WOXSEN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

ROOF AND ROOF COVERINGS

 INTRODUCTION

•
Roof is the upper most portion of the building which protects the building
from rain, wind and sun.

REQUIREMENTS:

a. Structurally sound and strong

b. Water proof with good drainage

c. Protect from sun, rain and adverse weather conditions

d. Adequate thermal and sound insulation

e. Fire resistant
 TYPES OF ROOFS
•
Pitched or sloping roof:
Suitable for areas of heavy rain and snowfall
•
Flat Roofs or Terraced Roofs
Rainfall is moderate- slight slope (not more than 10°) is given
•
Curved Roofs
a) Top surface curved
b) For auditoriums, theatres- Shells and Domes preferred
when large column free area is required
SHELLS OR DOMES
 TERMS USED

•
Span: Distance b/w the supports
•
Rise: Vertical distance b/w top of ridge to wall plate
•
Pitch: Slope of the roof (rise/ span)
•
Ridge : Apex line of sloping roof
•
Eaves: Lower end of inclined roof
•
Hip: Ridge formed by intersection of two sloping surface.
– Ext angle >180
•
Valley: Reverse of Hip
•
Principle rafter: Inclined member from running ridge to eaves
•
Purlins: Members running horizontal to support roofing material
•
Truss: A Framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts,
supporting a roof.
•
Wall Plates: Long wooden members on the top of stone or brick

wall, for fixing the feet of principal rafters

•
Cleats: Short sections of wood or steel fixed on the principal rafters to

support the purlins

CONNECTIONS IN A ROOF TRUSS
STEEL ROOF TRUSSES

Fabricated from rolled steel structural
members

Channels, angles, T and
plate sections

Truss designed to resist both tension
and compression
●
Bending stress not allowed to develop

Advantages:

Economical, Easy to
fabricate

Fire proof, Rigid

Permanent, Suitable for speedy
construction
 FORMS OF TRUSS

•
Trusses are grouped in the following categories:
1. Open trusses
2. North Light Trusses
3. Bow String Trusses
4. End Raised Trusses
 ROOF COVERINGS

COMMONLY USED:

I. ASBESTOS- CEMENT SHEETS

II. ALUMINIUM SHEETS
III. GALVANIZED IRON SHEETS
IV. FIBRE SHEETS
V. TILES
 I. ASBESTOS- CEMENT SHEETS
(A.C SHEETS)


Material consisting of Cement
& asbestos

Advantages:
•
Cheap, tough, durable, water tight, fire resistant, light weight, do not rust,
termite resistant

Disadvantages :
•
Low thermal conductivity -
•
heats the room in summer &
•
keeps the room very cool in winter
•
Not attractive
FORMS OF A.C SHEETS
•
A.C sheets are fixed with their smoother surface upwards
•
Overhang at the eaves should be provided
•
Purlin spacing – 1m to 1.5m (wood or steel purlin)
•
Screws are driven into purlin with washer above it
•
Every sheet is secured in position at 6 points:
•
2 at the head
•
2 at the bottom and
•
2 at the intermediate purlin
II. ALUMINIUM SHEETS

Aluminium alloyed + small % of Mg
(strength)

Lightest roof covering
 Advantage: Reflects heat,

light weight, corrosion free

 Application:
•
Industrial bldg
•
Automobile sheds
•
Ware House
III. GALVANIZED IRON

Iron sheets- galvanized with Zinc

Stronger than A.C Sheets
●
Advantages: Durable, light wt ,
fire proof
●
Disadvantages:
Condensation problem in the inner side,
transmit heat and cold easily
●
Application: Factories, workshop
sheds, cost effective bldg
 IV. FIBRE SHEETS

•
Made with fibre glass or any other
suitable fibre

•
Available in different colours
•
Eg: PVC sheets
Poly carbonic sheets etc

•
Advantages: light weight, rust
proof, can be cut easily,
maintenance free
 V. TILES

•
Oldest roof covering
•
Allahabad tile, Mangalore tile etc.
•
Manufactured with clay
•
Advantages:
•
non conductors of heat and cold
•
prevents extreme changes in temperature within bldg
 ONE WAY SLAB

 Supported only on two opposite sides

 Slab bends in 1 direction

 Beams supported on all 4 sides are treated as 1-way slab if

(length /width)>2

Bending along longitudinal direction is negligible

 Main reinforcement - provided along shorter span


Provided to take up bending stresses

 Distribution reinforcement – along longer span


Provided to take up temperature and shrinkage stresses

 Alternate bars are bent at the support

ONE WAY SLAB – REINFORCEMENT
DETAILS
 TWO WAY SLAB


Supported on all four sides


Slab bends in two directions


(Length/Width ratio)<2


Main reinforcement - provided in both directions


Alternate bars are bent at the support


Distribution reinforcement – provided at supports provided over
the bent up bars
Two Way Slab – Reinforcement Details
Continuous Slab – Reinforcement Details