Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

A simple system analysis can be performed to

develop a basic understanding of the effect of
Shunt & Series Compensation on Power
transmission Capacity.

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 It is desirable both economically and technically
to operate the electric power systems at near unity
power factor (u.p.f).
 Usually power factor correction means to generate
reactive power as close as
possible to the load which it requires rather than
generating it at a distance and transmit it to
the load, as it results in not only need of
a large sized conductor but also increased losses
thereby reducing transmission efficiency.
Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity
• Artificial injection of reactive power at
the loads may relieve the transmission
network from reactive power flow and
improves both transmission efficiency and
operating power factor where as artificial
injection of negative reactance in the
lines may relieve the lines from excessive
voltage drop and improves the voltage
regulation.

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 The methods available for the injection of
both are static compensation and
synchronous compensation. Static
compensation involves capacitors and
reactors where as synchronous
compensation involves synchronous phase
modifier.

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 In all cases it is not required to satisfy
both the objectives of:
 increasing the power level at which the voltage
profile is flat; and
 decreasing electrical length θ in order to improve
power transfer level

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Short lines may require voltage support, i.e.,
increase natural load
 This may be achieved by shunt capacitors, provided θ
does not become excessive as a result

 Lines longer than 500 km cannot be loaded up

to natural load because of excessive θ
 In such cases, reduction of θ is the first priority

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 To control voltage and/or improve maximum
power transfer capability
 Achieved by modifying effective line
parameters:
-characteristic impedance, L
ZC 
C
-electrical length, θ = βl
 The voltage profile is determined by ZC
 The maximum power that can be transmitted
depends on ZC as well as β.

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Used to compensate the undesirable
voltage effects associated with line
capacitance
 limit voltage rise on open circuit or light load
 Shunt compensation with reactors:
 increases effective ZC
 reduces the effective natural load , i.e., voltage
at which flat voltage profile is achieved

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 They are connected either:
 directly to the lines at the ends, or
 to transformer tertiary windings; conveniently
switched as var requirements vary
 Line reactors assist in limiting switching
surges
 In very long lines, at least some reactors
are required to be connected to lines

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Used in transmission systems to
compensate for I 2X losses
 Connected either directly to H.V. bus or
to tertiary winding of transformers
 Normally distributed throughout the
system so as to minimize losses and
voltage drops
 Usually switched: a convenient means of
controlling voltage

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Shunt capacitor compensation of transmission
lines in effect
 decreases ZC
 increases θ, i.e., electrical length
 Advantages: low cost and flexibility of
installation and operating
 Disadvantages: Q output is proportional to
square of the voltage; hence Q output reduced
at low voltages
 Shunt capacitors are used extensively in
distribution systems for power factor correction
and feeder voltage control
Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity
 Connected in series with the line
 Used to reduce effective inductive reactance of
line
 increases maximum power
 reduces I 2X loss
 Series capacitive compensation in effect
reduces both:
 characteristic impedance ZC, and
 electrical length θ

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Reactivepower produced increases with increasing
power transfer
 Self regulating
 Typical applications
 improve power transfer compatibility
 alter load division among parallel lines
 voltage regulation

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 (a) Power transfer as a function of transmission angle δ

(b) Midpoint voltage as a function of power transfer

 With shunt capacitor compensation (chosen to
keep midpoint voltage at 1.0 pu when P = 1.4
Po)
 maximum power transfer capability increased to 1.58 pu
of natural power (SIL); represents an increase of 0.16 pu
over the uncompensated case
 voltage regulation is poor, i.e., the voltage magnitude is
very sensitive to variations in power transfer

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 With series capacitor compensation (chosen to keep
mid point voltage at 1.0 pu when P = 1.4 Po)
 maximum power transfer capability increased to 2.65 pu
 voltage regulation significantly improved

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

  Alternating current transmission systems
incorporating power electronics-based and
other static controllers to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer
capability

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

  “Without fundamental research in this area, very
little use will be made with full confidence of the
real opportunities offered by FACTS devices.
 For the time being we only have limited examples,
entirely based on simulation, which demonstrate
that fast regulation of reactive compensation on a
transmission grid could be very useful in the future.
 Because of this, there may exist an immediate
danger of uncoordinated system-wide fast
regulation via FACTS devices which could become
detrimental to system integrity under certain
operating conditions.”

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Dynamic:
 Transient and dynamic stability
 Subsynchronous oscillations
 Dynamic overvoltages and undervoltages
 Voltage collapse
 Frequency collapse

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Static:
 Uneven power flow
 Excess reactive power flows
 Voltage capability
 Thermal capability

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity
 Long-term Control
-Power Flow control
-FACTS scheduling
-Economics

Dynamic Control Is there a

-System oscillation damping one-size-fits-all
-Voltage stability controller?
-FACTS “ringing”

Local Control
-Control target acquisition
-Power electronics topology
-Modulation strategies

time

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 UPFC
 SSSC
 TCSC
 TCPAR

These devices can affect active power flow

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Sensitivity analysis

bij g ij
   b t   g t
Where  is the
 t
change in
t
power transfer
capacity in response to an addition of t
compensation in line i-j with admittance bij+j gij
and b and g are sensitivity parameters

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Optimization (optimal power flow) with genetic
algorithms to minimize some cost function
 Generation costs
 Congestion

 Problem is nonlinear, non-smooth, and non-convex

 Max-flow (graph theory) uses forward and backward
labeling from source to sink to dynamically determine
line flows

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Dynamic Coordination of FACTS settings
 Security
 Economics
 Droop
 Hierarchical or local control of FACTS?

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 transient stability improvement
 inter-area oscillation damping
 voltage collapse avoidance
 subsynchronous resonance mitigation

Each control objective will (possibly)

require a different FACTS placement

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Most dynamic control development has
concentrated on SMIB or very small two-
area systems
 How is control implemented in a large
nonlinear interconnected dynamic
network?
 FACTS-FACTS interaction
 FACTS-generator interaction
 Hardware/field verification limited

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Unbalanced operation
 Harmonics
 Integrationof Energy Storage (BESS,
SMES, flywheels)
 Power electronic topologies
 Power electronics devices

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 A. Edris et al., “Proposed Terms and
Definitions for Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS),” IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, October
1997, pp. 1848–1853.
 R. Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Varma -
„Thyristor-Based FACTS Controllers for
Electrical Transmission Systems‟

Sub: APS-1 Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity