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ECE 391 Supplemental Notes - #1: Lumped vs. Distributed Circuits
ECE 391 Supplemental Notes - #1: Lumped vs. Distributed Circuits
supplemental notes - #1
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Lumped vs. Distributed Circuits
Distributed Circuits:
• Current varies along conductors and elements;
• Voltage across points along conductor or within element
varies
è phase change or transit time cannot be neglected
Example: 25 cm
c 3 ×108 ms
λ= = = 1m
f 300 ×10 6 1s
current
wavelength λ
= 1 period in space distance
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
transmission line
interconnection
lumped element
èlow loss
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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When Do We Need to Consider
Transmission Lines Efects
digital domain analog domain
100% λ
90%
10%
0% distance
tr tf
risetime falltime
tr, tf vs td d vs λ
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
VS RL
vs (t ) = v0 u (t )
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Example
• CMOS Buffer with tr = tf = 0.5 ns
• FR-4 PCB (velocity ≈ 0.45 c)
• Note: VDD
vp ≈ c εr signal εr
gnd
TL Problem Classification
“faster board”
risetime
0 2.5td 6td
clock reset signals
simulate and check after no problems with critical timing (or
layout of ckt go for it! edge sensitivity)
simulate and non-critical signals
consider quick no problems
check after (e.g. data lines with
hand analysis go for it!
layout of ckt tsu ≈ 6 td)
simulate and status signals; slow,
check after no problems expected insensitive lines
layout of ckt
In this region,
other consid.
begin to surface
(EMI, crosstalk)
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Sinusoidal Signals
V0 cos(2π ft)
= V0 cos(ω t)
z
phase constant
V0 cos(ω (t − td )
ω 2π
β= = = V0 cos(ω t − ω td )
vp λ z
= V0 cos(ω t − ω ) = V0 cos(ω t − β z)
vp
In practice: lumped if td < 0.1 T (d < 0.1 λ)
safely lumped if d < 0.01λ 9
Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
Illustration
CH1 CH2
time
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Example: Lumped vs. Distributed
For example, the spatial dependence z of the current
i(z, t) = I 0 cos(ω t − β z)
in a conductor can be neglected if z λ << 1.
1.25
Example: f = 100 MHz
1
Normalized current I(z,t=0) 0.75 f = 1GHz
0.5
0.25 f = 10 GHz
0
-0.25
-0.5
-0.75
-1
-1.25
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Distance (cm)
resistor
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
z
θ = E = 2π (in radians)
λ
z
θ = E = 360 0 (in degrees)
λ
z
E= (as fraction of wavelength)
λ
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Transmission Line Examples
microstrip stripline
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
Transmission Lines/Interconnects
§ What is a transmission line?
– lumped vs. distributed circuit?
– how many conductors?
§ Types of transmission lines
– on-chip (à transmission line?)
– off chip
– PCB, packages
– cables (coax, twisted pair, …)
– etc.
§ Applications of transmission lines
– interconnections
§ signal transmission
§ power transmission
– circuit elements/functional components (at high frequencies)
§ filters (e.g. coupled lines, stubs, …)
§ couplers
§ power dividers
§ matching networks
– …
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Interconnect Technologies
75-10
PCB Ceramic 16-25 20-50
0
60-10
PCB
0
8-70 40-70
cables, etc.
Source: IBM (plus changes)
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
Transmission Line –
Characteristic Dimensions
Cross-sectional Dimensions
<< wavelength
D << λ D L
D
L
L < λ L >> λ
Lengths vary from fractions of a
wavelength to many wavelengths
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Model for Transmission Line
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Derivation of Transmission Line Equations
∂i(z, t )
− [v(z + Δz, t ) − v(z , t )] = LΔz
∂t
∂v(z + Δz , t )
− [i (z + Δz, t ) − i(z, t )] = CΔz
∂t
Note: here L,C are per-unit-length parameters
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
after taking Δz → 0
Telegrapher’s Equations
∂v( z , t ) ∂i ( z , t ) ∂i ( z , t ) ∂v( z , t )
− =L − =C
∂z ∂t ∂z ∂t
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Wave Equations
∂v( z , t ) ∂i ( z , t ) ∂i ( z , t ) ∂v( z , t )
− =L − =C
∂z ∂t ∂z ∂t
Wave Equations
∂ 2 v( z , t ) ∂ 2 v( z , t ) 1 ∂ 2 v( z , t )
= LC =
∂z 2 ∂t 2 v 2p ∂t 2
∂ 2i ( z , t ) ∂ 2i ( z , t ) 1 ∂ 2i ( z , t )
= LC = 2
∂z 2 ∂t 2 vp ∂t 2
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
+z direction -z direction
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Velocity of Propagation vp = (m/s )
LC
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Illustration of Space–Time Variation of
Single Traveling Wave
v( z , t ) = v + ( z − v p t ) + v − ( z + v p t )
= v + (t − z / v p ) + v − (t + z / v p )
vp
vp
time distance
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
1 +
vp
{ } {
v (t − z / v p ) − v − (t + z / v p ) = L i + (t − z / v p ) + i − (t + z / v p ) }
1 −
vp
{ } {
i (t − z / v p ) − i − (t + z / v p ) = C v + (t − z / v p ) + v − (t + z / v p ) }
v + (t − z / v p ) v − (t + z / v p )
i( z, t ) = −
Z0 Z0
1 L
Characteristic Impedance Z0 = v p L = = (Ω)
v pC C
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Summary of
Transmission Line Parameters
• Capacitance per-unit-length C (F/m)
• Inductance per-unit-length L (H/m)
• Characteristic impedance Z 0 (Ω)
• Velocity of propagation v p (m/s)
• Per-unit-length delay time t p = 1 v p (s/m)
• Delay time (TD) t d = l v p = l t p (sec)
L 1
Z0 = vp = t p = LC td = l LC
C LC
L = Z0 v p = Z0 t p C = 1 (Z 0v p ) = t p Z 0
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Propagation Speeds for
Typical Dielectrics
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
w
t
εr a
εr s
b
c
2πε 0ε r µ0 ⎛ b ⎞
w s C= L= ln⎜ ⎟
C = ε 0ε r L = µ0 ln(b a ) 2π ⎝ a ⎠
s w
µ ln(b a )
Z0 =
µ s 2ρ ε 0ε r 2π
Z0 = RDC =
wt ρ ρ
ε 0ε r w RDC = +
π a π (c − b 2 )
2 2
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Examples (cont’d)
r
r
s
s
2ρ ρ
RDC = RDC =
π r2 π r2
πε 2πε
C= C=
cosh −1
(s 2r ) cosh −1 (s r )
µ0 µ0
L= cosh −1 (s 2r ) L= cosh −1 (s r )
π 2π
1 µ0 1 µ0
Z0 = cosh −1 (s 2r ) Z0 = cosh −1 (s r )
π ε 2π ε
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
Examples (cont’d)
stripline microstrip
W
ε0
t
W
εr
εr
t
b
h
1 µ ⎛ 1+ w b ⎞ 1 µ ⎛ 4h ⎞
Z0 = ln⎜ ⎟ Z0 = ln⎜ ⎟
4 ε ⎜⎝ w b + t b ⎟⎠ 2π ε 0ε eff ⎝ d ⎠
1
C = εr d = 0.536w + 0.67t
c0 Z 0
Z0 ε eff ≈ 0.475ε r + 0.67
L = εr
c0
(very approximate!)
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Oregon State University ECE391– Transmission Lines Spring Term 2014
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Alternative Formulas
w
ε0
t
A
w
εr
εr
t
b
h
B
60Ω ⎛ 4b ⎞
Z 0,sym = ln⎜ ⎟ 87 Ω ⎛ 5.98h ⎞
ε r ⎜⎝ 0.67π (t + 0.8w) ⎟⎠ Z0 = ln⎜ ⎟
ε r + 1.41 ⎝ 0.8w + t ⎠
for w/b < 0.35 and
t/b < 0.25 for 0.1 < w/h < 2
and 1 < εr < 15
Z 0, sym (2 A, w, t , ε r ) * Z 0, sym (2 B, w, t , ε r )
Z 0,offset ≅ 2
Z 0, sym (2 A, w, t , ε r ) + Z 0, sym (2 B, w, t , ε r )
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