LONG SPAN STRUCTURE

GIRDER
BCT-V

PRANIT RAWAL -21BAR030

AKSHA MOLIYA- 21BAR022
ANJALI SHAH-21BAR002
Meaning

• The term "girder" refers to any large, horizontal

structural beam used to support heavy loads in
various engineering and construction applications.
• Girders are essential for ensuring the stability and
safety of many different types of structures.
• Steel girders are a type of steel beams. Girders are
collector beams, they are the main horizontal
supports of a structure which support the smaller
beams. So "all girders are beams but all
beams are not girders". Steel girders and beams differ
from each other in various aspects.
Uses of Girders
• Bridges: Girders are
crucial components in
bridge construction.
They span the gaps
between bridge
supports (such as piers
or abutments) and
support the bridge
deck, allowing
vehicles, pedestrians,
or trains to cross
safely.
Types of Girders:

• Steel Girders: These are commonly used in bridges, buildings, and

industrial structures due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Steel
girders can be I-shaped (I-beams), H-shaped (H-beams), or box girders
(rectangular or tubular shapes).
• Concrete Girders: These girders are made of reinforced concrete and
are often used in the construction of bridges and buildings. They
come in various shapes, including T-beams, L-beams, and box girders.
• Wooden Girders: In older structures and some residential buildings,
wooden girders may be used. However, steel and concrete girders
have largely replaced wood in modern construction due to their
superior strength and durability.
Steel Girder
• In bridge construction, steel
girders play a crucial role as the
primary load-bearing
components of the bridge
superstructure. They can span
over rivers, highways, railways,
and other obstacles, providing a
stable platform for vehicles and
pedestrians.
• Used as an aesthetic.

CIMS Flyover, Science city road

RCC
• Reinforced concrete is well
suited for the construction of
Highway bridges in this small
and medium span range. RCC
girder bridge is the most
commonly adopted type in
the span range of 10 to 25 m.
PSC
• Prestressed concrete provides great technical advantages in comparison with other
types of construction such as steel and reinforced concrete. The PSC T- beam
structure are widely adopted over RCC T-beam structure due to their structural
efficiency, better stability, serviceability and economy.
• The design of PSC structure is more complicated due to the complex structure
instead RCC T beam geometry is simple and are not advanced in construction. In
prestressed concrete members high strength concrete and steel are used which
makes the structure lighter than is possible with reinforced concrete member.
• Prestressed concrete is found to be economical for the bridges of span up to 30 m
and for cast in- situ work it is economical up to the span of 100 m. For long span
bridges the prestressed concrete is more economical than the reinforced concrete.
GIRDER TRUSS

Shade, Tata Chemicals

Load Transfer System
It is a framework consisting of one or
more horizontal beams (girders) and
vertical posts (trusses) that work
together to distribute the load
evenly and provide structural
stability.

Load Distribution: Girder trusses are

designed to carry heavy loads,
making them suitable for
applications where large spans need
to be supported.
LATTICE GIRDERS

Tresspassing, Tata Chemicals Power plant, Tata Chemicals

Load Transfer System

Industrial Structures: In industrial

settings, girders are used to support
heavy equipment,
machinery, and conveyor systems. They
provide the necessary strength to
handle substantial loads.
GIRDERS IN BUILDING

•Buildings: Girders are used in the framework

of buildings to support the weight of floors,
walls, and roofs. They help distribute loads
evenly, ensuring the structural integrity of the
building.

Beside nehrunagar market, SG Highway

Advantages
Girders are important structural elements used in construction, particularly in buildings and bridges. They have several
advantages and disadvantages, which can vary depending on the specific application and context. Here's an overview of
the advantages and disadvantages of using girders:
• Advantages of Girders:
1. Strength: Girders are designed to carry heavy loads, making them essential for supporting structures that require
substantial load-bearing capacity.
2. Span Capabilities: They can span long distances, reducing the need for additional support columns or piers, which can
be particularly advantageous in creating large, open interior spaces.
3. Versatility: Girders can be made from various materials, including steel, wood, and concrete, allowing for flexibility in
design and construction to meet specific project requirements.
4. Customization: Engineers and architects can design girders in various shapes and sizes, tailoring them to the unique
needs of the project, whether it's a bridge, building, or industrial facility.
5. Reduced Obstructions: In buildings, girders can eliminate the need for interior support columns, providing unobstructed
floor space, which is desirable in many applications, such as warehouses and sports arenas.
6. Efficient Construction: Prefabricated girders can be manufactured off-site, saving time and reducing on-site construction
costs. This is especially beneficial for projects with tight schedules.
Disadvantages
1. Cost: The materials used in girders, especially steel, can be expensive. Additionally, the design and engineering
required for girders can contribute to higher construction costs.
2. Weight: Steel girders, in particular, can be quite heavy, requiring specialized equipment for transportation,
assembly, and installation. This can add complexity and cost to the construction process.
3. Maintenance: Girders, especially those exposed to the elements, require regular maintenance to prevent
corrosion and ensure their long-term performance. This maintenance can be costly and time-consuming.
4. Space Limitations: Girders take up space within a structure, which can limit the flexibility of interior layouts in
buildings. Architects and designers must carefully plan around these structural elements.
5. Aesthetic Considerations: In some architectural designs, girders may be considered visually unappealing, and
efforts may be needed to hide or integrate them into the overall design.
6. Environmental Impact: The production of steel girders can have a significant environmental impact due to
energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with steel manufacturing.