UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL

ENGINEERING
MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT -2
DESIGN OF SCISSOR CAR JACK

SECTION-04

PREPARED BY:

MUBAREK YESUF………...00857/09

MULATU ZEWDIE………..00861/09

Submitted to:-Mr. ANDEBET

Submission date:-17/10/2011 EC
 DESIGN OF SISSOR CAR JACK 2011 E.C

ABSTRACTS
A Scissor Jack is a mechanical device used to easily lift a vehicle off the ground to gain access
to sections underneath the vehicles or to change the wheel. The most important fact of a jack
is that, it gives the user a mechanical advantage by changing the rotational force on power
screw into linear motion, allowing user to lift a heavy car to the required height. It is called a
scissor jack as the structure consists of diagonal metal components that expand and contract in
the same way as a pair of scissors. In this work a power scissor jack to lift and support a load
for typical use in four wheelers has been designed and fabricated by selecting the most
appropriate materials and cross sections. The dimensions of various components are
standardized for easy assembly and replacement.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to say great thanks and respect to our instructor Mr. Andebet
who give this project and initiate us to get more knowledge how to design scissor jack and for
his beneficial comments. Secondly, we would like to thank for all who help us with information
and directing us with preferable references by showing their early works.

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACTS .................................................................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................. ii

CHAPTER -ONE .............................................................................................................................. 1

1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background of the project ....................................................................................................... 1

1.2. DEFINITION OF SCISSOR CAR JACK ................................................................................ 2

1.2.1. CLASSIFICATION OF CAR JACK ................................................................................ 3

1.2.2 APPLICATION OF CAR JACK ....................................................................................... 4

1.2.3 .WORKING PRINCIPLE OF MECHANICAL SCISSOR JACK ...................................... 5

1.2.4 COMPONENTS OF MECHANICAL SCISSOR JACK .................................................... 5

1.3. PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................... 9

1.4. OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................... 10

1.4.1. General objective ........................................................................................................... 10

1.4.2. Specific objectives ......................................................................................................... 10

1.5. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 11

1.6. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT ................................................................. 11

1.6.1. Scope of the project ........................................................................................................ 11

1.6.2. Limitation of the project ................................................................................................. 12

CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................... 13

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 13

CHAPTER- THREE........................................................................................................................ 15

3.1. General Design Considerations ............................................................................................. 15

3.2. Detail Design and analysis of scissor jack component ........................................................... 16

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3.2.1 Geometry analysis ........................................................................................................... 16

3.2.2 Force analysis ................................................................................................................. 19

3.3. Design of lifting member (Links) .......................................................................................... 20

3.4. Design of the Power Screw ................................................................................................... 22

3.5. Design of connecting member ............................................................................................... 26

3.6. Design for cup at the top (break) ........................................................................................... 28

3.7. Design of pins ....................................................................................................................... 29

3.8. Design of the driving handle ................................................................................................. 31

3.9. Design of base plate .............................................................................................................. 32

3.10. Design of Bolt ..................................................................................................................... 39

3.11. Design of Nut ..................................................................................................................... 41

3.12. Design of washer ................................................................................................................ 43

CHAPTER- FOUR .......................................................................................................................... 45

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 45

4.1. RESULT............................................................................................................................... 45

4.2 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 47

CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................. 48

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ................................................................................ 48

5.1. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 48

5.2. RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................ 48

CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................... 49

6. PART DRAWING....................................................................................................................... 49

REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................. 54

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................ 55

LIST OF FIGURE

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Figure 1-1:- :- Mechanical scissor jack .............................................................. 4

Figure 1-2:-mechanical bottle jack ..................................................................... 4
Figure 1-3:-lifting member ................................................................................. 6
Figure 1-4:-power screw .................................................................................... 6
Figure 1-5:-connecting member ......................................................................... 7
Figure 1-6 :-Pin .................................................................................................. 7
Figure 1-7:- lower base plate .............................................................................. 7
Figure 1-8:- bolt at the upper plate ..................................................................... 8
Figure 1-9:- Nut ................................................................................................. 8
Figure 1-10:- washer .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 3-1:- dimension analysis [2] .................................................................. 16
Figure 3-2:- angles between links .................................................................... 17
Figure 3-3:- Force analyses FBD [2] ................................................................ 19
Figure 3-4:- lifting member (links). .................................................................. 21
Figure 3-5:- power screw ................................................................................. 23
Figure 3-6:- Thread geometry analyses ............................................................ 24
Figure 3-7:- connecting member ...................................................................... 26
Figure 3-8:- Top fastener strength analyses ...................................................... 26
Figure 3-9:- Cup (break) .................................................................................. 28
Figure 3-10:- design of cup at the top............................................................... 28
Figure 3-11:- Pins ............................................................................................ 30
Figure 3-12:- driving handle ............................................................................ 31
Figure 3-13:- 2D drawing of driving handle ..................................................... 31
Figure 3-14: upper base plate ........................................................................... 33
Figure 3-15:- part of upper base ....................................................................... 35
Figure 3-16:- Lower base plate ........................................................................ 37
Figure 3-17:- 2D drawing of base plate ............................................................ 37
Figure 3-18:- right side views .......................................................................... 38
Figure 3-19:- section view ............................................................................... 39
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Figure 3-20:- Bolt at lower plate ...................................................................... 40

Figure 3-21:- Nut ............................................................................................. 42
Figure 0-22:-Washer ........................................................................................ 44
Figure 6-1:-3D drawing of power screw .......................................................... 49
Figure 6-2:-3Ddrawing of connecting rod ........................................................ 49
Figure 6-3:-3D drawing of pin ......................................................................... 50
Figure 6-4:-3D drawing of nut ......................................................................... 50
Figure 6-5:-3D drawing of base plate ............................................................... 50
Figure 6-6:-3D drawing of link ........................................................................ 51

LIST OF TABLE

Table 3-1:- general design specification table .................................................. 15

Table 3-2:- iteration ......................................................................................... 18
Table 3-3 material selection for bolt design [2]. ............................................... 41
Table 3-4:- Basic dimensions for square threads in mm (normal series)
according to IS: 4694-1968 (Reaffirmed 1996) [1]. ......................................... 41
Table 3-5 material selection for nut design [2]. ................................................ 42
Table 3-6 Basic dimensions for square threads in mm (normal series) according
to IS: 4694-1968 (Reaffirmed 1996) [1]. .......................................................... 42
Table 4-1:- result.............................................................................................. 45

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CHAPTER -ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
Car jack is a device used to lift up the cars while changing the tires during an emergency. Car
jacks are available at the market has some disadvantages such as requiring more energy to
operate, are not suitable for women and cannot be used on the uneven surface. The purpose of
this project is to modify the design of the existing car jack in terms of its functionality and
also human factors considerations. The day to day usage of cars is keeping on increasing as the
world moves on to a hectic stage. One big problem everyone faces is a flat tire on a voyage to
any destination. If the tire gets punctured the driver has to undergo a lot of pressure and rigorous
mechanical work to lift the car using a screw jack. Then the changing of a tire is a job that can
be done systematically and relatively easy.

1.1. Background of the project

Before the invention of weight lifting device such as screw jack, hydraulic jack, crane, etc., the
early man apply a crude way of lifting objects to great heights through the use of ropes and
rollers, which was mostly applied in the construction area, where, it was used to raise mortar
(cement, sand & water).The virtues of using a screw as a machine, essentially an inclined plane
wound round a cylinder, was first demonstrated by Archimedes in 200BC with his device used
for pumping water. There is evidence of the use of screws in the Ancient Roman world but it
was the great Leonardo da Vinci, in the late 1400s, who first demonstrated the use of a screw
jack for lifting loads. Leonardo’s design used a threaded worm gear, supported on bearings,
that rotated by the turning of a worm shaft to drive a lifting screw to move the load - instantly
recognizable as the principle we use today. We can’t be sure of the intended application of his
invention, but it seems to have been relegated to the history books, along with the helicopter
and tank, for almost four centuries. It is not until the late 1800s that we have evidence of the
product being developed further. With the industrial revolution of the late 18th and 19th
centuries came the first use of screws in machine tools, via English inventors such as John
Wilkinson and Henry Maudsley The most notable inventor in mechanical engineering from the
early 1800s was undoubtedly the mechanical genius Joseph Whitworth, who recognized the
need for precision had become as important in industry as the provision of power. A screw jack
that has a built-in motor is now referred to as a linear actuator but is essentially still a screw
jack .Whitworth’s have become internationally famous for their precision and quality, and
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dominated the market from the 1850th. Inspired young engineers began to put whit worth’s
machine tools to new uses. During the early 1880th in Coati cook, a small town near Quebec,
a 24-year-old inventor named Frank Henry Sleeper designed a lifting jack. Like da Vinci’s
jack, it was a technological innovation because it was based on the principle of the ball bearing
for supporting a load and transferred rotary motion, through gearing and screw, in to linear
motion for moving the load. The device was efficient, reliable and easy to operate. It was used
in the construction of bridges, but mostly by the rail road industry, where it was able to lift
locomotives and railway cars.ArthurOsmoreNorton spotted the potential for sleeper’s design
and in 1886th hired the young man and purchased the patent and then Norton jack was born.
Over the coming years the famous Norton jack were manufactured at plants in Boston, Coati
cook, Moline and Illinois. Meanwhile, in Alleghany County near Pittsburgh in 1883, an
enterprising Mississippi river boat captain named Josiah Barrett had an idea for a ratchet jack
that would pull barges together to form a tow. The idea was based on the familiar lever and
fulcrum principle and he needed someone to manufacture it. That person was Samuel Duff,
proprietor of a machine shop. Together they created the Duff Manufacturing Company, which
by 1890 had developed new applications for the original Barrett jack and extended the product
line to seven models in varying capacities. After the industrial revolution, with the advent of
Machine, the Machine Shop was also faced with the challenge of load lifting, because of the
bulkiness of some Machine parts. The Machine Shop deals with various components made of
metal, rubber, ceramics, polymers, etc., assembled mechanically to move people and goods
from one place to the other. Because of the interface between the Machine and human lives,
there is need for standardization of its component parts to improve its performance and
efficiency and to reduce [2].

1.2. DEFINITION OF SCISSOR CAR JACK

Scissor is a type of device that helps to gradually raise the vehicle of the ground. As it is called
scissor jack because it consists of a diagonal metal piece that expand or contrast in member
resembling a pair of scissor. Scissor jack is simple mechanism used to drive large loads short
distance. The power screw design of a common scissor jack reduces the amount of force
required by the user to drive the mechanism. Most scissor jacks are similar in design consisting
of four main members driven by a power screw. A scissor jack is operated simply by turning a
small crank that is inserted in to one of scissor jack and this crank is always ‘’z’’ shaped. In
this, the end of fits into a rigid hole mounted on the end of the power screw, which is the
objective of force on the scissor jack. When this crank is turned, the power screw turns, and

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this raise the jack. In scissor jack mechanism, a screw acts like a gear mechanism. It has teeth
(the screw thread). This turns and moves the two arms. Producing work just by turning this
screw thread, the scissor jack can lift a vehicle that is several thousand pounds, Power screw
in a scissor jack the power foundation of whole mechanism of scissor jacks.

1.2.1. CLASSIFICATION OF CAR JACK

Based on application jack can be classified in to two main categories. i.e

A) Hydraulic jack B) Mechanical jack

A) HYDRAULIC JACK : uses fluid ,which is in compressible that is formed into a cylinder
by pumping inside oil will used since it is self-lubricating and stable when the pusher push
back , it draw oil out of the cylinder ,through a distance check valve in cylinder . The suction
valve ball is uniform; the chamber opens with each draw of the plunger.

B) MECHANICAL JACK: in this jack used in mechanical force used to lift heavy load or
apply great force. Jacks employ a screw thread to apply very high linear force. A mechanical
jack is a device which is used to lift heavy equipment’s. The minor forms of this mechanical
jack are a car jack, floor jack or grange jack which lift vehicle. A mechanical jack lifts the
heavy loads by using a mechanical a advantage to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual
force alone.

 Generally there are two main types of mechanical jacks.

-Scissor jack

- Bottle jack

 SCISSOR JACK: A Scissor jack is a device, which lifts heavy equipment. The most
common form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that
maintenance can be performed. Car jacks usually use toggle advantage to allow a
human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. Jacks that are more powerful use
hydraulic power to provide more lift over greater distances. There is a one screw in the
toggle jack, which is rotating. There are two nuts, which are fixed. There are four links
connected to both nuts and eight pins to fix all links. There are two rings at both ends
of the screw. There is a one platform, which is connected to the upper two links for put
load.

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Figure 1-1:- :- Mechanical scissor jack

 BOTTLE JACKS: Bottle jacks in terms of portability, bottle jacks are a step up from
scissor jacks .the name comes from the shape of the hydraulic jacks: it looks like a
bottle. These jacks use a hydraulic mechanism to provide a lot of lift. They can still be
small enough to fit in your trunk, and are ideal if you have large vehicle like a trunk or
SUV. This type of automotive jacks uses hydraulics to provides enough pressure to lift
the vehicle weight up to several tons.

Figure 1-2:-mechanical bottle jack

1.2.2 APPLICATION OF CAR JACK

Scissor jack is used for many engineering application. Sometimes in auto shop or other business
may use hydraulic scissor jack to raise vehicle up in order to do advanced, diagnostics,
maintenance, or repairs. The most common and familiar type of scissor jack to most consumer
,though ,is a mounted scissor jacks often fits in to a trunk compartment ,and it included with
many new or used vehicle . Scissor jack are often used for rising just one corner of a vehicle

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the user positions the jack directly behind the wheel and jack up that side of vehicle to work on
flat tire or damaged wheel. For more involved vehicle repairs or maintenance, it is good to have
more than just a regular manual scissor jack [2].

1.2.3 .WORKING PRINCIPLE OF MECHANICAL SCISSOR JACK

The jack can be raised and lowered with a metal bar that is inserted into the jack. The operator
turns the bar with his hands in a clockwise direction for makes it go up. When the screw lifts
the load on the platform, which placed above will also raise. The bar is turned until the jack is
raised to the level needed. To lower the jack the bar is turned in the opposite direction. A scissor
jack uses a simple theory of gears to get its power. As the screw section is turned, two ends of
the jack move closer together. Because the gears of the screw are pushing up the arms, the
amount of force being applied is multiplied. It takes a very small amount of force to turn the
crank handle, yet that action causes the brace arms to slide across and together. As this happens
the arms extend upward. The car's gravitational weight is not enough to prevent the jack from
opening or to stop the screw from turning, since it is not applying force directly to it. If you
were to put pressure directly on the crank, or lean your weight against the crank, the person
would not be able to turn it, even though your weight is a small percentage of cars [2].

1.2.4 COMPONENTS OF MECHANICAL SCISSOR JACK

Following are the main components of mechanical scissor jack: this are:-

-Lifting members - Bolt,

-Power screw -Nut

-Connecting member - Power screw

- Pins - Handle

-Base plate - washer and Cup (break)

A. Lifting members: These members are made from simple c-shapes. The web of the lifting
member is cut out near the pin connections to allow proper serviceability of the scissor jack at
its maximum and minimum heights.

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Figure 1-3:-lifting member

B. Power screw: Power screws are used to convert rotary motion in to translational motion.
It is also called translational screw. They find use in machines such as universal tensile testing

machines, machine tools, automotive jacks, vises; aircraft flap extenders, trench braces, linear
actuators, adjustable floor posts, micrometers, and C-clamps. A screw thread is formed by
cutting a continuous helical groove around the cylinder. These grooves are cut either left hand
or right hand. The power screw is a single Acme threaded screw with collar at both ends, with
one end in contact with Member and the other end having a square key way to enable the
transmission of torque from the gears. The collar is assumed to be frictionless and the power
screw has been designed to be self-locking.

Figure 1-4:-power screw

C. Connecting member: These fasteners as used to fully transfer the applied load from
the break, to the rivet, which connects the upper arm with the fastener.

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Figure 1-5:-connecting member

D. Pins: The pins are used as fasteners at the various joints of the members. The existence of
the jack will depend on the ability of the pin not to fail under sudden shear, tensional and
compressive forces. They are used to hold parts together or limit travel of moving parts.

Figure 1-6 :-Pin

E. Base plate :the base plate should with stand the applied load plus the whole component
or linkage load by itself, the force, we have to select the material during the design process in
order to resist the above all loads.

Figure 1-7:- lower base plate

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F. Bolt: is a threaded fastener designed to pass through holes in the mating members and to
be secured by tightening a nut from the end opposite head of the nut. The body of the bolt,
called shank is cylindrical in form and the head square or hexagonal in shape is formed by
forging.

Figure 1-8:- bolt at the upper plate

G. Nut: is a threaded fastener used to hold two parts together and Nuts in general are square
or hexagonal in shape. The nuts with internal threads engage with the corresponding size of the
external threads of the bolt. For nuts, hexagonal shape is preferred to the square one, as it is
easy to tighten even in a limited space. This is because, with only one-sixth of a turn, the
spanner can be re-introduced in the same position.

Figure 1-9:- Nut

H. Washer: Washer is simply a flat, doughnut-shaped part that serves to increase the area of
contact between the bolt head or nut and the clamped part. A washer is a thin plate (typically
disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of
a threaded fastener, such as a screw or nut.
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 In general they are used for the purpose of:

 To prevent the loosening of the associated screw, bolt, and nut
 To distribute the compressive force over areas larger than that of the head or the nut,
 In order to decrease the friction that occurs when nut is tightened, especially when the
surface of the part is having poor surface finish.

Figure 1-10:- washer

1.3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

In our Country, most of the cars were equipped with many different jacks. We found that many
of the car jacks were requires much Energy from the person to rotate the jack, this condition is
difficult to be used by women’s and elderly people. For this reason, we are initiated to design
mechanical scissor jack, which is simple and flexible to operate, by human hands. Automotive
parts are mostly made of metal, which is a major reason for its large weight, and as such
requires devices of lifting and displacement of it. In an automobile production and assembly
facility, components have to be raised to certain heights, which could be more convenient to
the personnel working on it. When such device is not available, workers are often forced to
bend from the waist to access the components, which can lead to strains and major discomforts,
or even serious injuries that could affect productivity. Consequently, an assembly table that
will be adjustable will be required for use in the automotive industry to improve the efficiency
of personnel working in a production or assembly facility. In order to do this, a mechanism is
recommended to be incorporated into a table platform where the height is adjustable.

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1.4. OBJECTIVES

1.4.1. General objective

The general objective of this design scissor car jack is to design scissor jack that operated or
carry load up to 1500N, within 100mm minimum lifting height and 375mm of maximum lifting
height.

1.4.2. Specific objectives

The specific objective of this design is to design component of scissor carjack like:

-Design of power screw,

- Design of links (arms)

- Design of driving handle,

-Design of connecting member,

- Design of base plate,

-Design of cup (break),

- Design of nut,

-Design of Bolt,

- Design of washer,

-Design of pins,

-Geometric and force analysis of the jack.

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1.5. METHODOLOGY
For this particular design project, we follow the following project design methodology to solve
the design problem. Defining problem

Determine the objective and

scope
literature review

Study on previews
research

Create new design

Analysis of
result

Discussion and
then conclusion
and
recommendation

1.6. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.6.1. Scope of the project

This project is about the designing of car jack. The type of car jack that we are asked in this
was project mechanical scissor car jack. The scope of this design project was on the detail
design and analysis of each component of mechanical scissor car jack and to draw out the detail
drawing of each component and assembly drawing using AutoCAD software with the help of
optimization concept and design procedure.

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1.6.2. Limitation of the project

The major limiting factors in this project are Time shortage because of final exam in parallel
with this project there is time shortage. Even though there are numerous works and journals
done on scissor car jacks it is hard to find them since they are not properly documented and it
is inevitable that we might have missed some important information’s digging into thousands
of journals abut scissor car jacks.

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CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review or narrative review is a type of review article. A literature review
is a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as
well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews
are secondary sources, and do not report new or original experimental work. Most often
associated with academic-oriented literature, such reviews are found in academic journals, and
are not to be confused with book reviews that may also appear in the same publication.
Literature reviews are a basis for research in nearly every academic field [9]. A narrow-scope
Literature review may be included as part of a peer-reviewed journal article presenting new
research, serving to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to
provide context for the reader. In such a case, the review usually precedes the methodology
and results sections of the work. Producing a literature review may also be part of graduate and
post-graduate student work, including in the preparation of a thesis, dissertation, or a journal
article. Literature reviews are also common in a research proposal or prospectus (the document
that is approved before a student formally begins a dissertation or thesis) [10].
 In this section research papers are discussed related to the present work. Published
papers are highlight in this section.
 Alexander et al,1978, Smith, 1981, Nelkon, 1985) [4]. A lifting device is a system that
allows small force (effort) to overcome a large force or load There are practically
hundreds of uses for lift tables in manufacturing, warehousing and distribution facilities.
The Addition of this device (lift table) makes job faster, safer and easier. Some typical
Applications include; machine feeding and off-loading, product assembly, inspection
quality control repair, feeding and offloading conveyor levels. The commonest method
for operating a scissors lift is the use of a power screw.
 A. S. Akinwonmi and A. Mohammed [6] presented their work on modification of the
existing motor screw jack by incorporating an electric motor in the screw in order to
make load lifting easier. In this modified design, the power screw is rotated through its
connecting gear with the pinion gear when electrical power flows through the cigarette
lighter receptacle connected to the motor, plugged to the automobile 12 V battery source
to generate power for the prime mover (Motor), which transmits its rotating speed to the
pinion gear meshing with the bigger gear connected to the Power screw to be rotated with
required speed reduction and increased torque to drive the power screw. They concluded
that the modified design will save time, faster and easier to operate and requires less
human energy.

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 ChetanS.Dhamak et al [5] presented their research on designing and optimization of

mechanical scissor jack at the same time maintaining its strength and service life. They
concluded that scissor jack is failed due to wear of teeth on both links at lower end, Due
to excessive use and high impact on screw starts getting wear and head of jack starts
bending due to the fatigue load acting continuously again & again over the head.
 C.S.Dhamak et al [7] researched on design, optimize and standardize the current toggle
jack to make the task easier and reliable and to avoid field failure. They mainly focused
on designing and standardization of scissor jack model of automobile L.M.V. sector and
trying for weight reduction of scissor jack with good strength. They conclude that for
safe design of screw and nut a bearing pressure need to be considered and if we take
combination of different material for each pair of screw and nut so we can find best
suitable material for design at maximum load.
 Shashi Kant A. Pekhale and Prof. S. V. Karanjkar [8]. Works on modification and
analysis of the current mechanical scissor jack by incorporating an electric DC motor in
the screw in order to make load lifting easier for lifting motor vehicles with using power
of car batter (12 Volts).

Generally; we conclude that The existing jack was modified by making small alteration and
making use of an electric motor to drive power screw, connecting gear with the pinion mounted
on the motor shaft and then it will save time, be faster and easier to operate and requires less
human energy and additional work to operate. From the pre researched journals we concluded
that Due to excessive use and high impact on screw starts getting wear and head of jack starts
bending due to the fatigue load acting continuously again & again over the head .For this reason,
we are initiated to design in a wise manner in order to have the capacity to operate easily by
women’s and elderly people hands.

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CHAPTER- THREE
3. DETAIL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
In this section we will be selecting a material and computing/designing each part dimension
from the given design specification

Table 3-1:- general design specification table

Design of mechanical scissor jack

Parameters Value Unit

Weight of 1615 Kg
vehicle

Maximum 355.4 Mm
height of jack

Minimum 254 Mm
height of jack

3.1. General Design Considerations

o Type of load and stress caused by load
o Motion of parts or kinematics of the machine
o Selection of material –it is important that the designer should select appropriate and
most important material. By identifying characteristics of material like strength,
durability, flexibility, resistance to heat, machinability, welded or hardness.
o Convenient and economical features
o Use of standard parts because of related to cost

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o Safety operation
o Workshop facilities and Cost of construction

3.2. Detail Design and analysis of scissor jack component

3.2.1 Geometry analysis

Scissor car jack where its maximum lifting capacity of 375mm and a minimum height of
100mm, to find a suitable length of links and the degree of angle of a maximum and
minimum height. If consider two cases where at minimum position and maximum position.

Case 1: of minimum position

Figure 3-1:- dimension analysis [2]

From figure above let us assume the value of the following unknown value

a=30mm b=30mm

c=20mm d=20mm

e=20mm

Ymin = 254 − (a + e) mm

Ymin = 254 − (30 + 20) mm

𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 204𝑚𝑚
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In analysis of this we formulate equation for length L1 and L2 with in 𝜃𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛θmin =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠

Figure 3-2:- angles between links

𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛θmin = 2
𝐿1

102𝑚𝑚
𝐿1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ….Equation 1
θmin

Case 2: of maximum position

From the above figure we formulate the length of link 1 and link 2and within angle
of 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 355.4 − (𝑎 + 𝑒)mm

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𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 355.4 − (30 + 20)mm

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 305.4𝑚𝑚

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛θmax = 2
𝑙2

152.7
𝐿2 = ……. Equation 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛θmax

By using equation 1 and equation 2 and θmin as iteration calculate the value of L1 and θmax

𝟕
Where: L1=L2 𝜣𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝑳𝟏

Table 3-2:- iteration

𝛉𝐦𝐢𝐧 L1 𝜣𝒎𝒂𝒙
7 836.962mm 10.512
9 652.03mm 13.544
11 534.566 16.5978
13 453.43 19.6799
16 370.05 24.37

20 298.228 30.978

25 241.35 39.248
30 204 48.46
35 177.83 59.168
40 158.68 74.215
42 152.4366 Does not exist

To know more precise value of L1 andθmax by using θmin between 7 and 9 that is θmin =41

102
𝐿1 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛41

𝐿1 = 155.474𝑚𝑚

Θmax = 79.16

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Generally from this iteration the value of𝐿1 andΘmax are determined

θ = 41⁰ = θ1= θ2 and also the angle of β =180-90-θ; when θ=41⁰

β=49⁰
Therefore, we have found the values of links and angles of inclination

L =155.474mm,θ =41⁰and β=49⁰

3.2.2 Force analysis

The force analysis consideration is based on the assumption that, the scissor jack holds
vertically symmetrical [2].

Figure 3-3:- Force analyses FBD [2]

Maximum mass=1615kg

W=mg=1615kg*9.81m/s2=15843.15N

F = FA + FB
AO = OB= CP = PD
15843.15
FA = FB = N = 7921.575𝑁
2

At maximum raising height of the jack, 𝜷=θmin =41⁰

F 7921.575𝑁
FAE=cos 𝜃= =10,496.189𝑁
cos 41

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Hence (|FAE| = |FCE| = |FBF| = |FDF| =10,496.189N)

FE = FAE*sin 𝛽 + 𝐹CE*sin 𝛽
FE=2*FAE*sin 𝛽
FE=2*10,496.189N *sin 41⁰=13,772.24N
FE=FF=13,772.24N (because of vertically symmetrical)θ

At minimum raising height of the jack, =θmax =49⁰

𝐹 7921.575𝑁
FAE=cos 𝛽= =12,074.485N
cos 49⁰

Hence (|FAE| = |FCE| = |FBF| = |FDF| =)

FE=FAE*sin 49⁰+FCE*sin 49⁰

FE=2*FAE*sin 49⁰=2*12,074.485N *sin 49⁰=18,225.459N

FE=FF=18,225.459N (tensile force in the power screw)

Since the maximum loading force will act at the minimum raising height of the jack,
The design stresses will be analyzed at that point.

3.3. Design of lifting member (Links)

These members are made from simple c-shapes. The web of the lifting member is cut out
near the pin connections to allow proper serviceability of the scissor jack at its maximum and
minimum heights [2].

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Figure 3-4:- lifting member (links).

Material selection

The life span of the jack will depend greatly on the type of materials used for each
component to avoid failure.

We select GS-52.3 cast steel material to design bolts because of:

 High level of ductility

 High strength
 Wear resistance
 Ease of producing component parts
 Economical

ForGS-52.3 cast steel:

Tensile strength = 650 MN/m2
Yield strength = 360 MN/m2 .

Factor of Safety = 3
From dimension and force analysis:

Length of lifting member, (L) = 155.474mm

Force in a lifting member at minimum raising height of the jack, (F AE) =12,074.485N

yield strength 360

Design stress, δd = = = 120MN/m2
F.s 3

fa1 fa1
δd ≥ ⟹A≥
A δd

12,074.485𝑁
A≥ 6
⟹ A ≥ 100.62mm2
120 × 10

A ≥ 100.62mm2

For design consideration an area of lifting member, (AL ) =100mm2 will be chosen.

fa1 12074.485N
Tensile strength, δx = = = 120.744N/mm2 = 120.744MN/m2
A 100

From the maximum distortion energy theorem; where δy = 0 and τxy = 0

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δmax = √δx 2 + δy 2 − δxδy + 3τxy 2

120.744MN
δmax = √120.7442 + 0 − 0 + 3(0) =
m2

The design is safe, because δd > 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥; 𝑖. 𝑒 120𝑀𝑁/m2 > 120.744𝑀𝑁/m2

Design of the links for buckling

Effective length i. e = l × C; where L = 155.474 and C = 1.0 (for pinned-pinned fixity

Le = 155.474 × 1.0 = 155.474mm

The crippling load, Pcr = F. s × F = 3 × 12074.485 = 36223.455N

3.4. Design of the Power Screw

Power screws are used to convert rotary motion in to translational motion. It is also called
translational screw. They find use in machines such as universal tensile testing machines,
machine tools, automotive jacks, vises; aircraft flap extenders, trench braces, linear actuators,
adjustable floor posts, micrometers, and C-clamps. A screw thread is formed by cutting a
continuous helical groove around the cylinder. These grooves are cut either left hand or right
hand. The power screw is a single Acme threaded screw with collar at both ends, with one end
in contact with Member and the other end having a square key way to enable the transmission
of torque from the gears. The collar is assumed to be frictionless and the power screw has been
designed to be self-locking. A power screw is advice used in machinery to change angular
motion in to linear and usually, to transmit power. This must have adequate strength to with
stand axial load and the applied torque [1].

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Figure 3-5:- power screw

Material selection
The life span of the jack will depend greatly on the type of materials used for each
component to avoid failure. We select GS -52.3 cast steel material to design bolts because of :

 High level of ductility

 High strength
 Wear resistance
 Ease of producing component parts
For GS -52.3 cast steel:

Tensile strength = 650MN/m2

Yield strength = 360 MN/m2 .
Factor of Safety = 3

Dimensional analysis
Tensile strength
The design stress,δd = F.s

W
Total axial force in screw (F), F =tan θ; Hence, the axial force (F) in a screw is maximum

when (θ) is minimum.

15843.15𝑁
F= = 18,225.459N
tan 41

δyt 650
Design stress, δd = = = 216.666MN/m2
F.s 3

F 18,225.459N 18,225.459N
δd = = ⟹A= = 84.1177mm2
A A 216.666

πdc 2 4A 4 × 84.1177
A= ⟹ dc = √ = √ = 10.349mm
4 π π

dc=10.349mm
From appendices, Table A.1, say dc = 10.349mm standard size.
Core diameter (dc) = 17mm

Outer diameter (do) = 22mm

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do+dc
Mean diameter (dm ) = = 19.5mm
2

Pitch (p) = 5mm

Root diameter (dr ) = do − p ⟹ dr = 22 − 5 = 17mm

Check for self-locking

Figure 3-6:- Thread geometry analyses

Where:-P= pitch of the screw

d= mean diameter of the screw

α=helix angle

P = Effort applied at the circumference of the screw to lift the load,

W = Load to be lifted, and
μ = Coefficient of friction, between the screw and nut
μ = tan φ, where φ is the friction angle

lead
Helix angle:tan(α) = πd

Lead=p; since the screw has a single start square thread.

5
tan(α) = ∏∗19.5 Helix angle α = 4.666◦

for square thread take μ from 0.1 − 0.15; take μ = 0.14

Friction angle, (ϕ) = tan−1 (μ) ⟹ ϕ = tan−1 (0.14) = 80

Force analysis:

W 15843.15N
Total axial force in power screw, (F): F = = = 18,225.459N
tan θmin tan 41

Effort required to raise the load, (Pr )= W tan( 8 + 4.666) = 15843.15N ∗ tan 12.666 =
3560.53N
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dm 19.5
Turning moment of the screw to raise the load, (Tr )Tr = effort = 3560.53 ∗ ;
2 2

Tr =34715.17Nmm =34.715Nm

The power screw is self lock because;

α < 𝜙, 𝑖. 𝑒 4.666 < 8;. the load will remain in position after removal of the effort

The effort required to lower the load will be, (Pl) = W tan(8 − 4.666) =
15843.15N × tan 3.334 = 922.943N

26.5
The turning moment required to lower the load, (Tl) = W ( ) tan( 8 − 4.666) =
2

15843.15 × 14.5 × tan 3.334 = 15789.3Nmm = 15.79Nm

Wdm 15843.15∗19.5
Required torque, (Tf) = 2 tan θmin × tan( α + ϕ) = × tan 12.666 =
2 tan 41

39,935.236Nmm

1−sin ϕ 1−sin 8
Efficiency of threads, (η) = 1+sin ϕ = 1+sin 8 = 0.756 = 75.6%

Tf 39,935.236𝑁𝑚𝑚
Actual torque required, (T) = = = 52,824.386Nmm
η 0.756

Strength analysis:

δyt 650
δall = = = 216.666MN/m2
f. s 3

δyt 650
τall = = = 108.33MN/m2
2F. s 6

4W 4×15843.15
The direct tensile stress in screw body, (δt) = πdc2 = = 41.678MN/m2
π(222 )

16Tr 16×
Shear stress due to torque, (τs) = πdc3 = π×223 ∗ 34715.17Nmm = 16.6MN/m2

δt 1 41.678
Maximum principal stress theory, (δmax) = + 2 √δt 2 + 4 × τs2 = +
2 2
1
2
√41.6782 + (4 × 16.62 ) = 47.484MN/m2

The design is safe, because δmax < 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑖. 𝑒 47.484𝑀𝑁/m2 < 261.67𝑀𝑁/m2

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δt 41.678 2
Maximum shear stress theory, (τmax) = √( 2 )2 + τs2 = √( ) + (16.62 ) =
2

26.64MN/m2

26.64𝑀𝑁
The design is safe, because τmax < 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑖. 𝑒 < 108.33𝑀𝑁/m2
m2

3.5. Design of connecting member

These fasteners as used to fully transfer the applied load from the break, to the rivet, which
connects the upper arm with the fastener. The applied force at two points will have same
magnitude (FA = FB = 𝐹2) and this loads FA and FB on the two rivets will be transferred to
the arms [1].

Figure 3-7:- connecting member

Figure 3-8:- Top fastener strength analyses

Material selection

The life span of the jack will depend greatly on the type of materials used for each
component to avoid failure.
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We select GS-52.3 cast steel material to design bolts because of:

 High level of ductility

 High strength
 Wear resistance
 Ease of producing component parts
 Economical

ForGS-52.3 cast steel:

Tensile strength = 650 MN/m2

Yield strength = 360 MN/m2 .

Factor of Safety = 3

δyt 650
τall = = = 108.333MN/m2
2F. s 2 × 3

4F
n= , where Pb are bearing pressure and consider 65
π(do2 − dc 2 )Pb

4 × 18,225.459N
n= = 1.8308 ≈ 2
π(222 − 172 )65

Length of side member, (l)= n × P = 2 × 5 = 10mm

Height of side member, (h)= 2.5 × do = 2.5 × 22 = 55mm

Check for shear failure of side member threads,

F
τmax =
P
n × π × dc × 2

F 18,225.459N MN
τmax = = = 5.25 2
Pb 65 m
n × π × dc × 2 2 × π × 17 × 2

MN
The design is safe, because τmax < 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑖. 𝑒 5.25 < 80.83𝑀𝑁/m2
m2

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3.6. Design for cup at the top (break)

This cup is subjected to compressive stress and bending stress which is placed at the top of
the frame and should with stand the applied load without failure [2].

Figure 3-9:- Cup (break)

Figure 3-10:- design of cup at the top

Material selection

The life span of the jack will depend greatly on the type of materials used for each
component to avoid failure.

We select steel alloy4340 material to design bolts because of:

 Good machinability
 Good ductility

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 High strength
 Wear resistance
 Ease of producing component parts
 Economical
For steel alloy 4340

o normalized(@8700◦c)
o σy =862Mpa
o σult = 1200Mpa
o n=2.5

σy 862
𝜎all = = 2.5 =344.8Mpa
n

𝜎sy
𝜎max = but 𝜎sy = 0.577𝜎y
n

0.577𝜎y
𝜎max = n

0.577∗862
𝜎max = =497.374Mpa
2.5

Now axial compressive stress

𝜎all = F / A; where A = b * w =50mm * 10mm = 500mm2 =0.0005m2

σ = 15843.15N / 0.0005m2 =31.6863Mpa

Since σ < 𝜎all it safe

When 𝜎all = 344.8Mpa and F = 15843.15N area should be

F
A= = 15843.15N / 344.8Mpa = 4.595*10-5m2
𝜎all

3.7. Design of pins

The pins are used to joining a rotating link axis . The existence of the jack will depend on the
ability of the pin not to fail under sudden shear, tensional and compressive forces. They are
used to hold parts together or limit travel of moving parts [1]

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Figure 3-11:- Pins

Material selection
The material selection is done by first taking less expensive steel material, which is to
be changed depending upon the various outcomes of the design procedure (Strength analysis)..
We select steel, A 1045 grade steel material to design bolts because of
o Good heat treatment
 High strength
 Wear resistance
 Ease of producing component parts
 Ultimate Tensile Strength (δut) = 565 MPa
Yield Strength (δy) = 310 MPa
Factor of safety = 3
δy 310
τy= = =155MPa
2 2

𝜏𝑦 155
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 51.666MPa
3 3
Shear stress due to maximum applied load force
𝑤
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝜋𝑑 2
4
4𝑤
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝜋𝑑 2
4𝑤
𝑑2 =
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝜋

4 ∗ 15843.15
𝑑=√
51.666 ∗ 𝜋

d=19.759mm ≈20mm
Diameter of head is 𝑑ℎ = 1.5 ∗ 𝑑𝑝𝑖𝑛 = 1.5*20 = 30mm

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𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠 7921.575𝑁
𝜏= = = = 6.304MPa
𝐴 𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋202
Hence: the material is safe.

3.8. Design of the driving handle

The handle is used for lifting mechanism to those applied loads by engaging the handle and
power screw driver in order to lifting and lowering the desired (certain load). The normal
person can apply a force from 150N – 350N. For our case I have choose a force of (F= 180N)
[2].

Figure 3-12:- driving handle

Figure 3-13:- 2D drawing of driving handle

Material selection
The life span of the jack will depend greatly on the type of materials used for each
component to avoid failure.
We select ASTM A 36 mild steel material to design bolts because of:

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o High level of ductility

o High strength

 Wear resistance
 Ease of producing component parts
 For ASTM A 36 mild steel

σult =450Mpa

σy = 250Mpa

n = 1.5

Ssy = 0.577* σy = 0.577 * 250 = 144.25

σy
𝜎all = =250 / 1.5 =166.666Mpa
n

Considering bending moment about A

ΣMA = 0
MA = F * r = 180N * 80mm
MA = 14.44Nm

Note: It is also taken as torque since it’s due to rotational effect about A.
The combined stress due to the bending moment and torque developed can be determined as
follows:
MA πd4
σb = ; where I = and d = 28mm
I 64
32M
σb = πd3
32∗14.4
σb = π∗0.283

σb = 6.68Mpa
Which implies σb < 𝜎all ; therefore our design is safe.

3.9. Design of base plate

Here the base plate should with stand the applied load plus the whole component or linkage
load by itself, the force, we have to select the material during the design process in order to
resist the above all loads [2].

Design of upper base plate

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Figure 3-14: upper base plate

Material selaction

We select steel (maltenstic) material to design bolts because of:

Resist over overcome load

Good ductility

High strength

Wear resistance

Ease of producing component parts

Tensile strength=1241Mpa

Yield strength=965Mpa

Young modulus=E=210Gpa

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𝑚
𝑐= For L<=300
2

(𝑚−𝑦)
𝑐= For L>300mm
2

Y= radius of inertia

I=second moment order

W=section modulus

Ix=first moment of area for half cross section

bx=distance between center of compressive

X=the distance of shear center from axis of y-y

-from standard table

H=80mm

m=50mm

y=5mm

t=9mm

dhole=20mm

First check buckling since bending stress is applied on base

𝐹 𝑊
σb = =
𝐴 4𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑡𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔∗𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝐴𝑏=9𝑚𝑚∗20𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑏=180𝑚𝑚2

𝑊
σb =
4 ∗ 180

15843.15
σb =
4 ∗ 180
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σb = 22𝑀𝑝𝑎

Sinceσb < yield strength it is safe

To check the bending stress on load

Figure 3-15:- part of upper base

Use section y-y

𝑤
∑ 𝐹𝑌=0 ; −𝐹 =0
2

𝑤 15843.15
𝐹= =
2 2

F=7921.575N

∑ 𝑀𝑂 = 0 ; 7921.575*x-MYY=0

Myy=7921.575*x

At x=0, MYY=0

At x=30, Myy=7921.575*30=237647.25Nmm

Myy=237.647Nm

From section z-z

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∑ 𝐹𝑌=0

𝑊
−𝑊−𝐹 =0
2

15843.15
− 15843.15 − 𝐹 = 0
2

𝐹 = −7921.575𝑁

𝑊
∑ 𝑀𝑍𝑍=0 ; ∗ 𝑋2 − 𝑊 (𝑋2 − 𝑋1 ) = 𝑀𝑍𝑍
2

𝐻
𝑋1 = = 80/2 = 40𝑚𝑚
2

𝑀𝑍𝑍 = 7921.575 ∗ 𝑋2 − 15843.15 ∗ (𝑋2− 𝑋1 )

𝑥2 = 30𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑍𝑍 = 7921.575 ∗ 30𝑚𝑚 − 15843.15 ∗ (30 − 40)

𝑀𝑍𝑍 = 396078.75𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑍𝑍 = 396.078𝑁𝑚

At x=80mm;𝑀𝑍𝑍 = 7921.575 ∗ 80𝑚𝑚 − 15843.15(80 − 40)

𝑀𝑍𝑍 = 0

Calculate shear stress due to bending moment

𝑀𝑌 396078.75𝑁𝑚𝑚 ∗ 2
σb = = ⁄19975
𝐼

σb = 430𝑀𝑝𝑎

σ 1241
F.s=σy = =2.88
b 430

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The material is safe since2.88<4

Design of lower base

Figure 3-16:- Lower base plate

Figure 3-17:- 2D drawing of base plate

We select (maltenstic steel)

o Resist overcome load

o Reduce stress concentration
o Good corrosion allowance
o Good heat treatment

Tensile strength = 1241Mpa

Yield strength= 965Mpa

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Young modulus=E=210Gpa

Figure 3-18:- right side views

𝑏
𝑐 = For L<=300mm
2

𝑏−5
𝑐= For L>300mm
2

From table value of h1, b1, r1, r2, and t

h=70mm b=35mm,

y=6mm t=5mm,

r1=7 r2=4

Calculate the moment and force on lower base of any distance from one of the end

by using section c-c

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396078.75𝑁𝑚𝑚
Figure 3-19:- section view

∑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0
-7921.575+F=0
F=7357.5N
∑ 𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0
−7921.575 ∗ 𝑋 − 𝑀 = 0
At x=0
𝑀𝑐𝑐 = 0
At x=35mm=0.035m
0 = 7921.575 ∗ 0.035 − 𝑀𝐶𝐶
𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 277.255𝑁𝑚
At section d-d
𝐹𝑌 = 0
−7921.575𝑁 + 15843.15𝑁 − 𝐹𝑌 = 0
𝐹𝑌 = −7921.575𝑁
−7921.575 ∗ 𝑥 + 𝑤 (𝑥 − 35) − 𝑀 = 0
At x=0.035m
∑ 𝑀𝑑𝑑 = −277.255𝑁𝑚
At x=0.07m

𝑀𝑑𝑑 = 0

3.10. Design of Bolt

Is a threaded fastener designed to pass through holes in the mating members and to be
secured by tightening a nut from the end opposite head of the nut. The body of the bolt, called
shank is cylindrical in form and the head square or hexagonal in shape is formed by forging.

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Bolt joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. They
consist of fasteners that a capture and join other part and are secure with the mating of bolt
joints designs or screw threads.

There are two main type of bolted joint design:

1) Tension joint

2) Shear joint

In the tension joint the bolt and clamped component at the joint are designed to transfer the
external tension load through the joint by away of clamped component through the design of
proper balance of joint and bolt stiffness. The second type of bolted joint transfer the applied
load in a shear on the bolt shank and relies on shear strength of the bolt, tension loads on such
joints are only identically [1].

Figure 3-20:- Bolt at lower plate

We select mild steel material to design bolts because of:

 easily workable
 very hard
 yet malleable
 good for construction
 easy to shape and machine
 Very flexible and can be harden.

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Table 3-3 material selection for bolt design [2].

Steel grade Measured Yield Tensile

direction strength(Mpa) strength(Mpa)

Mild steel A 452 497

To design bolts we have taken all necessary parameter from Table .5, Basic dimensions for
square threads in mm (normal series) according to IS: 4694-1968 (Reaffirmed 1996)

Table 3-4:- Basic dimensions for square threads in mm (normal series) according to IS: 4694-
1968 (Reaffirmed 1996) [1].

Nominal Major Minor Pitch(p) Depth of Area of

diameter(𝒅𝟏 ) diameter(d) diameter(𝒅𝒄 ) thread(h) core(𝑨𝒄 )

22mm 22mm 27mm 5mm 32.5mm 227mm2

3.11. Design of Nut

Is a threaded fastener used to hold two parts together and Nuts in general are square or
hexagonal in shape. The nuts with internal threads engage with the corresponding size of the
external threads of the bolt. For nuts, hexagonal shape is preferred to the square one, as it is
easy to tighten even in a limited space. This is because, with only one-sixth of a turn, the
spanner can be re-introduced in the same position [1].

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Figure 3-21:- Nut

We select mild steel material to design Nuts because of:

 easily workable
 very hard
 yet malleable
 good for construction
 easy to shape and machine

 Very flexible and can be harden

Table 3-5 material selection for nut design [2].

Steel grade Measured direction Yield Tensile strength(Mpa)

strength(Mpa)
Mild steel A 452 497

To design nuts we have taken all necessary parameter from Table. 7- Basic dimensions for
square threads in mm (normal series) according to IS: 4694-1968 (Reaffirmed 1996)

Table 3-6 Basic dimensions for square threads in mm (normal series) according to IS:
4694-1968 (Reaffirmed 1996) [1].
Nominal Major Minor Pitch(p) Depth of Area of
diameter(𝒅𝟏 ) diameter(D) diameter(𝒅𝒄 ) thread(H) core(𝑨𝒄 )

22 22.5 17 5 2.75 227

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Let n is the number of threads in contact with the screw Let us assumed that the load is
uniformly Distributed over the cross sectional area of the nut. Let Pb be the Allowable
Bearing pressure between the threads. Bearing pressure is assumed as 65 N/mm2

Pb = (2 ∗ T)/((π/4) ∗ (do² − dc²) ∗ n)

65 = (18225.459)/ ((π/4)*(282 -252 )*n)

𝑛 = 2.245

Number of threads, n = 2.245 ≈ 3

In order to have good stability let n=3

Thickness of Nut = 8*p = 3*5=15mm

Width of Nut b =1.5*do=1.5*28=42mm

3.12. Design of washer

Washer is simply a flat, doughnut-shaped part that serves to increase the area of contact
between the bolt head or nut and the clamped part. A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-
shaped) with a hole (typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of
a threaded fastener, such as a screw or nut. In general they are used for the purpose of:

o To prevent the loosening of the associated screw, bolt, and nut

o To distribute the compressive force over areas larger than that of the head or the
nut,
o In order to decrease the friction that occurs when nut is tightened, especially when
the surface of the part is having poor surface finish [2].

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Figure 0-22:-Washer
Material selection in our design we select low alloy steel to design the washer because of:

o It has high working stress compared to others,

o Has high atmospheric corrosion resistance capacity
o Suitable to welding.

To calculate the outer diameter of the washer we can use the following formula:

DO washer=1.5DO screw+3mm

Where outer diameter of the screw is=28mm

DO washer=1.5*28mm+3mm=45mm

To calculate the thickness of the washer we use the following formula.

𝐷𝑂 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 28
t washer = = 8 =3.5mm
8

Therefore the outer diameter of the washer is=45mm

The thickness of the washer is=3.5mm

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CHAPTER- FOUR

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. RESULT
Table 4-1:- result

Components Dimensions

1. power screw A= 483.24mm2

dc =26mm
do = 32mm
dm = 29mm
P= 6mm
dr = 26mm

ϕ = 8°
α= 3.7678°

2.Connecting members l=30mm

h= 80mm

3. Lifting members(Links) L= 179.6324mm

Al = 467mm2
Le = 179.6324mm

4. Break(cup) b= 50mm
w=10mm

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h= 30mm
5. Pin d= 28.45mm
A= 616.59mm2

6. Driving handle hh =80mm

Lh = 52mm

7. Base plate l=144mm

w=75mm
h=50mm

8. Bolt d1 = 32mm
d=32mm
dc = 26mm
P= 6mm
h=3mm
Ac = 531mm2

9. Nut
d1 = 32mm
D=32.5mm
dc = 26mm
P= 6mm
H=3.25mm
Ac = 531mm2

10. Washer do = 45mm

t= 3.5mm

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4.2 DISCUSSION
In this process, we perform the geometrical analysis and force analysis of the mechanical
scissor jack. Then we try to calculate stress and strength analysis for each component and we
designed power screw, connecting member, pin, link, cup, driving handle, bolt, and nut by
selecting the appropriate material .all of the mechanical scissor jack are designed by using
appropriate formulas for each and their factors of safety are checked for strength to avoid
failure.

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CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

5.1. CONCLUSION
In this project generally we analysis the mechanical scissor jack is feasible or applicable is safe
with safety factor 2 to 3. In addition, all most all parts of the mechanical scissor jack can easily
have manufactured in the workshop in such manners. On calculating the designs of various
components of scissors jack by taking four different materials. We concluded that out of four
materials AISI 1045gradedSteel is also good for carrying maximum load but in comparison to
mild steel it is more.GS -52.3 cast steel is also falls under the safe limit so it can also be consider
for manufacturing purpose of scissors jack. In this Paper, we concluded that all four materials
falls under the safe limit, which is very important to avoid the failure.

5.2. RECOMMENDATION
Besides the major achievements of the project, some other recommendation should be given
for the future work. We have some recommendations regarding the project mechanical scissor
jack design should include the shock, vibration and wobble effect in which it was delivered
within order to have accurate design results the components of the mechanical scissor jack
should be design by using Simulation software. The mechanical scissor jack should be test in
laboratory before use. Mechanical scissor jack should be checked every time before and after
we use.

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CHAPTER SIX

6. PART DRAWING
a) Power screw

Figure 6-1:-3D drawing of power screw

b) Connecting rod

Figure 6-2:-3Ddrawing of connecting rod

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C) Pin

Figure 6-3:-3D drawing of pin

e) Nut

Figure 6-4:-3D drawing of nut

e) Base plate

Figure 6-5:-3D drawing of base plate

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f) link

Figure 6-6:-3D drawing of link

g) driving handle

Figure 6.7:- driving handel

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h) Washer

Figure 6.8:-3Ddrawing ofWasher

I) break

Figure6.9:-3Ddrawing of break

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j) bolt

Figure 6.10:-3D drawing of bolt

k) 3D assembly

Figure6.11:- 3D assembly

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REFERENCE
[1]A textbook of machine design, R.S. KHURMI & J.K. GUPTA, [A Textbook for the
Students of B.E. / B.Tech. U.P.S.C. (Engg. Services); Section ‘B’ of A.M.I.E. (I)] EURASIA
PUBLISHING HOUSE (PVT.) LTD. RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055
[2]WWW.Google.Com
[3]Vigaykumarjadon, sureshverme, analysis and design of machine element.

[4] Alexander et al, 1978, Smith, 1981, Nelkon, 1985)

[5] ChetanS.Dhamak et alareview paper on design and optimization of mechanical scissor
jack, journal of Amrutvehini college engineering sangamner.[Ms], savitribaiphulepune
university.
[6]A. S. Akinwonmi and A. Mohammed works on modification power screw of mechanical
scissor jack, Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3
(4): 581-588.
[7] C.S Dhamak et alpresent his research on design and standardization of mechanical scissor
jack to avoid field failure, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SavitribaiPhule Pune
University, journal of Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner. [MS], India-422608.
[8] Shashikant A. Pekhale and Prof. S. V. Karanjkar works on Design Modification and
Analysis of Electrically Operated power screw for Light Motor Vehicles, journal of Institute
of Engineering Bhujbal Knowledge City ,Nashik
[9] . Hart, Chris (2018). Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Research Imagination.
SAGE Study Skills Series. SAGE . pp. xiii. ISBN 9781526423146.

[10]. Baglione, L. (2012). Writing a Research Paper in Political Science. Thousand Oaks,

California: CQ Press.

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APPENDICES
Appendix A

Table :-Basic dimensions for square threads in mm (normal series) according to IS: 4694-
1968 (Reaffirmed 1996)

Table 9Bolt standard dimensions

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