Abstract

Developments in pressure vessels during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were accompanied by all-too-
frequent catastrophic pressure vessel explosions. Disastrous accidents such as the SS Sultana (1865) and the
Grover Shoe Factory explosion (1904) led to the development of basic standards for manufacturing and operation of
pressure vessels. Further improvements in metallurgy, welding technology and non-destructive testing helped, but a
real understanding of the science and mechanics of pressure vessel failure did not finally arrive until the latter part of
the twentieth century. The failure of the Cockenzie steam drum in 1966 during hydraulic testing is described. A
description is given, from personal experience, of testing the overpressure safety valves in a nuclear power station.
Even in the twenty-first century, the catastrophic failure of a boiler pressure vessel in the SS Norway in Miami harbor
in 2003, which killed eight crew, was a reminder that pressure vessels remain hazardous unless carefully designed,
operated and inspected.
CHAPTER-ONE Page NO

1. INTRODUCTION TO PRESSURE VESSELS

A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a
pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure.

የግፊት መርከብ ከአከባቢው ግፊት በጣም በተለየ ግፊት ጋዞችን ወይም ፈሳሾችን ለመያዝ ታስቦ የተሰራ እቃ

ነው

Pressure vessels can be dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the
history of their development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessel
design, manufacture, and operation are regulated by engineering authorities
backed by legislation. For these reasons, the definition of a pressure vessel
varies from country to country.

የግፊት መርከቦች አደገኛ ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ ፣ እናም በእድገታቸው እና በአሠራራቸው ታሪክ ገዳይ አደጋዎች

ተከስተዋል ፡፡ ስለሆነም የግፊት መርከብ ዲዛይን ፣ ማምረት እና አሠራር በሕግ በሚደገፉ የምህንድስና

ባለሥልጣናት ቁጥጥር ይደረግባቸዋል ፡፡ በእነዚህ ምክንያቶች የግፊት መርከብ ትርጓሜ ከአገር ወደ ሀገር

ይለያያል ፡፡

Design involves parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure and

temperature, safety factor, corrosion allowance and minimum design
temperature (for brittle fracture). Construction is tested using nondestructive
testing, such as ultrasonic testing, radiography, and pressure tests.
Hydrostatic tests use water, but pneumatic tests use air or another gas.
Hydrostatic testing is preferred, because it is a safer method, as much less
 energy is released if a fracture occurs during the test (water does not rapidly
increase its volume when rapid depressurization occurs, unlike gases like air,
which fail explosively).

ዲዛይን እንደ ከፍተኛ ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ የአሠራር ግፊት እና የሙቀት መጠን ፣ የደህንነት ሁኔታ ፣ የዝገት

አበል እና ዝቅተኛ የንድፍ ሙቀት (ለተቆራረጠ ስብራት) መለኪያዎች ያካትታል ፡፡ ግንባታው እንደ

አልትራሳውንድ ሙከራ ፣ ራዲዮግራፊ እና የግፊት ሙከራዎች ያሉ የማያስመሰግኑ ሙከራዎችን በመጠቀም

ይሞከራል። የሃይድሮስታቲክ ሙከራዎች ውሃ ይጠቀማሉ ፣ ግን የአየር ግፊት ሙከራዎች አየር ወይም ሌላ ጋዝ

ይጠቀማሉ። በሙከራው ወቅት ስብራት ከተከሰተ በጣም አነስተኛ ኃይል ስለሚለቀቅ የሃይድሮስታቲክ ሙከራ

ተመራጭ ነው ፣ ምክንያቱም ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ ዘዴ ነው (እንደ አየር ካሉ ጋዞች በተቃራኒ ፍንዳታ

ካልተሳካባቸው ጋዞች በተቃራኒ ውሃ በፍጥነት ድምፁን አይጨምርም) ፡፡

In most countries, vessels over a certain size and pressure must be built to a
formal code. In the United States that code is the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code (BPVC). In Europe the code is the Pressure Equipment
Directive. Information on this page is mostly valid in ASME only. These
vessels also require an authorized inspector to sign off on every new vessel
constructed and each vessel has a nameplate with pertinent information
about the vessel, such as maximum allowable working pressure, maximum
temperature, minimum design metal temperature, what company
manufactured it, the date, its registration number (through the National
Board), and ASME's official stamp for pressure vessels (U-stamp). The
nameplate makes the vessel traceable and officially an ASME Code vessel.

በአብዛኛዎቹ ሀገሮች ውስጥ በተወሰነ መጠን እና ግፊት ላይ ያሉ መርከቦች ለመደበኛ ኮድ መገንባት አለባቸው

፡፡ በአሜሪካ ውስጥ ያ ኮድ የ ASME ቦይለር እና ግፊት የመርከብ ኮድ (ቢፒሲቪ) ነው ፡፡ በአውሮፓ ውስጥ

ኮዱ የግፊት መሳሪያዎች መመሪያ ነው። በዚህ ገጽ ላይ ያለው መረጃ በ ASME ውስጥ ብቻ የሚሰራ ነው

፡፡ እነዚህ መርከቦችም በተሰራው አዲስ መርከብ ላይ እንዲፈርሙ የተፈቀደለት ተቆጣጣሪ ይጠይቃሉ እናም

እያንዳንዱ መርከብ ስለ መርከቡ አግባብነት ያለው መረጃ ያለው የስም ሰሌዳ አለው ፣ ለምሳሌ የሚፈቀደው
ከፍተኛ የሥራ ጫና ፣ ከፍተኛ የሙቀት መጠን ፣ አነስተኛ ዲዛይን ብረት ሙቀት ፣ ኩባንያው ያመረተው ቀን

፣ የመመዝገቢያ ቁጥሩ (በብሔራዊ ቦርድ በኩል) እና ለኤስኤምኢ ይፋዊ ማህተም ለጫና መርከቦች (U-stamp)

የስም ሰሌዳው መርከቡን እንዲከታተል እና በይፋ የ ASME ኮድ መርከብ ያደርገዋል ፡፡

1.1 background of pressure vessel

The earliest documented design of pressure vessels was described in 1495 in the book by
Leonardo da Vinci, the Codex Madrid I, in which containers of pressurized air were theorized to
lift heavy weights underwater.[1] However, vessels resembling those used today did not come
about until the 1800s, when steam was generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial
revolution.[1] However, with poor material quality and manufacturing techniques along with
improper knowledge of design, operation and maintenance there was a large number of
damaging and often fatal explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, with a
death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United States. [1] Local provinces and states in the
US began enacting rules for constructing these vessels after some particularly devastating vessel
failures occurred killing dozens of people at a time, which made it difficult for manufacturers to
keep up with the varied rules from one location to another. The first pressure vessel code was
developed starting in 1911 and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC).[1] In an early effort to design a tank capable of withstanding pressures up to
10,000 psi (69 MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was spirally-
wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end
caps longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods.[2] The need for high pressure
and temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined
with welding instead of rivets (which were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures
required) and in the 1920s and 1930s the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of
construction; welding is the main means of joining metal vessels today.[1]

በጣም ቀደም ብሎ በሰነድ የተዘገበው የግፊት መርከቦች ዲዛይን በ 1495 ሊዮናርዶ ዳ ቪንቺ በተሰኘው

ኮዴክስ ማድሪድ በተባለው መጽሐፍ ውስጥ በውኃ ውስጥ ያሉ ከባድ ክብደቶችን ለማንሳት ግፊት ያለው አየር

ኮንቴይነሮች ተሠርተው ነበር ፡፡ [1] ሆኖም ዛሬ የተጠቀሙባቸውን የሚመስሉ መርከቦች እስከ 1800 ዎቹ

ድረስ አልነበሩም ፣ የኢንዱስትሪ አብዮትን ለማነቃቃት በሚረዱ የእንፋሎት ማሞቂያዎች ውስጥ በእንፋሎት

በሚፈጠርበት ጊዜ ፡፡ [1] ሆኖም በመጥፎ የቁሳቁስ ጥራት እና በማኑፋክቸሪንግ ቴክኒኮች ተገቢ ያልሆነ

የዲዛይን ፣ የአሠራር እና የጥገና እውቀት ጋር ከነዚህ ማሞቂያዎች እና የግፊት መርከቦች ጋር ተያያዥነት

ያላቸው ብዙ የሚጎዱ እና ብዙውን ጊዜ ለሞት የሚዳረጉ ፍንዳታዎች የተከሰቱ ሲሆን በየቀኑ በዩናይትድ

ስቴትስ ውስጥ በየቀኑ በሚከሰት ሞት ይከሰታል ፡፡ ግዛቶች [1] በአሜሪካ ውስጥ ያሉ የአከባቢ አውራጃዎች
እና ግዛቶች እነዚህን መርከቦች ለመገንባት ህጎችን ማውጣት የጀመሩት በተለይ በጣም ከባድ የሆኑ የመርከብ

ውድቀቶች በአንድ ጊዜ በደርዘን የሚቆጠሩ ሰዎችን ከገደሉ በኋላ አምራቾች ከአንድ ቦታ ወደ ሌላ የተለያዩ

ህጎችን ለማክበር አስቸጋሪ ሆኗል ፡፡ የመጀመሪያው ግፊት የመርከብ ኮድ እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1911 ተጀምሮ የ

‹ASME ቦይለር› እና ‹ግፊት› የመርከብ ኮድ (ቢፒ.ቪ.ሲ.) በመጀመር በ 1914 ተለቋል ፡፡ [1] እስከ

10,000 psi (69 MPa) የሚደርስ ጫና መቋቋም የሚችል ታንከንን ለማዘጋጀት ቀደም ሲል በ 6 ኢንች (150

ሚሊ ሜትር) ዲያሜትር ያለው ታንክ የተሠራው በ 1919 ባለ ሁለት ንብርብሮች ባለ ጠመዝማዛ ጥንካሬ

ያለው የብረት ሽቦ ነው ፡፡ የጎን ግድግዳ መሰንጠቅን መከላከል እና የኋላ ጫፎቹ በረጅሙ ባለ ባለከፍተኛ-

ዘንግ ዱላዎች በረጅም ርቀት የተጠናከሩ ናቸው ፡፡ [2] ለፔትሮሊየም ማጣሪያ እና ለኬሚካል ፋብሪካዎች

ከፍተኛ ግፊት እና የሙቀት መርከቦች አስፈላጊነት ከወንዝ ፈንታ ይልቅ ብየዳ ጋር የተቀላቀሉ መርከቦችን

አስገኝቷል (ለሚፈለጉት ግፊቶች እና ሙቀቶች የማይመቹ) እና እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1920 ዎቹ እና 1930 ዎቹ የቢ

ፒ.ቪ.ሲ እንደ ብየዳ ተቀባይነት ማግኘትን አካቷል ፡፡ ግንባታ; የብረት እቃዎችን ዛሬ ለመቀላቀል ብየዳ ዋናው

ዘዴ ነው

There have been many advancements in the field of pressure vessel engineering such as
advanced non-destructive examination, phased array ultrasonic testing and radiography, new
material grades with increased corrosion resistance and stronger materials, and new ways to join
materials such as explosion welding, friction stir welding, advanced theories and means of more
accurately assessing the stresses encountered in vessels such as with the use of Finite Element
Analysis, allowing the vessels to be built safer and more efficiently. Today, vessels in the USA
require BPVC stamping but the BPVC is not just a domestic code, many other countries have
adopted the BPVC as their official code. There are, however, other official codes in some
countries, such as Japan, Australia, Canada, Britain, and Europe. Regardless of the country,
nearly all recognize the inherent potential hazards of pressure vessels and the need for standards
and codes regulating their design and construction.

የግፊት የመርከብ ምህንድስና መስክ እንደ ከፍተኛ አጥፊ ያልሆነ ምርመራ ፣ ደረጃ አሰጣጥ የአልትራሳውንድ

ሙከራ እና ራዲዮግራፊ ፣ አዳዲስ የቁሳቁስ ደረጃዎች የዝገት መቋቋም እና ጠንካራ ቁሳቁሶች ያሉባቸው

እንዲሁም እንደ ፍንዳታ ብየዳ ፣ ጭቅጭቅ ያሉ ቁሳቁሶችን ለመቀላቀል አዳዲስ መንገዶች አሉ መርከቦቹን

ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ እና ይበልጥ ውጤታማ በሆነ መንገድ እንዲገነቡ የሚያስችላቸውን እንደ ‹Finite Element

Analysis› ን የመሳሰሉ መርከቦች ላይ ያጋጠሟቸውን ጭንቀቶች በበለጠ በትክክል የመገምገም ብየዳ ፣

የተራቀቁ ንድፈ ሐሳቦች እና ዘዴዎች ዛሬ በአሜሪካ ውስጥ መርከቦች የ BPVC ማህተም ይፈልጋሉ ነገር ግን

ቢፒ.ቪ.ቪ.ቪ የአገር ውስጥ ኮድ ብቻ አይደለም ፣ ሌሎች ብዙ ሀገሮች ቢፒ.ቪ.ሲ.ን እንደ ኦፊሴላዊ ኮዶቻቸው

ተቀብለዋል ፡፡ ሆኖም እንደ ጃፓን ፣ አውስትራሊያ ፣ ካናዳ ፣ ብሪታንያ እና አውሮፓ ያሉ በአንዳንድ አገሮች

ውስጥ ሌሎች ኦፊሴላዊ ኮዶች አሉ ፡፡ አገሪቱ ምንም ይሁን ምን ሁሉም ማለት ይቻላል የግፊቶች መርከቦች

አደጋ ሊያስከትሉ የሚችሉ አደጋዎችን እና ዲዛይንና ግንባታቸውን የሚቆጣጠሩ ደረጃዎች እና ኮዶች አስፈላጊነት

ይገነዘባሉ ፡፡

1.1.1 Definition pressure vessel

 A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at
a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure.
 are used to store and transmit liquids, vapors, and gases under pressure in general.
The pressure of these finds will exert pressure equally in all direction on the walls
and ends of the pressure vessels. Because of the internal loading, stresses are
including on certain sections of the cylinder (pressure vessel) wall.
 The pressure vessels (cylindrical or spherical tanks) are generally used in engineering
to store fluid under pressure.

1.1.2 Classification of pressure vessel

Classification of pressure vessels

1. Classification of pressure vessel based on manufacturing (Production)methods 

1. Welded vessels 

2. Multiwall vessels 

3. Multiwall wrapped vessels 

4. Forged vessels 
5. Brand wrapped vessels

በተበየደው ዕቃዎች
2. ባለብዙ ግድግዳ መርከቦች
3. ባለ ብዙ ግድግዳ የታሸጉ መርከቦች
4. የተጭበረበሩ መርከቦች
5. የምርት መጠቅለያ መርከቦች

2. Classification of pressure vessel based on manufacturing materials 

1. Non ferrous materials pressure vessel 

2. Ferrous materials pressure vessel

3. Non metallic  material pressure vessel 

4. Steel vessel.

3. Classification of pressure vessel based on geometric shape

1. Cylindrical pressure vessels 

2. Rectangular pressure vessels 

3. Spherical pressure vessels

4. Dynamics pressure vessels.

4. Classification of pressure vessel based on position 

1. Stable pressure vessels 

2. Turning pressure vessels 

3. Mobile pressure vessels 

5. Classification of pressure vessel based on layers 

1. Single layer pressure vessels

 2. Two layer pressure vessels

3. Multi layer pressure vessels

6. Classification of pressure vessel based on layer coating 

1. Coated pressure vessels 

2. Non Coated pressure vessels 

3. Protected pressure vessels 

4. Non protected pressure vessels 

የተሸፈኑ የግፊት መርከቦች

2. ያልተሸፈኑ የግፊት መርከቦች
3. የተጠበቁ የግፊት መርከቦች
4. ያልተጠበቁ የግፊት መርከቦች
7. Classification of pressure vessels based on construction 

1. Vertical pressure vessels 

2. Horizontal pressure vessels 

3. Inclined pressure vessels 

8. Classification of pressure vessel based on end construction 

1. Open end pressure vessels 

2. Closed end pressure vessels

The pressure vessels are classified as follows :

1: According to dimensions:

   The pressure vessels, according to the dimensions are classified as thin and thick shells. 

The ratio of internal diameter and wall thickness is the factor which differentiate between thin
and thick shells. 

If the ratio d/t is more than 10, then it is called thin shell and if this ratio is less than 10 it is said
to be thick shell.

The example of the thin shells are pipes, boilers and storage tanks while the thick shells are used
in pressure cylinders, Gun barrels, etc.

2: According to end construction:

The pressure vessels according to end construction are classified as open end and closed end. 

A simple cylinder whit a piston is an example of closed end vessel. 

In case of open end vessels the circumferential stress is induced in addition to the circumferential
stress.

Filament wound pressure vessel.

 1.1.3 Application of pressure vessel
Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector. They
appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage
tanks. Other examples of pressure vessels are diving cylinders, recompression chambers,
distillation towers, pressure reactors, autoclaves, and many other vessels in mining operations,
oil refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessels, submarine and space ship
habitats, pneumatic reservoirs, hydraulic reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake
reservoirs, road vehicle airbrake reservoirs, and storage vessels for liquified gases such as
ammonia, chlorine, propane, butane, and LPG.

የግፊት መርከቦች በኢንዱስትሪም ሆነ በግሉ ዘርፍ በተለያዩ መተግበሪያዎች ውስጥ ያገለግላሉ ፡፡ በእነዚህ ዘርፎች ውስጥ

እንደ ኢንዱስትሪ የተጨመቁ አየር ተቀባዮች እና የቤት ውስጥ ሙቅ ውሃ ማጠራቀሚያ ታንኮች ሆነው ይታያሉ ፡፡

ሌሎች የመርከብ መርከቦች ምሳሌዎች የውሃ መጥለቅለቅ ሲሊንደሮች ፣ የሪፖርተር ግፊት ክፍሎች ፣ የመቀያየር ማማዎች

፣ የግፊት ማቀነባበሪያዎች ፣ የራስ-ሰር ማስቀመጫዎች እና ሌሎች በርካታ መርከቦች በማዕድን ማውጫ ሥራዎች ፣

በነዳጅ ማጣሪያ እና በፔትሮኬሚካል እጽዋት ፣ በኑክሌር ሬክተር መርከቦች ፣ በባህር ሰርጓጅ መርከብ እና በቦታ

መርከብ መኖሪያዎች ፣ በአየር ግፊት የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ፣ በሃይድሮሊክ የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ስር ይገኛሉ ፡፡

ግፊት ፣ የባቡር ተሽከርካሪ የአየር ብሬክ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ፣ የመንገድ ተሽከርካሪ የአየር ብሬክ ማጠራቀሚያዎች እና

እንደ አሞኒያ ፣ ክሎሪን ፣ ፕሮፔን ፣ ቡቴን እና ኤል.ፒ. ያሉ ፈሳሽ ጋዞችን ለማከማቸት መርከቦች ፡፡

Pressure Vessel Uses

The majority of pressure vessels are for industrial use. Some private sector uses include hot
water storage tanks and diving cylinders. Industrial uses for pressure vessels include distillation
towers, hydraulic reservoirs, and containment of liquefied gases. Industrially, pressure vessels
can be used for high-pressure or low-pressure containment, depending on the need of the client
and the materials used. They can also be used for both cooling and process heating. As well as a
means of achieving secondary containment in processing materials.

For use with either gases or liquids, pressure vessels can be used in tandem with electric
immersion heaters. Industrial versions of these heaters achieve the heating of various substances
(water, oils, gases, and solvents) through direct contact. Immersion heaters can be mounted on a
pressure vessel through flanged, welded or threaded connections. The combination of electric
immersion heaters and pressure vessels is ideal for heating gases and liquids, as well as for
generating steam.  
አብዛኛዎቹ የግፊት መርከቦች ለኢንዱስትሪ አገልግሎት የሚውሉ ናቸው ፡፡ አንዳንድ የግሉ ዘርፍ አጠቃቀሞች

የሙቅ ውሃ ማጠራቀሚያ ታንኮች እና የውሃ መጥለቅለቅ ሲሊንደሮችን ያካትታሉ ፡፡ ለጭነት መርከቦች

ኢንዱስትሪያዊ መጠቀሞች የማጣሪያ ማማዎችን ፣ የሃይድሮሊክ ማጠራቀሚያዎችን እና ፈሳሽ ጋዞችን ይይዛሉ ፡፡

በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ የግፊት መርከቦች በደንበኛው ፍላጎት እና በተጠቀመባቸው ቁሳቁሶች ላይ በመመርኮዝ

ለከፍተኛ ግፊት ወይም ለዝቅተኛ ግፊት መያዣነት ያገለግላሉ ፡፡ እንዲሁም ለሁለቱም ለማቀዝቀዝ እና ለሂደቱ

ማሞቂያ ሊያገለግሉ ይችላሉ ፡፡ እንዲሁም በማቀነባበሪያ ቁሳቁሶች ውስጥ ሁለተኛ ይዘትን ለማሳካት የሚያስችል

ዘዴ ፡፡

ከጋዞችም ሆነ ፈሳሾች ጋር ለመጠቀም የግፊት መርከቦች ከኤሌክትሪክ መጥመቂያ ማሞቂያዎች ጋር አብረው

ጥቅም ላይ ሊውሉ ይችላሉ ፡፡ የእነዚህ ማሞቂያዎች የኢንዱስትሪ ስሪቶች በቀጥታ በመገናኘት የተለያዩ ንጥረ

ነገሮችን (ውሃ ፣ ዘይቶች ፣ ጋዞች እና መፈልፈያዎች) ያገኙታል ፡፡ ጠመቃ ማሞቂያዎች flanged, በተበየደው

ወይም ክር ግንኙነቶች በኩል ግፊት ዕቃ ላይ ሊጫኑ ይችላሉ. የኤሌክትሪክ መጥመቂያ ማሞቂያዎች እና የግፊት

መርከቦች ጥምረት ጋዞችን እና ፈሳሾችን ለማሞቅ እንዲሁም የእንፋሎት ኃይል ለማመንጨት ተስማሚ ነው ፡፡

1.1.4 Component of pressure vessels

The Various Parts of a Pressure Vessel
A container or a tank where various gasses are stored processes the pressure vessel. An internal
pressurization system allows for a different pressure internally than externally.

The Components

There are three components in a pressure vessel that are considered to be basic – the shell casing,
necessary attachments and a base. The other components are considered to mainly include the
nozzle and the head.

The Shell

The Shell contains the pressure and consists of plates that have been welded together with an
axis. Horizontal drums use shells with a cylindrical shape.

The primary component contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells in the form of different
plates are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Shells are either
cylindrical, spherical or conical in shape.

The Head

This is what closes off the end of a pressure vessel. Curved heads have less weight, cost less and
have more strength than flat heads.

All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section). Heads are
typically curved rather than flat. The reason is that curved configurations are stronger and allow
the heads to be thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside
a vessel and are known as intermediate heads. These intermediate heads are separate sections of
the pressure vessels to permit different design conditions.

The Nozzle Heads

A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of pressure vessel.
They are used for attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel, attach instrument connection
(level gauges, thermowells, pressure gauges) and to provide access to the vessel interior at
manway or to provide for direct attachment of other equipment items (e.g. heat exchangers).

This is a cylindrically shaped component used for penetration of the shell.

The Supports
 Support is used to bear all the load of pressure vessel, earthquake and wind loads. There are
different types of supports, which are used depending upon the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. It is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel.

These take the weight off the pressure vessel. There are numerous types of supports including
Saddle and Lug.

The Saddle Supports

These give support to horizontal drums in two locations and reduce stress.

The Skirt Supports

Vessels with height and vertical pressure use skirts. These are welded to the shell section with
enough length to go to the bottom of the head. This adds flexibility and prevents high stress
thermally.

The Leg Supports

Little vertical drums use these welded to the bottom part of the shell. They help to provide more
reinforcement.

The Lug Supports

Vessels using vertical pressure use lugs. These are only for small and medium diameter vessels.
These are bolted on and add stability to prevent a load from being overturned. A pressure vessel
components manufacturer produces these supports.

1.1.5 Advantage and disadvantage pressure vessel

Advantage
 Normally more efficient at handling large amounts of liquid and gas
  Cheaper than vertical separator for same capacity
 Large liquid surface area for foam dispersion generally reduces
turbulence

በመደበኛነት ከፍተኛ መጠን ያለው ፈሳሽ እና ጋዝ አያያዝን በተመለከተ የበለጠ ውጤታማ

• ለተመሳሳይ አቅም ከቀጥታ መለያየት የበለጠ ርካሽ

• ለአረፋ መበታተን ትልቅ የፈሳሽ ወለል በአጠቃላይ ብጥብጥን ይቀንሰዋል



Disadvantage
 More difficult to clean produced sand mud wax paraffin
 Large mounting area
 Poor solids removal
 Lower surge capacity

የተፈጠረውን የአሸዋ ጭቃ ሰም ፓራፊን ለማጽዳት የበለጠ ከባድ

• ትልቅ የመጫኛ ቦታ

• ደካማ ጠጣር ማስወገድ

• ዝቅተኛ የማዕበል አቅም



1.1.6 Cause failure in pressure vessel

Failures in Pressure Vessels
A) Categories of Failures in Pressure Vessels
1. Material-Improper selection of material; defects in material.
2. Design-Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect design methods; inadequate shop
testing.
3. Fabrication-Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication procedures
including welding; heat treatment or forming methods.
4. Service-Change of service condition by the user; inexperienced operations or
maintenance personnel; upset conditions. Some types of service which require special
attention both for selection of material, design details, and fabrication methods are as
follows:

 Lethal
 Fatigue (cyclic)
 Brittle (low temperature)
 High temperature
 High shock or vibration
 Vessel contents: Hydrogen; Ammonia; Compressed air; Caustic; Chlorides;
Hydrocarbons

የቁሳዊ-ተገቢ ያልሆነ የቁሳቁስ ምርጫ; በቁሳቁስ ውስጥ ያሉ ጉድለቶች ፡፡

2. ዲዛይን-የተሳሳተ የንድፍ መረጃ; የተሳሳተ ወይም የተሳሳተ የንድፍ ዘዴዎች; በቂ ያልሆነ የሱቅ ሙከራ.

3. ማምረት-ደካማ የጥራት ቁጥጥር; ብየድን ጨምሮ ተገቢ ያልሆነ ወይም በቂ ያልሆነ የማምረቻ ሂደቶች;

የሙቀት ሕክምና ወይም የመፍጠር ዘዴዎች.

4. በተጠቃሚው የአገልግሎት ሁኔታ አገልግሎት-ለውጥ; ልምድ የሌላቸው ክዋኔዎች ወይም የጥገና ሠራተኞች;

የተበሳጩ ሁኔታዎች. ለቁሳዊ ነገሮች ፣ ለንድፍ ዝርዝሮች እና ለማምረቻ ዘዴዎች ምርጫ ልዩ ትኩረት

የሚያስፈልጋቸው አንዳንድ የአገልግሎት ዓይነቶች እንደሚከተለው ናቸው-

• ገዳይ

• ድካም (ዑደት)

• ብስኩት (ዝቅተኛ የሙቀት መጠን)

• ከፍተኛ ሙቀት

• ከፍተኛ ድንጋጤ ወይም ንዝረት

• የመርከብ ይዘቶች-ሃይድሮጂን; አሞኒያ; የታመቀ አየር; ካስቲክ; ክሎራይድስ; ሃይድሮካርቦኖች

B) Types of Failures
1. Elastic deformation-Elastic instability or elastic buckling, vessel geometry, and stiffness
as well as properties of materials are protection against buckling.
2. Brittle fracture- Can occur at low or intermediate temperatures. Brittle fractures have
occurred in vessels made of low carbon steel in the 40-50 °F range during hydrostatic test
where minor flaws exist.
3. Excessive plastic deformation-The primary and secondary stress limits as outlined in
ASME Section VIII, Division 2, are intended to prevent excessive plastic deformation
and incremental collapse.
4. Stress rupture-Creep deformation as a result of fatigue or cyclic loading, i.e., progressive
fracture. Creep is a time-dependent phenomenon, whereas fatigue is a cycle-dependent
phenomenon.
5. Plastic instability-Incremental collapse; incremental collapse is cyclic strain accumulation
or cumulative cyclic deformation. Cumulative damage leads to instability of vessel by
plastic deformation.
6. High strain-Low cycle fatigue is strain-governed and occurs mainly in lower-strength
high-ductile materials.
 7. Stress corrosion-It is well known that chlorides cause stress corrosion cracking in
stainless steels; likewise caustic service can cause stress corrosion cracking in carbon
steels. Material selection is critical in these services.
8. Corrosion fatigue-Occurs when corrosive and fatigue effects occur simultaneously.
Corrosion can reduce fatigue life by pitting the surface and propagating cracks. Material
selection and fatigue properties are the major considerations.

የመለጠጥ መዛባት-የመለጠጥ አለመረጋጋት ወይም የመለጠጥ ማሰሪያ ፣ የመርከብ ጂኦሜትሪ ፣ እና ጥንካሬ

እንዲሁም የቁሳቁሶች ባህሪዎች ከመጠምጠጥ ይከላከላሉ።

2. ብልሹ ስብራት - በዝቅተኛ ወይም መካከለኛ የሙቀት መጠን ሊከሰት ይችላል ፡፡ ጥቃቅን ጉድለቶች ባሉበት

በሃይድሮስታቲክ ሙከራ ወቅት ከ 40-50 ° F ባለው ዝቅተኛ የካርቦን ብረት በተሠሩ መርከቦች ላይ ብልሹ

ስብራት ተከስቷል ፡፡

3. ከመጠን በላይ የሆነ የፕላስቲክ መዛባት-በ ASME ክፍል ስምንተኛ ፣ ክፍል 2 እንደተመለከተው የአንደኛ

እና የሁለተኛ የጭንቀት ገደቦች ከመጠን በላይ የሆነ የፕላስቲክ መዛባትን እና የእድገት መጨመርን ለመከላከል

የታቀደ ነው ፡፡

4. በጭንቀት ወይም በብስክሌት ጭነት ምክንያት የጭንቀት መቋረጥ-ክሪፕ መዛባት ፣ ማለትም በሂደት

ስብራት። ክሪፕ በጊዜ ላይ ጥገኛ የሆነ ክስተት ሲሆን ድካም ግን በዑደት ላይ የተመሠረተ ክስተት ነው ፡፡

5. የፕላስቲክ አለመረጋጋት-የጨመረ ውድቀት; የእድገት መጨናነቅ የዑደት ችግር ክምችት ወይም የተጠራቀመ

ዑደት ለውጥ ነው። የተከማቸ ጉዳት በፕላስቲክ መዛባት የመርከብ አለመረጋጋት ያስከትላል ፡፡

6. ከፍተኛ ጫና-ዝቅተኛ ዑደት ድካም በዘር የሚተዳደር እና በዋነኝነት የሚከሰተው በዝቅተኛ ጥንካሬ ባለ

ከፍተኛ ጥራት ባላቸው ቁሳቁሶች ውስጥ ነው ፡፡

7. የጭንቀት መበላሸት-ክሎራይድ ከማይዝግ ብረቶች ውስጥ የጭንቀት ዝገት እንዲፈጠር እንደሚያደርግ የታወቀ

ነው ፡፡ በተመሳሳይ የካስቲክ አገልግሎት በካርቦን ብረቶች ውስጥ የጭንቀት ዝገት እንዲፈጠር ሊያደርግ ይችላል

፡፡ በእነዚህ አገልግሎቶች ውስጥ የቁሳቁስ ምርጫ ወሳኝ ነው ፡፡

8. የዝገት ድካም-የመበስበስ እና የድካም ውጤቶች በአንድ ጊዜ ሲከሰቱ ይከሰታል። መሬቱን በመቆርጠጥ እና

ስንጥቆችን በማባዛት ዝገት የድካምን ሕይወት ሊቀንስ ይችላል ፡፡ የቁሳቁስ ምርጫ እና የድካም ባህሪዎች

ዋነኞቹ ታሳቢዎች ናቸው ፡፡

 1.1.7 Design code of pressure vessel
Standards and Codes for Pressure Vessels
Pressure vessels usually have a combination of high pressures together with high
temperatures, and sometimes it involves flammable fluids or highly radioactive
materials. It is crucial that the design of the pressure vessels results in no leakage can
occur because of the hazards. Moreover, the pressure vessels have to be designed
carefully to cope with the operating temperature and pressure (Chattopadhyay, 2004).
As the pressure vessels are made in various shapes and sizes, there are certain
standards and codes that the engineer or designer need to follow in the design of the
4
vessels. (Chattopadhyay, 2004) mentioned pressure equipment, such as the American
Petroleum Institute (API) storage tanks are designed to forbid internal pressure to no
more than that generated by the static head of the fluid contained in the tank. Below are
the design and construction codes for pressures vessels:

1.1.8 General description about horizontal pressure vessel

A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially
different from the ambient pressure.

Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector. They
appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage
tanks. Other examples of pressure vessels are diving cylinders, pneumatic reservoirs, hydraulic
reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs, road vehicle airbrake reservoirs.
The pressure vessels are different classification  according to based on manufacturing
(Production)methods based on manufacturing materials based on geometric shape based on
position based on layers based on layer coating based on construction are classified as open end
and closed end. A simple cylinder whit a piston is an example of closed end vessel. In case of
open end vessels the circumferential stress is induced in addition to the circumferential stress.
Filament wound pressure vessel.

የግፊት መርከብ ከአከባቢው ግፊት በጣም በተለየ ግፊት ጋዞችን ወይም ፈሳሾችን ለመያዝ የተነደፈ መያዣ ነው

፡፡
የግፊት መርከቦች በኢንዱስትሪም ሆነ በግሉ ዘርፍ በተለያዩ መተግበሪያዎች ውስጥ ያገለግላሉ ፡፡ በእነዚህ

ዘርፎች ውስጥ እንደ ኢንዱስትሪ የተጨመቁ አየር ተቀባዮች እና የቤት ውስጥ ሙቅ ውሃ ማጠራቀሚያ ታንኮች

ሆነው ይታያሉ ፡፡ ሌሎች የመርከብ መርከቦች ምሳሌዎች የውሃ መጥለቅለቅ ሲሊንደሮች ፣ የአየር ግፊት የውሃ

ማጠራቀሚያዎች ፣ ግፊት ስር ያሉ የሃይድሮሊክ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ፣ የባቡር ተሽከርካሪ የአየር ብሬክ

ማጠራቀሚያዎች ፣ የመንገድ ተሽከርካሪ የአየር ብሬክ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ናቸው ፡፡ በግንባታ ላይ በተመሰረቱ

የንብርብሮች ሽፋን ላይ በተመሰረቱ ንብርብሮች ላይ በመመርኮዝ በጂኦሜትሪክ ቅርፅ ላይ በመመርኮዝ

በማኑፋክቸሪንግ (ፕሮዳክሽን) ዘዴዎች ላይ በመመርኮዝ የግፊት ዕቃዎች የተለያዩ ምደባዎች ናቸው ፡፡ ቀለል ያለ

ሲሊንደር ኋይት ፒስተን የተዘጋ የመጨረሻ መርከብ ምሳሌ ነው ፡፡ በክፍት ጫፍ መርከቦች ላይ ከሆነ

የከባቢያዊ ውጥረት ከከባቢያዊ ጭንቀት በተጨማሪ ይነሳል ፡፡ Filament ቁስል ግፊት ዕቃ

Horizontal vessels and drums are relatively large diameter cylindrical pressure vessels used for
a variety of process functions. Their height above grade is usually determined by the NPSH
requirements of the pumps in the liquid outlet line or the gravity flow requirements to other
equipment. And they are supported by the use of saddles .
The arrangement of connections on the vessel is dependent on process requirements, access to
valves and instruments and general maintenance.
The use of platforms and ladders in elevated drums is essential and they should be positioned
according to the priorities listed in the preceding paragraph. The pictures below show two
horizontal pressure vessels, of note is that in the support saddles are higher than normal and there
is a manhole located on the shell. Note the davit to open the manhole.

 Horizontal drums are designed and manufactured to ASME Section VIII Boiler and
Pressure Vessel code.
 They consist of a fabricated shell made from welded plates, and elliptical dished heads at
both ends.
 Support is provided through the use of saddles, one end is fixed and the other is allowed
to slide by using slotted holes in the saddle.
 A manhole is provided for access, either at one of the heads or usually on the top of the
vessel shell.

አግድም መርከቦች እና ከበሮዎች ለተለያዩ የሂደቱ ተግባራት የሚያገለግሉ በአንጻራዊነት ትልቅ ዲያሜትር

ያላቸው ሲሊንደራዊ ግፊት መርከቦች ናቸው ፡፡ ከፍታቸው ከፍታው ብዙውን ጊዜ የሚወሰነው በፈሳሽ መውጫ
መስመሩ ውስጥ ባሉ ፓምፖች ወይም በስበት ኃይል ፍሰት ፍላጎቶች ወደ ሌሎች መሳሪያዎች ነው ፡፡ እናም

በሰድሎች አጠቃቀም ይደገፋሉ ፡፡

በመርከቡ ላይ የግንኙነቶች አደረጃጀት በሂደት መስፈርቶች ፣ በቫልቮች እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት እና

በአጠቃላይ ጥገና ላይ የተመሠረተ ነው ፡፡

ከፍ ባሉ ከበሮዎች ውስጥ የመሣሪያ ስርዓቶች እና መሰላልዎች መጠቀማቸው አስፈላጊ ነው እናም ከዚህ በፊት

ባለው አንቀፅ በተዘረዘሩት ቅድሚያዎች መሠረት መቀመጥ አለባቸው ፡፡ ከዚህ በታች ያሉት ሥዕሎች ሁለት

አግድም የጭነት መርከቦችን ያሳያሉ ፣ ማስታወሻ በድጋፍ ሰድሎች ውስጥ ከተለመደው ከፍ ያለ እና በዛጎሉ

ላይ የሚገኝ የሰው ጉድጓድ አለ ፡፡ የጉድጓዱን ጉድጓድ ለመክፈት ድፍረትን ልብ ይበሉ ፡፡

• አግድም አግድም ከበሮዎች ለ ASME ክፍል ስምንተኛ ቦይለር እና ግፊት መርከብ ኮድ የተቀየሱ እና

የተመረቱ ናቸው ፡፡

• እነሱ ከተጣመሩ ሳህኖች የተሰራ የፋብሪካ ቅርፊት እና በሁለቱም ጫፎች ላይ ኤሊፕቲክ የታጠቡ

ጭንቅላቶችን ያቀፉ ናቸው ፡፡

• በሰድሎች አጠቃቀም በኩል ድጋፍ ይደረጋል ፣ አንደኛው ጫፍ ተስተካክሎ ሌላኛው ደግሞ በኮርቻው ላይ

የተሰነጠቁ ቀዳዳዎችን በመጠቀም እንዲንሸራተት ይፈቀዳል ፡፡

• የመዳረሻ ጉድጓድ በአንዱ ጭንቅላት ወይም አብዛኛውን ጊዜ በመርከቡ ቅርፊት አናት ላይ ለመድረስ ይሰጣል

፡፡

1.2 Objective of the project

1.2.1 General objectives

The general objective of our project is to design a horizontal layout pressure vessel position with
some ellipsoidal head and with a saddle support by estimating the internal pressure and
temperature and having a medium of water at the temperature of 250 and pressure of 1Mpa
የፕሮጀክታችን አጠቃላይ ዓላማ አግድም የአቀማመጥ ግፊት የመርከብ አቀማመጥን ከአንዳንድ ኤሊፕሶይድ ራስ

ጋር እና ውስጣዊ ግፊትን እና የሙቀት መጠንን በመገመት እና በ 250 ሜ እና በ 1 ሜፓ ግፊት መካከለኛ

የውሃ መኖርን በኮርቻ ድጋፍ ማዘጋጀት ነው ፡፡

1.2.2 Specific objective

Specifically we would like to design each and individual component of pressure vessel such as:
 Shell of pressure vessel
 Head of pressure vessel
 Nozzle of pressure vessel
 Support of pressure vessel
When we design as much as possible we will try to consider each and individual things in order
to full fill a particular need within our overall objective. We will also recognize sub-objective
requirements of the various units that make up the overall design.

በተለይም የእያንዳንዱን እና የግለሰቦችን የመርከብ መርከብ አካል ዲዛይን ማድረግ እንፈልጋለን ፡፡

Pressure የ pressure ል መርከብ

Of የግፊት መርከብ ራስ

Of የግፊት መርከብ አፍንጫ

Pressure የግፊት መርከብን መደገፍ

በተቻለ መጠን ዲዛይን ስናደርግ በአጠቃላይ ዓላማችን ውስጥ አንድ ልዩ ፍላጎት ሙሉ በሙሉ ለመሙላት

እያንዳንዱን እና እያንዳንዱን ነገር ከግምት ውስጥ ለማስገባት እንሞክራለን ፡፡ አጠቃላይ ዲዛይንን የሚፈጥሩ

የተለያዩ ክፍሎች ንዑስ-ዓላማ መስፈርቶችን እንገነዘባለን ፡፡

1.3 purpose of the project

A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure
substantially higher or lower than the ambient pressure. Examples include glassware,
autoclaves, compressed gas cylinders, compressors (including refrigeration), vacuum chambers
and custom designed laboratory vessels our project purpose is to designe the horizontal
pressure vessel high resistant pressure .temperature and hold gas or liquid.
የፕሮጀክቱ ዓላማ

የግፊት መርከብ ከአከባቢው ግፊት በጣም ከፍ ባለ ወይም ዝቅተኛ በሆነ ሁኔታ ጋዞችን ወይም ፈሳሾችን

ለመያዝ የተቀየሰ የተዘጋ መያዣ ነው ፡፡ ምሳሌ ብርጭቆዎችን ፣ አውቶኮሎችን ፣ የተጨመቁ ጋዝ ሲሊንደሮችን

፣ መጭመቂያዎችን (ማቀዝቀዣን ጨምሮ) ፣ የቫኪዩም ክፍሎች እና በብጁ ዲዛይን የተደረጉ የላቦራቶሪ መርከቦች

የፕሮጀክታችን ዓላማ አግድም ግፊት ያለው ከፍተኛ ግፊት ያለው የሙቀት መጠንን ለማሾፍ እና ጋዝ ወይም

ፈሳሽ ለመያዝ ነው ፡፡

1.4 scope of the project

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

In sophisticated pressure vessels encountered in engineering construction; high pressure,

extremes of temperature and severity of functional performance requirements pose exciting
design problems. The word "DESIGN" does not mean only the calculation of the detailed
dimensions of a member, but rather is an all-inclusive term, incorporating:
1. The reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or failure;
2. The method of stress analysis employed and significance of results;
3. The selection of materials type and its environmental behavior.
The increasing use of vessel has given special emphasis to analytical and experimental methods
for determining their emphasis to analytical and experimental methods for determining their
operating stresses. Of equal importance is the appraising the significance of these stresses. This
appraisal entails the means of determining the values and extent of the stresses and strains,
establishing the behavior of the material ¦involved, and evaluating the compatibility of these two
factors in the media or environment to which they are subjected. Knowledge of material behavior
is required not only to avoid failures, but also equally to permit maximum economy of material
choice and amount used.

የፕሮጀክቱ ስፋት
በኢንጂነሪንግ ግንባታ ውስጥ በተጋለጡ ውስብስብ ግፊት መርከቦች ውስጥ; ከፍተኛ ግፊት ፣ የሙቀት መጠን

እና የአፈፃፀም መስፈርቶች ከባድነት አስደሳች የዲዛይን ችግሮች ይፈጥራሉ ፡፡ “ዲዛይን” የሚለው ቃል የአንድን

አባል ዝርዝር ልኬቶች ስሌት ብቻ የሚያመለክት ሳይሆን ይልቁንም ሁሉንም የሚያካትት ቃል ነው ፡፡

1. በጣም ሊሆን የሚችል የጥፋት ወይም የመውደቅ ሁኔታን ያቋቋመ አመክንዮ;

2. የጭንቀት ትንተና ዘዴ ጥቅም ላይ የዋለ እና የውጤቶች አስፈላጊነት;

3. የቁሳቁሶች ምርጫ እና የአካባቢያዊ ባህሪው ምርጫ ፡፡

የመርከቡ አጠቃቀም እየጨመረ በመምጣቱ የሥራ ጫናዎቻቸውን ለመለየት ለትንተና እና ለሙከራ ዘዴዎች

ያላቸውን አፅንዖት ለመለየት ለትንተና እና ለሙከራ ዘዴዎች ልዩ ትኩረት ሰጥቷል ፡፡ እኩል ጠቀሜታ የእነዚህ

ውጥረቶች አስፈላጊነት መገምገም ነው ፡፡ ይህ ምዘና የጭንቀት እና የጭንቀት እሴቶችን እና መጠኖችን

የመለየት ፣ የተካተቱትን ነገሮች ባህሪ ለመመስረት እና እነዚህን ሁለት ነገሮች በሚተላለፉባቸው የመገናኛ

ብዙሃን ወይም አካባቢያቸው ተኳሃኝነት መገምገምን ያካትታል ፡፡ የቁሳዊ ባህሪ ዕውቀትን ውድቀቶችን

ለማስወገድ ብቻ ሳይሆን ከፍተኛውን የቁሳቁስ ምርጫ እና ጥቅም ላይ የዋለውን መጠን በእኩልነት ለመፍቀድ

ያስፈልጋል ፡፡

1.5 Methodology of the project

METHODOLOGY
Overview
In this chapter, the information in selection of pressure vessel is described and the
application of selected pressure vessel is been discussed. To design of pressure vessel the
selection of Code are important as a reference guide to achieve the secure pressure vessel.
The selections of ASME Code Section VIII div 1 are described. The standard of material
selection used are explains in this chapter. Beside of that, the design and analysis
 software to obtain the result are introduced. Instead of that, design process methodology
is also described.

ሜቶዶሎጂ

አጠቃላይ እይታ

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ውስጥ የግፊት መርከብን በመምረጥ ረገድ ያለው መረጃ ተገልጧል እና የተመረጠውን የግፊት

መርከብ አተገባበር ተብራርቷል ፡፡ የግፊት መርከብን ለመንደፍ ኮዱን መምረጥ ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ የግፊት

መርከብን ለማሳካት እንደ ማጣቀሻ መመሪያ አስፈላጊ ነው ፡፡ የ ASME ኮድ ክፍል VIII div 1 ምርጫዎች

ተብራርተዋል ፡፡ ጥቅም ላይ የዋለው የቁሳቁስ ምርጫ መስፈርት በዚህ ምዕራፍ ውስጥ ተብራርቷል ፡፡ ከዚህ

ጎን ለጎን ውጤቱን ለማግኘት የዲዛይንና የትንተና ሶፍትዌሮች ቀርበዋል ፡፡ ከዚያ ይልቅ የንድፍ አሰራር ዘዴ

እንዲሁ ተገል described ል።

CHAPTER-2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introductions about literature review
A pressure vessel is one of the most important components in industrial and
petrochemical process plants. Pressure vessel encompasses a wide range of unit heat
exchangers, reactors, storage vessels and many more. Pressure vessel is defined as a
container with a difference between inside pressure and outside pressure. It is further
explained that vessels, tanks and pipelines which carry, store, or receive fluids are
considered as pressure vessels (Chattopadhyay, 2004). On top of that, pressure vessel is
a type of storage tank which is used to store fluid at higher pressure than ambient
conditions ("Types of Pressure Vessels,").
For the purposes of design and construction, the pressure vessel is generally
defined as the pressure vessel proper including welded attachments up to, and including,
the nozzle flanges, screwed or welded connectors, or the edge to be welded at the first
circumferential weld to connecting piping. Figure 2.1 shows a typical pressure vessel
envelope.

ልተራቱረ ረቬው

2.1 ስለ ሥነ ጽሑፍ ግምገማ መግቢያዎች

አንድ ግፊት መርከብ በኢንዱስትሪው ውስጥ እና በጣም አስፈላጊ ክፍሎች አንዱ ነው እና

የፔትሮኬሚካል ሂደት እፅዋት ፡፡ የግፊት መርከብ ሰፋ ያለ የንጥል ሙቀትን ያጠቃልላል

አስተላላፊዎች ፣ ኃይል ማመንጫዎች ፣ የማከማቻ መርከቦች እና ሌሎች ብዙ ፡፡ የግፊት መርከብ እንደ ሀ

ይገለጻል

በውስጣዊ ግፊት እና በውጭ ግፊት መካከል ልዩነት ያለው መያዣ። ተጨማሪ ነው

ፈሳሾችን የሚወስዱ ፣ የሚያከማቹ ወይም የሚቀበሉ መርከቦች ፣ ታንኮች እና የቧንቧ መስመር ዝርግዎች

መሆናቸውን አብራርቷል

እንደ ግፊት መርከቦች (ቻትቶፓድያይ ፣ 2004) ፡፡ በዚያ ላይ የግፊት መርከብ ነው

ከአከባቢው የበለጠ ከፍ ባለ ግፊት ፈሳሽ ለማከማቸት የሚያገለግል የማጠራቀሚያ ታንክ ዓይነት

ሁኔታዎች ("የግፊት ዕቃዎች",).

ለዲዛይን እና ለግንባታ ዓላማዎች የግፊት መርከቡ በአጠቃላይ ነው

እስከ ግፊት እና እንደ ጨምሮ በተበየደው አባሪዎችን ጨምሮ ግፊት ዕቃ ትክክለኛ ሆኖ ተገል defined ል

የአፍንጫው ፍንጣቂዎች ፣ የሾሉ ወይም የተጣጣሙ ማገናኛዎች ፣ ወይም መጀመሪያ ላይ የሚገጣጠም ጠርዝ

ሰርቪንግ ዌልድ ወደ ቧንቧ ቧንቧ ለማገናኘት ፡፡ ምስል 2.1 አንድ የተለመደ የግፊት መርከብ ያሳያል

ፖስታ

2.2 literature review based on your title

A horizontal pressure vessel  is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure
substantially different from the ambient pressure.
The pressure differential is dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of
pressure vessel development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessel design,
manufacture, and operation are regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For
these reasons, the definition of a pressure vessel varies from country to country.
 Horizontal pressure vessel (steel)

Design involves parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature, safety
factor, corrosion allowance and minimum design temperature (for brittle fracture).
Construction is tested using nondestructive testing, such as ultrasonic testing, radiography, and
pressure tests. Hydrostatic tests use water, but pneumatic tests use air or another gas.
Hydrostatic testing is preferred, because it is a safer method, as much less energy is released if
a fracture occurs during the test (water does not rapidly increase its volume when rapid
depressurization occurs, unlike gases like air, which fail explosively).
In most countries, vessels over a certain size and pressure (15 PSI) must be built to a formal
code. In the United States that code is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). These
vessels also require an authorized inspector to sign off on every new vessel constructed and
each vessel has a nameplate with pertinent information about the vessel, such as maximum
allowable working pressure, maximum temperature, minimum design metal temperature, what
company manufactured it, the date, its registration number (through the National Board), and
ASME’s official stamp for pressure vessels (U-stamp). The nameplate makes the vessel traceable
and officially an ASME Code vessel.

በርዕስዎ ላይ በመመስረት 2 የስነ-ጽሑፍ ግምገማ

አግድም ግፊት መርከብ ጋዞችን ወይም ፈሳሾችን ከአከባቢው ግፊት በጣም በተለየ ግፊት ለመያዝ የታሰበ ዕቃ

ነው ፡፡

የግፊቱ ልዩነት አደገኛ ነው ፣ እናም በችግር ግፊት መርከብ ልማት እና አሠራር ታሪክ ውስጥ ገዳይ አደጋዎች

ተከስተዋል ፡፡ ስለሆነም የግፊት መርከብ ዲዛይን ፣ ማምረት እና አሠራር በሕግ በሚደገፉ የምህንድስና

ባለሥልጣናት ቁጥጥር ይደረግባቸዋል ፡፡ በእነዚህ ምክንያቶች የግፊት መርከብ ትርጓሜ ከአገር ወደ ሀገር

ይለያያል ፡፡

አግድም ግፊት መርከብ (ብረት)

ዲዛይን እንደ ከፍተኛ ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ የአሠራር ግፊት እና የሙቀት መጠን ፣ የደህንነት ሁኔታ ፣ የዝገት

አበል እና አነስተኛ የዲዛይን ሙቀት (ለተሰበረ ስብራት) መለኪያዎች ያካትታል ፡፡ ግንባታው እንደ

አልትራሳውንድ ሙከራ ፣ ራዲዮግራፊ እና የግፊት ሙከራዎች ያሉ የማያስመሰግኑ ሙከራዎችን በመጠቀም

ይሞከራል። የሃይድሮስታቲክ ሙከራዎች ውሃ ይጠቀማሉ ፣ ግን የአየር ግፊት ሙከራዎች አየር ወይም ሌላ ጋዝ

ይጠቀማሉ። በሙከራው ወቅት ስብራት ከተከሰተ በጣም አነስተኛ ኃይል ስለሚለቀቅ የሃይድሮስታቲክ ሙከራ

ተመራጭ ነው ፣ ምክንያቱም ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ ዘዴ ነው (እንደ አየር ካሉ ጋዞች በተቃራኒ ፍንዳታ

ካልተሳካላቸው ጋዞች በተቃራኒ ውሃ በፍጥነት ድምፁን አይጨምርም) ፡፡

በአብዛኛዎቹ ሀገሮች ከተወሰነ መጠን እና ግፊት (15 PSI) በላይ የሆኑ መርከቦች በመደበኛ ኮድ መገንባት

አለባቸው ፡፡ በአሜሪካ ውስጥ ያ ኮድ የ ASME ቦይለር እና ግፊት የመርከብ ኮድ (ቢፒሲቪ) ነው ፡፡ እነዚህ

መርከቦች በተጨማሪ በተሰራው አዲስ መርከብ ላይ እንዲፈርሙ የተፈቀደለት ተቆጣጣሪ ይጠይቃሉ እናም

እያንዳንዱ መርከብ ስለ መርከቡ አስፈላጊ የሆነ መረጃ ያለው የስም ሰሌዳ አለው ፣ ለምሳሌ የሚፈቀደው

ከፍተኛ የሥራ ጫና ፣ ከፍተኛ የሙቀት መጠን ፣ አነስተኛ ዲዛይን ያለው የብረት ሙቀት ፣ ኩባንያው

ያመረተው ቀን ፣ የመመዝገቢያ ቁጥሩ (በብሔራዊ ቦርድ በኩል) እና ለኤስኤምኢ ይፋዊ ማህተም ለጫና

መርከቦች (U-stamp) ፡፡ የስም ሰሌዳው መርከቡን እንዲከታተል እና በይፋ የ ASME ኮድ መርከብ

ያደርገዋል ፡፡

2.3 summary of literature review

Horizontal Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the
private sector. They appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic
hot water storage tanks. Other examples of pressure vessels are diving cylinders, pneumatic
reservoirs, hydraulic reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs, road vehicle
airbrake reservoirs etc.

የስነ-ጽሑፍ ግምገማ ማጠቃለያ

አግድም ግፊት መርከቦች በኢንዱስትሪም ሆነ በግሉ ዘርፍ በተለያዩ መተግበሪያዎች ውስጥ ያገለግላሉ ፡፡

በእነዚህ ዘርፎች ውስጥ እንደ ኢንዱስትሪ የተጨመቁ አየር ተቀባዮች እና የቤት ውስጥ ሙቅ ውሃ

ማጠራቀሚያ ታንኮች ሆነው ይታያሉ ፡፡ ሌሎች የመርከብ መርከቦች ምሳሌዎች የውሃ መጥለቅለቅ ሲሊንደሮች
፣ የአየር ግፊት የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ፣ ግፊት ስር ያሉ የሃይድሮሊክ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ፣ የባቡር ተሽከርካሪ

የአየር ብሬክ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ፣ የመንገድ ተሽከርካሪ የአየር ብሬክ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ወዘተ ናቸው

CHAPTER-THREE
3. MATERIAL SELECTION
3.1 introductions about material selection
Material selection is the act of choosing the material best suited to achieve the requirements of a
given application. Many different factors go into determining the selection requirements, such as
mechanical properties, chemical properties, physical properties, electrical properties and cost.
These must be weighed during the material selection process.
Material selection involves a broad set of considerations. As a result, a correspondingly wide
variety of knowledge is required to make an appropriate selection. Oftentimes, materials
engineers and scientists are relied upon to help. However, they are not the only ones involved in
the decision making process. Purchasing experts, manufacturing engineers, design engineers,
customers and suppliers could potentially be brought in during the process so that the optimum
decision is made.
Incorrect material selection can have a huge impact on safety and application success. An
example from a mechanical standpoint is if an aluminum alloy with a yield strength of only 10
ksi is selected when a steel with a yield strength of 50 ksi is required — then the component or
structure being made could fail if the loads in tension are too great. For a chemical and corrosion
resistance example, consider an austenitic stainless steel and ferritic stainless steel being placed
in a saltwater environment. Improper selection of the ferritic stainless steel would result in heavy
corrosion over time, whereas an austenitic 316 grade of stainless steel would resist corrosion
much better.
In addition to considering how a single material may behave in isolation during the material
selection process, it is also important to consider how two or more materials might behave when
in contact with each another. A carbon steel part placed in contact with a stainless steel part in an
electrolytic solution will undergo galvanic corrosion at a much faster rate than it would if it was
not contacting the stainless steel part

ስለ ቁሳቁስ ምርጫ መግቢያዎች

የቁሳቁስ ምርጫ አንድን የተሰጠ መተግበሪያ መስፈርቶችን
ለማሳካት በጣም ተስማሚ የሆነውን ቁሳቁስ የመምረጥ ተግባር
ነው ፡፡ ብዙ የተለያዩ ምክንያቶች እንደ ሜካኒካዊ ባህሪዎች ፣
ኬሚካዊ ባህሪዎች ፣ አካላዊ ባህሪዎች ፣ የኤሌክትሪክ ባህሪዎች
እና ዋጋ ያሉ የምርጫ መስፈርቶችን ለመወሰን ይወጣሉ ፡፡
በቁሳቁስ ምርጫ ወቅት እነዚህ መመዘን አለባቸው ፡፡
የቁሳቁስ ምርጫ ሰፋ ያሉ ታሳቢዎችን ያካትታል ፡፡ በዚህ
ምክንያት ተገቢ ምርጫን ለመምረጥ ተዛማጅነት ያላቸው
የተለያዩ ዕውቀቶች ያስፈልጋሉ ፡፡ ብዙውን ጊዜ የቁሳቁሶች
መሐንዲሶች እና ሳይንቲስቶች በእርዳታ ይታመናሉ ፡፡ ሆኖም
በውሳኔ አሰጣጥ ሂደት ውስጥ የተሳተፉት እነሱ ብቻ አይደሉም
፡፡ የግዥ ባለሙያዎችን ፣ የማኑፋክቸሪንግ መሐንዲሶችን ፣
የዲዛይን መሐንዲሶችን ፣ ደንበኞችን እና አቅራቢዎችን በሂደቱ
ወቅት አመቻችቶ ውሳኔ ሊሰጥ ይችላል ፡፡
የተሳሳተ የቁሳቁስ ምርጫ በደህንነት እና በአተገባበር ስኬት ላይ
ከፍተኛ ተጽዕኖ ያሳድራል ፡፡ ለምሳሌ ከሜካኒካዊ እይታ አንጻር
50 ኪሲ የመጠን ጥንካሬ ያለው ብረት በሚፈለግበት ጊዜ 10
ኪሲ ብቻ የመሰብሰብ ጥንካሬ ያለው የአሉሚኒየም ቅይጥ
ከተመረጠ - በውጥረት ውስጥ ያሉ ሸክሞች በጣም ቢሆኑ
ከዚያ እየተሰራ ያለው አካል ወይም መዋቅር ሊወድቅ ይችላል
በጣም ጥሩ. ለኬሚካል እና ለዝገት መቋቋም ምሳሌ ፣ በጨው
ውሃ አከባቢ ውስጥ የሚቀመጥ ኦስቲቲኒክ አይዝጌ ብረት እና
ፈዛዛ አይዝጌ ብረት ያስቡ ፡፡ የተሳሳተ የብረታ ብረት አይዝጌ
ብረት ምርጫ ከጊዜ ወደ ጊዜ ከባድ ዝገት ያስከትላል ፣ ግን
የአስቴንቲክ 316 አይዝጌ ብረት አይዝጌ ብረትን በጣም በተሻለ
ሁኔታ ይከላከላል ፡፡
በቁሳቁስ ምርጫ ወቅት አንድ ነጠላ ነገር በተናጥል እንዴት
እንደሚሠራ ከማሰብ በተጨማሪ ፣ ሁለት ወይም ከዚያ በላይ
ቁሳቁሶች እርስ በእርስ ሲገናኙ እንዴት እንደሚሠሩ ማሰቡ
አስፈላጊ ነው ፡፡ በኤሌክትሮላይት መፍትሄ ውስጥ ከማይዝግ
ብረት ክፍል ጋር ግንኙነት ውስጥ የተቀመጠው የካርቦን አረብ
ብረት ክፍል ከማይዝግ ብረት ክፍል ጋር ካልተገናኘው
ከሚሆነው እጅግ በጣም ፈጣን በሆነ ፍጥነት የ galvanic
corrosion ይሆናል ፡፡

3.2 selection procedure for material of pressure vessel

Materials Selection Process
A flowchart for the materials selection process is shown in Figure 3.1.
The process consists of the following steps:
 1.
. Identify product design requirements
2.
Identify product element design requirements
3.
Identify potential materials
4.
Evaluate materials
5.
Determine whether any of the materials meet the selection criteria
 6.
Select materials

የምርት ዲዛይን መስፈርቶችን መለየት

የምርት ንጥረ ነገር ዲዛይን መስፈርቶችን መለየት
3.
ሊሆኑ የሚችሉ ቁሳቁሶችን መለየት
4.
ቁሳቁሶችን ገምግም
5.
ከማንኛውም ቁሳቁሶች የመምረጫ መስፈርቱን ያሟሉ እንደሆነ
ይወስኑ
6.
ቁሳቁሶችን ይምረጡ
yemiriti dīzayini mesiferitochini

The first two items were discussed in Chapter 2. The last four items will be discussed in this
chapter and in following ones.
During the process of identifying and evaluating materials, a design team may determine that
there are no materials that can be considered for use for a product element. In this situation, the
design team has the following options:
1.
Modify the design of the product element.
2.
Modify the design of the product or subassembly that directly uses the product element.
3.
Modify the design requirements of the product.
4.
Invent a new material.
5.
Cancel the product.
It is critical that design teams determine whether there are no options as soon as possible in the
design process because it will give them the option of modifying the design or design
requirements of the product element, subassembly, or product when it is still easy and
inexpensive to make changes. Waiting too long will force design teams to consider either trying
to invent a new material or canceling the product. Inventing a new material adds cost and risk to
the development effort. However, the added cost and risk may be worthwhile if there is an
invention that provides the product with a competitive advantage compared to products from
other companies. Finally, canceling a product may be undesirable; however, it is preferable to
spending time and money developing a product that does not meet the customer's wants and
needs.
There is one more option that the flowchart does not show—moving forward with
a suboptimum material. This means that the product element will not have the necessary
performance or reliability, which reduces the likelihood of having a successful product.
Waiting until all the relevant design requirements have been identified is important because
doing so will prevent a design team from pursuing suboptimum materials based on incomplete
information. Taking the time to make sure that all the relevant requirements have been identified
will increase the chances of selecting optimum materials and enabling a successful product
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3.3 factor affecting material selection for pressure vessel

3.3 factor affecting material selection for pressure vessel
The key factors are included in the selection of construction materials for pressure vessels
to avoid damage during the service. This post describes the essential design factors,
common materials and properties of these materials.

ለጭነት መርከብ በቁሳዊ ምርጫ ላይ ተጽዕኖ የሚያሳድር 3 ነገር

በአገልግሎቱ ወቅት ጉዳትን ለማስወገድ የግፊት መርከቦች ለግንባታ ዕቃዎች ምርጫ ቁልፍ ነገሮች ተካትተዋል

፡፡ ይህ ልኡክ ጽሁፍ የእነዚህን አስፈላጊ ንድፍ ነገሮች ፣ የተለመዱ ቁሳቁሶች እና የእነዚህ ቁሳቁሶች ባህሪዎች

ይገልጻል ፡፡

የንድፍ ባህሪዎች

የአገልግሎት ሙቀት እና ግፊት ፣ የትግበራ ሁኔታ ፣ ዋጋ ፣ የንድፍ ሕይወት ፣ አስተማማኝነት እና ደህንነት።

Design attributes
Service temperature and pressure, application condition, cost, design life, reliability and
safety.

የአገልግሎት ሙቀት እና ግፊት ፣ የትግበራ ሁኔታ ፣ ዋጋ ፣ የንድፍ ሕይወት ፣ አስተማማኝነት እና ደህንነት።

Service temperature and pressure limit the material selection widely influence the corrosion
rates, The influences of service temperature limits is analyzed through severely decreased
strength, metallurgy and corrosion resistance characteristic. For example, carbon steel can
serve up to 800oF. Above this limit, the strength of carbon steel reduces considerably and
carbon steel may be embrittled by graphitization.
Corrosion rates rapidly increase with increase in temperature. For instance, carbon steel
offers service up to 550oF when directly subjected to sour conditions without any security,
the corrosion rates increase at higher temperatures.
Influence of service pressure– Affects the material’s stability in the service condition such as
hydrogen attack of steels in the high pressure and elevated temperature H2S service.
The material selection for pressure vessels is based on the corrosion rate and other severe
damaging mechanisms that include stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement
Service conditions – before subjecting for use, the considered factors are vessel materials,
temperature and pressure, contaminants, physical state and flow rate.
The corrosion rate data helps in determining whether the chosen material was appropriate
by expected corrosion and lab tests. Get advice from the material manufacturer for special
recommendations.
Price- Purpose is to choose an economical and reliable material that can operate longer
within the minimum cost. If stainless steel or other high alloyed material is desired, carbon
or low alloy steel clad is used with a thick electrodepositing of high alloy material. Clad plate
is economical for vessel thickness below ½ inch. It is also sensitive to produce the corrosion
cracking as compare to rigid alloy. The commonly used cladding materials are not practical
to produce solid wall construction due to difficulty in producing reliable welds.
Possibility and result of failure should be taken into account. The failure cases are
determined from the material experience in the past experiments and shutdown frequency.

3.4 summary of material

Improper selection of material is one of the leading causes of failure in pressure vessel. As a
result, choosing the appropriate metal for a specific tank application is of the utmost importance.
Choosing the wrong material can lead to any number of issues, from poor performance and lower
efficiency, to catastrophic failure and reduced safety.
The National Board of Boilers and Pressure Vessels Inspectors mandates that a material test
report be provided when ordering any tank. This, however, is not enough to prevent errors in the
certification procedure and incorrect ordering of pressure vessel materials is still commonplace.
 
So which material is ideally suited for your pressure vessel application? Read on to find out.
Carbon Steel – Carbon steel provides a number of advantages as a pressure vessel material. In
addition to being highly resistant to corrosion, shock, and vibration, it possesses a high tensile
strength — making it ideal for demanding tank applications in a wide range of industrial
processes. It also retains strength at minimal thicknesses, which reduces the amount of material
needed for tank fabrication, thereby lowering fabrication costs. Carbon steel is also highly
recyclable and accounts for more recycled weight annually than aluminum, plastic, paper, and
glass combined. In fact, approximately 50% of its production comes from reclaimed materials.
Stainless Steel – Like carbon steel, stainless steel offers high strength at low thickness. Also like
carbon steel, it is highly recyclable. There are a number of different types of stainless steel. Type
304, for instance, is widely known for its superior chemical and corrosion resistance. Type 304L,
on the other hand, has low carbon content and exhibits excellent weldability. Choosing the
correct type of stainless steel will ultimately depend on the unique requirements of the
application that the pressure vessel is being used in. In general, however, it is ideal for tanks and
vessels that are exposed to the natural environment (humidity, sunlight, etc.) or high
temperatures.
Hastelloy – Hastelloy pressure vessels are widely used for chemical, petrochemical, and oil and
gas applications. With proper maintenance, they can last for decades, creating great cost-
efficiency over their entire lifecycle. Their inherent reliability also reduces maintenance-related
downtime.
Hastelloy is extremely resistant to corrosive liquids and provides protection against both
localized and uniform attack. It is also very durable and resistant to cracking. Moreover, it is
extremely workable (easy to weld or fabricate) and is available in a wide range of types (B2, S,
C, C276, etc.), which makes it suitable for a broad range of tank applications and industries.
Nickel Alloy – Nickel alloy comes in a variety of grades. For instance, chromium can be added
to nickel alloy to provide more heat resistance. Copper can also be added for use in salt-water
environments. Perhaps the most notable use of nickel alloy tanks is in Liquefied Natural Gas
(LNG) applications.
It’s important to note that the manufacturing process for this alloy can be more complex than
with other amalgams. During tank fabrication, only the purest materials should be used in order
to ensure its integrity. Despite this complexity and associated cost, nickel alloy has plenty to
offer as a pressure vessel material – providing excellent corrosion resistance, as well as
protection against thermal expansion.
Aluminum – Aluminum is often considered as an alternative to stainless steel for many pressure
vessel applications. It is roughly three times less dense than stainless steel and can maintain high
tensile strength with certain heat treatments and alloy compositions. One of the most significant
advantages of aluminum is that it is cheaper and much easier to machine than stainless steel. In
many instances, however, labor costs may be higher, as some aluminum tank fabrication requires
the use of special welding techniques. Because of its lower density, aluminum is typically not
suitable for pressure vessels that are exposed to extremely high pressures.
Titanium – Like copper nickel alloys, titanium provides a number of advantages in salt-water
environments and its inherent resistance to corrosion reduces cleaning and maintenance
requirements. It maintains strength and rigidity even at lower thicknesses and facilitates more
efficient heat-transfer than many other types of metal as well. Titanium is also known for its
ability to maintain its structural properties over long periods of time. It is widely used in power
station condensers and similar applications.
Making the Right Choice
In summary, each metal provides its own unique benefits and limitations. As a result, the choice
of which material to use for a pressure vessel will largely come down to the specific needs of the
intended application. Engaging with a reputable manufacturer is critical to making this decision,
especially given the fact that failure of a pressurized vessel creates can create a significant hazard
that often results in more downtime, higher costs, and most importantly, reduced safety

CHAPTER FOUR

4. DESIGN ANALYSIS

4.1 General design consideration (design criteria)

1 General design consideration (design criteria)

The pressure vessel design includes a variety of stresses- longitudinal and hoop stresses are
developed by internal pressure, different bending stresses caused by bending moment, wind
loads and seismic loads, compressive and tensile stresses because of dead weight of
platform and vessel contents, peak stress by irregularities particularly in localized regions
and stresses by thermal gradient. Hence a designer needs to consider the entire probable
loads and moments on a pressure vessel.
The allowable pressure that is based on service temperature, lowest tensile strength of the
flange material and bolt material are considered following the design stress. The thermal
stresses are crucial for pressure vessel designing.

4.2 specification of your the design (based on your title)

4.4 design analysis of each component

4.5 force and stress analysis on pressure vessel component

4.6 design of component and checking ………etc.

CHAPLET FIVE

5.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER SIX

6. COST ESTIMATION

6.1 consideration of estimation of cost

6.3 Summary cost

Chapter seven

7. PART DRAWING AND ASSEMBLY

7. 1 each component drawing of pressure vessel

CHAPTER EIGHT
8. Conclusion and recommendation

8.1 conclusions

8.2 recommendations

References

Appendix