PRACTICAL RESEARCH

: 1
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Nature of Inquiry and Research

NAME : ___________________________
STRAND AND YEAR : ___________________________

Please do not return this module. Keep it with your for your future reference.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

MODULE 1 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

Learning Objectives

Pretest
Lesson 1 The Importance of Research in Daily Life
I. What is Research?
II. Nature of Inquiry
III. Investigation and Immersion
IV. Difference between Inquiry and Research
V. Purpose of Research
VI. Importance of Research in daily Life
Post test

Pretest

Lesson 2 The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

I. Characteristics of Research
II. The Seven Steps of a Research Process
III. Ethics in Research
IV. Rights of Research Participants
V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing
Post test

Pretest

This module will assist you in understanding the following lessons:

Lesson 1. The Importance of Research in Daily Life

Lesson 2. The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

Learning Objectives
After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:
1. share research experiences and knowledge;
2. explain the importance of research in daily life;
3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research.
Lesson The Importance of Research
1 in Daily Life
What’s in?
In your junior high school, you learned that research is essential knowing that it is used
in your daily life. It will enable you for inquiry and research in finding solutions to problems
especially in real life situations. Sharing your experiences and knowledge on the
importance of research develops your skills to think critically and relate it in every decision
you do.

What’s New?
I. What is Research?
1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes
collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an
individual‘s speculation with reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses
or theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need
in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring1.

II. Nature of Inquiry.

1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”. It is a problem
solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by
applying the different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.
____________________
III. Investigation and Immersion

 Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”.

 It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.
 Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in
the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or
examined by him in detail.
 Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of
“research” comes in.

IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research

Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth,
information, or knowledge.

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Focus on Research: a Guide to Developing Students ‘Research Skills (1990).Alberta. Canada.

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Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system or
method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge
creation (a creative process)

V. Purpose of Research
1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further
investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and
findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in
life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and
environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to
others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on your paper.
1. What is Research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What is inquiry and its nature?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between inquiry and research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How important is research in your daily life activities?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Why is there a need to conduct research?

____________________________________________________________________

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Activity 2

Direction: What makes these images a portrayal of what research is? Write your
reflection on the right space of the image.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Activity 3
Let’s check how well do you know about research. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. Research is different from inquiry because the later will ask you a question .If
inquiring is synonymous with investigation then what makes inquiry different
from research which also investigates?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Research in our daily life help us to understand various issues in life leading to
a solution, in what way does research empowers you with knowledge to learn
new things?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a
research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.
_______1. An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer
to the question asked by the researcher.
_______2. A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is
studying.
_______3. The researcher has the final say in his findings.
_______4.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid
listening to another researcher.
_______5.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.

B Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research.

phenomena experiences theories discovery validate

biases interview investigation intuition dreams
guessing system instrument Literature drama
subjective factual opinions data productivity

C. Using the words underlined, formulate your own definition of research.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

____________________

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This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal,
M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

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REFERENCES:

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint

slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education Practical

Research 1. Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer
Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store. Manila

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City.

Accessed in June 2020

https://www.slideshare.net/annnams1/lesson-1-nature-of-inquiry-and-research

https://rdcastro1.wordpress.com/2017/12/04/practical-research-1-quiz-1-reviewer/

https://studentniche.blogspot.com/2017/06/practical-research-lesson-1.html

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Lesson The Characteristics, Processes, and
2 Ethics of Research
Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to
answer questions. A good research follows processes that must have certain
characteristic. It must be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical
and critical. To avoid unethical practices researchers had obligations to adhere
professional standards in conducting research .Thus to consider a research writing ethical
it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic.

What’s in?
In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its importance in
your daily life. Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or investigate, you
tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or
knowledge. The importance of research helps improved life as well as finding a solution
to problems through reliable and validated information.

What’s New?
I. Characteristics of Research 2

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with
a problem.

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data,

whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedures.

7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem
1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training
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For more information on this Characteristics of Research, see Calmorin,E.& Calmorin,A.(2015).Research
Methods and Thesis Writing. Retrieved from http:/www. https://www.rexestore.com/e-books/

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Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related
Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research)
and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative
research) (Data Gathering Activities).

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and
statistical tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for
quantitative research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

___________________
For more information on this Seven Steps of the Research Process, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical
Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

III. Ethics in Research

Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates
and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such
as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as
mutual respect and fairness.

 Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm 3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

 What are these ethics in research3?

1. Informed Consent. This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the
participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing
them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time
they are available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.

2. Honesty. It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do
not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

3
For more information on this Ethics of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1:
Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

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3. Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research.

4. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

5. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine
your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.

6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.

7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade

secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never
plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants

submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient
records.

9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not
to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do
not outsmart others.

12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis

of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence
and integrity.

14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science
as a whole.

15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects,

minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
anonymity.

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IV. Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards
of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute
a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all
human beings.

2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and
a commercial value.

3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material

without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights
accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of
time, are breached by a third party
Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research

process. Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed
about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to
participate.

5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name
or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given nor known.

6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret.
It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t

include honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and
funding agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to
receive grants.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes,
and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of
original works, a violation of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

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Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the paper.

1. Why is research practical and realistic?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research problem.
What is the importance of considering those factors in selecting a research problem?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Activity 2: Question and Answer

Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on your paper.
1. Research process is a step by step procedure that guides the researcher in
conceptualizing and conducting the research. These seven steps are
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. According to Sanchez (2002) research is a continuous undertaking of making known the

unknown. This definition of research leads to common characteristics of research. Can
you elaborate further on this?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What are some of the ethical codes of research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What are some tips to avoid plagiarism when one is conducting research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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Activity 3: Question and Answer
Answer the following question and write your answers on a space provided.
1. How do you characterize good research writing?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What is the importance of following the ethical standards in conducting a research?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Assessment
Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the following
statements. Select the letter of the correct answer.

1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.

a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
2. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by the
research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
3. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should
be done.
a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness

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6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
e. Integrity
f. Legality
g. Social Responsibility
h. Responsible Publication
8. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

____________________

1
This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal,
M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

REFERENCES

12
Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint
slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and

Researchers’ World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative
Methods, 11(2), 1.

Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education Practical

Research 1 . Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc.Pasig City

Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer
Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store.Manila.

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City

Sanchez, C.A. (2002).Method and Techniques of Research, (Rev.ed).Philippines: Rex

Printing Co. Inc.

World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of COVID- 19
.human challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1

Accessed in June 2020

https://www.slideshare.net/jedliam/meaning-and-characteristics-of-research

https://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf

http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/

https://www.fhi360.org/sites/all/libraries/webpages/fhiretc2/Resources/RETC2_Test_
and_Evaluations.pdf

Prepared by: Checked by:

DENNIS JADE G. NUMERON CIELO B. OSORIO

Subject Teacher Faculty

Approved by:

RAE ABNEE C. GARRIDO

Asst. Principal/SHS Coordinator

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