Professional Documents
Culture Documents
US 5095709 A
RESUMEN
A nitrogen liquid to gas system in which an internal combustion engine drives hydraulic pumps and
motors in a closed ethylene gylcol fluid circuit. A heat exchanger is provided between the liquid
nitrogen and the ethylene glycol fluid for converting the liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen. Heat is
recovered from the ambient air in a heat exchange with the ethylene glycol fluid for maintaining the
fluid between approximately 0° F. and 20° F. by means of a temperature regulating valve.
IMÁGENES(2)
RECLAMACIONES(4)
an ethylene glycol fluid motor driven by the ethylene glycol fluid pump,
a nitrogen pump connected to and driven by the ethylene glycol fluid motor for pumping liquid
nitrogen through a line,
said ethylene glycol fluid pump and ethylene glycol motor being in a closed ethylene glycol circuit
through which the ethylene glycol fluid flows,
a liquid nitrogen-ethylene glycol fluid heat exchanger between the liquid nitrogen line and the closed
ethylene glycol fluid circuit for converting the liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen,
an air-ethylene glycol fluid heat exchanger connected to the closed ethylene glycol fluid circuit
downstream of the nitrogen-ethylene glycol fluid heat exchanger for heating the cooled ethylene
glycol fluid, and
an engine exhaust-nitrogen gas heat exchanger connected to the nitrogen line downstream of the
nitrogen-ethylene glycol fluid heat exchanger to increase the temperature of the gaseous nitrogen
as desired.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 including a temperature regulator to maintain the temperature of the
ethylene glycol mixture between substantially 0° F. to 20° F. throughout the ethylene glycol fluid
system.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the temperature regulator controls the amount of EGF through
the air-EGF heat exchanger.
DESCRIPCIÓN
The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/421,911, filed Oct. 16,
1989, entitled Liquid Nitrogen to Gas System, now abandoned.
The present invention is directed to a system for converting liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen. It is
well known to convert liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen which can be used in industrial,
petrochemical and oil field industries. For example, it is known, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
4,920,271, to provide a self-contained, flameless nitrogen liquid to gas converter. However, such
systems require high horsepower engines, or additional heat engines as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,633.
These systems operate at a greater level of power than necessary, driving multiple pumps and
motors. The prior art systems use loading devices such as hydraulic variable back pressure valves
to create a load on the engines. These high horsepower engines consume large amounts of fuel, for
converting the fuel consumed to waste heat which is transferred to a number of different heat
exchangers which increase the complexity of the system and leads to reduced reliability.
SUMMARY
The present invention is directed to a nitrogen liquid to gas vaporizing and pumping system which
includes an internal combustion engine sufficient to power only the nitrogen pump, an ethylene
glycol fluid (EGF) pumping system connected to and driven by the engine and a EGF motor
actuated by the EGF pump. The EGF pumping system is in a closed circuit and includes EGF which
drives the motors and is circulated through a nitrogen-EGF heat exchanger in which the liquid
nitrogen is vaporized to gaseous nitrogen. The EGF fluid has a dual function as a power fluid and
as a heat transfer fluid. A nitrogen pump is connected to and driven by the EGF motor for pumping
liquid nitrogen through a line. An air-EGF heat exchanger is in the closed EGF circuit downstream
of the nitrogen-EGF heat exchanger for heating the cooled EGF, to provide most of the required
heat.
The engine exhaust could also be utilized as an auxiliary heat source as in the prior art.
A still further object of the present invention is the EGF which is a mixture of ethylene glycol (60%)
and water (40%) which has the capability of providing lubrication and viscosity, as that of oil, when
the temperature is maintained between approximately 0° F. and +20° F. Therefore, it can be used
as a combined fluid to transfer power from the engine to the nitrogen pump first, then the same EGF
will carry the heat from the air-EGF heat exchanger to the EGF-liquid nitrogen heat exchanger.
Additional advantages of using a non-oil based fluid are evident, such as being low polluting effect
and non-flammable. The use of EGF eliminates the oil used as the intermediate fluid as well as
multiple hydraulic pumps, motors, loading valves, controls and associated heat exchangers as
utilized in prior art systems.
Other and further objects, features and advantages will be apparent from the following description
of a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, given for the purpose of disclosure and taken
in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Referring now to the drawings, the reference numeral 10 generally indicates the nitrogen liquid to
gas system of the present invention and generally includes an inlet liquid nitrogen line 12 receiving
liquid nitrogen from a suitable supply tank 14, a nitrogen line 30, and a gaseous nitrogen outlet line
16 for conducting the now vaporized high pressure, such as 10,000 psi, nitrogen from the system
10.
The internal combustion engine 18 can be utilized as an auxiliary heat source to increase the
nitrogen gas discharge temperature above the ambient temperature as utilized in prior art systems.
The now vaporized nitrogen continues its flow through the nitrogen line 30 to an engine exhaust-
nitrogen gas heat exchanger 34 connected to the nitrogen line 30 downstream of the nitrogen-EGF
heat exchanger 32 for receiving exhaust heat from the internal combustion engine 18. From the
heat exchanger 34, the now warm gaseous nitrogen flows to the outlet line 16 for suitable utilization.
If desired, a manual valve 36 is provided in parallel with the heat exchanger 34 to allow a small flow
of nitrogen to bypass around the heat exchanger 34 to control the discharge temperature of the
gaseous nitrogen if desired.
The EGF in the closed circuit 24, directly receives frictional heat generated by mechanical loss from
the EGF pump 22 and motor 26, a large amount of heat was extracted from the EGF in heat
exchange with the liquid nitrogen in the heat exchanger 32 for converting the liquid nitrogen to
gaseous nitrogen. The now cooled EGF is circulated through an air-EGF heat exchanger 40 with a
fan 41 where a large amount of heat from the atmosphere or ambient air is in exchange with the
EGF to increase the temperature of the EGF to the working temperature of between 0° F. and 20°
F. The temperature regulator 43 is used in the EGF circuit 24 to assure the working temperature of
the EGF is maintained between 0° F. and 20° F. at which temperature EGF exhibits some of the
similar characteristics of hydraulic oil, viscosity and lubricity. The EGF uses the available heat in the
atmosphere for increasing the temperature of the EGF, for converting or changing the nitrogen state
from liquid to gas. The heated EGF is then returned to the reservoir 42 and is recycled.
The present invention provides a liquid to gaseous nitrogen vaporizing and pumping system which
is self-contained, has one single internal combustion engine 18 which provides the required
horsepower to power the liquid nitrogen pump 28 only and a large air-to-EGF heat exchanger 40
which provides most of the heat required to vaporize the liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen. Unlike
prior art systems the present invention uses the EGF circuit 24 to power the liquid nitrogen pump
28, absorb heat from the ambient air and release the heat at the liquid nitrogen to EGF heat
exchanger 32 to vaporize the liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen all in one circuit 24. Thus the
present invention is simpler and has fewer and less complex components than the prior art
systems. Systems of the prior art use an oversized engine resulting in increased costs to
manufacture and operate. The oversized engine needs to be loaded to the maximum output power
to generate heat in either a hydraulic oil circuit or an automatic transmission fluid circuit, and then
the heat is recovered by the engine coolant before it is transferred to the liquid nitrogen vaporized
as in U.S. Pat. 4,290,271 or the oversized engine is loaded by a mechanical frictional brake as in
U.S. Pat. 3,229,472 or loaded by a water brake device as in U.S. Pat. 4,409,927 or by a
transmission retarder in U.S. Pat. 4,409,927. The present invention utilizes the closed EGF circuit
24 to power the liquid nitrogen pump 28 and vaporize the liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen,
recovering the heat necessary to perform this operation from the ambient air in one circuit.
A feature of the present invention is the use of the EGF as the main power fluid when the
temperature is maintained between approximately 0° F. and 20° F. and also as a heat transfer fluid.
The EGF, between these temperatures, has the same characteristics of viscosity and lubricity as oil.
Therefore, the use of EGF at temperatures of substantial between 0° F. and 20° F. provide longer
life for the hydraulic pumps and motors. The temperature of the EGF is properly maintained by the
temperature regulating valve 43. The EGF is simultaneously providing power to the motor 26 and
transferring heat to the nitrogen heat exchanger 32. Prior art systems have to use engine coolant to
carry the heat generated by the internal combustion engine and the heat generated by the hydraulic
circuit to the nitrogen heat exchanger.
While the EGF circuit 24 may pick up frictional heat at pump 22 and motor 26, the amount of heat
gained will not adversely affect the viscosity of the EGF and similarly the temperature in the EGF
circuit 24 may fall below 0° F. at the output of heat exchanger 32 and the temperature will be
controlled at heat exchanger 40 by the temperature regulating valve 43 to again bring the
temperature between 0° F. and 20° F. prior to its return to the reservoir 42.
As indicated in FIG. 1, all of the components may be carried on the support 20 including a control
panel 15 which incorporates the various pressure, temperature gauges, valves and engine
monitoring equipment. It is understood that in the actual embodiment additional conventional
valves, accumulators and gauges, as well as surge tanks, are provided in a suitable control circuit.
In the design of one system 10, the temperature pressure of the incoming liquid nitrogen in inlet line
12 was -320° F. and 30 psi, and an output of gaseous nitrogen at a temperature and pressure of
70° F. (+ or -20°) and 10,000 psi for a flow rate of 90,000 SCFH should be obtained. In such a
system the internal combustion engine 18 may be a Deutz diesel, the pump 22 a model P 125
Commercial Shearing, the motor 26 may be a Model M 125 Commercial Shearing, the pump 28
may be an Airco 3 GMPD, and the heat exchangers 32 may be a Cryogenic Technology heat
exchanger, 34 may be a Cryogenic Technology heat exchanger and 40 may be a Young Mfg. heat
exchanger.
The present invention, therefore, is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and
advantages mentioned as well as others inherent therein. While presently preferred embodiment of
the invention is given for the purpose of disclosure, numerous changes in the details of
construction, arrangement of parts, and steps of the process may be made which will readily
suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are encompassed within the spirit of the
invention and the scope of the appended claims.
Nitrogen liquid to gas converter
US 4290271 A
RESUMEN
A flameless nitrogen liquid to gas converter for providing high pressure nitrogen as to treat oil and
gas wells. A diesel engine prime mover drives hydraulic pumps and motors to pressurize nitrogen
and actuate an air fan. Heat for converting the liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen is obtained from
the engine jacket water, the engine exhaust, and the hydraulic oil from the hydraulic pumps and
motors. Additional heat can be obtained from the hydraulic oil system by increasing the hydraulic
system pressure with a hydraulic pressure control valve. At least one of the hydraulic pumps and its
driven hydraulic motor is in a hydraulic circuit which includes variable means for increasing the
pressure in the hydraulic circuit, a hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger, and a hydraulic oil reservoir.
Hydraulic fluid from the other pumps and motors is transmitted through the hydraulic oil-air heat
exchanger. The system includes an in-line heat exchange system in series in the air flow from
upstream to downstream in the following order: hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger, engine water-heat
exchanger, engine exhaust-air heat exchanger, nitrogen-air heat exchanger, and an air suction fan.
DESCRIPCIÓN
It is old to convert liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen to treat and stimulate oil and gas wells. The
converter must pump the nitrogen to high pressures, such as 10,000 psi, and heat the liquid
nitrogen to convert it to gas. However, the environment around oil and gas wells is frequently
hazardous and therefore the use of open flames or high temperatures to convert the liquid to gas is
dangerous.
The present invention is directed to a self-contained flameless nitrogen liquid to gas converter which
pressurizes the nitrogen and converts it to a gaseous state for use in an oil and gas field
environment.
SUMMARY
The present invention is directed to a nitrogen liquid to gas converter having a liquid nitrogen inlet
and a nitrogen pump actuated by a hydraulic motor for pressurizing the nitrogen. A nitrogen-air heat
exchanger is connected to the nitrogen pump and an air fan passes air over the exchanger for
adding heat to the nitrogen and converting the liquid to gaseous nitrogen. Hydraulic pumps actuate
the motors and a diesel engine drives the hydraulic pumps. Heat for heating the air and thus the
nitrogen is obtained from an engine exhaust-air heat exchanger and an engine water-air heat
exchanger positioned in the air stream upstream from the nitrogen heat exchanger. Further heat is
obtained from a hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger connected to the hydraulic pumps and motors and
positioned in the air upstream from the nitrogen heat exchanger. Additional heat is obtained from
means for increasing the pressure in a hydraulic oil circuit for increasing the heat of the hydraulic
fluid for heating the nitrogen.
A still further object of the present invention is wherein the means for increasing the heat of the
hydraulic fluid is a variable hydraulic pressure control valve which is preferably positioned
downstream from a pump.
Still a further object of the present invention is the improvement of obtaining heat from hydraulic
fluid in which at least one of the hydraulic pumps and its driven hydraulic motor is in a hydraulic
circuit which includes a hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger and variable means for increasing pressure
in the hydraulic circuit for increasing the heat of the hydraulic fluid for heating the air and thus
heating the nitrogen. Preferably, the hydraulic circuit includes a hydraulic oil reservoir downstream
of the hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger. In addition, hydraulic fluid from other pumps and motors may
be transmitted through the hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger.
Yet a still further object of the present invention is the provision wherein the heat exchange
equipment is axially aligned and positioned in series in the air from the upstream to the downstream
in the following order: hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger, engine water-air heat exchanger, engine
exhaust-air heat exchanger, nitrogen-air heat exchanger, and the air fan.
Other and further objects, features and advantages will be apparent from the following description
of a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, given for the purpose of disclosure and taken
in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of the preferred apparatus of the present invention omitting certain
flow lines for convenience,
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 1, and
Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIGS. 1-4, the reference numeral 10 generally
indicates the nitrogen liquid to gas converter which is mounted on a suitable self-contained support
12 whereby the converter may be suitably transported for treatment of various oil and/or gas wells.
A suitable prime mover 14, such as a Detroit diesel engine Model 6V92T is mounted on the support
12 for providing all of the power necessary for the converter 10. A plurality of hydraulic pumps 16,
18 and 20 are mechanically connected to and actuated by the engine 14 which in turn provide the
motive force for driving various hydraulic motors for actuating one or more liquid nitrogen pumps
and an air fan. Pump 16 may be model 24 sold by Sunstrand, pump 18 may be model 26 sold by
Sunstrand, and pump 20 may be model P25X-342 Bert 15-2 sold by Commercial Shearing.
Pump 16 in turn drives a hydraulic motor 22 (FIG. 5), such as Volvo, which in turn drives an air
suction fan 24 (FIGS. 2 and 3) which draws air over a nitrogen-air heat exchanger 26 for adding
heat to the liquid nitrogen for converting the liquid nitrogen to a gaseous state. Pump 18 drives a
hydraulic motor 28, such as model 27 manufactured by Sunstrand, which in turn drives a
conventional nitrogen pump 30. The pump 20 drives a hydraulic motor 32, such as model MF 15-
3021 manufactured by Sunstrand which in turn drives a conventional liquid nitrogen booster pump
34.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, an engine exhaust-air heat exchanger 34 is positioned in the air
stream upstream from the nitrogen heat exchanger 26 for heating the air for assisting in converting
the liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen. The engine exhaust 35 (FIG. 1) is covered with insulation
(not shown) and is in the heat exchange relationship with the exchanger 34 and the exhaust is then
passed through weathercap 37. The heat exchanger 34 thus functions to utilize the waste heat from
the exhaust of the diesel engine 14 for heating the nitrogen and additionally reduces the
temperature of the exhaust to approximately 75° F. above ambient temperature for preventing the
exposure of a high temperature exhaust to the surrounding environment of an oil and/or gas well.
In addition, an engine jacket water exhaust-air heat exchanger 36 is positioned in the air upstream
from the nitrogen heat exchanger 26 for providing additional heat for heating the air and converting
the liquid nitrogen to gas. The exchanger 36 is connected to the engine cooling water through line
41 (FIG. 1).
In addition, a hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger 38 is connected to various hydraulic pumps and
motors, as will be more fully described hereinafter, and is positioned in the air upstream from the
nitrogen heat exchanger for still providing additional heat for heating the air and thus the nitrogen. It
is to be noted that the air fan 24 and heat exchangers 26, 34, 36 and 38 are coaxially aligned to
provide an efficient flow of air by providing a straight flow of the air and maintain uniform air velocity
across the surfaces of the heat exchangers 26, 34, 36 and 38. Furthermore, the fan and heat
exchangers are positioned in series in the air from upstream to downstream in the following order:
hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger 38, engine water-air heat exchanger 36, engine exhaust-air heat
exchanger 34, whereby the incoming air stream is heated progressively to higher temperatures for
greatest efficiency.
Referring to FIG. 4, a liquid nitrogen inlet 42 is provided in communication with the booster pump 34
whereby the liquid nitrogen is pressurized and passed to a supply header 44 for the pump 30
wherein the liquid is further pressurized and passed to a discharge header 46. From the header 46
the pressurized liquid nitrogen is passed to the nitrogen-air heat exchanger 26 where the nitrogen is
converted to a gaseous state by the heat exchanged from the flowing air. From the exchanger 26,
the gaseous nitrogen is then discharged as required.
Referring now to FIG. 5, a schematic of the hydraulic circuit is best seen. A reservoir 50 of hydraulic
fluid is provided for supplying and receiving hydraulic fluid from the circuits. One of the circuits 52
includes the hydraulic pump 20 which supplies fluid to actuate the hydraulic motor 32 which drives
the nitrogen booster pump 34. A second hydraulic circuit 54 includes the hydraulic pump 18 which
provides hydraulic fluid for actuating the hydraulic motor 28 which drives the nitrogen pump 30.
Another hydraulic circuit 56 includes the hydraulic pump 16 which provides fluid for actuating the
hydraulic motor 22 which drives the air suction fan.
It is desirable to obtain as much heat from the converter 10 as possible for converting the liquid
nitrogen to gas. In addition to obtaining heat from the exhaust and water of the diesel engine 14,
heat is extracted from the hydraulic oil of the various hydraulic pumps and motors by virtue of the
hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger 38. Thus, the hydraulic fluid in circuit 52 flowing through the pump
20 and motor 32 is transmitted directly through the heat exchanger 38 prior to entering the reservoir
50. On the other hand, circuits 54 and 56 may operate at higher pressures in a closed circuit
between the pumps and motors. Makeup fluid for case drain is obtained through makeup lines 55
and 57, respectively. The case drain from motor 28 is transmitted through line 60 and combined
with the case drain from pump 18 in line 61 which is then transmitted to the heat exchanger 38.
Similarly, the case drain in motor 22 is transmitted by line 62 and combined with the case drain in
pump 16 through a line 63 to the heat exchanger 38.
In addition, the present invention includes means for obtaining increased heat from the hydraulic
fluid for heating the nitrogen. Preferably, means are provided connected in at least one of the
hydraulic circuits for increasing the pressure in the hydraulic circuit thereby increasing the heat of
the hydraulic fluid which is transmitted to the hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger for heating the
nitrogen. Thus, referring to circuit 52, a variable means for increasing the pressure in the hydraulic
circuit such as a relief valve 70, such model P8819-06 from Rivett Company, is provided which can
provide a variable restriction in the circuit 52 causing the pump 20 to work at greater pressures and
thereby creating extra heat in the hydraulic fluid if the pressure is increased sufficiently by the valve
70. Valve 70 is controlled through control line 37 by manually actuated pressure control valve 72.
Therefore, by merely adjusting the pressure control valve 72, valve 72 is controlled so that
additional heat may be supplied for heating the nitrogen without providing any dangerous spark
igniting means in the hazardous environment surrounding the oil and/or gas well.
Therefore, the present invention provides a liquid to gas nitrogen converter which is self-contained,
has a single prime mover and utilizes the waste heat of the diesel engine including both its cooling
water and exhaust, and further utilizes the heat from the hydraulic oil system of the various pumps
and motors and is able to create additional heat from the hydraulic circuits for converting the liquid
to gas, all without danger to the hazardous surroundings of an oil and gas well.
The present invention, therefore, is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and
advantages mentioned as well as others inherent therein. While a presently preferred embodiment
of the invention is given for the purpose of disclosure, numerous changes in the details of
construction and arrangement of parts may be made which readily suggest themselves to those
skilled in the art and which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the
RECLAMACIONES(10)
a nitrogen pump actuated by a first hydraulic motor connected to the inlet for pumping liquid
nitrogen,
a nitrogen-air heat exchanger connected to the nitrogen pump for adding heat to the nitrogen and
converting the liquid nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen,
an air fan for passing air over the heat exchanger and actuated by a second hydraulic motor,
hydraulic pump means for actuating the first and second motors,
an engine exhaust-air heat exchanger positioned in the air upstream from the nitrogen heat
exchanger for heating the air,
an engine water-air heat exchanger positioned in the air upstream from the nitrogen heat exchanger
for heating the air,
a hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger connected to the hydraulic pump means and first and second
hydraulic motors and positioned in the air upstream from the nitrogen heat exchanger for heating
the air,
means connected to the hydraulic pump means for increasing the heat of the hydraulic fluid for
heating the nitrogen.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for increasing the heat of the hydraulic fluid is a
hydraulic pressure control valve.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the control valve is positioned downstream from the pump
means.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger, the engine water-air heat
exchanger, the engine exhaust-air heat exchanger, the nitrogen-air heat exchanger, and the air fan
are axially aligned.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the fan and heat exchangers are positioned in series in the air
from upstream to downstream in the following order: hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger, engine water-
air heat exchanger, engine exhaust-air heat exchanger, nitrogen-air heat exchanger, and the air
fan.
6. In a nitrogen liquid to gas converter having a diesel engine prime mover in which the heat
rejection of the engine water and engine exhaust are utilized to convert liquid nitrogen to the
gaseous state, a plurality of hydraulic pumps driven by the diesel engine, each of the pumps
separately driving a hydraulic motor, one of the motors driving a nitrogen pump and another of said
motors driving an air fan for passing air over a nitrogen-air heat exchanger, the improvement of
obtaining heat from hydraulic fluid comprising,
at least one of the hydraulic pumps and hydraulic motor being in a hydraulic circuit which includes a
hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger and a variable means for increasing the pressure in the hydraulic
circuit for increasing the heat of the hydraulic fluid for heating the air and thus heating the nitrogen.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the means includes a hydraulic flow control valve.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the valve is positioned downstream from said one pump.
9. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the hydraulic circuit includes a hydraulic oil reservoir
downstream of the hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger.
10. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein hydraulic fluid from the other pumps and motors is transmitted
through the hydraulic oil-air heat exchanger.
FOAM CLEANOUT PROCEDURE
La espuma es un excelente medio de limpieza debido a su baja densidad Y excelentes propiedades
de transporte de partículas; También tiende a tener baja pérdida de fluido, reduciendo el daño
potencial de formación.
Las formaciones con bajo BHP que no pueden sostener una columna de fluido son candidatos para
limpiezas de espuma, así como configuraciones tubulares y de envoltura que reducen las
velocidades anulares.
La espuma es una mezcla de un fluido base en la fase coherente y gas. Se añade un tensioactivo
apropiado que permite una reducción de la tensión superficial para que se produzca la formación
de espuma. El gas existe como pequeñas burbujas intercaladas. Tiene excelentes capacidades de
transporte de sólidos en comparación con un sistema de fluidos con las propiedades reológicas de
un fluido bifásico. La espumación con un fluido base gelificado puede generar espumas de mayor
viscosidad. Las propiedades de la espuma están influenciadas principalmente por la composición
de fluido base y la relación de fluido gas a base. Las propiedades también son altamente
dependientes de la presión y la temperatura, ya que ambos afectan el volumen gaseoso Espuma
estable sólo puede existir dentro de un cierto rango. Para definir esta gama utilizamos el concepto
de calidad de la espuma, que es la medición volumétrica del contenido de gas de la espuma
expresada en porcentaje. Por debajo del 52%, el fluido se considera un Fluido Nitrified. La espuma
estable existe entre 52% y 96% de calidad de espuma. En esta región las burbujas de nitrógeno
aceptable.
estabilidad
presión
Además, también es pertinente considerar las siguientes Aspectos del diseño: • Las propiedades
del fluido base con respecto a la formación
Lecho de relleno
Más viscoso
Diseño de fluidos
Basado en aceite depende de los requisitos del trabajo. En la producción de pozos de petróleo,
una espuma de base acuosa se puede utilizar siempre y cuando se evite la entrada de pozos, ya
que los hidrocarburos reducen
A un aumento de la reología, por lo tanto adicional ECD (Equivalent Circulating Density), que
puede dar lugar a pérdidas de fluidos en pozos bajos de BHP. También es posible utilizar un agente
de espumación a base de aceite para espumas basadas en diesel, si el desglose de hidrocarburos
se considera
Para ser una preocupación importante. La única ventaja de un agente espumante a base de aceite
es la resistencia a la degradación de la espuma a partir de hidrocarburos. Un trabajo diseñado con
una espuma a base de aceite no será más rápido, ni más eficiente que un comparativo
Siguiente:
Wellbore Simulator
El simulador de pozo (Dowell's CoilCADE *) modela el flujo de fluido en el entorno del pozo. Con
un conjunto dado de condiciones iniciales, la EAP utiliza las ecuaciones para
La EDT permite que se introduzca un calendario de diseño operacional realista que refleje la toma
de "picaduras" de llenado, extracción de agujero, circulación, elevación / entrada en la cola del
tubo, etc. Esto permite el desarrollo del programa antes del inicio del trabajo y debe Permiten que
el trabajo se produzca dentro de parámetros importantes que son requeridos por la WBS:
• Velocidad de Penetración
• Tasas de bombeo
• Presión DH
• Presión de circulación
• Velocidad Anular
Los resultados de la WBS son la guía principal para ajustar las tasas de espuma y la WHP en
ubicación durante el trabajo. Los resultados también cubren las presiones estimadas de BHP y de
circulación, permitiendo la selección de las tasas apropiadas para prevenir el aflujo del pozo o la
fuga excesiva en la formación. Una disminución de 100 psi en la PTH puede tener efectos
dramáticos en la calidad de la espuma. Es una buena práctica para ejecutar siempre la WBS
Con 300-400 psi WHP al seleccionar variables de diseño apropiadas. Las siguientes conclusiones de
WBS ayudan en la optimización de la limpieza de espuma:
Presión de circulación
Lab Testing
Verificación del diseño para asegurar la compatibilidad de aditivos y fluido base. Algunos agentes
reductores de fricción tales como J313, tienden a disminuir la estabilidad de la espuma. Las
muestras deben ser ensayadas en cuanto a la estabilidad de la espuma según el ensayo de
estabilidad de espuma estándar: Mezcle una muestra de 100 ml de fluido base en una licuadora a
alta velocidad durante 1 minuto. Deje reposar la muestra durante 4 min. El límite de estabilidad
mínimo aceptable para una espuma de CT es un máximo de 50 ml de fluido base que se rompe de
la espuma en 4 min. El fluido de base y la viscosidad de espuma se pueden medir cualitativamente
dentro del laboratorio. Es esencial que sea lo más correcto posible.
Típicamente los fluidos base que consisten en agua tendrán una viscosidad newtoniana de 0.9 cp y
este es el valor recomendado para las simulaciones de espuma estable (entre 52% y 92% de
calidad de espuma) muestran las tendencias reológicas de ley de potencia. La viscosidad aumenta
Job Set-up
• Cierre bien un par de días antes del trabajo para construir BHP
interruptor automático
zapatillas
J313 Agua de mar (120 gal / 360 bbl o 96 gal / 290 bbl
transporte)
en
Consejos de trabajo
Podría requerir
Con una carga de arena por encima de la boquilla, tire del agujero
Prematuramente
crítico
arena
Contaminación de la espuma
• 2 pies por minuto hacia abajo y 5 pies por minuto de velocidad máxima con mordidas de 20 '
Cálculos
Pegando la pipa
Procedures
El cálculo de la carga potencial de arena a diversas velocidades de entrada puede realizarse dentro
de la EDT. No se recomienda exceder el 4% de carga de arena por peso. La espuma puede manejar
de manera aceptable hasta un 10% de carga de arena en peso, sin embargo esto aumenta
significativamente el potencial de la tubería atascada en caso de pérdida de retorno o problemas
de equipo de generación de espuma, especialmente en pozos desviados.
• Corriendo en el agujero
, Lo que permite un mayor tiempo para ajustar las tasas de gas o de fluido base, si es necesario,
antes de etiquetar el llenado.
Otra ventaja importante es que las tasas de rendimiento estabilizadas se generan antes de la
limpieza, lo que permite una línea de base para las desviaciones de los retornos. Un procedimiento
típico de RIH es el siguiente:
Continuar RIH
recomendación
1.9. Bobina lenta a 20 '/ min a 500' desde TT o parte superior del relleno
1.10. Verificar la calidad de la superficie
Por debajo del 92%, si es posible disminuir la PTH hasta que la calidad de la espuma sea
92%, una reducción de 100 psi en el estrangulador puede ser todo lo que es
necesario. Tenga en cuenta que las restricciones en las líneas de retorno tales como
Circulan hasta que se verifican los rendimientos a profundidad - una buena práctica
1.14. Verificar la prensa circulante y la PHO según la EAP antes de etiquetar el relleno, para tener
valores de línea de base antes de levantar el relleno
• Limpieza de llenado
Es esencial que se monitoricen las presiones de circulación y las PTH, ya que ésta es la única
manera precisa de identificar la carga de arena en el anillo. Sólo puede tomar un aumento de 200
psi en la presión circulante antes de que se pierdan los retornos.
La eliminación del líquido del pozo del TT a la parte superior del relleno debe considerarse parte
de la limpieza del relleno.
La paciencia es una clave y una regla general es nunca tomar más de 20 'a 25' mordedura de
relleno @ 5 '/ min. Esto debe ser seguido por PUH 20 'y un período de circulación por encima de la
última profundidad de llenado. Las persecuciones regulares al TT se deben hacer cada 3 - 5
mordeduras. Los viajes largos por encima de la sección horizontal pueden ser necesarios durante
todo el trabajo. Los tiempos de circulación con espuma son más largos que con los fluidos
convencionales. Se recomienda ajustar los tiempos de reposo para reflejar esto. Permita el doble
de tiempo requerido basado en los caudales de espuma en la boquilla de WBS.
Mordeduras para barrer la carcasa - viaje largo por encima de la sección horizontal en
Pegar tubería
De 200 psi por encima del valor basal, PUH por encima del
circular
Asegúrese de que el área esté limpia de relleno, observe que levante pesos.