INTRODUCTION
True North is a north that Wind Tide : Build up a water level
1. Hydrography is that branch of
applied sciences which deals with
the measurement and description of
the features of the seas and coastal
areas. We Need Hydrography as OE
because when we want to design or
build something in ocean, we need
to know how the environment
around it, like tidal around the
structure.
New app: ports, natural hazard
(huricane, earthquake), real estate,
tourism, sport (diving, sailing),
farming, environment, fisheries,
maritime delimination, living
resources, offshore explore, non
living resources (gas, oil, mineral),
dumping area (dredging, sewage
waters, other material), cable/pipe
lying (communications, gas/oil
industry, sewage system).
Above water: electromagnetic
(remote sensing).
Under water: UW Acoustic (UW
remote sensing).
Why UWA? because the average of
ocean depth is ±8 km < compare to
earth circumference (±40k km).
Ocean as a “thin layer” on the earth
surface. Underwater Acoustics wave
“trapped” between sea Surface and
Sea Botom “Sound Channel”.
Energy loss of Underwater
Acoustics“Very Small” Can
propagate up tp ½ earth
circumference.
Devices: Automatic UW Vehicle,
Side Scan Sonar for Subsea Pipe,
Echo Sounder Surveying, Deep-
Towed Side Scan Sonar, Deep-Sea
ROV with “Tentacles”. ROV
Navigation : using underwater
transponder network. To locate a
ship : using underwater transponder
network.
NAUTICAL CHART
2. Nautical chart is a graphic
representation of a maritimearea
and adjacent coastalregions. It
displays the charted depth of the
water at specific locations with
soundings and the use of
bathymetric contour lines. The
depths are relative to a “chart
datum”. To keep track of corrections
is with a Chart and Publication
Correction Record Card. creating a
card for every chart and noting the
correction on this card. When the
time comes to use the chart, he
pulls the chart and chart's card, and
makes the indicated corrections on
the chart. This system ensures that
every chart is properly corrected
prior to use.
chart datum is the level of water
that charted depths displayed on a
nautical chart are measured from. A
chart datum is generally a tidal
datum; that is, a datum derived
from some phase of the tide.[1]
Common chart datums are lowest
astronomical tide[1] and mean
lower low water. In non-tidal areas,
e.g., the Baltic sea, Mean Sea
Level[2] (MSL) is used.
Datum: is a set of reference points
on the earth's surface against which
position measurements are made,
and (often) an associated model of
the shape of the earth (ellipsoid) to
define a Geographic Coordinate
System.
Vertical Datumis a set of refrefrence
points in a vertical direction such as
MSL at onshore area or LWS at
offshore area.
Source: hydrographic surveys.
Depths are measured in a variety of
ways. Historically the Sounding
Linewas used. In modern times,
Echo Soundingis used for measuring
the seabed in the open sea.Safe
depth of water should be measured
over an entire obstruction,
such as a shipwreck. 7.
water is of particular interest to
Reference: International
Hydrographic Organization
publication S-4, NOAA NIMA Chart
No. 1, British Admiralty Chart 5011,
International Association of Marine
Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse
Authorities (IALA)
Lead Lines/Sounding Line: usually a
length of a such cord, or a brass
chain with a sounding lead attached
to the end.
Chart correction : bcs the nature of a
waterway depicted by a chart may
change, and artificial aids to navigation
may be altered at short notice.
3. Horizontal Datum: used for
describing a point on the earth’s
surface, in latitude (lintang) (oN or
oS) and longitude (bujur) (oE or oW)
or another coordinate system. World
Geodetic System 1984
Vertical Datum: used for measuring
the elevations of points on the
earth's surface. Onshore: For the
purpose of measuring the height of
objects on land. Determined by
measuring the height of the sea
surface over a metonic cycle to
account for all the astronomical
effects that contribute to tide levels.
MSL. Offshore: For the purpose of
measuring charted depth of the
water at specific location. LAT,
MLLW, LWS, CHART DATUM.
Chart Datum: Chart datum is
generally a tidal datum, derived from
phase of the tide. It is the level of
water at the lowest possible
astronomical tide, and therefore
minimum water depth possible
during the tidal cycle. US NOOA
(MLLW), BAC (LAT), France and Spain
(LLW), Indo (LWS).
Geographic Coordinate System:
enables every location on the earth
to be specified by the three
coordinates of a spherical coordinate
system aligned with the spin axis of
the Earth. Latitude (lintang),
longitude (bujur), altitude
(ketinggian).
The differences between UTM and
Geographic coordinate system: UTM
use grid based method while
geographi cordinate system not.
UTM divide the world into 60 zones
while geographyc not. UTM has 4’
more at northermost land on earth.
4. WGS84 is world geodetic system that
generally used to determine the
horizontal datum. Its important
beause the work that weve done can
be used by other.
Cylindrical Projection: The shape of
the continents near the middle of
the cylinder would be relatively free
of distortion, but the regions near
the poles would be stretched out of
proportion as in a cylindrical
projection map.
5. Mercator Projection is conformal,
that is, bearings in the chart are
identical to the corresponding angles
in nature, bearings may be measured
from the chart to be used at sea or
plotted on the chart from
measurements taken at sea.
Positions on Nautical chart
Measured from the
latitude(lintang)and
longitude(bujur)scales on the
borders of the chart, relative to a
map datumsuch as WGS84, its widely
used for navigation at sea because it
come with pratical scale. Si it
becomes a useable tool for
navigation sice MP is conformal scale
constant in all direction and also
identical to the corresponding agles
in nature.
6. Why NH is more than SH because it
must extend about 4deg to cover all
land in NH.
determined base one where the axis due to effect of the wind blowing for sailors and scubadivers Drying
of rotation passes through. a long period of Height : Heights of the exposed
Magnetic North is north that time in the same direction seabed at the lowest astronomical
determined base on earth’s magnet. Tides tide
Why we need to know the 12. Perihelion: the point in the orbit Tide Classification
difference between TN & MN where the earth is nearest sun. F =(K1+O1)/(M2+S2 )
because we have to knoow how to Aphelion: farthest from sun. F = 0 – 0,25: Semi Diurnal; 0,25 –
read compasswell for navigation. So Perigee: the point of the moon 1,5 : Mixed, mainly Semi Diurnal; 1,5
we can go to the target right. closest to Earth. – 3,0: Mixed, mainly Diurnal; > 3,0:
Latitude expressed as degrees north Apogee: the point of the moon Diurnal.
of equator (Southern Hemisphere is farthest. Tide measurement
denoted by a negative). Start at Tidal ranges are above average Tidal observation measure tide of 15
equator. during Perihelion and Perigee and days because have included spring,
Longitude expressed as degrees east less than average during Aphelion mid cycle. Have a data for analyzed.
of the Prime Meridian (west is and Apogee. Tidal analysis use Li-square or
denoted by a negative with the Type of Tides Admiral-T.
maximum value of 180º and Diurnal tide cycle: if it experiences Tidal Contituents for predict further
minimum value of -180º). Start at one high and one low tide every or ago, but just verified for one point
prime meridian lunar day. and only that time.
Universal Transverse Mercator: is Semidiurnal tide cycle: if it Tidal Reference for guiding our
used to identify locations on the experiences two high and two low design. With asumption if at that
earth, with coordinates in meters. tides of approximately equal size point no changes.
The system instead employs a series every lunar day. Tide measurement can use Tide
of sixty zones, each of which is based Mixed Semidiurnal tide cycle: if it Pole, Pressure Tide Gauge, Float
on a specifically defined secant experiences two high and Type Tide Gauge, Typical Modern
Transverse Mercator projection. two low tides of different size every Tide gauge Station Diagram, and Tide
8. Azimuth is the angular distance lunar day. Tables for Indonesian Archipelago.
usually measured clockwise from the GPS
north point of the horizon to the Highest High Water (HHW) & Structure of GPS
intersection with the horizon of the Lowest Low Water (LLW): The Space segment – The satellites are
vertical circle passing through a highest and lowest, respectively of the heart of the GPS which helps to
celestial body the spring tides of record. locate the position by broadcasting
Triangulation Mean range: The height of Mean the signal used by the receiver.
consists of the measurement of the a High Water (MHW) above Mean Low User segment – comprisesof a
ngles  of a series of triangles. Water (MLW) sensitive receiver which can detect
based on plane  trigonometry. Mean Sea Level (MSL): Mean of the signals and acomputer to convert the
Trilateration Mean range. Metonic cycle. data into useful information.
Trilateration involves measuring the  Arithmetic mean of all hourly water Control segment –essential that the
sides of a chain of triangles or other  level observed during national tidal transmission signals have to be
polygons.From them, the distance an datum epoch (NTDE) (USA) updated and the satellites should
d direction from A to B can  Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT): The bekept in their appropriate
be computed. Figure shows this proc lowest tide predictable from based orbits.GPS signal is the radio wave
ess. the effects of gravity. continuously transmitted from GPS
Traverse method HHWL Highest High Water Level = satellite, measure to find the range
TIDE The highest water elevation in 18.6 from the satellite. It includes the
Rotation and Revolution of Earth years. Navigation message.
Facts of earth : radius 6,378 km, MHWS Mean High WaterSpring = 15. Formzhal Number
mass 5.97 x 1024kg, Equatorial The mean high water elevation
inclination 23.5°, avg density 5.5 during Springtide.
g/cm3, rotational period 0.997 days, MHWL Mean High Water Level =
orbital period 1 year. Avg distance The mean of all high water elevation.
from the sun 149.6 million km MSL Mean Sea Level = The mean of
The Moon orbits the Earth because all water elevation.
of the force of Earth’s gravity. The MLWL Mean Low Water Level = The
Moon also exerts a gravitational mean of all low water elevation.
force on the Earth. MLWS Mean Low Water Spring =
Evidence for the Moon’s The mean low water elevation during
gravitational influence can be seen Spring tide.
in the ocean tides. Sun force is bigger LLWL Lowest Low Water Level = The
than moon force because of lowest water elevation in 18.6 years.
F=G(M1× M2)/r2
Moon Rotates (spins)
Facts of moon: radius 1,737 km,
mass 7.35 x 1022 kg, avg density 3.4
g/cm3, rotational period 27.32 days,
orbital period 27.32 days, avg
distance from earth 384,400 km.
Force between Earth and Moon
The effect of Semi-Diurnal will be less
at the zone far 13. Metonic Cycle:
from the equator. The relative positions of the earth,
Classification of Tides moon and sun repeat almost exactly 17. Trilateration
14. Astronomical tide: Periodic rise and in the Metoniccycle of 18.6 years. GPS is a network that can surround
fall of sea water level in response to National Tidal Datum Epoch: uses the earth and send signals to
gravitational attraction of the moon frequencies called the tidal harmonic receivers capable of accessing the
and the sun. constituents. time, location, and speed of the
Neap tides: Lower Tide ranges occur Tidal Streams: Oscillating current device in motion.
when the sun and moon are produced by changing of water Imagine you are standing
approximately 90deg apart. depth due to tides. somewhere on Earth with three
Spring tides: Highest tide ranges Inter Tidal Zone: The strip of sea satellites in the sky above you. If you
occur when the sun, the earth and shore that is submerged at high tide know how far away you are from
moon are in a particular line. Neap and exposed at low tide. satellite A, then you know you must
and Spring Tides in one Lunar Month Flood Tide : The portion of the tide be located somewhere on the red
(29d 12h 44m and 3s) called Synodic between low water and the circle. If you do the same for
Period. 180 deg following high water. satellites B and C, you can work out
Interval Neap-Spring : 7 Days Ebb Tide: The portion of the tide your location by seeing where the
Lunar Day: 24h50m one complete between high water and the three circles intersect. This is just
orbit of the moon around the the following low water. what your GPS receiver does,
Earth. Solar day: 24h rotation of the Slack Tide or Slack Water : Occurs although it uses overlapping spheres
Earth .Storm Surge (Wind Tide + near high water and low water. Are rather than circles. The more
Barometric Pressure Differential occasions in between when the satellites there are above the horizon
Tide). direction of the flow reverses. Slack
the more accurately your GPS unit
can determine where you are.
18. Difference GPS and DGPS
Differntial Global Positioning System
1. In GPS, there is a standalone
receiver which receives signals from
the satellite whereas in DGPS there
are two receivers, reference
receiver and rover (user) where
rover receives a calibrated signal
from the reference receiver (fixed
base station). 2. The accuracy of GPS
system is around 15 meters. On the
other hand, DGPS is more accurate
and can achieve accuracy up to 10
cm. 3. GPS instruments cover the
wide range and can be used globally
while DGPS instruments cover a
short range up to 100 km, but this
range could change according to the
frequency band 4. The signal
frequency transmitted by satellites
in GPS ranges between 1.1 to 1.5
GHz. On the contrary, in DGPS the
satellites do not transmit fixed
range of frequency, the transmitted
frequency depends on the agencies.
5. The GPS uses WGS84 time
coordinate system which is an
earth-fixed terrestrial system, earth-
centred, and geodetic datum. As
against DGPS uses a local coordinate
system.
19. Error GPS
1. Satellite clock(clock error): GPS
position calculations, as discussed
above, depend on measuring signal
transmission time from satellite to
receiver; this, in turn, depends on
knowing the time on both ends.
2. Upper atmosphere (ionosphere
delay): As GPS signals pass through
the upper atmosphere, signals are
delayed and deflected.
3. Receiver clock (noise): GPS
receivers are equipped with quartz
crystal clocks that are less stable
than the atomic clocks used in
NAVSTAR satellites.
4. Satellite orbit (orbit error): GPS
receivers calculate coordinates
relative to the known locations of
satellites in space, a complex task
that involves knowing the shapes of
satellite orbits as well as their
velocities, neither of which is
constant.
5. Lower atmosphere (troposphere
delay): The three lower layers of
atmosphere extend from the Earth’s
surface to an altitude of about 50
km. The lower atmosphere delays
GPS signals, adding slightly to the
calculated distances between
satellites and receivers.
6. Multipath: In reality, GPS receiversEbb tide: occurs when tide fall from
must discriminate between signals
received directly from satellites and around 10AM-4PM and 12AM-4PM.
other signals that have been
reflected from surrounding objects,
such as buildings, trees, and even the highest level or lowest level In Table 3,
ground.
2 ways to improve GPS accuracy
1. DGPS: The DGPS network includes compared to the previous and next
some 80 broadcast sites, each of day.
which includes a survey-grade base
station and a "radio beacon"
transmitter that broadcasts
correction signals at 285-325 kHz
(just below the AM radio band).
DGPS-capable GPS receivers include
a connection to a radio receiver that
can tune into one or more selected
"beacons." Designed for navigation
at sea near U.S. coasts, DGPS
provides accuracies no worse than
10 meters.
2.Kinematic Positioning: Survey-
grade real-time differential
correction can be achieved using a
technique called real-time kinematic
(RTK) GPS. RTK uses carrier-phase
tracking of GPS signals measured by
a reference and a remote receiver to
generate accuracies of 1 part in
100,000 to 1 part in 750,000 (in world in a single plane. The poles are 13Cautionary Notes 14Source Diagram
practice, this means within depicted as linesinstead of points. 15Reference to Larger Scale 16Reference
centimeters) with relatively brief A bearing is the angle between the
observations of only one to two line joining the two points of interest
minutes each. and the line from one of the points to
the North, such as a ship’s course or a
20. GPS cannot be used in compass reading to a landmark. A to
bathymetry compass is an instrument containing a
Because the GPS receiver uses a freely suspended magnetic element which
theoretical sea level estimated by a displays the direction of the horizontal
World Geodetic System (WGS84) component of the Earth's magnetic field
ellipsoid, which does not perfectly at the point of observation. The magnetic
follow the theoretical MSL. The MSL, field of the Earth causes a magnetized
approximated by an ellipsoid, is 'needle' of iron or steel to swing into a adjoining
related to gravity or the center of north-south position if it is hung from a Cylindrical gnomonic projection
mass of the earth. Discrepancies thread, or if it is stuck through a straw or
between a WGS84 ellipsoid, and the piece of wood floating in a bowl of water.
geoid vary with location. Earth Rotation : 23hr 56min 4.1sec
Revolution: 365days 5hr 48mins 46 sec
9. Moon revolution period : 27. 32 days. One
complete orbit 24 hr 50mins. R:1737km
distc: 384.403km
Vertical datum | Onshore from MSL| Orthopraphic projection:
Determined by measuring the height of Robinson
the sea surface over a metonic cycle to projection
account for all the astronomical effects Conical
that contribute to tide levels|Offshore projection:
from LAT or MLLW
Tide Table is used for tidal prediction and
shows the daily times and height of high
water and low water for a particular
10. location. Tide heights at intermediate
times (between high and low water) can
be approximately calculated using the
Azimuthal projection:
11. First, we need to calculate the rule of twelfths or more accurately by
mean sea level (MSL) that is needed using a published tidal curve for the port.
to count the highest water level GNNS (Global Navigation Satelite System)
(HWL). Then after we get the highest include: GPS, GLONASS (Rusia), Galileo
water level (HWL), we will calculate (EU). Navigation is the technology to get
slope based on the highest sea level one’s position correctly and get the
instead of the mean sea level (MSL). destination safely and smoothly
The highest water level (HWL) will Wide Area Augmentation System.
become the datum of the elevation Real Time Kinematics is a differential
for the slab. GNSS technique which provides high
16. positioning performance in the vicinity of
a base station. The technique is based on
the use of carrier measurements and the
transmission of corrections from the base
Case projection:
station, whose location is well known, to
CONVENTIONAL (or, in the case of an
the rover, so that the main errors that
azimuthal projection, polar) case, where
drive the stand-alone positioning cancel
the projection is drawn in the normal
out. A RTK base station covers a service
and easiest fashion.
area spreading about 10 or 20 kilometres,
TRANSVERSE (or, in the case of an
–and a real time communication channel isazimuthal projection, equatorial) case, in
Flood tide: occurs when tide rise from needed connecting base and rover. RTK,
low to high. In Table 3, flood tide which the globe has been shifted by 90
which achieves performances in the range
occurs around 5-9AM and 5-11PM. of a few centimetres, is a technique
commonly used in surveying
high to low. In Table 3, ebb tide occurs applications
WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation
Slack tide occurs when tidal currents System):
cease, which is when water reaches its WAAS-enabled receivers can provide
sub-meter level accuracy anywhere
flood tide occurs around 5AM, 10AM, in most locations of the US and
5PM, and possibly around 12AM or 11 degrees before the map is draw.
southern Canada. Differential corrections
PM if the tide elevation is a maximum OBLIQUE case where the globe is
are computed from ground stations and
shifted by a lesser amount
then uploaded to geostationary satellites
Universal Transverse Mercator
for broadcasting. WAAS-enabled GPS
Grid system
receiver automatically uses such
Divides the earth into 60 zones (each 6
correction data to enhance the positional
degrees
accuracy
of longitude wide)
Information of nautical chart: .
1National Chart Number
2INTernational Chart Number
3Laticed overprint 4Publication Note
5Edition Note 6Unit used for
Map Projection : (Aspect : Cylindrical, sounding 7The seals of Hydrographic
Conical, Azimuthal) (Properties : Offices 8Chart title 9Chart Projection
Conformal, Equal Area, (usually Mercator, Transverse
Case=Conventional-Transverse-Oblique) Mercator, Gnomonic) 10Chart Scale X,Y system in meters east of zone line
Gnomic light from from globe’s core and north
11Horizontal Datum 12Units for sounding,
Orthographic light from infinite distance of equator (in Northern Hemisphere)
Mercator is conformal Polution Dilution of Precision) describes
Robinson : orthophanic projection, is error caused by the relative position of
one way of transferring information the GPS satellites. Basically, DOP is the
from a round globe to a flat map. index which indicates the degreed level
Elliptical in shape, shows the entire of positioning Accuracy. The greater the
DOP, the greater its error.
Low Water Datum, High Water Datum
Methods of data collection GPS:

Pengukuran jarak dengan data kode

disebut pseudorange. Definisi
pseudorange atau pseudoranging secara
umum adalah pengukuran jarak
berdasarkan korelasi antara kode yang
dipancarkan oleh satelit dengan replika
kode yg dibuat oleh receiver. Disebut
pseudorange (pseudo: semu, range: jarak,
pseudorange:jarak semu)karena jarak
tersebut masih mengandung kesalahan

karena dalam pendefinisian jarak tersebut

harga koreksi kesalahan dalam proses
sinkronisasi jam satelit-jam receiver
belum diperhitungkan.