Escuela Profesional de

Ciencia de la Computación

ICC Fase 1

Computer graphics
Histogram Equalization

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda

Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa

May 6, 2020

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 Overview

1 Introduction
Objectives
Sample application

2 Point operators
Definition
Histogram Equalization
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 Introduction

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives
Sample application

2 Point operators
Definition
Histogram Equalization
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 Introduction Objectives

Objectives

Understand the difference between point, local and

operators in image processing.
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 Introduction Objectives

Objectives

Understand the difference between point, local and

operators in image processing.
Learn Histogram Equalization method.
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 Introduction Sample application

Sample application

Figure: Sample application in pattern recognition

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 Introduction Sample application

Sample application
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Figure: Sample application in pattern recognition

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 Point operators

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives
Sample application

2 Point operators
Definition
Histogram Equalization
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 Point operators Definition

Point operators
Example
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Figure: Point operator.

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 Point operators Definition

Point operators
Formal definition

Point operator
O{f [x, y ]} = g[x 0 , y 0 ]
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 Point operators Definition

Point operators
Examples

Thresholding
Contrast Stretching
Histogram Equalization
Logarithm Operator
Exponential/Raise to Power Operator
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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization

Figure: Histogram equalization employs a monotonic, non-linear

mapping which re-assigns the intensity values of pixels in the input
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image such that the output image contains a uniform distribution of

intensities. This technique is used in image comparison processes
(because it is effective in detail enhancement).

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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization
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Figure: Example of Histogram Equalization.

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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization

g[x, y ] = sf [x,y ]

 
n
X
sn = floor (L − 1) Pn 
j=0

number of pixels with intensity n

Pn =
total number of pixels

n = 0, 1, ..., L − 1
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Where:
L : Pixel intensity length (256).

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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization

Example: Suppose we have a 3-bits image (L = 8) of 64x64

size (m ∗ n = 4096) which have the distribution:

n histogram pn
0 790 0.19
1 1023 0.25
2 850 0.21
3 656 0.16
4 329 0.08
5 245 0.06
6 122 0.03
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7 81 0.02

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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization
n
X
sn = (L − 1) Pn
j=0

n
X
s0 = (7) Pr (rj ) = 7P0 = 7(0.19) = 1.33
j=0

n
X
s1 = (7) Pr (rj ) = 7(P1 + P0 ) = 3.08
j=0

s2 = 4.55
s3 = 5.67
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s4 = 6.23
s5 = 6.65
s6 = 6.86
s7 = 7.00
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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization

Values sk : Floor:
s0 = 1.33 s0 = 1
s1 = 3.08 s1 = 3
s2 = 4.55 s2 = 4
s3 = 5.67 s3 = 5
s4 = 6.23 s4 = 6
s5 = 6.65 s5 = 6
s6 = 6.86 s6 = 6
s7 = 7.00 s7 = 7
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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization
Example
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Figure: Example of Histogram Equalization.

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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization
Local histogram equalization example
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Figure: Image after histogram

Figure: Original image.
equalization.

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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization
Local histogram equalization example
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Figure: Sub image use to Figure: Image after local

compute sn . histogram equalization.

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 Point operators Histogram Equalization

Questions?
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