EXERCISE NO.

01

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing the exercise, students will be able to:

 Get statistical descriptions of data using Excel Spreadsheet

 Analyze data based on the Statistical descriptions
 Be familiar with the use of Data Analysis

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

At the start of this session, it is assumed that each student:

 Is familiar with the basic features of Microsoft Excel

 Is familiar with statistical terms

DISCUSSION

Statistics is defined as the science that deals with the collection, tabulation, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of quantitative data. There are two phases of statistics. These are:

1. Descriptive or deductive statistics

This is used to describe and analyze a subject or group. Descriptions of statistical data
can be quite brief or quite elaborate. There are two special kinds of descriptive measures,
measures of location and measures of variation. Measures of location consider those
measures which somehow describe the center or middle of a set of data. Arithmetic mean,
median and mode are common types of measures of location. Measures of variation, on the
other hand, measure the extent to which data are dispersed or spread out. Range, variance and
standard deviations can measure variability of a set of data.

2. Inductive statistics
This is used to determine from a limited amount of data (sample) important conclusion
about a much larger amount of data (population). Since these conclusions or inferences
cannot be stated with absolute certainty, the language of probability is often used.

When doing statistical descriptions, it is necessary to define the type of data. A set of data
can be classified as a population or a sample. If a set of data consists of all conceivably possible
(or hypothetically possible) observations of a certain phenomenon, it is called a population. If a
set of data contains only a part of these observations, it is called a sample.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

The “cut-out” syrup density in canned fruits is the percentage (or degree) by weight of
sugar in the syrup solution when a can is opened. Examination of samples of eight cans each of
three grades of dried prunes yielded the following cut-out densities (measured in degrees on the
Brix Scale):

Grade A: 34,36,33,33,36,31,34,35
Grade B: 25,28,26,31,31,29,29,31
Grade C: 24,22,19,19,21,25,21,21

Calculate the mean, median, and (if exists) the mode of each of the three samples. Determine
also other statistical descriptions of the data using excel.

SOLUTION

1. Open a new worksheet in Excel.

2. Enter data in columns as shown in Figure 1-1. Click Tool Menu and select Data Analysis.
Highlight Descriptive Statistics and Press OK.

Figure 1-1. Application of Data Analysis for Determining Descriptive Statistics

3. The final solution is shown in Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2. Final Solution of the Descriptive Statistics

Name: Esguerra, Nathaniel B. Date Performed: 4/03/21_______
Subject and Section: EMG180L/E01 Rating: ___________________________

PROBLEM 1-A
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

The operations manager of JME Tire Manufacturing Company wants to compare the actual inner
diameter of three grades of tires, each of which is expected to be 575 millimeters. A sample of 10
tires of each grade was selected, and the results representing the inner diameters of the tires,
arranged from smallest to largest, are as follows:

GRADE X 568 570 575 578 584 585 578 581 575 580
GRADE Y 573 574 575 577 578 574 575 578 584 574
GRADE Z 578 560 547 600 590 570 575 577 578 590

For each of the three grades of tires, determine the mean, range, and standard deviation.

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

MEAN RANGE STD. DEVIATION

GRADE X 577.4 17 5.5147

GRADE Y 576.2 11 3.2591

GRADE Z 576.5 53 15.3061

QUESTIONS

1. Which grade of tire has a greater variability?

- The grade of tire has a greater variability is Grade Z.

2. Which grade of tire is providing better quality? Explain.

- Grade Y is providing better quality because the difference in diameters is the smallest. The
standard deviation of Y indicates that the average distance from the observation values to the
mean is 3.2591, making it closer to the average.

3. What would be the effect on your answers in Number 1 and Number 2 if the last value for
grade Y and Z will be changed to 580 and 575, respectively.
- This would cause the mean and standard deviation of grade Y to be higher, but it is still
closer to the average diameter of the tire making it a better quality than grade X while grade
Z is still with greater variability.

CONCLUSION

The operations manager of JME Tire Manufacturing Company wants to compare the
actual inner diameter of three grades of tires each of which is expected to be 575 millimeters. In
the samples must be near to the expected diameter to have less errors. The samples that is higher
than the expected has the highest chance of variability.
Name: Esguerra, Nathaniel B. Date Performed: 4/03/21_______
Subject and Section: EMG180L/E01 Rating: ___________________________

PROBLEM 1-B
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

A production supervisor of ABC company is evaluating three alternative procedures for

processing a job order. The delay times in the processing of job order of the three alternatives for
10 trials are given as follows: (time given in seconds)

Alternative 1 300 75 380 540 35 600 55 120 100 36

Alternative 2 78 1200 46 310 38 110 45 1320 80 84
Alternative 3 620 400 75 65 30 68 700 518 88 64

Determine the mean, range, and standard deviation of each of these alternatives.

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

MEAN RANGE STD. DEVIATION

Alternative 1 224.1 565 215.861

Alternative 2 331.1 1282 496.594

Alternative 3 262.8 670 266.521

QUESTIONS

1. Which alternative has a greater variability?

- The alternative with greater variability is alternative 2.

2. Which alternative would you recommend to process the job order? Why?
- Alternative 1 has the best job processing order because of the minimal time delay given in
10 trials meaning the job processing order is fast enough because of its standard deviation
given at the lowest value.

3. Subtract 10 seconds from each of the data. Recalculate the mean, the range, and the standard
deviation, and compare the results with those obtained in the preceding problem.

MEAN RANGE STD. DEVIATION

Alternative 1 214.1 565 215.861

Alternative 2 321.1 1282 496.594

Alternative 3 252.8 670 266.521

- After subtracting 10 seconds of each data given, the mean of the three alternatives is reduced by
10 while the range and the standard deviation has no changes.

CONCLUSION

- The production supervisor of ABC company is evaluating the best alternative procedure for job
processing order by conducting 10 trials. The trials are the delay time of processing a job order.
The samples must be the shortest average delay time conducted. After the trial results, alternative
1 has the shortest average delay time while alternative 2 has the highest variability.