Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions in Saudi Arabia

h a n g e Vi h a n g e Vi
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c k
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٢
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
 ‫א‬
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

? ‫א‬ ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Introduction
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EBinary number systemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Digital )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Electronic Circuits
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(INVERTER)‫א‬NOT‫א‬،OR‫א‬،AND‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Numbers Systems ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤

 Decimal Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ١
10‫א‬(10)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 
 
(8)‫א‬(128)‫א‬‫א‬(Positional Weight)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬،(8 × 1 = 8) 1‫א‬
-٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
،(2 × 10 = 20) 10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(1 × 100 = 100) 100‫א‬

(1 × 100) + (2 × 10) + (8 × 1) = 100 + 20 + 8 = 128

 ‫א‬‫א‬ E10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ........ 105 104 103 102 101 100
 W128‫א‬
8 2 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
102 101 100 
2
1 × 10 + 2 × 10 + 8 × 100 
1
(128)10 = 100 + 20 + 8 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W10-1‫א‬
102 101 100 • 10-1 10-2 10-3 ........

‫א‬‫א‬ 
(Decimal Point) 

 Binary Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١

 ‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، (1,0)

4 3 2 1 0
..... 2 2 2 2 2
-٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W (25)10‫א‬(11001)‫א‬‫א‬

2 4 23 22 21 20
1 1 0 0 1
= (1 × 2 ) + (1 × 2 ) + (0 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20)
4 3
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = (25)10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(11001)2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W(Number of Binary Combinations)‫א‬‫א‬ ■
K(bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N = 2n
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= N W
 (bits)‫א‬= n
 W‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬
N = 22 = 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬(3)‫א‬‫א‬
N = 23 = 8
 W‫א‬‫א‬(4)‫א‬‫א‬
N = 24 = 16
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬■
‫א‬(1)(1)20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(4)22‫א‬(2)21‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)‫א‬‫א‬(Least Significant Bit)
 K(MSB)‫א‬‫א‬ (Most Significant Bit) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Repeated )2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Sum of Weights Method)
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Division–by–2 Method
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬،214‫א‬،‫א‬(14)10‫א‬‫א‬
 .(0)‫א‬ 2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(MSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)
 W
 ‫א‬
0 14 ÷ 2 = 7
1 7 ÷2=3
1 3 ÷2=1
1 1 ÷2=0
1 1 1 0
(MSB) (LSB)
 W
(14)10 = (1110)2

 K‫א‬(25)10‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ١F
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1 (LSB) 25 ÷ 2 = 12
0 12 ÷ 2 = 6
0 6 ÷2=3
1 3 ÷2=1
1 (MSB) 1 ÷2=0
-٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬
(25)10 = (11001)2

 K‫א‬(87)10‫א‬‫א‬WE٢J ١F 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1 (LSB) 87 ÷ 2 = 43
1 43 ÷ 2 = 21
1 21 ÷ 2 = 10
0 10 ÷ 2 = 5
1 5 ÷2=2
0 2 ÷2=1
1 (MSB) 1 ÷2=0
 W‫א‬
(87)10 = (1010111)2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (Decimal Fractions)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(0.3125)‫א‬‫א‬،(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‬
0 0.3125 × 2 = 0.625
1 0.625 × 2 = 1.25
0 0.25 × 2 = 0.5
1 0.5 × 2 = 1.00

1 0 1 0 (MSB)  (LSB)
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF 
-٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K‫א‬(39.25)10‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ١F
 W(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
1 (LSB) 39 ÷ 2 = 19
1 19 ÷ 2 = 9
1 9 ÷2=4
0 4 ÷2=2
0 2 ÷2=1
1 (MSB) 1 ÷2=0
 W‫א‬
(39)10 = (100111)
 W(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‬
0 0.25 × 2 = 0.5
1 0.5 × 2 = 1.00
 W
(0.25)10 = (0.01)2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(39.25)10 = (100111.01)2
 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ١

(1)‫א‬‫א‬(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬1101001‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ١F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1)W‫א‬
 W
-٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

‫א‬26 25 24 23 22 21 20 :
‫א‬‫א‬1 1 0 1 0 0 1 :
= 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
6 5 4 3 2
= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 = (105)10
  (Binary Point)‫א‬‫א‬(Bits ) ‫ﺧﺎﻧ ﺎت‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

……24 23 22 21 20 • 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4…….
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(0.1011)2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ١F 
 W‫א‬
• 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4
0• 1 0 1 1
(0.1011)2 = 1 × 2-1 + 1 × 2-3 + 1 × 2-4 = 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = (0.6875)10∴
Hexadecimal Numbering System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J K١

(16)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) 
 ‫א‬(16)
 K‫א‬(10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)‫א‬‫א‬(A,B,C,D,E,F)


-٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
Hexadecimal–to–Decimal ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١J ١
Conversion
(……163 16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(... 4096 256 16 1 )‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬162 161 160)
 W(522.39)16‫א‬‫א‬
: 162 161 160 • 16-1 16-2‫א‬‫א‬
: 5 2 2 • 3 9‫א‬‫א‬
∴ (522.39)16 = (5 × 162) + (2 × 161) + (2 × 160) + (3 × 16-1) + (9 × 16-2)

= (5 × 256) + (2 × 16) + (2 × 1) + (3 × 0.0625) + (9 × 0.0039062)
= 1280 + 32 + 2 + 0.1875 + 0.0351558 = (1314.222655)10

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬(16)‫א‬‫א‬

Decimal-to-Hexadecimal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١J ١
Conversion
(16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(2)(16)‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
97‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (97)10‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(16)‫א‬‫א‬ (16)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(0)
(MSD)‫א‬‫א‬(LSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 
‫א‬
(LSD) 1 97 ÷ 16 = 6
(MSD) 6 6 ÷ 16 = 0
 W‫א‬
(97)10 = (61)16

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(314)10‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ١F
 
‫א‬ W‫א‬
(LSD) A 314 ÷ 16 = 19
3 19 ÷ 16 = 1
(MSD) 1 1 ÷ 16 = 0
 W‫א‬
(314)10 = (13A)16

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K(16)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(0.78125)10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(LSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬(MSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
C 0.78125 × 16 = 12.5
8 0.5 × 16 = 8.00
 W
∴(0.78125)10 = (0.C8)16

- ١٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(329.52)10‫א‬‫א‬WE٧J ١F 

 W16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
‫א‬
(LSD) 9 329 ÷ 16 = 20
4 20 ÷ 16 = 1
(MSD) 1 1 ÷ 16 = 0
 W‫א‬
∴(329)10 = (149)16
 W‫א‬‫א‬(16)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
(MSD) 8 0.52 × 16 = 8.32

5 0.32 × 16 = 5.12
0.12 × 16 = 1.92 1
0.92 × 16 = 14.72 E
0.72 × 16 = 11.52 B
(LSD) 0.52 × 16 = 8.32 8

 W‫א‬(6)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0.52)10 = (0.851EB8)16
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(329.52)10 = (149.851EB8)16

Hexadecimal-to-Decimal ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١J ١
Conversion
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(16)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬(F9B)16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨J ١F 
 W‫א‬
: 162 161 160 ‫א‬‫א‬
: F 9 B ‫א‬‫א‬
∴ (F9B)16 = (F × 162) + (9 × 161) + (B × 160)
= (15 × 256) + (9 × 16) + (11 × 1)
= 3840 + 144 + 11 = (3995)10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

……163 162 161 160 • 16-1 16-2 16-3 …….
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬(A15.C3)16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩J ١F
 W‫א‬
: 162 161 160 • 16-1 16-2‫א‬‫א‬
: A 1 5 • C 3‫א‬‫א‬
∴ (A15.C3)16 = (A × 162) + (1 × 161) + (5 × 160) + (C × 16-1) + (3 × 16-2)

= (10 × 256) + (1 × 16) + (5 × 1) + (12 × 0.0625) + (3 × 0.0039062)
= 2560 + 16 + 5 + 0.75 + 0.0117186 = (2581.7617)10
Hexadecimal-to-Binary ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥J ١J ١
Conversion
(0,1,2,……,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A,B,C,D,E,F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K(10,11,12,13,14,15)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(4-bits)

- ١٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K‫א‬(3A5)16‫א‬WE١٠J ١F 
 W‫א‬
3 A 5 (3A5)16 =
0011 1010 0101
= (001110100101)2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F 

 K‫א‬‫א‬(B35.D1)16‫א‬WE١١J ١F 
 W‫א‬
1 D 3 5 • (B35.D1)16 = B
1011 0011 0101 • 1101 0001
= (101100110101.11010001)2
- ١٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
Binary-to-Hexadecimal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦J ١J ١
Conversion
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(110111101.101001)2‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢J ١F 
 W‫א‬
• 1010 0100 1101 1011 0001

4 • A D B 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∴(110111101.101001)2 = (1BD.A4)16

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(11010010011.011001)2‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣J ١F 
 W‫א‬
• 0110 1000 1011 1010 0001

8 • 6 B A 1
∴(11010010011.011001)2 = (1AB.68)16
- ١٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
Gates‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
 AND Gate AND‫א‬١J ٢J ١
(Logic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
(Logical ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،Functions)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Multiplication)
(Two ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A, B‫א‬،E١J ١F  ‫א‬
(Open)‫א‬(0)Binary Variables)
 K(Closed)‫א‬(1)


(A) 
  (L) 

 
Voltage Source


 K‫א‬‫א‬AND ‫א‬‫א‬ E١J ١F 


E٢J ١F،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(L)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ (L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Truth Table)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 A B L
  
  
  
   
KE١J ١F ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F 
- ١٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
E٣J ١F‫א‬،AND‫א‬(Standard)‫א‬ ‫א‬E٣J ١F‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
 0  0  0
 0  1  0
A
 1  0  0 Y
 1 1 1 B
 AND‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١FAND‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F

 
  (1) A, B‫א‬(1)‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬(1) ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AND
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(1)
N = 2n
 ‫א‬‫א‬N W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n

 WE١٤J ١F 
 K‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬E٤J ١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
 1  0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1  1
 K‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F

 W‫א‬•
N = 2 n = 2 5 = 32

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Boolean Algebra)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Boolean Expression)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Y = A•B

 
Y = AB

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(LOW)‫א‬(HIGH)‫א‬‫א‬(Pulses)
Y‫א‬‫א‬t1‫א‬‫א‬(1)A, B‫א‬E٤J ١F
B‫א‬(0)A‫א‬t2‫א‬‫א‬،(1)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(0)Y‫א‬
K
 K(Timing Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

A

B A
t1 t2 t3 t4 t6 t7
 Y
t5 B

Y 

 KAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F 

OR Gate OR‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ١
OR‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
،(Logical Addition)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE٥J ١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(0)A, B‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Closed)‫א‬(1)(Open)



 (A)
(L)

  (B)
Voltage Source


 K‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬(L)‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٨ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
A B L
  
   
   
   
 KE٥J ١F‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F

‫א‬Y‫א‬A, B‫א‬،OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F‫א‬
 KOR‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
0  0 0
0 1 1 A
1 0  1 Y
 1 1 1 B
 OR‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١FOR‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F

 ‫א‬(1)‫א‬E٦J ١F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(0)‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬،(1)
 W‫א‬OR‫א‬
Y=A+B
 K
‫א‬t1‫א‬‫א‬(1)A, B‫א‬E٧J ١F
(0)A‫א‬،t2‫א‬‫א‬،(1)‫א‬Y‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(1)Y‫א‬B‫א‬
- ١٩ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

A

B A 
Y
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 B


Y 
 KOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١F

 NOT Gate (INVERTER) E‫א‬F NOT ‫א‬٣J ٢J ١
 ‫א‬(Inversion)‫א‬NOT‫א‬‫א‬
(1)‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Complementation)
 K(1)(0)‫א‬‫א‬،(0)‫א‬
‫א‬E٨J ١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NOT‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  Y
0 1
A Y
1 0
 NOT‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١FNOT‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AY =
 NAND Gate  NAND ‫א‬٤J ٢J 1

‫א‬‫א‬،AND NOT, AND‫א‬NAND
،E٩J ١FAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
0  0 1
0 1 1 A
Y
1 0 1 B
 1 1 0
 NAND‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١FNAND‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١F

،(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬
NAND‫א‬‫א‬،(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،NOT, OR, AND‫א‬
 W‫א‬NAND

AB Y =

‫א‬‫א‬t1‫א‬‫א‬(1)A, B‫א‬E١٠J ١F
(0)A‫א‬،t2‫א‬‫א‬،(0)‫א‬Y
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(1)Y‫א‬(1)B‫א‬
 K‫א‬

A 
B 
A
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6  t7 B
Y
Y 

 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١F
- ٢١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 NOR Gate  NOR ‫א‬٥J ٢J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ORNOT, ORNOR
،E١١J ١F OR‫א‬‫א‬(NOT gate)‫א‬‫א‬
NOR‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١J ١F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B Y
0  0 1
0 1 0 A
1 0 0 Y
 1 1 0 B
 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١FKNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)(Y)‫א‬‫א‬
،(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬،E1F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K،NOT, OR, AND‫א‬
 WNOR
A + BY =
،‫א‬A, BNOR‫א‬E١٢J ١F
 K‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬


A

B A
 Y
B
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
Y 

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١F
- ٢٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Exclusive-OR Gate  XOR‫א‬٦J ٢J ١

،XOR-gate??‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
0  0 0
0 1 1 A
Y
1 0 1 B
 1 1 0
 KXOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١FKXOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١F

(1)(Y)‫א‬‫א‬،XOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١F
 ،‫א‬(0)‫א‬(1)،A, B‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(0)
 W‫א‬‫א‬

AB + AB Y =
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y=A⊕B

 ‫א‬‫א‬،BA⊕‫א‬
XOR‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬،AND, OR, NOT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A

B
Y 


 KAND, OR, NOT‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١F
- ٢٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

A 

B A Y
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 B

Y 

 KXOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١F

 Exclusive-NOR Gate XNOR ‫א‬٧J ٢J ١
،XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٤J ١F XNOR‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١F
A = B = 1A = B = 0A, B‫א‬‫א‬(1)(Y)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(0)

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
0  0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0 A
Y
 1 1 1 B
 XNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١FXNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١F


- ٢٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AB + AB Y =
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y=A~B

‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬~‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ١F‫א‬‫א‬،AND, OR, NOT‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬

A 
B 
Y


 KAND, OR, NOT‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ١F

،‫א‬A, BXNOR‫א‬E١٨J ١F
  K(Y)‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬


A 
B  A
Y
B
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
Y 

 KXNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ١F
- ٢٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Rules of Boolean Algebra ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١F
 K‫א‬

1. A + 0 =A 2. A + 1 = 1
3. A • 0 =0 4. A • 1 = A
5. A + A=A = 1 A 6. A +
7. A • A=A = 0 A 8. A •
= A A 9. 10. A + AB = A
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١F

 The Boolean Expression for a Logic Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩J ١F
 K AB A, B ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K AC  A ,C ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K AB + AC  AB, AC ‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AB + AC
A AB
B B
Y
A
C AC

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ١F


 KE٢٠J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥J ١F 
- ٢٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬

A B+C D( A + B )
B 
Y 
C  B+C
D 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = D( A + B ) + ( B + C)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ١
Implementation of a Logic Circuit Using a Boolean Expression
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

Y = AB(CD + EF)

،AND‫א‬‫א‬ (CD + EF) A, B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E,F،AND‫א‬ C, D  (CD + EF) ‫א‬
KOR‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬،AND
 W‫א‬‫א‬

AND
NOT 
OR
Y = A B (CD + EF) 


AND
 W AB(CD + EF) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K D ‫א‬NOT‫א‬K١
- ٢٧ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K CD, EF ‫א‬AND‫א‬K٢
 K (CD + EF) ‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬K٣
 KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬K٤
 KE٢١J ١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A 
B Y

C 
D

E 
F

 K AB(CD + EF) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
Implementation of a Logic Circuit via a Truth Table
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١F
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Y = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،A = 0, B = 1, C = 0‫א‬‫א‬Y = 1‫א‬
‫א‬،(1)‫א‬‫א‬ ABC ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬،(0)
 K ABC ‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
 1  0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١F

 WOR‫א‬Y = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

Y = ABC + ABC
 A, B, C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ABC  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ABC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬
‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬ A, B, C ‫א‬
 KE٢٢J ١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KY‫א‬‫א‬

A 
B 
C
 Y


 K AB C + AB C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ١F

- ٢٩ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 KE١٧J ١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٦J ١F 


 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A  B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
 1  0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ١F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 WOR‫א‬Y = 1

 Y = ABC + ABC + ABC

 KE٢٣J ١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A
B

C 
Y





 K A B C + ABC + AB C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ١F
- ٣٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
Converting a Boolean Expression to a Truth Table
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(22 = 4)‫א‬‫א‬،(1or 0)‫א‬
 K‫א‬،(23 = 8)،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ (Y)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(0)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨J ١F 

Y = AB C + AB C + ABC + ABC

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A, B, C)‫א‬W ‫א‬

KE١٨J ١F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AB C = 000, ABC = 010, ABC = 110, ABC = 111
،(Y)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A  B C Y
 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
 1  0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
 K Y = AB C + AB C + AB C + ABC ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ١F
- ٣١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١
Simplification of Boolean Expressions Using Boolean algebra
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩J ١F 

Y = AB + A(A + C) + B(A + C)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
Y = AB + AA + AC + AB + BC 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7‫א‬‫א‬FAAA‫א‬
Y = AB + A + AC + AB + BC
 W‫א‬‫א‬،AB + AB = AB،A + A = A5‫א‬
Y = AB + A + AC + BC
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
Y = A(B + 1 + C) + BC 
 W،A + 1 = 12‫א‬
 Y = A • 1 + BC
 W،A • 1 = A4‫א‬‫א‬
Y = A + BC

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 KEEF‫א‬F‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
A
B
Y
A
Y
B
C C
E F EF

 KE١٩J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠J ١F
 K‫א‬
Y = AB C + ABC + ABC + ABC
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
Y = ( AB C + ABC) + ( ABC + ABC)
= AB( C + C) + BC( A + A)
 W6‫א‬
Y = AB • 1 + BC • 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4‫א‬
 Y = AB + BC
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٥J ١F

A
B
C
A
B
Y
Y
E F EF

 KE٢٠J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ١F
- ٣٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F
a) 64 b) 112 c) 257 d) 27.26
e) 77.0625 f) 47.875 g) 33.125
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F
a) 11011 b) 1110101 c) 111111 d) 1110.11
e) 10101.1101 f) 1100001.11011
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F
a) 14 b) 80 c) 560 d) 3000
e) 62500 f) 204.125 g) 255.875 h) 631.25
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F
a) 9F b) D52 c) 67F d) ABCD
e) F.4 f) B3.E g) 1111.1 h) 888.8
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F
a) 8 b) 1C c) A64 d) 1F.C e) 239.4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F
a) 1001.1111 b) 10000.1 c) 110101.11001
d) 10100111.111011 e) 1000000.000111 f) 1111100.1000011
 ‫א‬،A, B‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١F
 K١J ‫א‬‫א‬

A

B 
 ١J 
X 
- ٣٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬،A, B‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F
 K١J ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،A, B‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١F
 K٢J ‫א‬‫א‬

A 

B 

X 

 ٢J 

 ‫א‬،A,B‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١F
 K٣J ‫א‬‫א‬

A
X

 ٣J 

 ‫א‬،A, B‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١F
 K٣J ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬،A, B‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١F
 K٣J ‫א‬‫א‬

 K٤J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١F

A
B

C 
Y


 ٤J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١F
a) AB + AB b) AB + AB + ABC
c) AB(C + D ) d) A + B[C + D(B + C )]

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥J ١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B C Y
 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
 1  0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1  0 0
1 1 1 1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١F
a) (A + B)C b) (A + B)( B + C)
c) A(AC + AB) d) A(A + AB)
- ٣٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NORNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Karnaugh-Map)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K(K–map)K ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬
K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Introduction
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(10)‫א‬K(Combinational Logic Circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬NOR
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Karnaugh-Map)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(K–map)K ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Demorgan's Theorems١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 OR ‫א‬AND‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bars)

A+B=A•B   W‫א‬
 A • B = A + B   W‫א‬ 

E١J ٢FAND‫א‬OR
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AND‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K(negative AND)‫א‬


- ٣٨ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

A A+B A AB
B
 B
 ANDOR‫א‬E١J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B  +B
A  •B
A
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
 K‫א‬E١J ٢F
E٢J ٢FOR ‫א‬AND ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(negative OR)‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

≡
A A
AB A+B
B B
 KORAND‫א‬E٢J ٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B  •B
A  +B
A
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
 K‫א‬E٢J ٢F
- ٣٩ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٢F

Y = (A + B + C) • (A + B + C )
 W‫א‬
Y = (A + B + C) • (A + B + C)
= (A + B + C ) + (A + B + C )
= A BC + A BC= AB C+ A BC

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ WE٢J ٢F
Y = (A + B) + CD
 W‫א‬
Y = (A + B) + CD
= (A + B).CD
= (A.B)(C + D)
= A B(C + D)
 NOR, NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
The Universal Property of NAND and NOR Gates
‫א‬،AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NOR‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،OR
 K (Universal Gates)

 NAND Gate as a Universal Logic Element NAND‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢
،AND،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬
NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR،OR
K‫א‬NAND‫א‬EEF٣J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
KEEF٣J ٢F NAND‫א‬‫א‬AND  

NOR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٣J ٢FNAND‫א‬ ‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF٣J ٢F

A A ≡ A
A
E F
≡
A AB AB = AB A
AB
B B
EF
A A
≡
A
A .B = A + B A+B
B B
B
EF
A A A .B = A + B
≡
A
A+B
A+B
B B
B
EF

 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F
NOR Gate as a Universal Logic Element NOR‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢

،OR،AND{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR ‫א‬‫א‬،NAND ‫א‬
‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F،NAND‫א‬
 KNAND‫א‬OR‫א‬ NOT
- ٤١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
A A ≡ A
A
E F
A+B
A
B
A+B = A+B
≡ A
B
A+B
EF
A A
A + B = A.B ≡ A
B AB
B
B
EF
A A A + B = A.B
A ≡ A
B
AB
B
B
EF

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F
 NOR،NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
Design of Combinational Logic Circuits using NAND and NOR Gates
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NORNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
NOR‫א‬‫א‬،(Negative-OR)‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK(Negative AND)‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬OR‫א‬NAND‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
A • B = A + B 
NAND Negative-OR 

 KE٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A
 
AB
B 
Y = AB + CD
C 
D CD 
 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = (AB)(CD)
 W‫א‬
Y = AB + CD
 W(bars)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AB + CD

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٦J ٢F ‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬NAND
‫א‬‫א‬E٥-٢F‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٦J ٢F‫א‬
 W،EEF٦J ٢F
- ٤٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 (NAND-NAND-NAND)≡(AND-AND-OR)
A
AB A

B Y = AB + CD
C
≡ B

Y = AB + CD
C
E F EF
D CD D 
KE٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬AND-AND-OR E٦J ٢F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢F
 K‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A AB 
B ABC

C  Y
D DE 
E
 DEF
F

K‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧J ٢F

 WE٧J ٢F‫א‬(Y)‫א‬
F = [(AB)C] • [(DE)F]
= [(A + B)C] • [( D + E )F]
= ( A + B )C + ( D + E ) F
= ( A + B )C + ( D + E ) F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬،E٨J ٢F
- ٤٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

A 
A+B
( A + B )C
B 
C Y = ( A + B )C + ( D + E )F 
D
D+E 
E 
( D + E )F
F 
K‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٨J ٢F 

 WNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣J ٢F
(a ) Y = ABC + DE
(b) Y = ABC + D + E
 KE٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

A A 
ABC ABC
B B 
C Y = ABC + DE C Y = ABC + D +E
D
E F
D
EF 
E DE E

KE٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٩J ٢F


 NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬J AND‫א‬NOR‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 A + B = A • B
 
NOR Negative-AND

- ٤٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 KE١٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


A A+B
B 
(A + B) (C +
C

D C+D 

KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = (A + B) + (C + D)
 W‫א‬
Y = (A + B) • (C + D)  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = (A + B) • (C + D) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬OR‫א‬(A + B)(C + D)‫א‬
J ٢F AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OR‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J AND‫א‬‫א‬EEF١١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١١

 A
A A+B
A+B
B
 B
≡
(A + B) (C + (A + B) (C + D)
C

C
D  D
C+ D
E F  EF
 K‫א‬J AND‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F
- ٤٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F
 W‫א‬(Y)‫א‬K‫א‬J AND

Y = [(A + B) + C] + [(D + E) + F]

= [ AB + C] + [ D E + F]

= ( AB + C)( D E + F)

A 
A+B
B ( A + B) + C 

C
 Y
D D+E 
E

( D + E) + F
F 

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F


 KE١٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J AND‫א‬‫א‬


A
AB AB + C 
B
C 
Y = ( A B + C) (D E + F) 
D
DE 
E
DE + F

F

 KE١٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٢F
- ٤٧ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 WNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ٢F
Y = AB C + ( D + E )  KE١٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

A
A + B + C = AB C
B
C Y = A B C + ( D + E)
D
E

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F

 Karnaugh Map٤J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K-
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (array)، ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (cells)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Simplification using Karnaugh-map ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢

 ،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( A, B )‫א‬(A، B)،E١٥J ٢F

 K(00,01,10,11)
- ٤٨ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  


A B Y
B B
0 0 AB
0 1 AB A AB AB
1 0 AB A AB AB
1 1 AB
 K‫א‬E١٥J ٢F
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٦J ٢F ‫א‬(Input Labels)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ A 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ B ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
 K AB ‫א‬
B  B
A 
A

 KE22 = 4FE١٦J ٢F
،EF‫א‬ EEF١٧J ٢،EF١٧J ٢F

 KEF‫א‬
- ٤٩ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  


CD CD CD CD
 
AB
BC BC BC 
BC 
AB
A

A AB
 
E F  AB
EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٢F
، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF١٨J ٢F

‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
J ٢FOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 KEEF١٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨

J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF١٨
- ٥٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 A
A B B
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Y
A B Y
0 0 0 Y=AB+AB
EF
0 1 0
1 0 1 AB
1 1 1 AB
EF 
E F A A B B
B B
 B B Y
A 0 0 A 0 0
A 1 1 A 1 1
A
 EFEFEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬(1)‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0)‫א‬(0)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ (1)
‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEAB F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E A B F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(0)،‫א‬(0)( AB, A B )
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K A + A = 1 ‫א‬،EComplements)
- ٥١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF١٨J ٢F
(adjacent cells)  ‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨J ٢F ‫א‬
A،‫א‬،‫א‬ B ، B  AB, A B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F Y = A B + AB 
Y = A(B + B)
= A •1 = A

‫א‬EEF١٨J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(A)‫א‬(Y)‫א‬
 KEEF١٨J ٢F

 EEF١٩J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬WE٥J ٢F
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 KEEF١٩J ٢F
EEF١٩J ٢F‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EEF١٩J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EEF١٩J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)
E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، BC ‫א‬ A , A ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K A B ‫א‬ C , C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF١٩J ٢F 
- ٥٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OR ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬
AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، OR‫א‬
 KEEF١٩J ٢F‫א‬٦‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
 E F

A A B B CC BC BC BC BC

A 1
 
Y
 
A 1 1 1
 
Y = AB + B C
A B 
  EF BC
EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١٩J ٢F
- ٥٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬(1's)‫א‬
،‫א‬E٢٠J ٢FK2‫א‬‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1'sF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


AB
 AC
CD CD CD CD CD CD
CD
AB 1 1 1 1  AB 1 0 1 1
AB 1 0 0 1  1 0 1 1
AB
AD 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
 AB
AB C 0 1 1 0 AB 1 0 1 1
AB

AD BC
D
Y = AB C D + AB C D + ABCD + ABC D  Y = AB C D + ABCD + ABCD + ABC D
+ AB C D + ABC D + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD + ABCD + ABC D + ABCD
+ ABCD + AB C D + ABCD  F
E‫א‬ + AB C D + ABCD + ABCD E‫א‬F
Y = ABC + AD + ABD + AB E‫א‬F Y = AC + BC + D E‫א‬F
E F  EF
- ٥٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

B
CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD 
0 BD
AB 1 1 1 1
AB
0 1 0 
1 1 AB 1 1 0 1 
AB
D
AB 1 C D
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
AB

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AB
AB AB
Y = AB C D + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD 
Y = A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B C D
+ A B C D + A BCD + A B CD + ABCD + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD + AB C D
+ A B C D + A B C D + AB C D + A B C D E‫א‬F

+ AB C D + ABCD + ABCD E‫א‬F
Y = B+D E‫א‬F Y = C D + AB + BD E‫א‬F 
EF EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٢F 
EEF٢١J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦J ٢
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B C D Y
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢١J ٢F
- ٥٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF٢١J ٢F،(1)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Y = A BCD + A BCD + ABCD + ABCD + A BCD + ABCD

،EEF٢١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


AD

CD CD CD CD

AB 0 1 1 0

AB 0 1 1 0

AB 0 0 1 0 
0 0 1 0 
AB

CD
 K٦J ٣‫א‬EEF٢١J ٢F

 
‫א‬ EEF٢١J ٢F 
 ،(1's)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K AD 
 ‫א‬ C 
 ‫א‬، C   ‫א‬ B 
 ‫א‬ B   ‫א‬
- ٥٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K CD ‫א‬ A ، A ، B ، B ‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AD + CD
 Binary Adder and Subtractor Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

The Half-Adder Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .[Carry (C)]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[Sum(S)]‫א‬‫א‬ A , B ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
A B S C
0 0 0 0 0 + 0 = 0
0 1 1 0 0 + 1 = 1
1 0 1 0 1 + 0 = 1
1 1 0 1 ‫א‬ 01 + 1 = 102 or 210 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬،(XOR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (S )‫א‬‫א‬
EEF٢٢J ٢F AND‫א‬‫א‬(c)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C, S ‫א‬‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٧ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  


A B
A
S(sum) ‫א‬
B
 ≡ HA
C(carry) ‫א‬

S
 EF
C EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F

 HA ‫א‬EEF٢٢J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EHalf AdderF
S,C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
        
S = AB + A B
  
C = AB

 The Full-Adder Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٢
‫א‬(2-bits)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(carry)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (bits) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬(bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A,B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EInput carryF
 KE٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( و‬Sum
ٍ )‫א‬ (Carry)
- ٥٨ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B Cin S C
0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 + 1 + 0 = 1
0 1 1 0 1 ‫א‬ 00 + 1 + 1 = 102 or 210 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 + 0 + 0 = 1
1 0 1 0 1 ‫א‬ 01 + 0 + 1 = 102 or 210 1
1 1 0 0 1 ‫א‬ 01 + 1 + 0 = 102 or 210 1
1 1 1 1 1 ‫א‬ 11 + 1 + 1 = 112 or 310 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬ A, B, C in  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E 2 3 = 8 F
‫א‬ C, S  ‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ S , C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
S = A BC in + ABC in + A BC in + ABC in
C = ABC in + A BC in + ABC in + ABC in

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S = A BC in + ABC in + A BC in + ABC in
= (AB + A B)C in + (A B + AB)C in

- ٥٩ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 XNOR  A B + AB ‫א‬‫א‬،XOR AB + A B ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S = (A ⊕ B)C in + (A ⊕ B)C in

 Cin ‫א‬ (A ⊕ B) XOR‫א‬
 WS‫א‬‫א‬
 S = (A ⊕ B) ⊕ C in = A ⊕ B ⊕ C in

 ‫א‬‫א‬ S 
‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬، XOR 
 K Cin ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ C ‫א‬
C = ABC in + A BC in + ABC in + ABC in
= (AB + A B)C in + AB(C in + C in )
= (A ⊕ B)C in + AB ⇐ ( C in + C in = 1)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٢٣J ٢F‫א‬CS
 (Full Adder)FA‫א‬EEF٢٣J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

A B Cin
A 
B S(sum)

≡ FA


Cin C(carry)
S C
E F EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F
- ٦٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EEF٢٣J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬

OR‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬
 KE٢٤J ٢F‫א‬

Cin A S 
S
HA
S

A B C
HA 
C
B C

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٢F


 Half Subtractor Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
(bit)،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(1)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(difference)
، ،‫א‬ ‫א‬(Borrowed)
 K
‫א‬(2-bits)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬A ،‫א‬‫א‬(1)
، A ≥ B ،B, A ‫א‬(A – B)،B
‫א‬،(Difference bit)‫א‬‫א‬0 – 0 = 0, 1 – 0 = 1, 1 – 1 = 0W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬،0 – 1A<B
(10)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬2
 K2 – 1 = 1‫א‬،(2)‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٦١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬ (D)‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

 K(B0)‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬( B 0 )‫א‬،(D)‫א‬‫א‬

D = AB + A B
B 0 = AB
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B D B0
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬(S)‫א‬(D)‫א‬
A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(C)‫א‬( B 0 )‫א‬، XOR ‫א‬
 K B ، A ‫א‬ AND ‫א‬( B 0 )‫א‬
‫א‬EEF٢٥J ٢F ،‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٥J ٢F
 K(Half Subtractor)‫א‬ HS ‫א‬،‫א‬

 The Full-Subtractor Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ (2-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(1)
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬( B i n )  ‫א‬‫א‬(B)‫א‬(A)‫א‬  A, B, B in
 KE٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D, B 0
- ٦٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B Bin D B0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢F
‫א‬ 0's,1's  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K A − B − B in ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0's,1's K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ B in = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
(2) B 0 = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1) A = 0, B = 0, B in = 1
 K D = 1 ،2 – 0 – 1 = 1،A
A ، B 0 = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1) A = 0, B = 1, B in = 1 
 K D = 0 ،2 – 1 – 1 = 0،= 2
‫א‬‫א‬K D = 0 ، B 0 = 0 ‫א‬A – B – Bin = 0، A = 1, B = 0, B in = 1 
، B 0 = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1) A = 1, B = 1, B in = 1  
 K D = 1 ،3 – 1 – 1 = 1،A=3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D = ABB in + ABBin + AB Bin + ABBin

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(S)
 W‫א‬

D = (A ⊕ B) ⊕ B = A ⊕ B ⊕ B
in in 
- ٦٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬،(B0)‫א‬

B 0 = ABB in + ABBin + ABB in + ABBin

= B in ( AB + AB) + AB( Bin + B in )

B 0 = B in (A ⊕ B) + AB ⇐ ( Bin + B in = 1)


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٢٦J ٢F(B0), (D)‫א‬
(Full Subtractor)‫א‬FS‫א‬،EEF٢٦J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
OR‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، OR‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٧J ٢F‫א‬

A B Bin
A
B D
≡ FS
Bin B0
D B0
E F EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢٦J ٢F 

Bin A D 
D
HS 
D B B0
A
HS 
B0 B0
B

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٢F
- ٦٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F
a) AB(C + D ) b) AB(CD + EF)
c) (A + B + C + D ) + ABCD d) (A + B + C + D) (AB C D)

 WNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F
a) ABCD + DE b) ABC + AB + D
c) AB C + D + E d) ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
 WNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F
a) (A + B + C) (A + B) b) ABC + (D + E )
c) (AB + C) (DE + F) d) (A + B) + ( C + D)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
- ٦٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F

a) F1 = AB C D + ABCD + ABCD + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD
b) F2 = ABCD + ABC D + AB C D + ABC D + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD
c) F3 = ABC D + ABC D + ABC D + ABC D + AB C D


d) F4 = AB C D + + AB C D + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD + ABCD + AB C D + ABCD

(1 or 0)‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
a) A = 1, B = 1, Cin = 1 b) A = 0, B = 1, Cin = 1
c) A = 0, B = 1, Cin = 0 d) A = 1, B = 1, Cin = 0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢F
 W‫א‬
a) S = 0, Cout = 0 b) S = 1, Cout = 0
c) S = 1, Cout = 1 d) S = 0, Cout = 1
(1 or 0)‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬

a) A = 1, B = 1, Bin = 1 b) A = 1, B = 0, Bin = 1
c) A = 1, B = 1, Bin = 0 d) A = 0, B = 1, Bin = 1
- ٦٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Introduction
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Combinational Logic Circuits)
 (Sequential Logic Circuits)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Memory)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ وא‬،(Flip-Flop Circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(1) ‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(0)
‫א‬‫א‬
Bi-)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NOR‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬،(stable Multi-vibrator
‫א‬‫א‬K(Digital Integrated Circuits)‫א‬
Shift )‫א‬‫א‬،(Counters)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Timers)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Registers

 ‫א‬١J ٣
 Latches‫א‬١J ١J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Bistable Multi-)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Latch)‫א‬
S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣FK(vibrator
-٦٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
(Set Input)"1"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S 

(Reset Input)"0"‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬R
 Q ‫א‬Q
 K‫א‬

SET
INPUT S Q Q output
RESET R Q Q output
INPUT

S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F

Q =1,  Q =0(Set Condition) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ .Q =0, Q = 1(Reset Condition)
‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Q‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FQ = 1
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F Q = 0‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬K Q = 0
(1)‫א‬‫א‬S,R‫א‬، Q = 1‫א‬
‫א‬،(unpredictable)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NOR‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S
Q
R Q

 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S-R
-٦٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬F(1)NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬
 .(Active High Inputs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
S R Q (Mode of Operation)
0 0 Q0
E‫א‬F‫א‬
No Change
0 1 0
‫א‬‫א‬
Latch RESETS
1 0 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Latch SETS
‫א‬
1 1 ? 
Invalid condition
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ S,R‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(Q)‫א‬

 K‫א‬
Q‫א‬‫א‬(1)(0)R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FQ = 0 (0)
KQ = 0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)(0)S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FQ = 1(1)(0)Q
KQ = 1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S,R‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
-٧٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣FNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)NAND‫א‬
 K(Active Low Inputs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


S
Q


Q
R 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

S R Q (Mode of Operation)
‫א‬
0 0 ? 
Invalid condition
0 1 1
‫א‬‫א‬
Latch SETS
1 0 0
‫א‬‫א‬
Latch RESETS
1 1 Q0
E‫א‬F‫א‬
No Change
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F
-٧١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬ -١
KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ R = 1‫א‬، S = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
Q = 1‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
K
‫א‬‫א‬ R = 0‫א‬، S = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

 Q = 0‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(0)
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬NAND
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Logic Symbol)‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S Q Q S S Q Q
R R R Q Q
Q Q

 EFEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، S = 0, R = 0 K(Q)‫א‬ S, R  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

KE٥J ٣F S, R ‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٣
 KQ = 0‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬
-٧٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬
S
Q

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F
 Clocked S-R Flip–Flop ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬٢J ١J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S − R S-R‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(CK)‫א‬(Clock Pulse)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F
 K(CK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S Q S Q
CK CK
R Q R Q

 EFEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F
-٧٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٣‫א‬
 ‫א‬(Positive Edge Trigger)‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٣‫א‬،(1)(0)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (Negative Edge Trigger)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(0)(1)‫א‬
‫א‬،NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬S,R‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S

 Q
CK

Q
R

 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬
(0)‫א‬‫א‬S,R‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0)‫א‬‫א‬(S = 0,R = 1)‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
.(Reset)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬(1)
(0)‫א‬‫א‬(S = 1,R = 0)‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
.(Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q = 1‫א‬(1)
‫א‬S = 1, R = 1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٧٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
S R CK Q (Mode of Operation)
0 0 X Q0
E‫א‬F‫א‬
No Change
0 1 0
‫א‬‫א‬
Latch RESETS
1 0 1
‫א‬‫א‬
Latch SETS
‫א‬
1 1 ? 
Invalid condition
 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F

‫א‬]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[(0)(1)
 K(0)(1)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E٦J ٣F‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬ (Q)‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧J ٣FS,R,CK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Q = 0
1 2 3 3 5 6 
CK
S 
R 
Q 
 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F
-٧٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬
 KQ = 0(Q)‫א‬،S = 0, R = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K(Reset)Q = 0‫א‬،S = 0, R = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K(Set)Q = 1(1)Q ‫א‬،S = 1, R = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
.(Reset)Q = 0‫א‬،S = 0, R = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
K(Set)Q =1‫א‬،S = 1, R = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
KQ = 1 (1)‫א‬،S = 1, R = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 D-Type Flip-FlopD ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٣

(Single Bit)‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K(10)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨J ٣FD

D S Q
CK
R Q

 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬ D‫א‬ ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،CK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬KCK
R = 0‫א‬،S = 1‫א‬‫א‬،[Set](1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KQ = 1‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،CK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬D
R = 1 ‫א‬،S = 0‫א‬‫א‬،[Reset](0)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(1)(Set)‫א‬‫א‬KQ = 0‫א‬E٣J ٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬(0)(0)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
-٧٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ٣F‫א‬(Positive Edge Trigger) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
D CK Q (Mode of Operation)
(SET)‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
(stores a 1)
(RESET) ‫א‬‫א‬
0 0
(stores a 0)
 K‫א‬‫א‬D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(D)‫א‬(Q)‫א‬ ‫א‬
(D)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (CK) ‫א‬‫א‬
E١٠J ٣F‫א‬K
 KNAND‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬


D S

Q
D Q

CK

CK
Q 
Q R


 KD‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣FKNAND‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F

‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQF‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٣
Q = 0  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١١J ٣FEDF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٧٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬
CK

D

Q

 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٣F
‫א‬(1)(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(D)‫א‬(Q)‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 J-K Flip Flop‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬٤J ١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J-K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬J-K‫א‬K‫א‬
J-K‫א‬‫א‬.(Reset)‫א‬‫א‬(Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KS-R‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J 
Q
J Q
CK 
C
K Q 
Q
K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٣F
-٧٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٣F
 K‫א‬ Q ،Q
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬E٥J ٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(0)J,K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J = 0, K = 1‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬(Reset)‫א‬
J = 1, K = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬J-K(Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Toggle)‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Q‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬
 KCK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
J K CK Q (Mode of Operation)
0 0 Q0
E‫א‬F‫א‬
No Change
0 1 0
‫א‬‫א‬
(RESET)
1 0 1
‫א‬‫א‬
(SET)
1 1 Q0
‫א‬
Toggle
 K‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬E٥J ٣F

‫א‬E١٢J ٣F‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣J ٣FCKJ-K‫א‬
 K‫א‬Q = 0
-٧٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬

CK 1 5
2 3 3
Q

 K‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٣F
Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)J,K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K(1)‫א‬
KJ = K = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
KQ = 0(Reset)J = 0, K = 1،‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
KQ = 1(Set)J = 1, K = 0،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
Q‫א‬J,K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Set)‫ א‬-٥
K(1)‫א‬
 T-Type Flip-Flop T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E١٣J ٣F‫א‬J,K‫א‬
(Toggle)T‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬T
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬(1)‫א‬(T)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣J ٣FCK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
-٨٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
T J Q
CK
K Q

 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٣F
 KE٦J ٣FT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

T CK Q (Mode of Operation)
0 Q0
E‫א‬F‫א‬
No Change
1 Q0
‫א‬
Toggle
 KT‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F
‫א‬E١٣J ٣F‫א‬(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٣FCK‫א‬T‫א‬
 K‫א‬Q = 0 
 W‫א‬

CK

T 
Q 

 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٣F
-٨١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T = 1‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬
T = 1‫א‬‫א‬ ،Q = 0Q
 T = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(1)(0)Q‫א‬

Master-Slave Flip-Flop‫א‬–‫א‬٦J ١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Edge Triggered)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(Master-Slave)‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬(Pulse Triggered)
‫א‬(Complete Clock Pulse)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬EEF١٦J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬،(Slave)‫א‬(Master)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R
(Slave)‫א‬‫א‬،(CK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Master)
 K( CK )‫א‬‫א‬

Master Slave 
S
Y

Q
CK

CK
Q 
Y 
R


 K‫א‬J ‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٦J ٣F

،EEF١٦J ٣FCK، CK   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(CK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Master)‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Slave)
 K( CK )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WS,R‫א‬Q، Q 
(Master)‫א‬‫א‬(CK)(High)‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(Reset)‫א‬‫( أو א‬Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Enabled)‫א‬
 KS,R‫א‬‫א‬
 (slave)  ‫א‬‫א‬(CK)(Low)‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬(Enabled)‫א‬
S-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬J ‫א‬R
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(CK)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬(High)
،‫א‬J  ‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٦J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t5t0‫א‬(CK)‫א‬‫א‬
 KS,R
‫א‬(Enabled)‫א‬ (Master)‫א‬‫א‬،t0‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ S = 1, R = 0 ‫א‬(CK)‫א‬‫א‬(High)‫א‬
K( Y = 0 )Y = 1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(Set)
(Low)‫א‬‫א‬(Disabled)‫א‬‫א‬،t1‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬(Enabled)‫א‬(Slave)‫א‬‫א‬،CK
‫א‬Q‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Y, Y  K CK (High)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KQ = 1(Set )‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE CK = 1‫א‬‫א‬ Q = 1, Q = 0 ‫א‬ Y = 1, Y = 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
S R CK Q (Mode of Operation)
0 0 Q0 E‫א‬F‫א‬
0 1 0 (RESET) ‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 1 (SET)‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 ‫؟‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٦J ٣F


 Master Master Master Master
Enable Enable Enable Enable
 CK t0 t1 t2 t3 t3 t5

S (SET)
‫ﻜﺎل‬ ‫أﺷ‬
 R (RESET)
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
(Master)
 Y
Y


Slave Slave Slave
 Enabl Enable Enable
CK

Y (Slave Set) ‫أﺷﻜﺎت ﻧﺒﻀﺎت‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮع‬
Y(Slave Re set ) (Slave)

Q

 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٦J ٣F

-٨٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
CK(High)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،t2‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ Y = 0, Y = 1 ‫א‬S = 0, R = 1‫א‬
 .(Reset)
‫א‬،CK  (Low)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،t3‫א‬ •
 (Reset)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

 KQ = 0‫א‬
،Y‫א‬(Low)‫א‬S,R‫א‬،t3‫א‬ •
 S‫א‬،t3‫א‬‫א‬K(Y = 0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KY = 1‫א‬‫א‬(High)‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،t5‫א‬ •
‫א‬
KQ = 1Q‫א‬Y = 1


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
D CK Q (Mode of Operation)
 (SET)‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
(stores a 1)
(RESET)‫א‬‫א‬
0 0
(stores a 0)
E F
D S S Q
Clock in CK CK
CK
R  R Q

EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٣F

-٨٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
J ٣F ،‫–א‬ ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٧J ٣F

–‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬،‫–א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٧
 KQ‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EEF١٨J ٣F‫א‬،‫–א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨J ٣F ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Q)‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬
– ‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Master Slave
J Y
Q
CK CK
Q
Y
K
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

J K CK Q (Mode of Operation)
0 0 Q0 E‫א‬F‫א‬
0 1 0 (RESET) ‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 1 (SET)‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 Q0 (Toggle)‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨J ٣F
-٨٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME
CK
ME = Master Enabled
J
‫א‬
K (Master)
SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE
CK
SE = Slave Enabled
‫א‬
Y
(Slave)
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (PRE ) (PRESET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٣F‫א‬ (CLR ) (CLEAR)‫א‬‫א‬
  S-R ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K CLR ، PRE 
،Q = 1(SET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Q = 0 (RESET)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K Q‫א‬
(RESET)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(CLEAR)‫א‬
 (PRE) ‫א‬K
، PRE = 0 (1)‫א‬Q‫א‬،‫א‬
-٨٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
(0)‫א‬Q‫א‬  (CLR ) ‫א‬

S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣FK CLR = 0
Q‫א‬EF PRE = 0 ‫א‬ CLR = 1‫א‬
 PRE = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCK, S, R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(1)
S, R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)Q‫א‬‫א‬EF CLR = 0
 KCK,
PRE


S Q
CK 
R Q


CLR
 K CLR ، PRE S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

PRE CLR CK S R Q (Mode of Operation)
0 1 X X X 1 (SET)‫א‬‫א‬
1 ‫א‬‫א‬
0 X X X 0
(RESET)
0 0 X X X ? ‫א‬
 KS-R‫א‬‫א‬ CLR ، PRE ‫א‬E٧J ٣F
-٨٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Timer Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Clock Signal)
‫א‬(Positive Edge)‫א‬‫א‬(Sharp)‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Negative Edge)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K, S-R, D-Type‫א‬
Astable )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ (Bistable Multi-vibrator)
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬(Multi-vibrator
 ‫اﻟ ﺬي‬(Monostable Multi-vibrator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Fixed Duration)(Rectangular Pulse)

Astable Multi-vibrator Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٣
(Free running)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Schmitt-trigger)(Inverter)‫א‬


+5V Charge
R 
Discharge 0 (1) 1(0)
∫ ∫ 
+
C 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

.(High)(Not)‫א‬‫א‬ (Low)‫א‬‫א‬،(0)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(R)‫א‬‫א‬(C)‫א‬
(High)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،R,C‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬
 ،(Low)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،(Low)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬(High)

Monostable Multi-vibrator Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٣
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢١J ٣F
NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)Q‫א‬‫א‬ ،(Low)‫א‬(Trigger)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (High)
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،(Low)‫א‬ NOR  ‫א‬‫א‬(High)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬ (Low)(High)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬(High)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q‫א‬‫א‬KEF٢١J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ (Low)‫א‬

+5V

R
Input
Trigger (T) 
+ Output
C Pulse (Q)

E F

Input

Trigger (T)
Output 
Pulse (Q)
E F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٣F
-٩٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،(resistor–capacitor network)
‫א‬‫א‬،R‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 KQ‫א‬(Low)‫א‬(High)‫א‬‫א‬

 The 555 Timer Circuit ٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 555‫א‬‫א‬
555‫א‬،E٢٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬ (IC)
 K 5KΩ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Discharge Threshold
E‫א‬F E‫א‬F
+VCC Control Voltage
E‫א‬F  E‫א‬F
8 7 6 5

1 2 3 3
Ground  Reset
E‫א‬F E‫א‬‫א‬F
Trigger
E‫א‬F  Output
E‫א‬F
 K555‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 .(Monostable mode)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Astable mode)

-٩١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬١J ٣J ٢J ٣
555 Timer as an Astable Multi-vibrator
‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬EEF٢٣J ٣F
F ‫א‬‫א‬ .(Free running)‫א‬(Astable)
 ،‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٣J ٣
 K(0)E‫א‬F+Vcc‫א‬‫א‬

+5V
8 3
555 Timer
RA 5KΩ
-
5
1/3 VCC RL
Comparator
+ (A) Inverting
R
6
Buffer/Driver
S-R Q Output
RB 5KΩ Flip-Flop 3 E‫א‬F
2 - S Inverter
2/3 VCC EF
Comparator
+ (B)
+
5KΩ
Discharge Transistor
7 E‫א‬‫א‬F

 K‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬EEF٢٣J ٣F
-٩٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
T1 T2 T3  
T3 T5 
2/3 VCC
Voltage

Across "C"

1/3 VCC

(+VCC)
Output tp tn
(0) 
 K‫א‬C‫א‬EEF٢٣J ٣F
T1‫]א‬(High)‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Low)‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K[ ‫א‬
 KOFF‫א‬(Discharge Transistor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،OFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(C)
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،T2‫א‬KRB, RA‫א‬+Vcc
1 2
 VCC  ‫א‬‫א‬،(High) A‫א‬‫א‬، VCC
3 3
555(3)‫א‬‫א‬KQ = 0(RESET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KON‫א‬،(High)‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)‫א‬
،T3‫א‬KC‫א‬،ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 ، VCC 
B‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
3
‫א‬،Q = 1(SET)‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬(High)‫א‬
C،OFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬RB, RA‫א‬C‫א‬،EEF٢٣J ٣F‫א‬
1 2
 (Positive time) tp‫א‬K VCC ‫א‬RB‫א‬، VCC
3 3
 W‫א‬

t p = 0.7(R A + R B )C
-٩٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬(Negative time) tn‫א‬


t n = 0.7 R BC
 Wtn‫א‬،tp‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FT‫א‬

T = tp + tn
= 0.7(R A + 2R B )C 
 W‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬

1 1
f = =
T 0.7(R A + 2R B )C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1.43
f =
( R A + 2 R B )C
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢J ٣
555 Timer as a Monostable Multi-vibrator
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬EEF٢٤J ٣F
‫א‬EEF٢٤J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬.(one-shot)‫א‬‫א‬
K555‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،(Input - trigger)‫א‬
 KRA,C‫א‬‫א‬(Pw)‫א‬
(RESET)S-R‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٢٤J ٣F T1‫א‬
‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬‫א‬KQ = 0(Low)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(inverted and buffered)،‫א‬
 K(Low)0V(3)‫א‬555
‫א‬(High)S-R‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ON‫א‬،‫א‬
-٩٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
555‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬(Trigger)‫א‬،T2‫א‬
1
، VCC   B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
3
‫א‬KQ = 1‫א‬(SET)‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬،(High)B‫א‬
‫א‬555(3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬ (High)‫א‬
 KOFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(High)

+5V 
8 3
555 Timer
5KΩ
RA
-
5
1/3 VCC RL
Comparator
+ (A) Inverting
R
Buffer/Driver
6
S-R Q
5KΩ Flip-Flop 3 Output
Trigger 2 - S Inverter
Input 2/3 VCC Comparator
+ (B)
5KΩ
7
Discharge Transistor
+
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬EEF٢٤J ٣F
-٩٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
T1 T2 
Trigger 1/3 VCC
Input
0V 

2/3 VCC


Voltage 
Across "C"

Output


 K‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٤J ٣F

 RA‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
+VCC‫א‬
‫א‬(High)‫א‬555‫א‬KEF٢٣J ٣‫א‬
2
،(High)A‫א‬،(T3)‫א‬K VCC ‫א‬
3
(3)‫א‬‫א‬،(RESET)‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(Leading edge)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬RA‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬(Trailing edge)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

Pw = 1.1R A C
-٩٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Shift Registers‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Shift )‫( أو א‬Shift Left)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Buffer Register)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Parallel Data)‫א‬(Serial Data)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Right
 K(Shift Registers)‫א‬‫א‬

 Buffer Registers‫א‬١J ٣J ٣
(Digital word)‫א‬
4-)‫א‬EEF٢٥J ٣FK(bits)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(stages
 K(Positive edge-triggered)

(3-bit word to be stored)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D1 D2 D3 D3
D Q D Q D Q D Q
Q Q Q Q
CLR CLR CLR CLR
CK
CLR
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q3
(parallel data outputs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F
 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٥J ٣
-٩٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

Clock 
D1
1 
0

D2
 
1
D3

D3 0

Q1 

Q2
 
Q3

Q3 
E F

 KEEF٢٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٥J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬(3-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Q1,Q3, Q2,Q3‫א‬D1,D2,D3,D3
 K(CK)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٥J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Q1,Q3, Q2,Q3‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Clear-input)‫א‬K(Parallel-in, Parallel-out Registers)
 K‫א‬‫א‬(active-low)


-٩٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Shift Registers‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣
‫א‬(Shift)‫א‬(move)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKE٢٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
(Serial-in, Serial-out Shift Registers)‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K(SISO)‫א‬‫א‬
(Serial-in, Parallel-out Shift Registers)‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
.(SIPO)‫א‬‫א‬
(Parallel-in, Serial-out Shift Registers)  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K(PISO)‫א‬‫א‬


Serial-in, serial-out (SISO) Shift Registers
Shift Right
 Shift Left
Serial-In 
Serial-Out Serial-In
Rotate Right  Rotate Left
 F

Serial-in, parallel-out (SIPO) Shift Registers Parallel-in, Serial-out Shift (PISO) Registers

Parallel Data In
Serial-In

Serial-Out

Parallel Data Out EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦J ٣F
-٩٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٣J ٣
Serial-in, Serial-out (SISO) Shift registers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F
‫א‬1001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F0110‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Clock Input Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
 —  — 0 1 1 0
1st 1 1 0 1 1
2nd 0 0 1 0 1
3rd 0 0 0 1 0
th
٣ 1 1 0 0 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬1st Clock pulse)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(2nd Clock pulse)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0110)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(1001)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(0110)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1001)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
-١٠٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3

Serial
Serial
Data D Q D Q D Q D
0 1 2 Data Out
Input
CK
Clock
Input
SISO Shift Right
E F
Serial
Serial Data
Data Out Input
Q D Q D Q D Q
3 2 1 0
CK CK CK
Clock FF3 FF2 FF1 FF0

Input
SISO Shift Left
E F
SISO Rotate Right SISO Rotate Left
EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬(3-bits)‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٧J ٣F
‫א‬،(FF0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KD‫א‬‫א‬
(Q1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FF1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬ (Q0)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Q2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FF2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،(FF3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(Clock input)‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(1-bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Positive edge)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
D‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SISO Shift-Right Shift )‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬EEF٢٧J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .(Register
SISO Shift- Left )‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Shift Register
EEF٢٧J ٣F ،EEF٢٧J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (SISO Rotate-Left)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬(SISO Rotate-Right)
 KEEF٢٧J ٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٣J ٣
Serial-in, parallel out (SIPO) Shift registers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
(3-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Serial data input)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

Serial
FF0 FF1
 FF2 FF3
Data D Q D Q D Q D Q
Input 0 1 2 3
CK CK CK CK

Clock

Input


Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3

 Parallel data outputs
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٣F


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3-bits)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(3-bits)(Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0)

 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣J ٣
Parallel-in, Serial-out (PISO) Shift registers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬
‫א‬ SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬K SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬
(Enabled)‫א‬‫א‬AND ‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬Inverter‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(D3,D2,D1,D0)‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Clock pulse)‫א‬‫א‬
 .(Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0)

-١٠٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
(SHIFT / LOAD) control
(1 for shift , 0 for load ) Parallel data inputs
D D D D
0 1 2 3
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3 Serial

Out
D Q D Q D Q D Q
0 1 2 3
CK CK CK CK
Clock
Input

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩J ٣F
AND‫א‬‫א‬،(High) ‫א‬ SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬

Q0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Enabled)  ‫א‬‫א‬
،(FF2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q1‫א‬،(FF1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K(FF3)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Q2‫א‬
(1-bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(clock inputF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،(binary bits)‫א‬‫א‬
،(clock input)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Synchronous Counters )   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Asynchronous Counters)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،(Master Clock)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Asynchronous Binary-Up Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٣٠J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬J-K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،(High)‫א‬J,K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬(Negative edge)(Toggle)
F ‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(3-bit word)‫א‬‫א‬Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0‫א‬KEEF٣٠J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0000‫א‬‫א‬
FF0‫א‬‫א‬KE٩J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(MSB)‫א‬(Q3)FF3‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)(Q0)

-١٠٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3
J Q J Q J Q J Q
0 1 2 3
Clock
Input CK CK CK CK
K K K K
Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3
E F
1 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 15 16 17
0
Q0
Q1 0
Q2 0
Q3 0
 F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠J ٣F

،(Clock input)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(FF0)‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Toggle)Q0‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٣٠J ٣F Q0‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬"0""1"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"1""0"Q0
Q0،FF1‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Q0‫א‬
Q2‫א‬Q1 K(Toggle) Q1‫א‬
 KQ3‫א‬Q2،
-١٠٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 1 3
0 1 0 0 ٣
0 1 0 1 5
0 1 1 0 6
0 1 1 1 7 Cycle Repeats
1 0 0 0 8
1 0 0 1 9
1 0 1 0 10
1 0 1 1 11
1 1 0 0 12
1 1 0 1 13
1 1 1 0 13
1 1 1 1 15

Binary Count
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣F
 The Maximum Count (N) of a Counter ‫א‬•

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٩J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،[‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬]0001‫א‬‫א‬
(3)]0011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،[
 ‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫]א‬0010
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKKKKKK[
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N = 2 n − 1 
  W
(N = maximum count before cycle repeats) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = N
 (n = number of flip-flops in the counter circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = n
 W‫א‬EEF٣٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
N = 2n − 1
= 24 − 1
= 16 − 1
= 1510 (11112 )
The Modulus (MOD) of a counter‫א‬‫א‬•
‫א‬(MOD) (Modulus of a counter)‫א‬‫א‬
MODEEF٣٠J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬11110000(16)‫א‬‫א‬(16)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MODKE٩J ٣F

MOD = 2n
MOD = modulus of the counter
n = number of flip-flops in the counter circuit

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٣٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

MOD = 2 n
= 24
= 16
The Frequency Division of a counter ‫א‬‫א‬•
EEF٣٠J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬(frequency divider)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬2‫א‬K2‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬2‫א‬2‫א‬
3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EEF٣٠J ٣F
،2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، KQ1 ‫א‬
-١٠٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬،8‫א‬،3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬16

E‫א‬FDivision Factor = 2n
 The Propagation Delay Time (tp) of a counter‫א‬‫א‬•

‫א‬‫א‬،(Ripple counter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬K10000111‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0111‫א‬‫א‬ (3 Flip-Flops × 10ns) 40ns 10ns (tp)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(counting speed)‫א‬K1000
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 × 10 9
f=
n× tp
 W
f = upper clock pulse frequency limit
tp= propagation delay time of each flip-flop in nanoseconds
Asynchronous Binary Down Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K"1"
‫א‬EEF٣١J ٣F ‫א‬K ‫א‬"1"‫א‬
-١٠٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Q ‫א‬KJ-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬
KEEF٣١J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (RESET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LowQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0000Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1111 Q ‫א‬
High‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬‫א‬KHighFF3,FF2,FF1
‫א‬(Toggle)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
HIGH
 FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3
J Q J Q J Q J Q
0 1 2 3
 Clock
Input CK CK CK CK
K Q K Q K Q K Q
 0 1 2 3
 F
1 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 15 16 17
 Clock
Input
0
 Q0
0
 Q1
Q2 0

Q3 0

F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣١J ٣F
-١١٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
،"1""0"Q0‫א‬،FF0‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"0""1" Q 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
"1" Q1 ‫א‬"0""1"Q1‫א‬،FF1‫א‬
 K‫א‬،FF2‫א‬"0""1" Q1 ‫א‬‫א‬K"0"

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
1 1 1 1 15
1 1 1 0 13
1 1 0 1 13
1 1 0 0 12
1 0 1 1 11
1 0 1 0 10
1 0 0 1 9
1 0 0 0 8 Cycle Repeats
0 1 1 1 7
0 1 1 0 6
0 1 0 1 5
0 1 0 0 ٣
0 0 1 1 3
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

Binary Count
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F
(15)10 = 1111Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FF0‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٣١J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬Q0‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Q3,Q2,Q1‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-١١١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٣
Asynchronous Binary Up/Down Counters
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L‫א‬E٣٢J ٣F
 K UP / DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬AND-OR

Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3
HIGH
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3

Q Q Q Q
J 0 J 1 J 2 J 3
Clock
CK CK CK CK
Input
K Q K Q K Q K Q
0 1 2 3
UP/DOWN control
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢J ٣F

‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬،High‫א‬ UP / DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q،(Enabled)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Low‫א‬ UP / DOWN
(Enabled)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Disabled)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q 
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

-١١٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
Synchronous Binary Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤J ٣

‫א‬AND‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬(MOD-16) ‫( أو‬3-bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Triggered)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3
HIGH
A B
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3
J Q J Q J Q J Q
0 1 2 3
CK CK CK CK
Clock K K K K
Input

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣J ٣F

FF0‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Toggle)‫א‬ ،High‫א‬
Low‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬LowHighHigh 
‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FF1‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬
FF1‫א‬‫א‬Q1‫א‬،Low‫א‬Q0‫א‬‫א‬KFF0
Q1‫א‬،High‫א‬Q0‫א‬(No change)
K(Toggle)
AND(A)‫א‬‫א‬ FF2‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬
،High  AND(A)‫א‬Q0 = Q1 = High‫א‬KQ0,Q1
 K‫א‬‫א‬FF2‫א‬‫א‬(Enable)‫א‬‫א‬
-١١٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬AND(B)‫א‬‫א‬ FF3‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬
AND(B)‫א‬High‫א‬Q2,Q1,Q0‫א‬KQ2,Q1,Q0
 K‫א‬FF3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬High

Synchronous Counters Advantages ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
(Ripple counters)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Propagation-delay time)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

tp = Single (flip-flop) tp + Single (AND-gate) tp
-١١٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
Multiplexers (Data Selectors)E‫א‬)‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤J ٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Mux

 So 0 
 S1 1

Y
Do 0
 
‫א‬ D1 1
D2 2
 

D3 3 

١ ×٤ E٣٤J ٣F


‫א‬‫א‬ S ‫א‬E٣٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (S1 = 0, S0 = 0) 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(S1=0,S0=1)1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ D0‫א‬‫א‬
 (S1=1, S0=0) 2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ D1‫א‬
(S1=1, S0=0) 3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ،‫א‬ D2‫א‬
 KE١١J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬D3‫א‬
‫א‬       E٣٤J ٣F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S1 = 0, S0 = 0D0‫א‬ •
-١١٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Y = D 0 S1 S0 W 
S1 = 0, S0 = 1D1‫א‬ •
 Y = D1 S1S0 W 
S1 = 1, S0 = 0D2‫א‬ •
Y = D1S1 S0 W 
S1 = 1, S0 = 1D3‫א‬ •
 Y = D1S1S 0 W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = D 0 S1 S 0 + D1 S1S0 + D 2 S1 S0 + D 3S1S0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣٥J ٣FS1, S0‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥J ٣F

E٣٦J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬
-١١٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦J ٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦J ٣F
Demultiplexers ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K (Data subscriber)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٧J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAND‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧J ٣F
-١١٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬(Data in)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨J ٣F ٧J ٣

J ٣F ‫א‬D3, D2, D1, D0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(S1, S0)‫א‬
 KE٣٧
 ‫א‬
D3,  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٨J ٣FD2, D1, D0
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨J ٣F
-١١٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(negative edge trigger)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Q=0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
CK
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(positive edge trigger)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Q=0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

CK
-١١٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(negative edge trigger)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Q=0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

CK


J


K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(negative edge trigger)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Q=0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
CK
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬‫א‬(f)‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F
 KC = 0.1µf‫א‬،RB = 3kΩ‫א‬RA = 10kΩ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 555‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F
 KC = 0.01µf‫א‬،ΩRA = 12kΩ‫א‬
 K‫א‬S1=0, S0=1, D3=0, D2=1, D1=0, D0=1‫א‬E٣٥J ٣F‫א‬E٧J ٣F


-١٢٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٤
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٤
 ‫א‬١J ٢J ١J ٤
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٧١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Intel ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IBM١٩٨١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8088
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١J ٤
(CPU) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-١٢٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E١J ٤F ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 .‫א‬
W‫א‬ 
W‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬

W‫א‬ 
W‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬

WE٢J ٤F
-١٢٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬

ELogic GatesF
 ‫א‬EMultiplexersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬L
 KEPower SupplyFEClockF
‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F 

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١J ٤
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬،EROM : Read Only MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،ERAM : Random Access MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WEInput unitF •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEOutput unitF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
CU: F‫א‬ECPU: Central Processing UnitF‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬E٤J ٤F EControl Unit
 K‫א‬
-١٢٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(٤J ٤)
 WE٥J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
ROM
RAM
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(٥J ٤)
-١٢٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
F5v0v‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEBusF‫א‬
 KE10 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEData BusF‫א‬
‫א‬ ( 64/32/16/8F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 8‫א‬‫א‬D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0‫א‬،EEBitF 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WEAddress BusF‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬16‫א‬A15 A14 A13……….A2 A1 A0‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F‫א‬W
1111 0101 0000 1100
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
1111 0101 0000 1100
11010110
‫א‬‫א‬
0
‫א‬
1
1
0
1
0
1
1 ‫א‬
D7 – D 0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ٤F


-١٢٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEControl BusF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EWRF ‫א‬ERDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬
 EROMRAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MEMR
 RAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MEMW
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IOR
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IOW

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
‫א‬EWordF E
 
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬8K، ‫א‬‫א‬EBit) 64/32/16/8
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EByteF??‫א‬
KEBinary Coded DecimalF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-١٢٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F
0111H – A01FH – ABCDH – 9812H – 7FE3H – 54H – 69H – A3H – EFH 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F
0124H-ABCDH-123H-011GH-119H-1FH-0000F-BBEEH-0ABCF-45EFH-ABFH-1235H
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬XE٤J ٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM/ROM
 KRAM/ROM

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٤F
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬J 
 J ‫א‬J 
-١٢٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
IOR MEMW MEMR

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 


 
-١٢٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
EF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Parallel Transmission‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Do
D1
‫א‬L
D2

D3
D4
D5
 D6
D7
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ EF 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٥F


EF‫א‬E D7 ---- D0 F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Series Transmission‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٥
،‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E D7 ---- D0 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



‫א‬L
ÅD0 ÅD1 ----ÅD

 7
 D7Æ D6 --Æ--D0
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢J ٥ F
‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،‫א‬،WL‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥
 KKKKKKKKKKK،‫א‬،،،W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥
 KKKKKK،،،،W‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٥
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،‫א‬،،‫א‬W‫א‬٤J ٢J ٥
 K‫א‬٥J ٢J ٥
-١٣٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٥
،10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EWordF‫א‬
 KE٣J ٥F
 WEFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1K = 210 = 1024

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E10F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬W(٣J ٥)


 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
W
 16 12 10 8‫א‬‫א‬

 21621221028‫א‬‫א‬

 26K22KK ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬L ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEChip SelectF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٥
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬17H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2000H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K16H
 W‫א‬2000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 10000111H = 17H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 10000110H = 16H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
E 5 0F10E‫א‬F‫א‬D0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٤J ٥F


-١٣٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة اﻷول‬
A0 – A15
0000
2000
2001 17H
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0000
D0 – D 7 2000
‫א‬10 2001 16H
WD7‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤J ٥F 




 ‫א‬٣J ٤J ٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
0،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A15 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬
 CS1 CS2
1‫א‬
2‫א‬
A15
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ٥F
 
 W‫א‬
 2000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 A000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٥
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬816‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2K‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8K‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
-١٣٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 WROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 8192=8x1024=23K=8K=‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 1FFF<J J J 8191=E1–8192F
 
 WRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬F0000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 07FF<J J J 2047=E1 – 2KF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1FFF0000ROM‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F27FF=E07FF + 2000F2000RAM‫א‬ •
.EROM
‫א‬FRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEROM‫א‬
 KE٦J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






-١٣٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A0 – A15
0000
ROM‫א‬ ‫א‬
ROM
1FFF
‫א‬ 2000
RAM‫א‬ ‫א‬
 RAM
27FF ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ٥F



 Binary Decoder‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E2E‫א‬‫א‬F=‫א‬FW
 E٧J ٥F

-١٣٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
2 1 4 3 21

1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
0 1 0 0 1 0
2

2 1 0 0 1 0 0
3 1 1 1 0 0 0
4
‫א‬WE٧J ٥F


E43،2،1F‫א‬‫א‬EA14A15F‫א‬‫א‬E21F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
1

CS
A15 1
A14 2 CS
2
3 CS
4 CS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨J ٥F

 
-١٣٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬F
 ERD : ReadF‫א‬ •
 EWR : WriteF •
 K(CS: Chip select)‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٥
EHandshakingF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬
-١٤٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬L

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٥F


DACK : Data F‫א‬‫א‬ EDAV : Data AvailableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAcknowledge
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٤١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 00C0‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 00C0
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
00C0‫א‬ 00C1
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٠J ٥F

 


 EIntel 8085A‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 W،‫א‬‫א‬Intel 8085A‫א‬

-١٤٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
TRAP
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RST 7.5

Intel 8085A‫א‬
RST 6.5
 RST 7.5003C
 RST 6.50034 RST 5.5
 RST 5.5002C
INTR
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEMemory Access ControllersF ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-١٤٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F

 ‫א‬L‫א‬E٢J ٥F
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢E٣J ٥F

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F

8FFFH-8800H‫א‬،ROM‫א‬7FFFH-0000H‫א‬E٥J ٥F
 WRAM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ROM‫א‬‫א‬J 
 RAM‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K1K‫א‬RAM‫א‬2K‫א‬ROM‫א‬E٦J ٥F
 K0000H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KROM‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٥F

-١٤٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
A15
CS
O0
O1
O2
A14 I3  O3
CS ١
A13 I2 O4 CS
 ٢
A12 I1 O5
CS ٣
‫ א‬O6
O7
CS ٤
A11-A0


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I3 I2 I1 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1


 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬E٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬
 KF000H-FFFFH ‫א‬CFFFH-C000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬DFFFH-D000H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K EFFFH-E000H ‫א‬
-١٤٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EFFFH-E000H‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KDFFFH-D000H‫א‬
 WEFEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬I2‫א‬ -
KI2I1‫א‬‫א‬ -
K٣‫א‬٢‫א‬ -
 
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 03FFH-0000HW١‫א‬J
 07FFH-0400HW٢‫א‬J
 0BFFH-0800H W٣‫א‬J
 0FFFH-0C00H W٤‫א‬J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٥F

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٥F
 
-١٤٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
(Dynamic-   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Static-memory)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
memory)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٤٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(RAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(ROMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(Semiconductor Memories)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬(Static-memory)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
(Dynamic- memory) ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 K‫א‬
 Basics of semiconductor memory‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (LatchesF

-١٤٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Units of binary data‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٦

،EBitsF
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EBitF‫ א‬K١
KEByteF‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬ENibbleF‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWordF‫ א‬K٤

Basic array of semiconductor memory‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٦
(0)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١J ٦F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(cell)
 ٦٤

1 1 1 
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
٨×٨EF 10
11
12
13 61
14 62
15 63
١٦×٤EF 16 64
1 2 3 4 1
٦٤×١EF
٦٤‫א‬E١J ٦F
-١٤٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
  

   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬(Block)

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  
  ٦٤‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ٦٤‫א‬‫א‬٨×٨E١J ٦F K١
‫א‬
K
K١٦‫א‬‫א‬١٦×٤E١J ٦F K٢
K٦٤‫א‬٦٤×١E١J ٦F K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٨١٦٣٨٤16K
 K16K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٢

 Memory Address and Capacity‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٦F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٤٨‫א‬E٢J ٦F٦٤E٢J ٦F

1 1  
2 2 
3 3
4 4

5 5 
6 6

7 7
8 8 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
‫א‬ E٢J ٦F
-١٥٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Basic memory operations‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WERead operationF‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEWrite operationF‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEData busF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬EAddress busF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E215F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬32,67815-Bit‫א‬
،E216F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬65,536 16-Bit‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 4,294,967,296‫א‬32-bit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4GE232F‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
Write operation ‫א‬١J ٤J ١J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

101 ‫א‬ 11000001 
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 
 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1
2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0


‫א‬‫א‬ 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 

4 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

5 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 
2
7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

‫א‬ 3
‫א‬E٤J ٦F

 WE٤J ٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬101‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K5‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
-١٥٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Read operation ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٥J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
011 ‫א‬ 11000001

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1
2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

4 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 3
‫א‬‫א‬ 5 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F
 WE٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 011‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K3‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K3‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ERandom-Access Memories (RAMs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(RAM)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ 
    
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬

The RAM Family‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W(The static RAMs)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
W(The dynamic RAMs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KErefreshing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬(volatile memories)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٦F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٦F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(RAM)


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Dynamic RAM
 Static RAM
(SRAM)
(DRAM) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٦F 




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Static RAM
(SRAM) 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(ASRAM) ESB-SRAM) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٦F


-١٥٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Dynamic RAM
(DRAM) 



‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
(EDO DRAM) (EDO DRAM) DRAM 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٦F 


 Static RAMs (SRAMs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٢J ٦
 storage cell‫א‬ •
01‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٦F‫א‬
‫א‬01‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Basic static memory cell array ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠J ٦F
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ data input/output
Buffers and control
 L
 ‫א‬L ‫א‬
Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Dynamic RAMs (DRAMs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٢J ٦
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٦F‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 DRAM E١١J ٦F
-١٥٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F (R/ w )‫א‬(Low)‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 (tristate input buffer)‫א‬
1K(output buffer) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(High)‫א‬D1N‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬(High)
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٢J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬١E١٢J ٦F

0‫א‬‫א‬D1N‫א‬0 K٢
E١٢J ٦F 1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Low) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(1or 0)‫א‬ ‫א‬

-١٥٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬0E١٢J ٦F
 (R / W ) (Re ad / Write) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬(Dout)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬E١٢J ٦F
‫א‬ (R / W ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٥٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1‫א‬E١٢J ٦F

 Read Only Memories‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 The ROM Family‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٦F



-١٦٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Read only memory 
(ROM) 



‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬
(UVEPROM)
(Mask ROM) (PROM) (EEPROM) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٦F


 ROM‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LOW(0) ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٦F
-١٦١-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1s
  ‫א‬‫א‬(High)
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0K1EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Low)
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨K‫א‬


  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٦F



‫א‬٤‫א‬E١٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٦٢-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K





‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٦F١٦×٤‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0101‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬0110‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬




-١٦٣-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-١٦٤-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Memory Expansion‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦
E ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Word Length Expansion‫א‬١J ٤J ٦
٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧J ٦F

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٧J ٦F



 64K×8‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٦F65,536×4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٦F

-١٦٥-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 E١٨J ٦F

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٦F 64K×4‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٦F


 K64K×16‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F

-١٦٦-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬65,536 16 bit words‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬64K×4‫א‬


 (٢٠J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٦FK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬





-١٦٧-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٦F

‫א‬‫א‬1M×4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٦F
 K1M×8‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 E٢٢J ٦F1M×4‫א‬

 E٢٢J ٦F
-١٦٨-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Word Capacity Expansion‫א‬٢J ٤J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٢٣J ٦F
 K1M×4‫א‬512K×4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F
 ‫א‬

A19‫א‬‫א‬ E 0  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E1 ‫א‬E٢٤J ٦F 
‫א‬‫א‬K
(A0-A18)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Low)
 ‫א‬‫א‬A19
‫א‬‫א‬٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A19١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (A0-A18)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٦٩-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 E٢٤J ٦F
-١٧٠-
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٧
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KIntel 8085‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠

K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬KIntel 8085‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬KIntel 8085 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ١٧٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(١J ٧)
 
 ‫א‬١J ٢J ٧
E
 ‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E0000H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
W‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ EByte‫א‬8F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Emicro-instructionsF ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬E٣J ٧)

- ١٧٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬ELFEHF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KIntel 8085 ‫א‬

١٦F‫א‬‫א‬ EStack PointerF

E16 bits  E ١٦F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E١٦F ‫א‬‫א‬
W(8) Z(8) B(8) C(8)
 D(8) E(8)
H(8) L(8)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F
‫א‬EZFEWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F١٦‫א‬EH), (LF‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0012H W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte‫א‬‫א‬J 
00 12
W Z

- ١٧٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 00 12

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 00 13
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 00 12 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WIntel 8085A‫א‬٤J ٧
 ‫א‬١J ٤J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬??
 KHL ، DE ، BCW6 •
 WZW •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬8A •

- ١٧٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٧
WIntel 8085A‫א‬
 E1 ByteF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 E2 BytesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E3 BytesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬EOperation CodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬Byte‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬Byte‫א‬  
 Intel 8085A‫א‬WE٥J ٧F
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
JMP addr
 
 (JMP: JUMPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
022A ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٧ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،JMP 022A‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،C3‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JMP ‫א‬‫א‬ 11000011


00101010
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte ‫א‬ 00000010
JMP 022A‫א‬E٦J ٧)



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte‫א‬ K٢
EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte‫א‬ K٣
- ١٧٨ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 ‫א‬٣J ٥J ٧
EF‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٦J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٦J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(A) (Port)
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧٩ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Port)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬

 IN Port W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Input)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 KIntel 8085A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 IN 82W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



IN   ‫א‬DB  11011010
 10000010
‫א‬‫א‬82



- ١٨٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٦J ٧
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(A) (Port)
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺮاج‬/‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﻬﺎز اﻹدﺧﺎل‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EPortF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 OUT Port W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EOutputF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  OUT 80 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



OUT ‫א‬D3
 11010011
 ‫א‬‫א‬80  10000000
- ١٨١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬W 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EFW
 E‫א‬F‫א‬W
 E‫א‬F‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(r ) (H,L) MOV r,M


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(H,L)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K(r)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 MOV B,M W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EHLF‫א‬
0022
0022 ‫ א‬ B‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ١٨٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(H,L) (r) MOV M,r
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FErF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EHLF‫א‬

 MOV M,C W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬
‫א‬
4012
‫א‬
4012
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 EHLF‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
K‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(H,L) (data) MVI M,data

EH,LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EdataF‫א‬‫א‬
 MVI M,02 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
HL
2000
‫ﺘ‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
02
02
2000
- ١٨٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(r) (data) MVI r,data
r‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬8Fdata‫א‬‫א‬

 MVI D,54W
 KD‫א‬‫א‬54‫א‬
،16‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (rp) data 16 LXI rp,data 16
 Krp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pr‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬16F‫א‬

 LXI BC,0142W
 KBC‫א‬‫א‬0142‫א‬
 KB‫א‬01‫א‬C‫א‬42‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،MOVW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (r1) (r2) MOV r1,r2
 Er1F‫א‬‫א‬Er2F‫א‬

 EBF‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬ MOV B,AW
- ١٨٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
(B) (A) MOV B,A
‫א‬ ‫א‬
A‫א‬ A‫א‬
0F 0F
MOV B,A
0F
B‫א‬ B‫א‬
- ١٨٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
S Z A P C Y C
02  467 ‫א‬‫א‬

CY(Carry) P(Parity) AC(Auxiliary Carry) Z(Zero)  S(Sign) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE5,3،1‫א‬‫א‬F10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١J ٧J ٧
 KA‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
،EA-BF‫א‬05B ‫א‬04‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬E‫א‬F7‫א‬‫א‬EJ FK-01‫א‬
 K1‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
 0
- ١٨٧ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EA+BF‫א‬02B‫א‬0E‫א‬W
 00001110 ‫א‬
 H 00000010B‫א‬
 Z00010000‫א‬

 KED3F‫א‬‫א‬ED4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
 KE

 A‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
 EFFF‫א‬‫א‬
(A) + (B)‫א‬‫א‬10B‫א‬FF ‫א‬W

 KE5,3،1‫א‬‫א‬F10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 11111111‫א‬
 H10000000B‫א‬
 Z01111111‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1‫א‬

- ١٨٨ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
Flowchart‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EProgram FlowF‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EProcessF‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EPredefined ProcessF‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EDecisionF‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ETerminalF‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٩ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
W
 W‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١‫א‬
‫א‬
١ ٢ ٢‫א‬


- ١٩٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 Branch Instructions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٧
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EJUMP InstructionsF‫א‬ K١
ECALL InstructionsF‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 EJMP: JUMPF‫א‬١J ٩J ٧
 ‫א‬١J ١J ٩J ٧
 JMP addrW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬addr،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬JMP ‫א‬
- ١٩١ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W
 JMP F021
‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
0022
0023  21
0024  F0


‫א‬
F021
KF021‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٢J ١J ٩J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J<>addr
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬EaddrF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Jump if Zero: JZ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JZ 0023
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0023 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٢ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬E) ‫ادﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬

13 ‫ذات اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬

0 Z


0 Z


‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 CALL addr

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬addr‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EsubroutineF
‫א‬‫א‬ERETURNF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٣ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W(subroutine)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 RETURN

- ١٩٤ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٧F

 ‫؟‬HLT‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F
 ‫؟‬

 ‫؟‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٧F
 
 KEmicro-instructionsF‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬0125H‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧J ٧F
 WW Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
01 25 25 01
W Z W Z

‫א‬Byte‫א‬،‫א‬Byte‫א‬،،W‫א‬E٨J ٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
- ١٩٥ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F
 (A) (Port) ; (A) (Port) J 
MOV r,M J 
 MOV r1,r2J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢   J ١W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٧F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٧F
 MVI M,45 ; LXI DE,FH01 ; MOV A,C ; MOV M,E ; MVI D,FC ; MOV C,M
 KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬MOV A,B ‫א‬J E١٢J ٧F

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKMOV B,M‫א‬J  
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬MVI C,1A ‫א‬J  
 KKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬1D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٧F
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
S Z A P
CY

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EA-BF‫א‬E١٤J ٧F
 K‫؟‬EE١٣J ٧FF‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬
- ١٩٦ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
 ‫א‬‫א‬
c u -tr ack
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٧F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٧F
B‫א‬12H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K13H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،EJMPF‫א‬E١٧J ٧F

 ‫؟‬JMP 01FE‫א‬‫א‬01FE ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٧F

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٧F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٧F
 JMP ABCDH ; JMP 012FH ; JMP 12H ; JMP 158GH ; JZ 00FFH ; JP 012FH
K JM AFF0H ; JMP 013H
- ١٩٧ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr ack
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
‫א‬‫א‬
[1] Nigel P. Cook, Introductory Digital Electronics. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,

Inc. 1998.
[2] M. Morris Mano, Digital Logic and Computer Design, Prentice- Hall, Inc.
of India - 2000.
[3] Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, Seventh Edition, Prentice-Hall,

Inc. 2000.
[4] M. Morris Mano, Digital Design, Prentice- Hall, Inc. Aug 2001.
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 ‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
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c u -tr ack
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ‫א‬

 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction
 ٢K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Numbers Systems‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
 ٣K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W128‫א‬
 ١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Gates‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
 ٢٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Rules of Boolean Algebra‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
 ٢٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
 ٣١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
 ٣٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١
 ٣٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction
 ٣٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Demorgan's Theorems١J ٢
 ٤٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K NOR, NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 ٤٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K NOR،NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
 ٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Karnaugh Map٤J ٢
 ٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K Simplification using Karnaugh-map‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
 ٥٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K Binary Adder and Subtractor Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
 ٦٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction
 ٦٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬١J ٣
 ٨٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Timer Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
 ٩٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Shift Registers‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
 ١٠٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 ١١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Multiplexers (Data Selectors)E‫א‬)‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 ١١٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Demultiplexers‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
 ١١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤
 ١٢٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
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XC e XC e
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 ‫א‬  ١٢٢  ‫א‬
to
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.d o . c .d o .c
c u -tr ack
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ c u -tr a c k
  
 ١٢٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 ١٣٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 ١٣٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
 ١٣٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
 ١٣٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
 ١٣٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Binary Decoder‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥
 ١٤٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥
 ١٤٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٥
 ١٤٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٧ K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Basics of semiconductor memory‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦
 ١٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ERandom-Access Memories (RAMs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
 ١٦٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Read Only Memories‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
 ١٦٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Memory Expansion‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦
 ١٧١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١٧٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧
 ١٧٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٢J ٧
 ١٧٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
 ١٧٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬WIntel 8085A‫א‬٤J ٧
 ١٧٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧
 ١٨٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٧
 ١٨٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬١J ٧J ٧
 ١٨٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Flowchart‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٧
 ١٩٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Branch Instructions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٧
 ١٩١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Branch Instructions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٧
 ١٩٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠٠ -
XC e XC e
F- w F- w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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h a n g e Vi h a n g e Vi

،(2 × 10 = 20) 10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F

(128)10 = 100 + 20 + 8 

102 101 100 • 10-1 10-2 10-3 ........

Decimal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ١

 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ١

  (Binary Point)‫א‬‫א‬(Bits ) ‫ﺧﺎﻧ ﺎت‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(0.1011)2 = 1 × 2-1 + 1 × 2-3 + 1 × 2-4 = 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = (0.6875)10∴

Hexadecimal Numbering System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J K١

∴ (522.39)16 = (5 × 162) + (2 × 161) + (2 × 160) + (3 × 16-1) + (9 × 16-2)

(MSD) 8 0.52 × 16 = 8.32

∴ (A15.C3)16 = (A × 162) + (1 × 161) + (5 × 160) + (C × 16-1) + (3 × 16-2)

0011 1010 0101

1011 0011 0101 • 1101 0001

E٣J ١F‫א‬،AND‫א‬(Standard)‫א‬ ‫א‬E٣J ١F‫א‬

 AND‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١FAND‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F

 NAND Gate  NAND ‫א‬٤J ٢J 1

 NOR Gate  NOR ‫א‬٥J ٢J ١

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١FKNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١F

 Exclusive-OR Gate  XOR‫א‬٦J ٢J ١

 XNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١FXNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ١F

 Rules of Boolean Algebra ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١

Y = A B (CD + EF) 

 A, B, C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ABC  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٧J ١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٦J ١F 

E٢J ٢FOR ‫א‬AND ‫א‬‫א‬

KEEF٣J ٢F NAND‫א‬‫א‬AND  

NOR Gate as a Universal Logic Element NOR‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE22 = 4FE١٦J ٢F

،EF‫א‬ EEF١٧J ٢،EF١٧J ٢F

 K٦J ٣‫א‬EEF٢١J ٢F

 Binary Adder and Subtractor Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢

 XNOR  A B + AB ‫א‬‫א‬،XOR AB + A B ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EEF٢٣J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 0's,1's  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

b) F2 = ABCD + ABC D + AB C D + ABC D + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD

c) F3 = ABC D + ABC D + ABC D + ABC D + AB C D

(1 or 0)‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢F

(Set Input)"1"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Clocked S-R Flip–Flop ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬٢J ١J ٣

 D-Type Flip-FlopD ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٣

 T-Type Flip-Flop T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬E١٣J ٣F‫א‬(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٣

J ٣F ،‫–א‬ ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٧J ٣F

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨J ٣F

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٣

(0)‫א‬Q‫א‬  (CLR ) ‫א‬

 K CLR ، PRE S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Timer Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬(Negative time) tn‫א‬

(parallel data outputs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Rotate Right  Rotate Left

FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3

Clock FF3 FF2 FF1 FF0