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As observed in the above discussion, analyzing the perpetrator’sdemand type is crucial. In fact, analyzing the types of demands
beingmade by the perpetrator is another way of understanding andclassifying a crisis incident. See Table 4. Table 4
DEMAND TYPOLOGIES
GENERAL CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONInstrumental Demand characteristics bestdescribed as “objective”,e.g., money,
transportation,food, liquor, drugs.Expressive Demand characteristics bestdescribed as “subjective”,e.g., perpetrator wants
totalk to family member,perpetrator want to make astatement to the mediaregarding delusional beliefs.Substantive Victims are
threatened toobtain concessions from athird party, the demandsmay be instrumental orexpressive.NonSubstantive Demands
are not made, or,if they are, they are trivialand not related to thereason(s) the victim(s) arethreatened. There are instrumental
demands, expressive demands,substantive demands, and nonsubstantive demands. Basically, thecrisis negotiator has
bargaining power only if the perpetrator hassubstantive demands. Substantive demands may be eitherinstrumental or
expressive. Anecdotal report suggests that one sign of imminent lethality is the determination that the perpetrator is
notdemanding anything from a third party to release the hostage/victim(Fuselier, Van Zandt & Lanceley, 1991).Finally, one last
way the crisis negotiator can classify thecrisis situation is based upon understanding hostage taker typology(Call, 1996). See
Table 5. Table 5
HOSTAGE TAKER TYPOLOGIES
GENERAL CATEGORY POSSIBLE SUBTYPESEmotionally Disturbed 1. Brain Damaged 2.Elderly/Senile 3. Depressed,Various Types
4. Paranoid,Various Types 5.Schizophrenic 6. SubstanceAbuser 7. Family DisputesPolitical Extremists 1. Reluctant Captors
2.Deliberate Hostage TakersReligious Fanatics
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c.Time reduces anxiety for as long as overt acts are committed.d.The hostage-taker can be starved out and sleep will eventually
catch up onhim.e.The hostages might even take advantage of such lapses and may attempt toescape on their own.
Reasons Why Common Criminals take Hostages
Criminals have three common demands:1.Escape2.Money3.Transportation
Characteristics of Negotiable Incidents
1.There has to be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker.2.There has to be a threat of force on the part of the
authorities.3.There must be demands by the hostage takers.4.The negotiator must be seen by the hostage taker as a person
who can hurt thehostage taker but who is willing to help him.5.There must be time to negotiate.6.A reliable channel of
communication has to exist between the hostage taker andthe negotiator.7.Both the location and the communications of the
incident need to be contained toencourage negotiation.8.The negotiator must be able to deal with the hostage taker making
the negotiation.
Crisis Management Team
1.The field commander2.A tactical Officer3.Negotiator4.A traffic/patrol supervisor5.An intelligence/recordercommunication
officer
Negotiating Team
1.Primary Negotiator (communicates, negotiates)2.Secondary Negotiator (documents, coordinates info)
3.
Tertiary Negotiator (carries out task)4.Intelligence officer5.Police Psychologist
People Involved in the SituationInside:
-hostage taker-hostage
Outside:
-Commander- Tactical team
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8.Never dismiss any request from the hostage-taker as trivial orunimportant.9.Never say “No.”10.Soften the demands.11.Never
set a deadline; try not to accept a deadline.12.Do not make alternate suggestions not agreed upon in thenegotiations.13.Do not
introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers)into the negotiation process unless their presence is extremelynecessary in
the solution of the crisis, and provide they shall beproperly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations.14.Do not
allow any exchange of hostages unless extremelynecessary; in particular do not exchange a negotiator for ahostage.15.Avoid
negotiating face to face.16.Law enforcement officers without proper training shall notbe allowed to participate in hostage
negotiations.