TUGAS 3

DIFFUSION

Okky Helja Octora Syahida Rahman

2006492843

1. Consider the gas carburizing of a gear of 1018 steel (0.18 wt %) at 927°C. Calculate the
time necessary to increase the carbon content to 0.35 wt % at 0.40 mm below the surface of
the gear. Assume the carbon content at the surface to be 1.15 wt% and that the nominal
carbon content of the steel gear before carburizing is 0.18 wt %. D (for the diffusion of C in
γ iron) at 927°C = 1.28 × 10-11m2/s.

Known:

C0 = 0.18 wt % C
Cs = 1.15 wt% C
Cx = 0.35 wt% C
X = 0.40 mm = 4 x 10-4 m
T = 927°C
D = 1.28 × 10-11m2/s

Answer:
(4 x 10−4 )
𝐶𝑥 −𝐶𝑜
=
0.35 −0.18
𝐶𝑠 −𝐶𝑜 1.15 −0.18
= 1 - erf [ ]
2√(1.28 × 10−11 ) (t)

55.90183
0.17526 = 1 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓 √𝑡
55.90183
0.82474 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓 √𝑡

𝟓𝟓.𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟑
If z = √𝒕

Then: 0.82474 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑧 → ( erf z is between 0.82089 and 0.82542)

z
Interpolation from the table:

𝑧 −0.95 0.82474 −0.82089

=
0.96 −0.95 0.82542 −0.82089

z = 0.95849

55.9
= 0.95849
√𝑡

55.90183
√𝑡 = 0.95849

t = 3401.55014 s = 0.95 hour.

2. A gear made of 1020 steel (0.20 wt % C) is to be gas-carburized at 927°C. Calculate the

carbon content at 0.90 mm below the surface of the gear after a 4.0-hour carburizing time.
Assume the carbon content at the surface of the gear is 1.00 wt %. D (C in γ iron) at 927°C
= 1.28 × 10-11 m2/s.

Known:
C0 = 0.20 wt %C ; Cs = 1.00 wt%C
X = 0.90 mm = 9 x 10-4 m
t = 4 hour = 14400 s
D = 1.28 × 10-11m2/s

Answer:
(9 x 10−4 )
𝐶𝑥 −𝐶𝑜
𝐶𝑠 −𝐶𝑜
=
𝐶𝑥 −0.2
1 −0.2
= 1 - erf [ ]
2√(1.28 × 10−11 ) (14400)

𝐶𝑥 −0.2
= = 1 – erf (1.04816)
0.8

𝐶𝑥 −0.2
=1- = erf (1.04816)
0.8

If z = 1.04816 → (z is between 1.04 and 1.05)

z
 𝐶𝑥 −0.2
Then: 1- = erf z ….. (equation 1)
0.8

Interpolation from the table:

1.04816 −1.04000 erf 𝑧 −0.85865

=
1.05000 −1.04000 0.86244 −0.85865

erf 𝑧 −0.85865
0.816 = 0.00379

Erf z = 0.86174

substitution erf z in the (equation 1)

𝐶𝑥 −0.2
1- = 0.86174
0.8

𝐶𝑥 −0.2
= 0.13826
0.8

𝐶𝑥 = 0.31

carbon content at 0.90 mm below the surface of the gear is 0.31 wt % C

3. An FCC iron–carbon alloy initially containing 0.10 wt% C is carburized at an

elevated temperature and in an atmosphere wherein the surface carbon
concentration is maintained at 1.10 wt%. If after 48 h the concentration of
carbon is 0.30 wt% at a position 3.5 mm below the surface, determine the
temperature at which the treatment was carried out.

Known:
C0 = 0.10 wt %C
Cs = 1.10 wt%C
Cx = 0.30 wt% C
X = 3.5 mm = 35 x 10-4 m
t = 48 hour = 172800 s

Answer:
𝐶𝑥 −𝐶𝑜
=
0.3 −0.1
𝐶𝑠 −𝐶𝑜 1.1 −0.1
= 1 – erf [2√xDt ]
𝒙
If z = 𝟐√𝑫𝒕 (equation 1)

Then: erf (z) = 0.8

𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑧 → ( 0.8 is between 0.79691 and 0.80188)
Interpolation from the table:
𝑧 −0.90 0.8 −0.79691
=
0.91 −0.90 0.80188 −0.79691

z = 0.90623

input z in (equation 1)

x
0.90623 =
2√Dt

x = 1.81264 √Dt

𝑥2
t = 3.28566 𝐷

1225 𝑥 10−8
D = 3.28566 𝑥 172800

D = 2.15759 x 10-11

Input D in equation

Qd
D = D0 exp(− RT)

for D (C in γ iron)
Then,

148000
2.15759 x 10-11 = 2.3 x 10-5 exp(− )
8.31 T

17809.86762
9.381 x 10-7 = exp(− )
T

17809.86762
Ln 9.381 x 10-7 = (− )
T

T = 1283.18628 K

= 1010.18624 oC