BY

-Er.Keshab Neupane
Asst.Lecture
(U-Tech)

SMILE WILL ALWAYS BRIGHTEN UP YOUR MOOD

CEMENT
INTRODUCTION
 Cement is a binding material used in the
construction.
 We can not imagine the modern
construction with out cement.
 Cement is used in the concrete to form
bond between the aggregates.
 Cement and aggregate together forms
dense and strong concrte mix.
INTRODUCTION
 Cement was invented by joseph aspdin.
 The normal cement is called portland
cement because, when the cement
hardens it’s look like a hard stone
available in portland in England.
 There are two types of cement:
1)Hydraulic cement

2) Non hydraulic cement

 THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

 Hydraulic Cement  Any cement that does

sets and hardens not require water to
by ation of water. transform it into a
Such as Portland solid product.
Cement
MANUFACTURING OF PORTLAND CEMENT
 The 3 primary constituents of the raw
materials used in the manufacture of
Portland Cement are:
a) Lime
b) Silica
c) Alumina
 Lime is derived from limestone or chalk
 Silica & Alumina from clay, shale or bauxite
 There are 2 chief aspects of the
manufacturing process:
First
To produce a finely divided mixture of raw
materials – chalk / limestone and clay / shale
Second
To heat this mixture to produce chemical
composition
Manufacturing process
 There are mainly two types of manufacturing process
 Dry process
 Wet process
generally dry process is being used now because
of efiiciancy in mixing and fuel savings
 The process of manufacture of cement consists of grinding
the raw materials, mixing them intimately in certain
proportions depending upon their purity and composition

 burning them in a kiln at a temperature of about 1300 to

1500°C,at which temperature, the material sinters and
partially fuses to form nodular shaped clinker.

 The clinker is cooled and ground to fine powder with

addition or about 3 to 5% of gypsum. The product formed
by using this procedure is Portland cement.
CEMENT CLINKERS
KILN
KILN
 Raw materials are homogenized by crushed ,
grinded and blended.
 The mix will be turned into form of slurry by
adding 30 - 40% of water.
 It is then heated to about 2750ºF (1510ºC) in
horizontal revolving kilns .
 Clinker are obtained and they are of size around
18mm.
 They are powdered and add 2 to 3% of Gypsum.
 Then they are packed in bags and placed in a
dry place.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OPC
 Chemical composition of Portland Cement:
a) Tricalcium Silicate (50%)
b) Dicalcium Silicate (25%)
c) Tricalcium Aluminate (10%)
d) Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (10%)
e) Gypsum (5%)
FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM SILICATE

 Hardens rapidly and largely responsible for

initial set & early strength
 The increase in percentage of this compound
will cause the early strength of Portland
Cement to be higher.
 A bigger percentage of this compound will
produces higher heat of hydration and
accounts for faster gain in strength.
FUNCTION :DICALCIUM SILICATE

 Hardens slowly
 It effects on strength increases occurs at ages
beyond one week .
 Responsible for long term strength
FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE
 Contributes to strength development in the
first few days because it is the first compound
to hydrate .
 It turns out higher heat of hydration and
contributes to faster gain in strength.
 But it results in poor sulfate resitance and
increases the volumetric shrinkage upon drying.
 Cements with low Tricalcium Aluminate
contents usually generate less heat,
develop
higher strengths and show greater
resistance to sulfate attacks.
 It has high heat generation and reactive
with soils and water containing moderate
to high sulfate concentrations so it’s least
desirable.
FUNCTION : TETRACALCIUM ALUMINOFERRITE

 Assistin the manufacture of Portland Cement

by allowing lower clinkering temperature.
 Also act as a filler
 Contributes very little strength of concrete
eventhough it hydrates very rapidly.
 Also responsible for grey colour of Ordinary
Portland Cement
HYRDATION OF CEMENT
 Anhydrous cement does not bind fine and
coarse aggregate.
 It acquires adhesive property only when
mixed with water.
 The chemical reactions that take place
between cement and water is referred as
hydration of cement.
 The chemistry of concrete is essentially the
chemistry of the reaction between cement
and Water.
Heat of Hydration
 The reaction of cement with water is exothermic.
 The reaction liberates a considerable quantity of
heat.
 This liberation of heat is called heat of hydration.
 This is clearly seen if freshly mixed cement is put
in a vaccum flask and the temperature of the
mass is read at intervals.
 The study and control of the heat or hydration
becomes important in the construction of
concrete dams and other mass concrete
constructions.
Water requirements of hydration
 It has been brought out earlier that C3S requires 24%
or water by weight of cement and C2S requires 21%.
 It has also been estimated that on an average 23% or
water by weight of cement is required for chemical
reaction with Portland cement compounds
 . This 23% of water chemically combines with cement
and, therefore, it is called bound water.
 A certain quantity or water is imbibed within the gel-
pores. This water is known as gel-water. It can be said
that bound water and gel-water are complimentary
to each other
 .

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