Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
J. Gunakar
C.D.O.
UNDER TUNNEL
INTRODUCTION
TO
CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Introduction
• A structure carrying the discharge of a natural stream across an
irrigation canal is known as a cross drainage work.
• Cross drainage works can be divided mainly into the following
three categories.
1. Those carrying the irrigation canal over the drainage water
i.e., Aqueduct(Flumed) and Under Tunnels.(Non-Flumed)
2. Those carrying the drainage water over the irrigation canal
i.e., Super passage(Flumed) and canal Syphon(mostly Non-
Flumed).
3. Those admitting the drainage water into the irrigation canal
and letting out the surplus waters on the other side at the
same place or after carrying some distance along the canal
i.e., Inlets and Outlets(Level Crossings).
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
UNDER TUNNUL
• DBL CBL & HFL < FSL
• Also called as “Syphon Aqueduct”, also as “Type-II
Aqueduct”
• Where the stream bed level at the crossing is below or
above CBL. But the HFL of the stream is below the
canal FSL
• Drop on U/S
• Barrel Under Pressure
• Tail channel to meet the ground level
• Outer slopes are partially replaced by head walls on the
barrels.
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
AQUEDUCT
• CBL >> HFL
• also as “Type-III Aqueduct”
• Where the HFL of the stream at the crossing is far below the
CBL
• Canal is flumed and carried in a rectangular RCC trough with
one or more bays supported on piers and abutments
SUPER PASSAGE
• DBL FSL
• Where the stream bed level at the crossing is above or just
touches the FSL of the canal
• Drain is flumed and carried preferably in a rectangular rcc
trough with one or more bays
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
CANAL SYPHON
FSL<DBL<CBL
• Where the stream bed is falling in the water prism of the canal
• By depressing the canal bed to make head-way for stream.
• prone to silting and choking syphon barrel
Typical Design Procedure
of
Under Tunnel - Type II
(with Head Walls)
HYDROLOGY OF STREAM
• Catchment Area
• Deepest BL @ Crossing
• Value of ‘n’
HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS AT Km.4.730 OF L.M.C.
DESCRIPTION
SPECIFICATIONS
UNDER TUNNEL
(RCC BOX TYPE)
DRG.NO.
SCALE:- DATE
1:100 FEB , 2005 FILE NO:
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow: Flow in a channels is said to be steady if the flow
characteristics at any point do not change with time.
Uniform and Non-uniform(or Varied) Flow: Flow in a channel is said to be
uniform if the depth, slope, cross-section and velocity remain constant over
given length of the channel.
Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow:
Subcritical Flow, Critical Flow and Supercritical Flow:
Froude number: The ratio of the Inertia and the Gravity force. Fr = V / (g D)^0.5
is another dimensionless parameter called Fr which is defined as Fr = V ; where
V is the mean velocity of
If Fr < 1 Subcritical or tranquil or streaming
If Fr = 1 Critical flow
If Fr > 1 Supercritical or rapid or shooting or torrential
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
TEL CALCULATIONS
FLOW CONDITION AT Section 1 - 1 -> Tail Channel
Coefficient of Rugosity(n)
Discharge(Q)
Bed Level
Bed Width(B)
Side Slope(s)- H:V
MFL
Flow Depth(D)
Area(A)= (B+sD)D
Velocity(v) = Q/A
Vel. Head = V^2/2g
Perimeter(P)= B+2D((1+s^2)^0.5)
Hydraulic Mean Radius (R) = A/P
Surface Slope(S) = (v^2 x n^2)/R^4/3
TEL wrt MFL = MFL + Vel. Head
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
DATUM +158.000 M
CHAINAGE IN KM
TYPES OF AQUEDUCTS:
Type-1:- In this type canal continues over the drainage channel in its
normal earthen section including the banks and earthen slopes
Type2:- In this type also the canal continues in its earthen section over
the drainage channel, but the outer slopes of banks are replaced by
retaining walls, thereby reducing the length of drainage culvert to
that extent
Type3:- In this type the earthen banks are discontinued over the
drainage channel and the canal will be flumed and water is carried
in masonry or concrete trough(supported on pier and abutments)
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
DESIGN ASPECTS:
Layout: of the aqueduct should be so fixed that it is preferably in a
straight reach of drainage cannel. The canal/carrier channel should
be at right angles to the drainage channel as far as possible.
Bank connections to canal and drainage channel should be provided
depending upon the properties of the soil available in the area.
Wing walls for drainage may be provided with 2:1 and 3:1 splays on U/S
and D/S side; the splay should not be flatter than 3:1 and 4:1
respectively. Drainage wing walls should be suitably connected to
high ground.
Canal transitions: In order to minimize the eddy losses, a suitable Entry
& exit transitions(Straight/Warped) are necessary on either side of
trough. Canal transitions should preferably be provided with 2:1
and 3:1 splays U/S and D/S side, but not flatter than 3:1 and 5:1
respectively however, it should be ensure that the flow follows the
boundaries of the transition.
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
* Hydraulic Calculations:
1 Hydraulic Particulars
2 Discharge Calculation
3 Drain Slope Calculation
4 Lacey's Bed width Calculation
5 Tail channel calculations
6 Vent way fixation
7 Afflux Calculations
8 Scour Depth Calculation in Drian
9 Scour Depth Calculation in Canal
10 Flow Conditions
AQUEDUCT
* Structural Calculations:
11 Design of Trough Slab
12 Design of Trough Side wall
13 Design of Trough Middle wall
14 Design of Pier
15 Design of Abutment
16 Design of U/S Wing & Return Wall
17 Design of D/S Wing & Return Wall
THAT’s THE END OF THE TALE OF OUR CANAL SEGMENT
CROSSING THAT NAUGHTY STREAM
THANQ