MINISTRY OF HIGHER ISET SFAX

EDUCATION
AND SCIENTIFIC MECHANICS
RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT

ENGLISH REPORT
TOPIC: AVIATION
PREPARED BY:
BILEL BOULEHMI
YASSINE CHAABENE
MOHAMED GHLEM ELLOUMI

SUPERVISED BY DR JAMILA ZGHAL

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021
CHAPTER ONE: GENERALITIES
I-1 : GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Aviation it is the activity of flying aircraft, or of designing, producing,
and keeping them in good condition
An aircraft or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing
aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet
engine, propeller, or rocket engine.
Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing
configurations.
The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes
includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military,
and research.
Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion
passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200
billion tonne-kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of
the world's cargo movement.
Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some
are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled such as
drones.

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 I-2 : OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW
In this report we search for:

+ Discover the aviation world and Delve into its details and research its
developments.

+Researching the history of aviation and reviewing the stages of his

birth in the most prominent steps until the development it has reached
today.

+Shedding light on the jet engine that was relatively inefficient for
subsonic flight. Most modern subsonic jet aircraft use more
complex high-bypass turbofan engines.

+A general review of the aviation operations includes all non-military

flying, both general aviation and scheduled air transport

+Envelope new strategies, Acquire new vocabulary identified from the

assigned topic, Enhance understanding of new vocabulary by making
connections to related ideas and other words, Aim to continually use
the practiced strategies to enhance reading comprehension and
acquire new vocabulary.

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I-3 : STRUCTURE OF REPORT
SECTION DETAILS
the title of the report, the students
name/number, the name of the
Title (AVIATION) person the report is being submitted
to, and the completion date.
Shows the sections of the report.
Gives the headings, subheadings
Table of Contents
and page numbers.
summary of the whole report.
Outlines the report’s purpose,
methodology, findings, main
General introduction
conclusions and recommendations.
Mainly written in past tense, and
prepared last.
Genral idea about objectives of the
Objectives overview
report
Begin with the earliest attempts of
Chapter two
flight passing to the modern
Aviation history
aviation ending by the hight-speed
of jet engines
Begin with air transport passing to
Chapter three
military aviation ending by AIRLINE
AVIATION OPERATIONS
MEDICAL SERVICES

A general summary of what

conclusion was mentioned in the hole of

report

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 CHAPTER TWO: AVIATION
HISTORY
II-1 : The Earliest Attempts
- In 400 B.C., a Grecian scholar by the name of Archytas, designed and constructed
a steam-powered aircraft modeled after the shape of a bird. According to scholars
of that time, “The Pigeon” was reputed to have flown approximately two hundred
meters on a suspended string.

- The invention of the Kongming latern, an oil lamp glowing under a large paper bag
that floated in the midnight sky, helped General Zhuge Liang defeat his enemies by
scaring them into thinking he was helped by a divine force.
Hot air balloons were known in China since about the 3rd century B.C. In the
5th century B.C.E

- In 1647, Tito Livio Burattini built a model aircraft with four pairs of fixed glider wings. It
was reported that the four-winged aircraft lifted a cat in 1648; however, it never
supported the weight of a human passenger.

- In 1670, Francesco Terzi released a published work that contained a theory that
supported the possibility of lighter-than-air flying vessels using copper foil cylinders
with a vacuum. While his theory was not entirely wrong, he forgot to figure that the
surrounding atmosphere would crush the spheres

- The first heavier-than-air (i.e. non-balloon) man-carrying aircraft that were based on
published scientific principles were Sir George Cayley's series of gliders which
achieved brief wing-borne hops from around 1849. Thereafter gliders were built by
pioneers such as Jean Marie Le Bris and John J. Montgomery, to develop aviation.
Lilienthal was the first to make repeated successful flights and was the first to use
rising air to prolong his flight.

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II-2 : Modern Aviation
1903 – 1914 : PIONEER ERA

Although full details of the Wright Brothers' system of flight control had been published
in l'Aerophile in January 1906, the importance of this advance was not recognised, and
European experimenters generally concentrated on attempting to produce inherently
stable machines. Short powered flights were performed in France by Romanian
engineer Traian Vuia on 18 March and 19 August 1906 when he flew 12 and 24 meters,
respectively, in a self-designed, fully self-propelled, fixed-wing aircraft, that possessed a
fully wheeled undercarriage.

1945 – 1979 : POSTWAR ERA

After World War II, commercial aviation grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to
transport people and cargo. This growth was accelerated by the glut of heavy and super-
heavy bomber airframes like the B-29 and Lancaster that could be converted into
commercial aircraft. The DC-3 also made for easier and longer commercial flights. The first
commercial jet airliner to fly was the British de Havilland Comet. By 1952, the British state
airline BOAC had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a technical
achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures.

1980 – present : DIGITAL AGE

The last quarter of the 20th century saw a change of emphasis. No longer was
revolutionary progress made in flight speeds, distances and materials technology. This
part of the century instead saw the spreading of the digital revolution both in
flight avionics and in aircraft design and manufacturing techniques.
Digital fly-by-wire systems allow an aircraft to be designed with relaxed static stability.
Initially used to increase the manoeuvrability of military aircraft such as the General
Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, this is now being used to reduce drag on commercial
airliners.

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II-3 : The Jet Age
Frank Whittle, an English inventor and RAF officer, began development of a viable jet
engine in 1928, and Hans von Ohain in Germany began work independently in the early
1930s. In August 1939 the turbojet powered Heinkel He 178, the world's first jet aircraft,
made its first flight.

From the very invention of flight at the beginning of the 20th century, military aircraft
and engines generally led the way, and commercial aviation followed. At first this was
also the case in the jet age, which began with the invention of jet engines under military
sponsorship in the 1930s and ’40s. By the late 20th century, however, commercial jet-
engine technology had come to rival and sometimes even leads military technology in
several areas of engine design. And, although it was not immediately evident, the
invention of the jet engine had a far more significant social effect on the world through
commercial aviation than through its military counterpart. Commercial jet aircraft have
revolutionized world travel, opening up every corner of the world not just to the affluent
but to the ordinary citizens of many countries.

The jet was not generally recognized that at higher altitudes, it would produce more
power with acceptable fuel efficiency. Understandably, even the most dedicated engine
experts did not anticipate the rapid pace at which jet-engine performance would be
improved.

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CHAPTER THREE: AVIATION
OPERATIONS
III-1 : AIR TRANSPORT
- Air transportation is one of the most important components of the world’s
transportation system. Not only does it provide the major means of long-distance
travel in the world, but its economic impacts on global and national economies is
substantial In addition, because of the very nature of aviation infrastructure (for
example, airports) and the current technology for flight (for example, jet engines
that consume fuel and emit air pollutants), air transportation plays an important role
in efforts to improve environmental quality and promote sustainable development.
The major components of the air transportation system include airports, air traffic
control systems, aircraft, and airlines.

- There are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft (in alphabetical order):

+ Airbus, based in Europe

+ Boeing, based in the United States

+ Bombardier, based in Canada

+ Embraer, based in Brazil

+ United Aircraft Corporation, based in Russia

- Boeing, Airbus, Ilyushin and Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and narrow-body

jet airliners, while Bombardier, Embraer and Sukhoi concentrate on regional airliners.

- In many countries, airports are either classified for civilian or military use (although in
some countries, civilian airports also serve military purposes). Civilian airports, those
open to the public, are further categorized into air carrier (larger airports handling
passenger airliners) and general aviation (smaller airports handling usually privately

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 -

III-2 : MILITARY AVIATION

Over the years, military aircraft have been built to meet ever increasing capability
requirements. Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their
government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance, and
the speed of production.

Categories of military aircraft

- Airborne Early Warning provides advance warning of enemy activities to reduce

the chance of being surprised. Many also have command functions that allow
them to direct or vector friendly fighters onto incoming bogeys.

- Bombers are capable of carrying large payloads of bombs and may sacrifice
speed or maneuverability to maximize payload.

- Experimental aircraft are designed to test advanced aerodynamic, structural,

avionic, or propulsion concepts. These are usually well instrumented, with
performance data telemetered on radio-frequency data links to ground stations
located at the test ranges where they are flown.

- Fighters establish and maintain air superiority. Speed and maneuverability are
usually requirements and they carry a variety of weapons, including machine guns
and guided missiles, to do this.

- Forward Air Control directs close air support aircraft to ensure that the intended
targets are nullified and friendly troops remain uninjured.

- Ground-attack aircraft support ground troops by weakening or nullifying enemy

defenses. Helicopter gunships and specialized ground attack aircraft attack enemy
armor or troops and provide close air support for ground troops.

- Training aircraft are used to train recruits to fly aircraft and to provide additional
training for specialized roles such as in air combat.

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III-3 : AIRLINE MEDICAL SERVICES
Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transportation,
aeroplane or helicopter, to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident
scenes. Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care
to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations
aboard helicopter and propeller aircraft or jet aircraft.

The use of air transport to provide medical evacuation on the battlefield dates
to World War I, but its role was expanded dramatically during
the Korean and Vietnam wars. Later on, aircraft began to be used for the
civilian emergency medical services. Helicopters can bring specialist care to the scene
and transport patients to specialist hospitals, especially for major trauma cases. Fixed-
wing aircraft are used for long-distance transport.

Air medical services have a particular advantage for major trauma injuries. The
controversial theory of the golden hour suggests that major trauma patients should be
transported as quickly as possible to a specialist trauma center. Therefore, medical
responders in a helicopter can provide both a higher level of care at the scene of a
trauma and faster transport to a trauma center .

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CONCLUSION
Aviation is the activities surrounding mechanical flight and

the aircraft industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types,

morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such

as hot air balloons and airships.

Aviation began in the 18th century with the development of the hot air

balloon, an apparatus capable of atmospheric displacement

through buoyancy.

Some of the most significant advancements in aviation technology came

with the controlled gliding flying of Otto Lilienthal in 1896; then a large step in

significance came with the construction of the first powered airplane by

the Wright brothers in the early 1900s.

Since that time, aviation has been technologically revolutionized by the

introduction of the jet which permitted a major form of transport throughout

the world.

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DEVELOPERS SIGNIATURES