INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

PRESENTED TO- PRESENTED BY-

AR. AMAN KATOCH ASHISH, ASIF, VIKAS
 WHAT IS STEEL?
• Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is widely used
in construction and other applications because of its
hardness and tensile strength.
• Steel is a Malleable Alloy of Iron and Carbon (not
over 2%) with substantial quantities of Manganese.
• Steel used in construction is mild steel.

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL-
• High strength
• The high ratio of strength to weight (the strength per unit weight)
• Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
• Elasticity, uniformity of material
 TYPES OF STEEL
Carbon Steels
- Carbon steels contain trace amounts of
alloying elements and account for 90% of total
steel production. 
Carbon steels can be further categorized into three
groups depending on their carbon content:
•Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels contain up to 0.3%
carbon
•Medium Carbon Steels contain 0.3-0.6% carbon
•High Carbon Steels contain more than 0.6%
carbon

Alloy Steels
Alloy Steels  contain alloying elements like
nickel, copper, chromium, and/or
aluminum. These additional elements are
used to influence the metal’s strength,
ductility, corrosion resistance, and
machinability.
Stainless Steels 
•It contain 10–20% chromium as their
alloying element and are valued for their
high corrosion resistance. These steels
are commonly used in medical
equipment, piping, cutting tools, and
food processing equipment.

Tool Steels 
It make excellent cutting and
drilling equipment as they
contain tungsten, molybdenum,
cobalt, and vanadium to
increase heat resistance and
durability.
 WHAT ARE STEEL STRUCTURES ?

 A structure which is made from organized combination of structural

STEEL members designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity.
 Steel structures involve a sub-structure or members in a building made from
structural steel.

Walt Disney concert hall, US Tyne bridge,UK Howrah bridge,India

 CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

SHORT SPAN STRUCTURE LONG SPAN STRUCTURE

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION?
Industrial construction which consist of the buildings including terrace factories
or workshops, detached factories, warehouse, factory canteen, markets, hawker
centers, sports hall, industrial training centers, etc. characterized by larger clear
open spaces under light roof structures.
 TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
IN INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

TRIANGULATED TRUSS
LATTICE GIRDERS PORTAL FRAME
FRAMES

MATERIALS- MATERIALS- MATERIALS-

TIMBER STEEL TIMBER
STEEL STEEL
ALUMINIUM CONCRETE
TRUSS
A truss is essentially a triangulated system of
straight interconnected structural elements. The
most common use of trusses is in buildings,
where support to roofs, the floors and internal
loading such as services and suspended ceilings,
are readily provided.
The main reasons for using trusses are:
• Long span
• Lightweight
• Reduced deflection (compared to plain
members)
• Opportunity to support considerable loads
 USE OF TRUSSES IN BUILDINGS
• Trusses are used in a broad range of buildings, mainly where there is a
requirement for very long spans, such as in airport terminals, aircraft hangers,
sports stadium roofs, auditoriums and other leisure buildings.

• Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and are sometimes used as transfer
structures.

• The trusses are widely used to serve two main functions:

 To carry the roof load
 To provide horizontal stability
 ADVANTAGES
• Even though they are considered to be
more expensive, metal roof trusses can
span further than wood.
• Metal roof trusses can
manufactured to exact standards.
• They are much more lightweight and
this allows for larger shipments. This
reduces the time it takes to get to the
project site.
• Metal roof trusses are fire resistant.
• They are compatible with almost all
types of roofing systems.
• No insect infestations can occur.
DIS-ADVANTAGES
• Skilled labor is required to install metal roof
trusses.
• They are not energy efficient since they allow
be more heat to escape from the structure.
• Metal roof trusses allow sound to be more
easily transmitted.
• Temperature fluctuations allow them to move
more.
• When the metal is cut, drilled, scratched or
welded, rust can become a problem.
• The workers have a higher risk of
electrocution when installing the metal roof
trusses.
Different types of Wooden and Steel Roof Trusses:
• King Post Truss
• Queen Post Truss
• Howe Truss
• Pratt Truss
• Fan Truss
• North Light Roof Truss

King Post Truss-

• King Post Truss is a wooden truss.
• It can also be built of combination of
wood and steel.
• It can be used for spans upto 8m.
QUEEN POST TRUSS -
• Queen Post Truss is also a wooden truss
• It can be used for spans up to 10m

Howe Truss-
• It is made of combination of wood and steel.
•The vertical members or tension members are
made of steel.
• It can be used for spans from 6-30m
 Pratt Truss-
• Pratt Truss is made of steel.
•Vertical members are tension and
diagonal members are compression.
• These are very economical form of
roof trusses.
• It can be used for spans from 6-
10m.

FAN TRUSS-
• It is made of steel.
• In Fan Trusses, top chords are divided into small
lengths in order to provide supports for purlins
• It can be used for spans from 10-15m
 NORTHLIGHT ROOF TRUSS-
Introduction:
North light trusses are traditionally used for short
spans in industrial workshop-type buildings. They
allow maximum benefit to be gained from natural
lighting by the use of glazing on the steepe pitch
which generally faces north or north-east to reduce
the solar gain.
Uses –
• it is used in warehouse, industries, factories, etc.
• North light trusses are traditionally used for short
spans in industrial workshop-type buildings.
• They allow maximum benefit to be gained from
natural lighting by the use of glazing on the
• Steeper pitch which generally faces north or north-
east to reduce the solar gain.
 LATTICE BEAM-

• A lattice girder is girder where flanges are connected with the lattice web.
• Large spans in excess of 25m can be formed using these systems.
• These are effectively deep beams with only a lightweight central section
that serves to connect the top structural members that are carrying the
compressive forces, with the bottom chords which are carrying the tension
forces.
PORTAL FRAME
Portal frames can be defined as two-
dimensional rigid frames that have the
basic characteristics of A rigid joint
between column and beam.

The main objective of this form of design is to

reduce bending moment in the beam, which
allows the frame to act as one structural unit.
• They are usually made from steel, but can
also be made from concrete or timber.
 Portal Frames are
generally used for single
storey construction which
require a large unobstructed
floor space i.e.,
A.Factories
B.Shopping Centres
C.Warehouses

They are very efficient for

enclosing large volumes,
therefore they are often used
for industrial,
storage, retail and
commercial applications as
well as for agricultural
purposes.
TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME
Pitched roof symmetric portal frame
Generally fabricated from UKB sections with a
substantial eaves haunch section, which may be cut
from a rolled section or fabricated from plate. 25 to
35 m are the most efficient spans

Portal frame with internal mezzanine

Floor Office accommodation is often provided
within a portal frame structure using a partial
width mezzanine floor.

Crane portal frame with column brackets

Where a travelling crane of relatively low capacity (up
to say 20 tonnes) is required, brackets can be fixed to
the columns to support the crane rails
Pitched Roof
Symmetric Portal Frame
Lancashire
Waste
Development
Tied portal frame
In a tied portal frame the horizontal movement of
the eaves and the bending moments in the
columns and rafters are reduced.

Mono-pitch portal frame

It is a simple variation of the pitched roof
portal frame, and tends to be used for
smaller buildings (up to 15 m span).

Propped portal frame

Where the span of a portal frame is large and
there is no requirement to provide a clear span,
a propped portal frame can be used to reduce
the rafter size and also the horizontal shear at
the foundations.
Mansard portal frame
A mansard portal frame may be used
where a large clear height at mid-span
is required but the eaves height of the
building has to be minimised.

Curved rafter portal frame

Portal frames may be constructed
using curved rafters, mainly for
architectural reasons.

Cellular beam portal frame

Rafters may be fabricated from cellular
beams for aesthetic reasons or when
providing long spans.
 ROOFING
• A high percentage of roofs are
covered with composite profile
metal sheets with a coloured
external skin.
• These composite sheets have
approximately 50mm of insulation
sandwiched between two thin
metal sheets or aluminium sheets.
• Galvanised steel purlins span
between the steel rafters.
INTERNAL VIEW OF A PORTAL
FRAMED WAREHOUSE

• Clear unobstructed floor area is

available.

• With single storey buildings

natural lighting is gained by
placing clear sheets in roof
layout. These sheets will run
from eaves to ridge at suitable
intervals.
BASE JOINT FOR PORTAL
FRAME
• The legs or stanchions of the portal
frame need connecting at the
bottom to a foundation.

• Here we can see the base

joint connection in place.
RI DG E JO I NT FO
R PO RTAL
FRAM E
Shown here is a ridge
joint or apex joint.
It is Important that this
joint is strong hence
the use of wedge
shaped pieces called
gusset pieces to
strengthen and
increase the bolt area.
Again the knee joint must be strong to support the roof
loads and prevent bending. KNEE JO I NT FO
Gusset pieces will be used to increase strength, give R PO RTAL
greater bolt area and prevent deflection under load. FRAM E
DIAGONA
BRACING FOR
L
P O R TA L F R A M E

With all types

of frameworks we
must think on
stability i.e.
movement. To help
strengthen the
framework and
prevent movement
diagonal bracing will
be used.
EXTERNAL WALL
DETAIL
• Here we see the finish of
the external cladding
panels with the lower level
facing brickwork.
• The blockwork behind
creates a protective wall or
firewall.
 ADVANTAGES
• Cost effectiveness
• Sustainability
• Saves time
• Capable taking loads
immediately

Speed and ease of erection

Building can be quickly closed in and made water tight.

Framework prefabricated in a workshop and not affected by

weather.

Site works such as drainage, roads etc can be carried out until
framework is ready for erection.

No weather hold up during erecting the framework.

Connected together in factories by welding and site connections

should be bolted.
DISADVANTAGES

Although steel is incombustible it has a poor

resistance to fire as it bends easily when hot.

Subject to corrosion
THANK YOU! 