it can be concluded that men have more oxygen capacity big compared to women due to
several factors namely; surfactant, hemoglobin, muscle mass, fat, large lungs, and hormones,

especially sex hormones [CITATION AKh \l 1033 ].

1.6 Conclusion
1. %CVL:
The first one is %CVL for the squad jumping n= 15 times, with working pulse rate 108.69 is 18.10%,
means it has no fatigue. The second one is %CVL for the squad jumping n= 20 times, with working pulse
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rate 96 is 3.73%, means it has no fatigue. The last one is %CVL for the squad jumping n= 25 times, with
working pulse rate 95.08 is 2.69%, means it has no fatigue.
2. Energy expenditure and resting time:
The first one is resting time of squad jumping n= 15 times with energy expenditure 4.83 kcal/min is
0.05312 minutes. The second one is resting time of squad jumping n= 20 times with energy expenditure
3.25 kcal/min is -0.0732 minutes. The last one is resting time of squad jumping n= 25 times with energy
expenditure 3.135 kcal/min is -0.1038 minutes.
3. Workload criteria using Brouha method:
When the operator did squat jumping for 15 times the P 1 - P3 is 12 and P1 is 108. So, it classified into not
excessive workload because P1 - P3 ≥ 10 ppm and P1 ≤ 110ppm. Because the workload classified into not
excessive then the operator can maximize the productivity and focus on the task. When the operator did
squat jumping for 20 times the P1 - P3 is 32. It cannot be classified because it does not fulfill the
requirements. When the operator did squat jumping for 25 times the P 1 - P3 is 44. It cannot be classified
because it does not fulfill the requirements.
4. Spirometer result:
The first subject of this observation is a 19 years old female. In this case the subject has asthma disease.
The result of spirometer on the first subject shows that the FVC is 55% of predictive value, the FEV1 is
56% of predictive value, and the ratio FEV1/FVC is 107% of predictive value. Based on the graph, the
subject’s lungs can be classified into restriction abnormal ventilator function. The second subject is a
male and also heavy smoker. The result of spirometer on the first subject shows that the FVC is 71% of
predictive value, the FEV1 is 61% of predictive value, and the ratio FEV1/FVC is 89% of predictive
value. Based on the graph, the subject’s lungs can be classified into mixed abnormal ventilator function.
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1. Observation Sheet
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2. Spirometer Result
First Subject (Nur Imamah Al-Karimah)
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Second Subject (Margawinata Suryakusuma)