Question Bank - Part A: Unit I - Fundamentals of Computer Graphics

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QUESTION BANK - PART A
UNIT I – FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS
1. What is CAD?
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the technology concerned with the use of computer
systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and optimization of a design.
2. Define Product cycle.

Product cycle is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from starting,
through design and manufacture, to repair and removal of manufactured products.
3. Mention any four applications of CAD in Mechanical Engineering. (Dec’ 15)

A CAD system helps designer in various ways
i) Invites and promotes interaction through various input/output devices.
ii) Allows manipulation of image (such as scaling, translation, rotation) in the
computer screen.
iii) Enable the designer to carry out the engineering analyses for stress, vibration,
noise thermal distortions and more using FEA.
iv) Design optimization through simulation and animation.
v) Automated drafting.
4. Name any 4 reasons for implementing CAD in design?

i) CAD can make each design step much easier and less tedious for designer to
perform.
ii) Errors during change of design will be less.
iii) Models generated can be easily manipulated and modification in the model can be
done very easily carried out in the system itself.
5. What is meant by concurrent engineering?

Concurrent engineering, also known as Simultaneous engineering, is a method of
designing and developing products, in which the different stages run simultaneously,
rather than consecutively. It decreases product development time and also the time to
market, leading to improved productivity and reduced costs.
6. What are the advantages of Concurrent engineering?

1. The design decisions are taken by a team of multi disciplinary experts.
2. Changes and modification on the product design will be faster.
3. Higher quality.
7. What are the benefits of CAD?
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i) New products are designed faster. CAD can drastically reduce the number of
steps involved in the design process for a particular product and can also make
each design step much easier and less tedious for designer to perform.
ii) Hard copy of the drawing is of better quality. Hence there will be less ambiguity.
iii) Errors during change of design will be less.
8. Define Computer graphics.

Computer graphics are pictures and movies created using computers - usually referring to
image data created by a computer specifically with help from specialized graphic hardware
and software.
9. What are the various display control facilities in graphics?

a) Vector Generation b) Windowing and viewing transformation.
c) Clipping transformation d) Zooming
e) Panning f) Transmitting information on a network and
g)Graphics libraries.
10. What are the Co-ordinate systems?

.
World space or Model
11. What are the main types of 2D transformations?
a) Translation b) Scaling c) Reflection d) Rotation e) Shearing
12. What is Scaling?

In scaling transformation, the original coordinates of an object are multiplied by
the given scale factor. There are two types of scaling transformations: uniform and non-
uniform. In the uniform scaling, the coordinate values change uniformly along the x, y,
and z coordinates, whereas, in non-uniform scaling, the change is not necessarily the
same in all the coordinate directions.
13. What is Translation?

In translation, every point on an object translates exactly the same distance. The
effect of a translation transformation is that the original coordinate values increase or
decrease by the amount of the translation along the x, y, and z-axes.
14. What is meant by Clipping?

Clipping is the process of determining the visible portion of a drawing lying within a
window and discarding the rest.
15. What is viewing transformation and windowing transformation?
The process of mapping from the model co-ordinate system to the screen co-ordinate
system is known as viewing transformation.
The viewing transformation with no rotation is called the windowing transformation.
16. What do you mean by homogeneous coordinates?
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Homogeneous coordinates form a basis forthe projective geometry used

extensively to project a three-dimensional scene onto a two-dimensional image plane.
They also unify the treatment of common graphical transformations andoperations. The
main purpose of homogeneous coordinates is to capture the concept of infinity. Without
the use of homogeneous coordinates system, it would be difficult to design certain classes
of very useful curves and surfaces in computer graphics and computer-aided design.
UNIT II – GEOMETRIC MODELING
1. Define Geometric modeling.

The geometric modeling concerned with computer compatible mathematical
description of geometry of an object. The mathematical description should be such that
the image of the object can be displayed and manipulated in computer terminal,
modification on the geometry can be done easily and the image can be stored in computer
memory retrieve back to display in computer screen for review, analysis or alternation.
2. What is a Spline?
A splineis a parametric curve defined by control points. The term splinedates from
engineering drawing, where a splinewas a piece of flexible wood used to draw smooth
curves.The control points are adjusted by the userto control the shape of the curve.
3. Give any two characteristics of Bezier curves.

i) The curve is tangent to the first and last segments of the characteristics polygon.
ii) The curve is symmetric with respect to u and (1-u). Therefore, the sequence of
controlpoints defining the curve can be reversed without change of curve shape.
4. What are the characteristics of B-spline curves?

i) The B-spline curves do not pass through the first and last control points except
when a linear blending functions are used
ii) A non-periodic B-spline curve pass through the first and last control points and is
tangent to first and last segments of control polygon.
iii) A second degree curve (k=3) is always tangents to the midpoints of all the internal
polygon segments
5. Distinguish between Bezier curves and Cubic Spline curve.

S.No. Bezier curves Cubic Spline curve
1. The shape of Bezier curve is First order derivatives are used in

controlled by its defining points the curve development.
only
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2. The curve does not pass through These curves pass through the
the given data points. Instead, given data points only.
these points are used to control
the shape of the resulting curves.
6. Define rational curve.

Rational curve is defined by the algebraic ratio of two polynomials while a non-rational
curve is defined by one polynomial.
7. Name the two basic approaches followed in solid modeling.

a. Constructive solid geometry (CSG) or (C-rep)
b. Boundary representation (B - rep)
8. List the basic entities available in CSG approach of solid modeling.

(a) Cuboid (b) Cylinder (c) Sphere (d) Cone (e) Wedge (f) Torus
9. What is Bezier curve?

Bezier curve is used for curve and surface design of automobile panels. It is blended
at the joints and is completely defined by four consecutive points (x0, y0), (x1, y1), (x2,
y2), (x3, y3). The curve passes only through the first and fourth point. The two
intermediate points are used to define the slope of the curve at the end points.
10. What is B-spline curve?

B-spline is a single piecewise parametric polynomial curve through any number
of control points with the degree of polynomial selected by the designer. B-splines
exhibita local control where in whenever a single vertex is moved, only those vertices
around that will be affected while the rest remains the same.
11. What is Hermite Spline?

A Hermitesplineis a curve for which the user provides the endpoints of the curve.
The parametric derivatives of the curve at the endpoints are dx/dt, dy/dt, dz/dt.That is
enough to define a cubic Hermitespline, more derivatives are required for higher order
curves.
12. What are the different types of surfaces?

i) Plane surface
ii) Ruled (lofted) surface
iii) Surface of revolution
iv) Tabulated surface
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v) Bi-linear surface
vi) Coons patch
vii) Bezeir surface
viii) B-spline surface
13. What is Coons patch? Also write down its applications.

Coons patch or surface is generated by the interpolation of 4 edge curves. It is
easy to create, and therefore, many 2-D CAD packages utilize it for generating models.
However, it has only a limited application since the surface is inflexible and cannot create
very smooth surfaces. It would be very difficult to produce a smooth automobile fender
using the Coons surface. Several CAD software, including AutoCAD, use this surface for
generating surfaces between 4-bounded edges.
14. What is Bezier surface?

This is a synthetic surface similar to the Bezier curve and is obtained by
transformation of a Bezier curve. It permits twists and kinks in the surface. The surface
does not pass through all the data points.
15. What is B-spline surface?

This is a synthetic surface and does not pass through all data points. The surface is
capable of giving very smooth contours, and can be reshaped with local controls.
16. Differentiate between analytical, interpolated and approximated curves. (Dec’ 15)
Analytical Curves: This type of curve can be represented by a simple mathematical
equation, such as, a circle or an ellipse. They have a fixed form and cannot be modified to
achieve a shape that violates the mathematical equations.
Interpolated curves: An interpolated curve is drawn by interpolating the given data
points and has a fixed form, dictated by the given data points. These curves have some
limited flexibility in shape creation, dictated by the data points.
Approximated Curves: These curves provide the most flexibility in drawing curves of
very complex shapes. The model of a curved automobile fender can be easily created
with the help of approximated curves and surfaces.
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UNIT III - VISUAL REALISM
1. What is the need of visualization?

Visualization in geometric modeling is helpful in finding connection in the design
applications. By shading the parts with various shadows, colors and transparency, the
designer can recognize undesired unknown interferences. In the design of complex
surfaces shading with different texture characteristics can use to find any undesired quick
modifications in surface changes.
2. What are the three varieties of realism in computer graphics?

 Physical realism- In which the images provides the same visual Simulation.
 Photo realism- In which the image produces the same visual response.
 Functional realism- In which the image provides the same visual information.
3. State the hidden line elimination.

The hidden line elimination can be stated as, ―For a given three dimensional
scene, a given viewing point and a given direction, eliminate from an appropriate two
dimensional projection of the edges and faces which the observer cannot see‖.
4. What is meant by ‗visible surface determination‘ in 3D computer graphics? (Dec’ 15)
In 3D computer graphics, hidden surface determination (also known as Hidden

Surface Removal (HSR) or Visible Surface Determination (VSD)) is the process used to
determine which surfaces and parts of surfaces are not visible from a certain viewpoint.
Hidden surface determination is necessary to render an image correctly, so that one

cannot look through walls in virtual reality.
5. Distinguish between hidden line removal and hidden surface removal models.
When you draw a scene composed of three-dimensional objects, some of them
might obscure all or parts of others. Changing your viewpoint can change the obscuring
relationship. For example, if you view the scene from the opposite direction, any object
that was previously in front of another is now behind it. To draw a realistic scene, these
obscuring relationships must be maintained.
If you are drawing wireframes, then the hidden line problem is to find the lines or
line segments that are obstructed by interceding polygons, and not draw them in full or
part.
6. What are the methods of hidden surface methods?

 Object Space Methods
 Image Space Methods
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7. What is scan line algorithm?

The scan-line algorithm is another image-space algorithm. It processes the image
one scan-line at a time rather than one pixel at a time. By using area coherence of the
polygon, the processing efficiency is improved over the pixel oriented method.
8. What is Shading?
Shaded color images convey shape information that cannot be represented in line
drawings. Shaded images can also convey features other than shape such as surface finish or
material type (plastic or metallic look).
9. What is the use of shading Technique?

This technique is used to display the images in natural way. It is based on the
recognition of distance and shape as a function of illumination.
10. What are the effects include in shading?

a) Transparency c) Shadows
b) Surface details d) Texture
11. Define interpolative shading and list the two methods used for interpolative
shading.(Dec’ 15)
In contrast to flat shading (Constant shading) with smooth shading (interpolative
shading) the color changes from pixel to pixel. It assumes that the surfaces are curved and
uses interpolation techniques to calculate the values of pixels between the vertices of the
polygons.
Types of smooth shading include:
a) Gouraud shading b) Phong shading
12. Differentiate flat shading and smooth shading.

S.No. Flat Shading Smooth Shading
1. Uses the similar color for each pixel Soft shading utilizes linear
in a face, generally the color of the interpolation of colors between
first vertex vertices
2. Edges show extra pronounced than they The edges vanish with this method
would on a real object
3 Similar color for some point of the face Every point of the face has its own
color
4 Selected faces are visualized Visualize fundamental surface
5 Not suitable for soft objects Apposite for some objects
6 Less computation cost More computation cost
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13. What do you mean by Rendering process?

A three-dimensional model can be displayed by assigning different degrees of
shading to the surfaces, knows as shading or rendering.
A virtual light source is assumed, and various shading techniques are available to
determine strikes on each portion of the surfaces to provide a realistic image of the
object.
14. What is Painter's algorithm?

The idea behind the Painter's algorithm is to draw polygons far away from the eye
first, followed by drawing those that are close to the eye. Hidden surfaces will be written
over in the image as the surfaces that obscure them are drawn.
15. What is Z-Buffer in hidden surface?

 The easiest way to achieve hidden-surface removal is to use the depth buffer
(sometimes called a Zbuffer).
 A depth buffer works by associating a depth, or distance from the viewpoint, with
each pixel on the window.
 Initially, the depth values for all pixels are set to the largest possible distance, and
then the objects in the scene are drawn in any order.
16. What is computer animation?

Computer animation, or CGI animation, is the process used for
generating animated images by using computer graphics. The more general
term computer-generated imagery encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images
while computer animation only refers to moving images.
17. What is Tweening or Morphing in computer animation?

For 3D animations, objects (models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled)
and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. For 2D animations, separate objects
(illustrations) and separate transparent layers are used with or without a virtual skeleton.
Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure are moved by the animator on key
frames. The differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated
by the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing.
18. What is Ray tracing?

Ray tracing is a technique for generating an image by tracing the path
of light through pixels in an image plane.
The technique is capable of producing a very high degree of photorealism; usually
higher than that of typical scan line rendering methods, but at a greater computational
cost.
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19. What is colour model?

Colour model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colours can
be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or colour
components. When this model is associated with a precise description of how the
components are to be interpreted (viewing conditions, etc.), the resulting set of colours is
called colour space. This section describes ways in which human colour vision can be
modeled.
20. What is Colour Gamut?

The entire range of colours available on a particular device such as a monitor or
printer is called as Colour Gamut. A monitor, which displays RGB signals, typically has
a greater colour gamut than a printer, which uses CMYK inks.
UNIT IV - ASSEMBLY OF PARTS
1. What is Assembly modeling?

Assembly modeling is a technology and method used by computer-aided
design and product visualization computer software systems to handle multiple files that
represent components within a product. The components within an assembly are
represented as solid or surface models.
In an assembly model, components are brought together to define a larger, more
complex product for representation and analysis.
2. What are the applications of assembly models?

a) Interference checking d) Exploded Animation
b) Visualization f) Mechanism analysis
c) Rendering
3. List out the techniques of assembly modeling.

a) Bottom – Up approach
b) Top – Down approach
c) Combination
4. What is bottom up Approach?

Bottom-Up approach – this is a logical, traditional, and most common approach.
The individual parts are created independently, inserted into the assembly, and located
and oriented (using the mating conditions) as required by the design. The first part
inserted is known as the base and is fixed.
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5. What is Top down Approach?

Top-Down approach – In this approach, the assembly file is created first with an
assembly layout sketch. The parts are made in the assembly file or the concept drawing of
the parts are inserted and finalized in the assembly file. In other words, the final geometry
of the parts has not been defined before bringing them into the assembly file.
6. What is combination Approach?

Combination – basic geometry for a part is established first, and then it is brought
into an assembly for further refinements.
7. What do you mean by mating conditions?

Components can be positioned within the product assembly using absolute
coordinate placement methods or by means of mating conditions. Mating conditions are
definitions of the relative position of components between each other; for example
alignment of axis of two holes or distance of two faces from one another.
8. What are the basic mates used in Assembly?

a) Coincidence d) Tangent
b) Parallel e) Concentric
c) Coplanar f) Perpendicular
9. What is a coincident mate?

The coincident mating condition is applied between to planar faces.
10. What is coplanar mating?

The coplanar mating condition is applied between to planar faces, and forces them
to lie in the same plane.
11. What is concentric mate?

The concentric mating condition is applied between two cylindrical faces. The
concentric mating condition is achieved by forcing the axes to become collinear.
12. What is tangent mating?

The tangent mating condition is applicable between planar and cylindrical
surfaces or two cylindrical surfaces.
13. What is mechanism design?

A mechanism is an assembly that allows relative motion between parts. It consists
of links connected by joints.
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14. Define Interference free matrix.

An interference-free matrix shows interference between two components, when
one component is moved, in a given assembly direction, into an assembled location, with
anothercomponent already in an assembled location. Assembly actions that result in
interferences are denoted as ‗0‘ in the matrix, and assembly actions that do not result in
interferences are denoted as ‗1‘ in the matrix.
15. What is Tolerance analysis?

Tolerance analysis is the general term for activities related to the study of
accumulated variation in mechanical parts and assemblies. Its methods may be used on
other types of systems subject to accumulated variation, such as mechanical and electrical
systems. Engineers analyze tolerances for the purpose of evaluating geometric
dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). Methods include 2D tolerance stacks, 3D Monte
Carlo simulations, and datum conversions.
16. Define Tolerance stack-up.

Tolerance stack-up computations show the collective effect of part tolerance with
respect to an assembly need. The tolerances ‗stacking up‘ would describe to adding
tolerances to obtain total part tolerance, then evaluating that to the existing gap in order to
see if the design will work suitably.
17. What are the needs of Tolerance stack-up?

 Helping them study dimensional relationships within an assembly.
 Giving designers a means of calculating part tolerances.
 Helping engineers compare design proposals.
 Helping designers produce complete drawings.
18. List out the advantages of Tolerance Analysis

a) Accurate part assembly b) Elimination of assembly rework
c) Improvement in assembly quality. d) Reduction of assembly cost.
e) High customer satisfaction. f) Effectiveness of out-sourcing.
19. Mention the importance of Geometric Tolerancing. (Dec’ 15)

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, or "GD&T", is a symbolic language
applied to mechanical part drawings (whether 2D or 3D) to define the allowable
imperfection of every controllable characteristic of each part feature. The types of
geometric control of a feature are its form (shape), size (if the feature is what is termed a
"Feature of size"), orientation, and location. Within GD&T some tolerances provide more
than one type of geometric control.
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20. Define the following terms : (a) Interference fit (b) Running and Sliding fit. (Dec’ 15)
An interference fit, also known as a press fit or friction fit, is a fastening between
two parts which is achieved by friction after the parts are pushed together, rather than by
any other means of fastening.
Running and Sliding fit, for which limits of clearance are intended to provide a
similar running performance, with suitable lubrication allowance, throughout the range of
sizes.
UNIT V - CAD STANDARDS
1. What are DCAMM Standard Specifications?

 Basis of Design
 Detailed Specifications
 Section Numbers and Titles
 Specification Index
2. What are the needs for CAD data standardization?

 Incompatibility among representations
 Complex CAD/CAM softwares
 Shape, non-shape, design and manufacturing data
 Direct translators and neutral formats

3. Define Graphics Kernel System (GKS).
The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for computer graphics in
low level, established in 1977. GKS offers a group of drawing aspects for 2D vector graphics
appropriate for mapping and related duties. It provides a set of drawing features for two-
dimensional vector graphics suitable for charting and similar duties.
4. What are the objectives of Graphical Kernel System (GKS)?

 To provide complete range of graphical facilities in 2D, including the interactive
capabilities.
 To control all types of graphic devices such as plotter and display devices in consistent
manner.
 To be small enough for a variety of programs.
5. What is meant by CAD data exchange? Mention its importance. (Dec’ 15)
The transfer of data between dissimilar CAD/CAM systems must embrace the complete
description of a product stored initsdatabase.It involves a number of software technologies and
methods to translate data from one Computer-aided design system to another CAD file format.
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6. List some of neutral file format to achieve software interfacing.

a) IGES - Initial Graphics Exchange Format.
b) DXF - Data EXchange Format.
c) STEP- STandard for Exchange of Product data
d) PDES - Product Data Exchange Specification
7. What is IGES?
The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) is a file format which defines a
vendor neutral data format that allows the digital exchange of information among Computer-
Aided Design (CAD) systems.
8. What is application of IGES?

Using IGES, a CAD user can exchange product data models in the form of circuit
diagrams, wireframe, freeform surface or solid modelingrepresentations.
Applications supported by IGES include traditional engineering drawings, models for
analysis, and other manufacturing functions.
9. Define DXF.
DXF (Drawing / Data Exchange Format) file format is meant to provide an exact representation
of the data in the standard CAD file format.
10. Define STEP.

STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data) can be used to exchange data
between CAD, Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) , Computer Aided Engineering
(CAE) , product data management/enterprise data modeling (PDES) and other CAx
systems.
11. What is PDES?

PDES (Product Data Exchange Specification) is a specification for breading IGES to
incorporates both design and manufacturing data. PDES bridges the gap between CAD
and CAM by encouraging data exchange among different CAD/CAM systems.
12. What is Open Graphics Language (OGL)?

OpenGL (Open Graphics Library)is a cross-language, multi-platform Application
Programming Interface (API) for rendering2D and 3D vector graphics. The API is typically used
to interact with a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), to achieve hardware-accelerated rendering.
OpenGL draws primitives into a structured buffer focus to a various selectable modes. Every
Point, line, polygon, or bitmap are called as a primitive. Each mode can be modified separately;
the parameters of one do not affect the parameters of others.
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13. Define PHIGS.

PHIGS ( Programmer‘s Hierarchical Interactive Graphic System) The PHIGS standard
defines a set of functions and data structures to be used by a programmer to manipulate
and display 3-D graphical objects.
14. Define NAPLPS.

NAPLPS (North American Presentation- Level Protocol Syntax) describes text and
graphics in the form of sequences of bytes in ASCII code.
15. Compare the shape based and product data based exchange standards. (Dec’ 15)
Shape data based exchange standards are classified as follows,
Shape data: Both geometric and topological information,part or form features. Fonts,
color, annotation areconsidered part of the geometric information.
Non-shape data: Graphics data such as shaded images,and model global data as
measuring units of the databaseand the resolution of storing the database
numericalvalues.
Product data based exchange standards are classified as follows,
Design data:Information that designers generate fromgeometric models for analysis
purposes. Mass propertyand finite element mesh data belong to this type of data.
Manufacturing data: Information as tooling, NC tool paths,tolerancing, process
planning, tool design, and bill ofmaterials (BOM).
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PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNO LOGY

Jaisakthi Educational Trust, Chennai-600123
Programme:B.E Mechanical Engineering
Subject Code/Name: ME6501- Computer Aided Design
Year/Sem: III / 5th
QUESTION BANK - PART B
UNIT I – FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS
1. What is Design Process? Explain briefly the steps involved in design process.
The design process includes series of steps that engineers apply in makingfunctional
products and processes. The parts of the process often need to be repeated many
times before production of a product can start. The parts that get iterated and the
number of such design cycles in any given project can be highly changeable.
One method of the engineering design process focuses on the following common aspects:
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1. Research
A considerable amount of time is used on
research, or finding information. Consideration should
be given to the available applicable literature, issues
and successes linked with availablesolutions, and need
of marketplaces.
The basis of information should be
significant, including existing results. Reverse
engineering can be a successful technique if other
solutions are available in the market. Added sources
of information include the trade journals, available
government documents, local libraries, vendor catalogs
and personal organizations.
2. Feasibility assessment
The feasibility study is an analysis and assessment of the possible of a proposed
design which is based on detail investigation and research to maintain the process
of decision creation. The feasibility assessment helps to focus the scope of the project
to spot the best situation. The purpose of a feasibility assessment is to verify whether the
project can continue into the design phase.
3. Conceptualization
A Concept Study is the stage of project planning that includes developing ideas and
taking into account the all features of executing those ideas. This stage of a project is
done to reduce the likelihood of assess risks, error and evaluate the potential success of
the planned project.
4. Establishing the design requirements

Establishing design requirements is one of the most essential elements in
the design practice, and this task is usually performed at the same time as the
feasibility analysis. The design requirements control the design of the project all
over the engineering design process. A few design requirements comprise
maintainability, hardware and software parameters, availability, and testability.
5. Preliminary design
The preliminary design fills the gap between the design concept and the detailed
design phase. During this task, the system configuration is defined, and schematics,
diagrams, and layouts of the project will offer early project configuration. In detailed
design and optimization, the parameters of the part being produced will change, but the
preliminary design focuses on creating the common framework to construct the project.
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6. Detailed design
The next phase of preliminary design is the Detailed Design which may
includes of procurement also. This phase builds on the already developed
preliminary design, aiming to further develop each phase of the project by
total description through drawings, modeling as well as specifications.
The advancement CAD programs have made the detailed design phase more competent.
This is because a CAD program can offer optimization, where it can shrink volume
without compromising the part's quality. It can also calculate displacement and stress
using the FEM to find stresses throughout the part. It is the responsibility of designer to
find whether these stresses and displacements are acceptable, so the part is safe.
7. Production planning and tool design

The production planning and tool design is more than planning how to mass-produce the
project and which tools should be used in the manufacturing of the component. Tasks to
complete in this stage include material selection, identification of the production
processes, finalization of the sequence ofoperations, and selection of jigs, fixtures,
and tooling. This stage also includes testing working prototype to confirm the created
part meets qualification standards.
With the finishing of qualification testing and prototype testing, the design
process is completed.
2. Write short notes on Simultaneous Engineering & Concurrent Engineering(Dec’ 15)
S.No. Sequential Engineering Concurrent Engineering

Sequential engineering is the term In concurrent engineering, various tasks
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used to explain the method of are handled at the same time, and not
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production in a linear system. The essentially in the standard order. This

various steps are done one after means that info found out later in the
another, with all attention and course can be added to earlier parts,
resources focused on that single task. improving them, and also saving time.
Sequential engineering is a system by Concurrent engineering is a method by

which a group within an organization which several groups within an
2 works sequentially to create new organization work simultaneously to
products and services. create new products and services.
The sequential engineering is a linear The concurrent engineering is a non-

product design process during which linear product design process during
3 all stages of manufacturing operate in which all stages of manufacturing
serial. operate at the same time.
Both process and product design run Both product and process design run in
in serial and take place in the different parallel and take place in the same time.
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time.
Process and Product are not matched Process and Product are coordinated to
5 to attain optimal matching. attain optimal matching of requirements
for effective quality and delivery.
Decision making done by only group Decision making involves full team
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of experts. involvement.
3. What are the various steps involved in the product cycle? Explain in detail.
Product cycle integrate processes, people, data, and business and gives a product
information for industries and their extended activity. Product cycle is the process of
managing the entire lifecycle of a product from starting, through design and manufacture,
to repair and removal of manufactured products.
Product cycle methods assist association in managing with the rising difficulty
and engineering challenges of developing new products for the worldwide competitive
markets. Product lifecycle management (PLM) can be part of one of the following four
fundamentals of a manufacturing information technology structure. (i) Customer
Relationship Management (CRM) (ii) Supply Chain Management (SCM) (iii) Enterprise
resource planning (ERP) (iv) Product Planning and Development (PPD).
The core of PLM is in the formation and management of all product information
and the technology used to access this data and knowledge. PLM as a discipline appeared
from tools such as CAD, CAM and PDM, but can be viewed as the combination of these
tools with processes, methods and people through all stages of a product‘s life cycle.
PLM is not just about software technology but is also a business approach. There are
several Product cycle models in industry to be considered, one of the possible product
cycle is given below :
18
Phase 1 – Conceive:
Imagine, Specify, Plan, Innovate
The first step is the definition of
the product requirements based
on company, market and
customer. From this requirement,
the product's technical data can be
defined. In parallel, the early
concept design work is performed
defining the product with its main
functional features. Various
media are utilized for these
processes, from paper and pencil
to clay mock-up to 3D Computer
Aided Industrial Design.
Phase 2 – Design:
Describe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and Validate This is where the completed
design and development of the product begins, succeeding to prototype testing, through
pilot release to final product. It can also involve redesign and ramp for improvement to
existing products as well as planned obsolescence. The main tool used for design and
development is CAD. This can be simple 2D drawing / drafting or 3D parametric feature
based solid/surface modeling. This step covers many engineering disciplines including:
electronic, electrical, mechanical, and civil. Besides the actual making of geometry there
is the analysis of the components and assemblies. Optimization, Validation and
Simulation activities are carried out using Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software.
These are used to perform various tasks such as: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD);
Finite Element Analysis (FEA); and Mechanical Event Simulation (MES). Computer
Aided Quality (CAQ) is used for activities such as Dimensional tolerance analysis. One
more task carried out at this step is the sourcing of bought out components with the aid of
procurement process.
Phase 3 – Realize:
Manufacture, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and Deliver Once the design of the
components is complete the method of manufacturing is finalized. This includes CAD
operations such as generation of CNC Machining instructions for the product‘s
component as well as tools to manufacture those components, using integrated Computer
Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software. It includes Production Planning tools for carrying
out plant and factory layout and production simulation. Once details components are
manufactured their geometrical form and dimensions can be verified against the original
19
data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection Equipment (CAIE). Parallel to the
engineering tasks, sales and marketing work take place. This could consist of transferring
engineering data to a web based sales configuration.
Phase 4 – Service:
Use, Operate, Maintain, Support, Sustain, Phase-out, Retire, Recycle and Disposal The
final step of the lifecycle includes managing of information related to service for repair
and maintenance, as well as recycling and waste management information. This involves
using tools like Maintenance, Repair and Operations Management software.
4. What is meant by composite transformations? How does it achieved? Discuss.
5. What is meant by homogeneous co-ordinate system for transformations? What are its
advantages? Explain.
20
21
6. Explain the various 2D Transformations.
22
23
24
25
PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNO LOGY

Jaisakthi Educational Trust, Chennai-600123
Programme:B.E Mechanical Engineering
Subject Code/Name: ME6501- Computer Aided Design
Year/Sem: III / 5th
UNIT II – GEOMETRIC MODELING
1. Define Geometric modeling.

The geometric modeling concerned with computer compatible mathematical
description of geometry of an object. The mathematical description should be such that
the image of the object can be displayed and manipulated in computer terminal,
modification on the geometry can be done easily and the image can be stored in computer
memory retrieve back to display in computer screen for review, analysis or alternation.
2. What is a Spline?
A splineis a parametric curve defined by control points. The term splinedates from
engineering drawing, where a splinewas a piece of flexible wood used to draw smooth
curves.The control points are adjusted by the userto control the shape of the curve.
3. Give any two characteristics of Bezier curves.

iii) The curve is tangent to the first and last segments of the characteristics polygon.
iv) The curve is symmetric with respect to u and (1-u). Therefore, the sequence of
controlpoints defining the curve can be reversed without change of curve shape.
4. What are the characteristics of B-spline curves?

iv) The B-spline curves do not pass through the first and last control points except
when a linear blending functions are used
v) A non-periodic B-spline curve pass through the first and last control points and is
tangent to first and last segments of control polygon.
vi) A second degree curve (k=3) is always tangents to the midpoints of all the internal
polygon segments
5. Distinguish between Bezier curves and Cubic Spline curve.

S.No. Bezier curves Cubic Spline curve
1. The shape of Bezier curve is First order derivatives are used in

controlled by its defining points the curve development.
only
26
2. The curve does not pass through These curves pass through the
the given data points. Instead, given data points only.
these points are used to control
the shape of the resulting curves.
6. Define rational curve.

Rational curve is defined by the algebraic ratio of two polynomials while a non-rational
curve is defined by one polynomial.
7. Name the two basic approaches followed in solid modeling.

c. Constructive solid geometry (CSG) or (C-rep)
d. Boundary representation (B - rep)
8. List the basic entities available in CSG approach of solid modeling.

(b) Cuboid (b) Cylinder (c) Sphere (d) Cone (e) Wedge (f) Torus
9. What is Bezier curve?

Bezier curve is used for curve and surface design of automobile panels. It is blended
at the joints and is completely defined by four consecutive points (x0, y0), (x1, y1), (x2,
y2), (x3, y3). The curve passes only through the first and fourth point. The two
intermediate points are used to define the slope of the curve at the end points.
10. What is B-spline curve?

B-spline is a single piecewise parametric polynomial curve through any number
of control points with the degree of polynomial selected by the designer. B-splines
exhibit a local control where in whenever a single vertex is moved, only those vertices
around that will be affected while the rest remains the same.
11. What is Hermite Spline?

A Hermitesplineis a curve for which the user provides the endpoints of the curve.
The parametric derivatives of the curve at the endpoints are dx/dt, dy/dt, dz/dt.That is
enough to define a cubic Hermitespline, more derivatives are required for higher order
curves.
12. What are the different types of surfaces?

ix) Plane surface
x) Ruled (lofted) surface
xi) Surface of revolution
xii) Tabulated surface
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xiii) Bi-linear surface

xiv) Coons patch
xv) Bezeir surface
xvi) B-spline surface
13. What is Coons patch? Also write down its applications.

Coons patch or surface is generated by the interpolation of 4 edge curves. It is
easy to create, and therefore, many 2-D CAD packages utilize it for generating models.
However, it has only a limited application since the surface is inflexible and cannot create
very smooth surfaces. It would be very difficult to produce a smooth automobile fender
using the Coons surface. Several CAD software, including AutoCAD, use this surface for
generating surfaces between 4-bounded edges.
14. What is Bezier surface?

This is a synthetic surface similar to the Bezier curve and is obtained by
transformation of a Bezier curve. It permits twists and kinks in the surface. The surface
does not pass through all the data points.
15. What is B-spline surface?

This is a synthetic surface and does not pass through all data points. The surface is
capable of giving very smooth contours, and can be reshaped with local controls.
16. Differentiate between analytical, interpolated and approximated curves. (Dec’ 15)
Analytical Curves: This type of curve can be represented by a simple mathematical
equation, such as, a circle or an ellipse. They have a fixed form and cannot be modified to
achieve a shape that violates the mathematical equations.
Interpolated curves: An interpolated curve is drawn by interpolating the given data
points and has a fixed form, dictated by the given data points. These curves have some
limited flexibility in shape creation, dictated by the data points.
Approximated Curves: These curves provide the most flexibility in drawing curves of
very complex shapes. The model of a curved automobile fender can be easily created
with the help of approximated curves and surfaces.
28
PART-B
1. Generate the conical surface obtained by rotation of the line segment AB around the z-axis
with,
A = ( 1,0,1) and B = ( 7,0,7). (Dec’ 15)
Line AB can be represented in parametric form as:

P (t) = [x(t) y(t) z(t)], and the parametric equation of a line is,
P (t) = A + (B-A) t
Based on this equation, the coordinates of a of point on the line are given as,
x(t) = 1 + (7-1) t = 1+ 6t,
y(t) = 0
z(t) = 1 + (7-1) t = 1 + 6t
The equation of the surface as given above is,
P(t, θ) = [ x(t)cosθ x(t)sinθ z(t) ]
= [ (1+6t)cosθ (1+6t)sinθ (1+6t) ] - equation of the surface
Any point on the surface can be located by substituting t and θ values in the above equation,
e.g.: at t = 0.4 and θ = π/2 radians
P(0.4, π/2) = [ 1+6(0.4)cos (π/2) 1+ 6(0.4)sin (π/2) 1 + 6(0.4) ]
= [0 3.4 3.4], which is the point on the surface at (0.4, π/2)
2. Write short notes on approximated synthetic curve. (Dec’ 15)
Bezier curve is an approximated synthetic curvethat passes near the given control
points and through the first and last points. In 1960s, the French engineer P. Bezier, while
working for the Renault automobile manufacturer, developed a system of curves that
combine the features of both interpolating and approximating polynomials. In this curve, the
control points influence the path of the curve and the first two and last two control points
define lines which are tangent to the beginning and the end of the curve. The control points
P0 and P3 of the polygon lie on the curve (Fig.2.4.). The other two vertices described the
order, derivatives and curve shape. Several curves can be combined and blended together. In
engineering, only the quadratic, cubic and quartic curves are frequently used.
Higher degree Bezier curves are highly computational to evaluate. When more complex
shapes are required, Bezier curves in low order are patched together to produce a composite
Bezier curve. A composite Bezier curve is usually described to as a ‗path‘ in vector graphics
standards and programs. For smoothness assurance, the control point at which two curves
meet should be on the line between the two control points on both sides.
29
A general adaptive method is recursive subdivision, in which a curve's control points are
verified to view if the curve approximates a line segment to within a low tolerance. If not, the curve
is further divided parametrically into two segments, 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.5 and 0.5 ≤ t ≤ 1, and the same process
is used recursively to each half. There are future promote differencing techniques, but more care
must be taken to analyze error transmission.
Analytical methods where a Bezier is intersected with every scan line engage finding
roots of cubic polynomials and having with multiple roots, so they are not often applied in practice.
A Bezier curve is described by a set of control points P0 through Pn, where ‗n‘ is order of curve. The
initial andend control points are commonly the end points of the curve; but, the intermediate control
points normally do not lie on the curve.
(i) Linear Bezier curves
As shown in the figure 2.5, the given points P0 and P1, a linear Bezier curve is merely a straight line
between those two points. The Bezier curve is represented by
3. Explain HermiteCubic curves.
30
31
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4. Briefly explain the different schemes used to generate a solid model. (Dec’ 15)
Solid Model Creation Scheme

A solid model can be generated by the following schemes.
1. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
2. Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
A brief description of these schemes follows
Constructive Solid Geometry Scheme
This scheme is based on the principle that two primitives can be combined to produce a new solid
model. This method is also known as ‗Building Block‘ method. The scheme uses the Union,
Intersection, and Subtraction techniques to create three-dimensional models, which are based on the
Boolean operation. The steps involved in generating a solid model are:
33
1. Select the primitives from a library

2. Go through the scaling, dimension modification, and any other transformations.
3. Combine the primitives to create the desired solid model.
Since CSG method uses solid primitives, internal details of the object are automatically contained in
the model. The model can be sectioned to reveal internal details and can be used for calculating mass,
volume, moment of inertia, etc.
New solid models can be created from the primitives or other solid models by the following
operations:
• Union (U): Two solids are joined and the common volume of one of the primitives is neglected
in the resulting solid.
• Subtraction or Difference (-): One solid is subtracted from the other and the resultant solid
retains only the uncut portion of the solid.
• Intersection (П): When two solids are combined, the resultant solid represents the common
volume of the two solids.
The most common primitive solids found in a CAD program are:

Block, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, Wedge, and Torus.
Constructive solid geometry (CSG) (formerly called computational binary solid geometry) is a
technique used in solid modeling. Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a
complex surface or object by using Booleanoperators to combine simpler objects. Often CSG
presents a model or surface that appears visually complex, but is actually little more than
cleverly combined or decombined objects.
In 3D computer graphics and CAD CSG is often used in procedural modeling. CSG can also be
performed on polygonal meshes, and may or may not be procedural and/or parametric.
Workings of CSG
The simplest solid objects used for the representation are called primitives. Typically they are
the objects of simple shape: cuboids, cylinders, prisms, pyramids, spheres, cones. The set of
allowable primitives is limited by each software package. Some software packages allow CSG
on curved objects while other packages do not.
It is said that an object is constructed from primitives by means of allowable operations, which
are typically Booleanoperations on sets: union, intersection and difference, as well as geometric
transformations of those sets.
A primitive can typically be described by a procedure which accepts some number of

parameters; for example, a sphere may be described by the coordinates of its center point, along
with a radius value. These primitives can be combined into compound objects using operations
like these:
34
Combining these elementary operations, it is possible to build up objects with high complexity
starting from simple ones.
35
Applications of CSG
Constructive solid geometry has a number of practical uses. It is used in cases where simple
geometric objects are desired, or where mathematical accuracy is important.[3] Nearly all
engineering CAD packages use CSG (where it may be useful for representing tool cuts, and
features where parts must fit together).
The Quake engine and Unreal engine both use this system, as does Hammer (the native Source
engine level editor), and Torque Game Engine/Torque Game Engine Advanced. CSG is popular
because a modeler can use a set of relatively simple objects to create very complicated geometry.
When CSG is procedural or parametric, the user can revise their complex geometry by changing
the position of objects or by changing the Boolean operation used to combine those objects.
One of the advantages of CSG is that it can easily assure that objects are "solid" or water-tight if
all of the primitive shapes are water-tight. This can be important for some manufacturing or
engineering computation applications. By comparison, when creating geometry based upon
boundary representations, additional topological data is required, or consistency checks must be
performed to assure that the given boundary description specifies a valid solid object.
A convenient property of CSG shapes is that it is easy to classify arbitrary points as being either
inside or outside the shape created by CSG. The point is simply classified against all the
underlying primitives and the resulting boolean expression is evaluated. This is a desirable
quality for some applications such as ray tracing.
B-REP
In solid modeling and computer-aided design, boundary representation—often abbreviated as

B-rep or BREP—is a method for representing shapes using the limits. A solid is represented as a
collection of connected surface elements, the boundary between solid and non-solid.
36
Boundary representation models are composed of two parts: topology and geometry (surfaces,
curves and points). The main topological items are: faces, edges and vertices. A face is a
bounded portion of a surface; an edge is a bounded piece of a curve and a vertex lies at a point.
Other elements are the shell (a set of connected faces), the loop (a circuit of edges bounding a
face) and loop-edge links (also known as winged edge links or half-edges) which are used to
create the edge circuits. The edges are like the edges of a table, bounding a surface portion.
Boundary Representation (B-Rep) Scheme

This scheme is based on the concept that a physical object is bounded by a set of faces. A solid
model is created by combining faces and contains vertices, edges, loops, and bodies. Only the
boundary surfaces of the model are stored and the volumetric properties are calculated by the Gauss
Divergence theorem, which relates volume integral to surface integrals. This scheme can model a
variety of solids depending on the primitive surfaces (planar, curved, or sculptured). There are two
types of solid models in this scheme:
1. Polyhedral solids
2. Curved solids
1. Polyhedral Solids: Polyhedral models consist of straight edges, e.g., a non-cylindrical surface:
box, wedge, combination of two or more non-cylindrical bodies, etc. Polyhedral solids can have
blind or through holes, and two or three-dimensional faces, with no dangling edges. A valid
polyhedral abides by the Euler‘s equation:
F – E + V – L = 2 (B-G)
Where,
F = Face
E = Edge
V = Vertices
L = Inner Loop
B = Bodies
G = Through holes
A simple polyhedral has no holes; each face is bounded by a single set of connected edges (bounded
by one loop of edges).
Euler‘s equation for a simple polyhedral can be reduced to: F - E + V = 2
Example: For the box shown, F = 6, E = 12, and V = 8
Examples of other types of polyhedral are shown below.
37
Curved Solids: A curved solid is similar to a polyhedral object but it has curved faces and edges.
Spheres and cylinders are examples of curved solids.
Primitives: In B-rep, a model is made up of the following primitives:

• Vertex: A point in space
• Edge: A finite, no-intersecting space curve bounded by two vertices that are not necessarily
distinct.
• Face: A finite connected, non-self-intersecting, region of a closed oriented surface, bounded by
one or more loops.
• Loop: An ordered alternating sequence of vertices and edges. A loop defines a non-self-
intersecting closed space curve, which may be a boundary of a face.
• Body: Entity that has faces, edges and vertices. A minimum body is a point.
B-rep scheme is closely related to the traditional drafting method.
38
5. What are the properties of Bezier curves and B-spline curves?
Properties of Bezier Curves

Bezier curves have the following properties −
 They generally follow the shape of the control polygon, which consists of the segments
joining the control points.
 They always pass through the first and last control points.
 They are contained in the convex hull of their defining control points.
 The degree of the polynomial defining the curve segment is one less that the number of
defining polygon point. Therefore, for 4 control points, the degree of the polynomial is 3,
i.e. cubic polynomial.
 A Bezier curve generally follows the shape of the defining polygon.
 The direction of the tangent vector at the end points is same as that of the vector
determined by first and last segments.
 The convex hull property for a Bezier curve ensures that the polynomial smoothly
follows the control points.
39
 No straight line intersects a Bezier curve more times than it intersects its control polygon.
 They are invariant under an affine transformation.
 Bezier curves exhibit global control means moving a control point alters the shape of the
whole curve.
 A given Bezier curve can be subdivided at a point t=t0 into two Bezier segments which
join together at the point corresponding to the parameter value t=t0.
Properties of B-spline Curve

B-spline curves have the following properties −
 The sum of the B-spline basis functions for any parameter value is 1.
 Each basis function is positive or zero for all parameter values.
 Each basis function has precisely one maximum value, except for k=1.
 The maximum order of the curve is equal to the number of vertices of defining polygon.
 The degree of B-spline polynomial is independent on the number of vertices of defining
polygon.
 B-spline allows the local control over the curve surface because each vertex affects the
shape of a curve only over a range of parameter values where its associated basis function
is nonzero.
 The curve exhibits the variation diminishing property.
 The curve generally follows the shape of defining polygon.
 Any affine transformation can be applied to the curve by applying it to the vertices of
defining polygon.
 The curve line within the convex hull of its defining polygon.
6. What are the types of surfaces?
Types of Surfaces
1. Plane Surface
This is the simplest surface, requires 3 non-coincidental points to define an infinite plane. The plane
surface can be used to generate cross sectional views by intersecting a surface or solidmodel with it.
40
Ruled (lofted) Surface

This is a linear surface. It interpolates linearly between two boundary curves that define the surface.
Boundary curves can be any wire frame entity. The surface is ideal to represent surfaces that do not
have any twists or kinks.
Surface of Revolution
This is an axisymmetric surface that can model axisymmetric objects. It is generated by rotating a
planar wire frame entity in space about the axis of symmetry of a given angle.
Tabulated Surface
This is a surface generated by translating a planar curve a given distance along a specified direction.
The plane of the curve is perpendicular to the axis of the generated cylinder.
41
Bi-linear Surface
This 3-D surface is generated by interpolation of 4 endpoints. Bi-linear surfaces are very useful in
finite element analysis. A mechanical structure is discretized into elements, which are generated by
interpolating 4 node points to form a 2-D solid element.
Coons Patch
Coons patch or surface is generated by the interpolation of 4 edge curves as shown.
42
Bezier Surface
This is a synthetic surface similar to the Bezier curve and is obtained by transformation of a Bezier
curve. It permits twists and kinks in the surface. The surface does not pass through all the data points.
B-Spline Surface
This is a synthetic surface and does not pass through all data points. The surface is capable of giving
very smooth contours, and can be reshaped with local controls.
Mathematical derivation of the B-spline surface is beyond the scope of this course. Only limited
mathematical consideration will be given here.
Computer generated surfaces play a very important part in manufacturing of engineering products. A
surface generated by a CAD program provides a very accurate and smooth surface, which can be
generated by NC machines without any room for misinterpretation. Therefore, in manufacturing,
computer generated surfaces are preferred. Since surfaces are mathematical models, we can quickly
find the centroid, surface area, etc. Another advantage of CAD surfaces is that they can be easily
modified.
Interpolated Surfaces – Bilinear Surface

A bilinear surface is obtained by linear interpolation between four points, which may or may not lie
in the same plane. The four points appear as vertices or corner points and the parameter values u and
v create lines at various intervals to provide the surface visibility,
shown in the figure. The parameters u and v are defined as
0 ≤ u ≤ 1, and 0 ≤ v ≤ 1
43
44
UNIT III - VISUAL REALISM
1. Discuss the modeling guidelines to be followed by the user while constructing a surface Model
as a CAD/CAM system.
2. Explain briefly with sketches any six tests used for hidden line identification.
3. Explain constructive solid geometry.What is the role of primitives and Boolean operations in
CSG? Explain with suitable examples.
4. What do you mean by colour models? Explain different types of colour models.
5. Write down the different techniques for the hidden surface removal. Explain?
6. Differentiate shade, tints, and tones.
7. State the salient features of RGB color space.
8. Illustrate translational and rotational sweep models.
9. Explain briefly with sketches any six tests used for hidden line identification.
10. What are the issues involved in design of a story board layout with accompanying key frames
for an animation of a single polyhedron? Discuss in detail.
11. Write the various methods of solid removal algorithms in shading process.
12. Explain the different types of hidden line algorithms. (Dec’ 15)
13. Briefly explain the user driven, procedural and data-driven animation techniques. (Dec’ 15)
45
UNIT IV - ASSEMBLY OF PARTS
1. Explain how the curves are represented in Generic form.

2. Briefly explain the top-down assembly approach.
3. Briefly explain the Bottom -Up assembly approach.
4. What are the various modeling approaches explain briefly?
5. Explain briefly about representation scheme.
6. With a best example explain the different mates used in assembly modeling.
7. What is the importance of WCS method in the assembly model?
8. Use the bottom-up approach to create the model of the universal joint as shown in Fig.
9. The followingFig. shows a pin and a block with their MCSs. The pin and the
instances to be assembled into the hole in the block. Use WCS and write
the transformation matrices to merge the three instances of B into A.
10. Briefly explain the following traditional tolerance analysis methods with examples :
(a) Worst case analysis (b) Root sum squares (Dec’ 15)
11. Write short notes on (a) Mechanism Simulation (b) Assembly Modeling (Dec’ 15)
46
UNIT V - CAD STANDARDS
1. Describe the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification Methodology. (Dec’ 15)

2. Describe the PDES Methodology.
3. Compare various testing methods of IGES processors.
4. Compare the data exchange standards IGES and PDES.
5. Give the requirements of product data exchange between dissimilarCAD/CAM systems
6. What are the development and different documentation associated with OpenGL.(Dec’ 15)
7. What is the scope for 3D Data exchange imaging?
8. Explain briefly about Computer Graphics standards by handling various techniques.(Dec’ 15)
47
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QUESTION BANK - PART A

UNIT I – FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

2. Define Product cycle.

3. Mention any four applications of CAD in Mechanical Engineering. (Dec’ 15)

4. Name any 4 reasons for implementing CAD in design?

5. What is meant by concurrent engineering?

6. What are the advantages of Concurrent engineering?

8. Define Computer graphics.

9. What are the various display control facilities in graphics?

10. What are the Co-ordinate systems?

12. What is Scaling?

13. What is Translation?

14. What is meant by Clipping?

16. What do you mean by homogeneous coordinates?

Homogeneous coordinates form a basis forthe projective geometry used

UNIT II – GEOMETRIC MODELING

1. Define Geometric modeling.

3. Give any two characteristics of Bezier curves.

4. What are the characteristics of B-spline curves?

5. Distinguish between Bezier curves and Cubic Spline curve.

1. The shape of Bezier curve is First order derivatives are used in

6. Define rational curve.

7. Name the two basic approaches followed in solid modeling.

8. List the basic entities available in CSG approach of solid modeling.

9. What is Bezier curve?

10. What is B-spline curve?

11. What is Hermite Spline?

12. What are the different types of surfaces?

13. What is Coons patch? Also write down its applications.

14. What is Bezier surface?

15. What is B-spline surface?

UNIT III - VISUAL REALISM

1. What is the need of visualization?

2. What are the three varieties of realism in computer graphics?

3. State the hidden line elimination.

4. What is meant by ‗visible surface determination‘ in 3D computer graphics? (Dec’ 15)

In 3D computer graphics, hidden surface determination (also known as Hidden

Hidden surface determination is necessary to render an image correctly, so that one

6. What are the methods of hidden surface methods?

7. What is scan line algorithm?

9. What is the use of shading Technique?

10. What are the effects include in shading?

12. Differentiate flat shading and smooth shading.

13. What do you mean by Rendering process?

14. What is Painter's algorithm?

15. What is Z-Buffer in hidden surface?

16. What is computer animation?

17. What is Tweening or Morphing in computer animation?

18. What is Ray tracing?

19. What is colour model?

20. What is Colour Gamut?

UNIT IV - ASSEMBLY OF PARTS

1. What is Assembly modeling?

2. What are the applications of assembly models?

3. List out the techniques of assembly modeling.

4. What is bottom up Approach?

5. What is Top down Approach?

6. What is combination Approach?

7. What do you mean by mating conditions?

8. What are the basic mates used in Assembly?

9. What is a coincident mate?

10. What is coplanar mating?