MI E I CI J
 ^ J K X T T F X M G L @ I @ N L I C R C I @ @ L @ A 
 I @ D N X F D L T M I @ I A F M F @ T 

V`tue mfmf`ujl sicij situ tuais miti euclij

Mi`iofmf` Efui`ai`

Dlsusu` Kcfj?
Ic Rutrl Ketivli @LM 9<92847<:>
Cusli`i Dfwl @LM 9<92841227
Clzi Vcgli`i @LM 9<92847<7:
Fdwir
Fd wirdd @iji`
@ij i`e e f` A All `
`tt ll`
`a @L
@LMM 9 < 92
9 2 84
8 4 19
19 1
199
M uj
uj im
i m mi
mi d G
Gii rrj
j ii`
` J fc
fc m mll @ LM
LM 9 <9
< 9 28
28 47
4 7 <1
<1 9

Dksf` Rf`aimpu ?
Dr. F``l ^ivltrl, ^F, MM, Ie, NI

RXKAXIM MIAL^TFX IEV@TI@^L

GIEVCTI^ FEK@KML DI@ HL^@L^
V@LWFX^LTI^ XLIV
8282
 

EITI RF@AI@TIX 

  ^faici puol hial Iccij ^QT. Tuji` sfmfsti icim yi`a tfcij mfclmpijei` rijmit

di` eiru`li-@yi, sfjl`aai pf`ucls hfrjislc mf`yusu` mieicij l`l yi`a hfrouduc – ^jkrt
Tfrm Gl`i`nlic Rci``l`a I`d Nrfdlt Mi`iafmf`t ”. Qiciupu` dicim prksfs
 pf`yusu`i` mieicij l`l pf`ucls mf`dipitei` hfhfripi jimhiti` di` misicij tftipl
df`ai` hi`tui` hfhfripi pljie di` itis sflzl` zit yi`a miji euisi iejlr`yi pf`ucls
 hfrjislc mf`yusu` mieicij l`l.
  Mieicij l`l dl huit sfhiail tuais efckmpke Mi`iofmf` Efui`ai` sfmfstfr LL di`
 ouai dlau`iei` sfhiail pfcf`aeip mitfrl dlseusl yi`a iei` dlciesi`iei` eftlei Oim
Miti euclij Mi`iofmf` Efui`ai`. ^fmkai mieicij l`l dipit hfrmi`giit hial pfmhini.
Rf`ucls mf`yidirl hijwi dicim pf`yusu`i` mieicij l`l mislj hi`yie tfrdipit
efsiciji` di` efeuri`ai`, erltle di` siri` dirl pfmhini si`ait dljiripei` di` iei` dl
tfrlmi pf`ucls df`ai` sf`i`a jitl dfml pf`yfmpur`ii` mieicij l`l dl misi mf`diti`a.

Rfei`hiru, Ou`l 8282

 

Rf`ucls

8
 

DIGTIX L^L

EITI RF@AI@TIX 
l
DIGTIX L^L
ll
HIH RF@DIJVCVI@
L
9
9.9.. Citir
9.9 Citir Hfciei`
Hfciei`a
a
9
9.8.. Xumusi`
9.8 Xumusi` Rf`uclsi
Rf`uclsi`
`
8
9.>.. Tuoui`
9.> Tuoui` Rf`uclsi
Rf`uclsi`
`
8
HIH LL
RFMHIJI^I@
>
8.9. ^jkrt Tfrm Gl`i`nlic Rci``l`al
>
8.9.9 Trinl`a Nisj i`d @ft Qkrel`a Nipltic 

4
8.9.8 Tjf Kpfritl`a Nyncf i`d Tjf Nisj Nyncf

7 
8.9.
8.9.>
> Dfgf
Dfgf`l
`lsl
sl Kpf
Kpfri
ritl
tl`a
`a di`
dNisj
i` Nyncf
1 
8.9.4  Rfrjltu`ai` Kpfritl`a Nyncf di` Nisj
Nisj Nyncf
98
8.9.6
8.9.6 Ispfe
Ispfe Efhl
Efhloie
oiei`
i` Efui`
Efui`ai`
ai` Oi`a
Oi`aei
ei Rf`df
Rf`dfe 
e 
97

>
 

8.9.7
8.9.7 Veuri`
Veuri` L`vfs
L`vfstisl
tisl Rfrusij
Rfrusijii`
ii` pidi Ietlvi
Ietlvi Ci`nir 
Ci`nir 
91
8.9.1
8.9.1 Ictfr`i
Ictfr`itlg
tlg Efhloiei
Efhloiei`
` Rf`di`
Rf`di`ii`
ii` u`tue
u`tue Ietlvi
Ietlvi Ci`ni
Ci`nir 
r 

82
8.9.: Nisj Hudaftl`a 
84
8.9.< ^jkrt Tfrm Gl`i`nlic Rci`
87 
8.9.92 Ktjfr ^kurnf
81 
8.8 Nrfdlt
Nrfdlt Mi`iaf
Mi`iafmf`
mf`t 
t 
>2

8.8.9 Nrfdlt i`d Xfnflvihcf

>2
8.8.9.
8.8.9.9
9 Nkmpk`
Nkmpk`f`t
f`tss Kg
Kg Nrfd
Nrfdlt
lt Rkcl
Rkclny
ny
>2
8.8.9.
8.8.9.8
8 Tjf Nisj
Nisj Gckws
Gckws grk
grkm
m Ari`
Ari`tl`
tl`a
a Nrfdlt 
Nrfdlt 
>9
8.8.9.
8.8.9.>
> Tjf L`vfstm
L`vfstmf`t
f`t l` Xfnflvi
Xfnflvihcf
hcf
>8
8.8.8 Tfrms kg Tjf ^icf

>>
8.8.8.9 Tjf Hisln Gkrm
>>
8.8.8.8 Tjf Nrfdlt Rfrlkd 
>> 
8.8.
8.8.8.
8.>
> Nisj
Nisj Dlsn
Dlsnku
ku`t
`tss
>4
8.8.
8.8.8.
8.4
4 Nrfd
Nrfdlt
lt L`
L`str
strum
umf`
f`ts
ts
>4

4
 

8.8.>  I`icyzl`a Nrfdlt Rkclny

>6
8.8.
8.8.>.
>.9
9 Nrfd
Nrfdlt
lt Rkc
Rkcln
lnyy Fggfn
Fggfnts
ts

>6
8.8.4 Kptlmic Nrfdlt Rkclny
>1 
8.8.4.
8.8.4.9
9 Tjf Tktic
Tktic Nrfdlt
Nrfdlt Nkst
Nkst Nurvf
Nurvf
>1 
8.8.4.8 Krai`lzl`a Tjf Nrfdlt Gu`ntlk`
>:
8.8.6 Nrfdlt I`icysls
>:

8.8.
8.8.6.
6.9
9 Nkccf
Nkccfntl
ntlk`
k` Rkcln
Rkclnyy
49
HIH
HIH LLL
LLL RF@V
RF@VTV
TVR
R

48
>.9. Efslmpuc
Efslmpuci`
i`
48
DIGTIX RV^TIEI

6
 

HIH L
RF@DIJVCVI@

9.9. Citir
Citir Hfciei
Hfciei`a
`a
Mi`iofmf` Efui`ai` Oi`aei Rf`dfe (^jkrt-Tfrm gl`i`nlic mi`iafmf`t)
mfrupiei` pf`afckcii` ietlvi ci`nir (eis, surit hfrjirai, pluti`a, pfrsfdlii`)
di` pislvi ci`nir pfrusijii` (juti`a diai`a, wfsfc hiyir, efwiolhi` yi`a mislj
jirus dlhiyir) u`tue mf`nipil efsflmhi`ai` i`tiri cihi di` rlslek iair mfmhfrl
ek`trlhusl `lcil pksltlg tfrjidip `lcil pfrusijii`. Mlsic`yi Ietlvi ci`nir dicim
 oumcij hfsir hfrielhit pidi pf`l`aeiti` rlslek tldie dipit mfmhiyir pidi siit
 oituj tfmpk. ^icij situ gu`asl mi`iofmf` idicij gu`asl pfrf`ni`ii`. Dicim
efaliti` pfrf`ni`ii` jirus dldijucul df`ai` efaliti` mfcieuei` pfrelrii`

(gkrfnistl`a) tf`ti`a ipi yi`a dljiripei` iei` tfroidl dlmisi yi`a iei`
diti`a. Rfrf`ni`ii` efui`ai` dlmiesudei` u`tue mfmpfrelriei` hiailmi`i
 pkslsl efui`ai` pfrusijii` dlmisi yi`a iei` diti`a tfrmisue dldicim`yi
 pfrelrii` tf`ti`a hfripi hi`yie pf`di`ii`
pf`d i`ii` festfr` yi`a
yi` a jirus dlnirl.
Df`ai` sfmiel` hfrefmhi`a`yi suitu efaliti` pfrfek`kmli` itiu
 pfrefmhi`ai` suitu efaliti` usiji dirl suitu pfrusijii`, miei iei` dlrisiei`
 pfrcu idi`yi sumhfr-sumhfr u`tue pf`yfdlii` di`i au`i mfmhliyil efaliti`
usiji yi`a sfmiel` hfrefmhi`a tfrsfhut. Dicim pfrfek`kmli`, erfdlt iei`
mf`aimhlc iclj sfhiali` gu`asl ui`a (yi`a dlpfrau`iei` u`tue pfmhiyiri`

tu`il) eirf`i jimplr sfaici jic dlcieuei` df`ai` erfdlt. Miei pfri`i` erfdlt
dicim pfrfek`kmli` mkdfr` yi`a sfpfrtl ltu yiltu erfdlt dipit mf`l`aeitei`
fglslf`sl pf`aau`ii` ui`a itiu mkdic df`ai` mf`l`aeitei` prkduetlvltis
misyirieit, erfdlt dipit mf`l`aeitei` fglslf`sl pf`aau`ii` hiri`a, eirf`i
erfdlt dipit mfmhi`tu prksfs prkduesl dirl hiji` jl`aai hiri`a oidl di`
sfeiclaus ouai mfmhi`tu pfml`diji` hiri`a dirl prkdusf` efpidi ek`sumf`
dicim prksfs mireftl`a, erfdlt leut mfci`nirei` irus hiri`a, erfdlt dipit
mf`l`aeitei` irus pfrfdiri` cicu cl`tis ui`a.

7
 

9.8. Xumusi`
Xumusi` Rf`uclsi`
Rf`uclsi`
9. Ipi Lt
Ltu
u ^jkrt Tfrm Gl`i`nlic Rci``l`a ;
8. Ipi Lt
Ltu
u Nrfdlt Mi`iafmf`t ;

9.>. Tuoui`
Tuoui` Rf`uclsi`
Rf`uclsi`
9. V`tue Mf`aftijul
Mf`aftijul ^jkrt Tfrm
Tfrm Gl`i`nlic
Gl`i`nlic Rci``l`a.
Rci``l`a.
8. V`tue Mf`aftijul
Mf`aftijul Nrfdlt
Nrfdlt Mi`iafmf`t.
Mi`iafmf`t.

1
 

HIH LL
RFMHIJI^I@

8.9. ^jkrt
^jkrt Tfrm Gl`i`nlic
Gl`i`nlic Rci``l`a
Rci``l`a
Mi`iofmf` Efui`ai` Oi`aei Rf`dfe (^jkrt-Tfrm gl`i`nlic mi`iafmf`t)
idicij pf`afckcii` ietlvi ci`nir (eis, surit hfrjirai, pluti`a, pfrsfdlii`) di`
 pislvi ci`nir pfrusijii` (juti`a diai`a, wfsfc hiyir, efwiolhi` yi`a mislj
jirus dlhiyir) u`tue mf`nipil efsflmhi`ai` i`tiri cihi di` rlslek iair mfmhfrl
ek`trlhusl `lcil pksltlg tfrjidip `lcil pfrusijii`. Gkeus utimi dirl sjkrt-tfrm
gl`i`nf idicij i`iclsls efputusi` yi`a mfmpf`airujl nurrf`t issfts di` nurrf`t
clihlcltlfs. @ft wkrel`a nipltic sfrl`a dleiltei` df`ai` pf`aimhlci` efputusi`
efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe (sjkrt-tfrm gl`i`nlic). @ft wkrel`a nipltic idicij sfclslj

i`tiri nurrf`t issfts di` nurrf`t clihlcltlfs.

^jkrt-tfrm gl`i`nlic mi`iafmf`t sfrl`a dlsfhut sfhiail wkrel`a nipltic
mi`iafmf`t. Efputusi` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe hfrjuhu`ai` df`ai` nurrf`t
issfts mi`iofmf`, miesud`yi idicij dipit dlek`vfrsl ef dicim eis dicim
 pfrlkdf situ tiju` itiu euri`a di` nurrf`t clihlcltlfs yi`a jirus dlhiyir dicim
situ tiju` itiu euri`a. Lsu dirl efputusi` efui`ai` oi`aei tfrmisue sfsuitu
yi`a dipit mfyiel`ei` hijwi pfrusijii` mfmlclel eis yi`a nueup u`tue
mfmhiyir tialji` tfpit wietu, mf`afckci pf`aumpuci` pluti`a pfrusijii`,
mfmpfrcuis erfdlt u`tue pfci`aai`, di` mf`f`tuei` oumcij yi`a tfpit u`tue

 pl`oimi` oi`aei
oi`ae i pf`dfe. Rfrhfdii`
Rfrh fdii` yi`a picl`a pf`tl`a
pf`tl` a i`tiri sjkrt-tfrm
sjk rt-tfrm gl`i`nf
di` ck`a-tfrm gl`i`nf idicij wietu dirl irus eis. Efputusi` efui`ai` oi`aei
 pf`dfe hlisi`yi mfclhitei` irus eis misue di` irus efcuir yi`a tfroidl dicim
wietu situ tiju`. Mlsic`yi, efputusi` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe tfrclhit eftlei
 pfrusijii` mfmfsi` hiji` hieu, mfmhiyir sfniri tu`il, di` mf`ai`tlslpisl
mf`ouic hiri`a oidl dicim situ tiju` u`tue eis. ^fhicle`yi, efputusi` efui`ai`
 oi`aei pi`oi`a tfrclhit eftlei sfhuij pfrusijii` mfmhfcl mfsl` ejusus yi`a
iei` mf`auri`al hliyi kpfrislk`ic sfcimi clmi tiju` ef dfpi`. Fcfmf` disir
dirl efputusi` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe, yiltu? pfrtimi, ietlvltis kpfrisl oi`aei

:
 

 pf`dfe pfrusijii`. Efmudli` mf`aldf`tlgleisl hfhfripi ictfr`itlg efhloiei`

efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe.

8.9.9.Trinl`a
8.9.9. Trinl`a Nisj i`d @ft Qkrel`a Nipltic
Nurrf`t issfts  idicij eis di` isft cil` yi`a dljiripei` dipit dlek`vfrsl
efdicim eis dicim tiju` hfroici`. Nurrf`t issfts  dlsiolei` dl cipkri` pkslsl
efui`ai` hfrdisirei` cleuldltis ieu`ti`sl yiltu mudij u`tue dlek`vfrsl ef
dicim eis di` wietu yi`a dlhutujei` u`tue mf`aek`vfrsl tldie tfrcicu cimi.
Fmpit ltfm yi`a picl`a pf`tl`a yi`a tfrdipit pidi Nurrf`t issfts dirl cipkri`
 pkslsl efui`ai` idicij eis di` sftiri eis, surit hfrjirai, pluti`a, di`
 pfrsfdlii`.
I`ickal df`ai` l`vfstisl pfrusijii` dicim Nurrf`t issfts yiltu,

 pfrusijii` mf`aau`iei` hfhfripi of`ls  sjkrt-tfrm dfht   yi`a dlsfhut nurrf`t

clihlcltlfs. Nurrf`t clihlcltlfs  idicij efwiolhi` yi`a dlpfrelriei` mfmhutujei`
 pfmhiyiri` tu`il dicim wietu situ tiju` (itiu dicim pfrlkdf kpfrisl olei cfhlj
dirl situ tiju`). Tlai ltfm utimi yi`a tfrdipit pidi sfhiail nurrf`t clihlcltlfs 
idicij juti`a, hliyi juti`a (tfrmisue upij yi`a mislj jirus dlhiyir di` pioie),
di` wfsfc hiyir.
Rfmhijisi` l`l hfrgkeus pidi pfruhiji` eis, miei dlmucil df`ai`
mf`dfgl`lslei` eis dicim jic u`sur-u`sur cil` dirl cipkri` pkslsl efui`ai`. Jic
l`l mfmu`ael`ei` u`tue mf`alskcisl ieu` eis di` mf`afespckrisl dimpie pidi

eis dirl efputusi` kpfrisl, l`vfstisl di` pfmhliyii` pfrusijii`. Ldf`tltis disir
 pkslsl cipkri` efui`ai`
efu i`ai` dipit dltucls
dltucl s sfhiail hfrleut?

 @ft wkrel`a nipltic

nipltic + Glxfd issfts = Ck`a-tfrm dfht + Fq
Fqulty
ulty

 @ft wkrel`a nipltic   idicij eis dltimhij nurrf`t issfts  cil``yi, dleuri`a
nurrf`t clihlcltlfs.

 @ft wkrel`a nipltic 

nipltic  = (Nisj + Ktjfr nurrf`t issfts) │ Nurrf`t clihlcltlfs
 = (Nisj

Olei mf`aai`tl `ft wkrel`a nipltic   dicim disir cipkri` pkslsl efui`ai` di`
mf`aitur uci`a sfdlelt, dipit dlcljit hijwi eis idicij?

<
 

Nisj = Ck`a-tfrm dfht + Fqulty + Nurrf`t clihlcltlfs „ Nurrf`t issfts ktjfr

tji` nisj „Glxfd issfts

^fniri umum jic l`l dipit dleftijul hijwi hfhfripi efaliti` sfniri
iciml dipit mf`l`aeitei` eis di` hfhfripi efaliti` dipit mf`auri`al eis.
Hfrleut digtir dirl hfrhiail efaliti` di` nk`tkj`yi, sfhiail hfrleut?
i. Efal
Efalit
iti`
i`yi
yi`a
`a mf`
mf`l`
l`ae
aeit
itei
ei`
` eis
eis
9) Rf`l`aeiti` ck`a-tfrm dfht  (mfml`oim
 (mfml`oim dicim oi`aei pi`oi`a)
8) Rf`l`aei
Rf`l`aeiti`
ti` feultis
feultis (mf`ouic
(mf`ouic hfhfripi
hfhfripi sijim)
sijim)
>) Rf`l`aeiti` nurrf`t clihlcltlfs (mf`dipitei` pl`oimi` <2 jirl)
4) Rf`uru`i` nurrf`t issfts  sfcil` eis (mf`ouic hfhfripi pfrsfdlii`
ui`a tu`il)
6) Rf`uru`i
Rf`uru`i`
` isft
isft tfti
tftip
p (mf`o
(mf`ouic
uic hfhfripi
hfhfripi prkpfrtl
prkpfrtl))
 h. Efaliti` yi`a mf`uru`ei`
mf`uru `ei` eis
9) Rf`uru`i` ck`a-tfrm dfht  (mfcu`isl
 (mfcu`isl uti`a oi`aei pi`oi`a)
8) Rf`uru`i
Rf`uru`i`
` feulti
feultiss (pfmhf
(pfmhfcli`
cli` efmhicl
efmhicl hfhfripi
hfhfripi sijim)
sijim)
>) Rf`uru`i` nurrf`t clihlcltlfs (mfcu`isl pl`oimi` <2 jirl)
4) Rf`l`aeiti` nurrf`t issfts  sfcil` eis (mfmhfcl hfhfripi
 pfrsfdlii` ui`a tu`il)
6) Rf`l`aei
Rf`l`aeiti`
ti` isft tftip
tftip (mfmh
(mfmhfcl
fcl hfhfripi
hfhfripi prkpfrtl
prkpfrtl))

Nk`tkj cil``yi idicij mf`frhltei`  gckitl`a ck`a-tfrm hk`d  sfjl`aai

  sfjl`aai dipit

mf`l`aeitei` eis (sftldie`yi simpil ui`a yi`a dljihlsei`). Mfcu`isl ck`a-tfrm

hk`d   dipit mf`uru`ei` eis. Efaliti` yi`a dipit mf`l`aeitei` eis dlsfhut
sumhfr eis ( skurnf
 skurnf kg nisj). Efaliti` yi`a dipit mf`auri`al eis dlsfhut
 pf`aau`ii` eis (usfs kg nisj). ^umhfr eis sfcicu mfclhitei` df`ai` idi`yi
 pf`l`aeiti` ieu` efwiolhi` (itiu feultis) itiu mf`uru` ieu` isft. L`l misue
ieic eirf`i mf`l`aeit`yi efwiolhi` hfrirtl elti tfcij mf`aumpucei` ui`a
df`ai` mfml`oim itiu df`ai` mf`ouic efpfmlclei` dl pfrusijii`. Rf`uru`i`
isft hfrirtl hijwi elti tfcij mf`ouic itiu mfcleuldisl isft, jic l`l hlisi`yi
dlsfrtil df`ai` nisj l`gckw. Rf`aau`ii` eis idicij sfhicle`yi. Rf`aau`ii` eis

mfclhitei` pf`uru`i` efwiolhi` df`ai` mfmhiyir/ mfcu`isl`yi itiu

92
 

mf`l`aeitei` isft df`ai` mfmhfcl sfsuitu. Efdui efaliti` l`l mf`ajirusei`

 pfrusijii` mf`aau`iei`
mf`aau `iei` eis.

Olei juti`a `ile sfhfsir $922 di` pluti`a `ile sfhfsir $ 922, miei
Ef`ilei` juti`a sfhfsir $922 mfrupiei` sumhfr dirl eis, sfdi`aei` ef`ilei`
 pluti`a $922 mfrupiei`
mfrup iei` pf`aau`ii` dirl
d irl eis.

 Tjf Kpfritl`a Nyncf i`d Tjf Nisj Nyncf

8.9.8. Tjf
8.9.8.
Rfrjitli` utimi dl hldi`a efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe idicij ietlvltis
kpfrisl di` pf`di`ii` oi`aei pf`dfe pfrusijii`. V`tue pfrusijii` mi`ugietur,
efaliti` oi`aei pf`dfe mu`ael` tfrdlrl dirl uruti` pfrlstlwi di` efputusi`
 hfrleut?

Rfrlstlwi Efputusi`
i. Mfmh
Mfmhfc
fcll hi
hiji
ji`
` hi
hieu
eu.. i. Hfri
Hfripi
pi hi
hi`y
`yie
ie l`vf
l`vf`t
`tkr
krll yi
yi`a
`a dlpf
dlpfsi
si`.
`.
 h. Rfmhiyiri` eis. h. Ipieij mfml`oim itiu mf`aau`iei`
mf`aau` iei` eis.
n. Mfmp
Mfmprk
rkdu
dues
esll pr
prkd
kdue
ue.. n. Ipie
Ipieij
ij plcl
plclji
ji`
` tfe`
tfe`kc
kcka
kall pr
prkd
kdue
uesl
sl yi
yi`a
`a
dlau`iei`.
d. Rf`ouici` prkdue. d. Ipieij erfdlt jirus dlpfrcuis u`tue
 pfci`aai` tfrtf`tu.
tfrtf`t u.
f. Rf`aumpuci` eis. f. Hiailmi`i pf`aumpuci` eis.

Efaliti` l`l mfmhuit pkci dirl irus eis misue di` irus eis efcuir. Irus
eis l`l tldie sl`erk` di` tldie pistl. Mfrfei tldie sl`erk` eirf`i, mlsic`yi
 pfmhiyiri` eis u`tue hiji` hieu tldie tfroidl pidi siit yi`a simi sfhiail
 pf`frlmii` eis dirl pf`ouici` prkdue. Jic l`l mf`oidl tldie pistl eirf`i
 pf`ouici` misi dfpi`
dfpi ` di` hliyi tldie dipit
dip it df`ai` tfpit dlprfdlesl.
dlprf dlesl.

8.9.> Dfgl`lsl Kpfritl`a  di`

 di` Nisj Nyncfs
V`tue cfhlj mudij mf`dfgl`lslei` slecus kpfrisl di` slecus eis, dipit
dlmucil df`ai` eisus sfdfrji`i. ^uitu jirl dli`aaip sfhiail jirl 2, pfrusijii`
mfmhfcl pfrsfdlii` sfniri erfdlt sf`lcil $9,222. Rfrusijii` mfmhiyir tialji`

>2 jirl efmudli`, di` sftfcij >2 jirl efmudli`, sfsfkri`a mfmhfcl pfrsfdlii`

99
 

sf`lcil $9,222 df`ai` jirai $9,422. Rfmhfcl tldie hf`ir-hf`ir mfmhiyir sfcimi
46 jirl. ^fjl`aai erk`kckals pfrlstlwi dipit dlrl`aeis sfhiail hfrleut?

Jirl Ietlvltis Fgfe Eis

2 Mfmpfrkcfj pfrsfdlii` Tldie idi

>2 Mfmhiyir pfrsfdlii` -$9,222
72 Mf`ouic pfrsfdlii` sfniri erfdlt Tldie idi
926 Mf`aumpucei` eis -$9,422

i. Tjf Kpfritl`a Nyncf

Jic yi`a pfrcu dlpfrjitlei`, yiltu? hfripi cimi wietu yi`a
dlpfrcuei` u`tue mf`dipitei` pfrsfdlii` simpil wietu yi`a
dlpfrcuei` u`tue mf`aumpucei` eis, prksfs l`l mfmhutujei` wietu
sfcimi 926 jirl. Jic l`l dlsfhut slecus kpfrisl.
^lecus kpfrisl idicij cimi`yi wietu yi`a dlpfrcuei` u`tue
mfmpfrkcfj pfrsfdlii`, mf`ouic`yi, di` mf`aumpucei` eis. ^lecus
l`l mfmlclel dui ekmpk`f` yi`a hfrhfdi. Hiali` pfrtimi idicij
wietu yi`a dlhutujei` u`tue mfmpfrkcfj di` mf`ouic pfrsfdlii`.
Hfrdisirei` nk`tkj dl itis, rf`ti`a sfcimi 72 jirl dlsfhut pfrlkdf
 pfrsfdlii`. Hiali` efdui idicij wietu yi`a dlhutujei` u`tue
mf`aumpucei` eis dirl pf`ouici`. Hfrdisirei` nk`tkj dl itis,
rf`ti`a sfcimi 46 jirl dlsfhut pfrlkdf pluti`a. Hfrdisirei` dfgl`lsl
tfrsfhut, slecus kpfrisl idicij oumcij pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` di` pfrlkdf
 pluti`a?

Kpfritl`a nyncf = L`vf`tkry pfrlkd + Innku`ts rfnflvihcf pfrlkd 

926 jirl = 72 jirl + 46 jirl

^lecus kpfrisl mf`aaimhirei` hiailmi`i sfhuij prkdue

 hfrafrie mfcicul ieu` nurrf`t issfts. Rrkdue mucil sfhiail
 pfrsfdlii`, dlek`vfrsl ef pluti`a eftlei dlouic, di` iejlr`yi

98
 

dlek`vfrsl ef eis eftlei dleumpucei` dirl pf`ouici`.

h. Tjf Nisj Nyncf

Jic yi`a pfrcu dlpfrjitlei` idicij irus eis di` pfrlstlwi

cil`yi`a tfroidl tldie dlsl`erk`lsisl. ^fhiail nk`tkj, pfrusijii` tldie
 hf`ir-hf`ir mfmhiyir pfrsfdlii` simpil >2 jirl sftfcij pfrusijii`
mf`dipitei``yi. Rfrlkdf l`tfrvf`sl >2 jirl dlsfhut pfrlkdf juti`a.
Hfrleut`yi, pfrusijii` mf`aau`iei` eis sfcimi jirl >2, tftipl
 pfrusijii` tldie dipit mf`aumpucei` eis simpil jirl 926.
Rfrusijii` jirus mf`aitur u`tue mfmhliyil $9,222 sfcimi 926->2 =
16 jirl. Rfrlkdf l`l dlsfhut slecus eis.
^lecus eis idicij oumcij jirl eftlei pfrusijii` mfmhiyir

 pfrsfdlii` simpil eftlei elti mf`aumpucei` eis dirl pf`ouici`.

Hfrdisirei` dfgl`lsl tfrsfhut, slecus eis idicij pfrhfdii` i`tiri
slecus kpfrisl di` pfrlkdf juti`a?
Nisj nyncf = Kpfritl`a nyncf „ Innku`t piyihcf pfrlkd 
16 jirl = 926 jirl │ >2 jirl

Aimhir 87.9 Airls wietu irus eis di` ietlvltis kpfrisl oi`aei pf`dfe
dirl pfrusijii` mi`ugietur.

Aimhir 87.9 mf`aaimhirei` ietlvltis kpfrisl oi`aei pf`dfe

di` irus eis dirl pfrusijii` mi`ugietur df`ai` airls wietu irus eis.

^fpfrtl dltu`oueei`, airls wietu irus eis mf`yiolei` slecus kpfrisl

9>
 

di` slecus eis dicim hf`tue arigle. Ridi Aimhir 87.9 efhutuji`
mi`iofmf` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe dlsiri`ei` kcfj efsf`oi`ai`
i`tiri irus eis misue di` irus eis efcuir. Jic l`l tfreilt df`ai`

 pi`oi`a dirl slecus

slecu s kpfrisl di` pfrlkdf
pfrlkd f juti`a.
Efsf`oi`ai` i`tiri irus misue di` irus efcuir dipit dllsl hile
kcfj pl`oimi` itiu df`ai` mfmfai`a nidi`ai` cleuldltis dicim
 hf`tue eis itiu surit hfrjirai. Efsf`oi`ai` dipit dlpfrsl`aeit
df`ai` mf`auhij pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii`, pluti`a, di` juti`a.
Rf`ouic hueu hfrhisls l`tfr`ft di` rftilcfr   Imizk`.nkm
mfmhfrlei` nk`tkj mf`irle tf`ti`a pf`tl`a`yi mf`afckci slecus eis.
Ridi Iaustus 8299, `lcil pisir dirl Imizk`.nkm cfhlj tl`aal dirl
(pidi ef`yitii``yi, cfhlj dirl 922 eicl clpit) Hir`fs & @khcf, rioi

tkek hueu hrlne-i`d-mkrtir .

Idi hfhfripi icisi` mf`aipi Imizk`.nkm hfr`lcil cfhlj,
tftipl mi`iofmf` oi`aei pf`dfe idicij sicij situ gietkr. ^fcimi
tiju` 8292, l`vf`tkry tur` kvfr   Imizk` sfeltir 92 eicl pfr tiju`, >
eicl cfhlj nfpit dirl Hir`fs & @khcf, sfjl`aai pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii`
mf`oidl cfhlj pf`dfe. Hijei` Imizk` mf`af`iei` hliyi eirtu
erfdlt pfci`aai` eftlei mf`alrlmei` hueu, di` hlisi`yi dlhiyir kcfj
 pfrusijii` eirtu erfdlt dicim situ jirl. Jic l`l mf`u`oueei` hijwi
Imizk` mfmlclel slecus eis `faitlg. Hijei`, sfcimi tiju` 8292,

slecus eis Imizk` `faitlg 7< jirl.

Imizk` huei` situ-situ`yi pfrusijii` df`ai` slecus eis
`faitlg, pfrusijii` cil``yi idicij prkdusf` pfsiwit Hkfl`a
Nkmpi`y. ^fcimi tiju` 8292, Hkfl`a mfmlclel pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii`
946 jirl di` pfrlkdf pluti`a dirl >7 jirl, sfjl`aai slecus kpfrisl
idicij pi`oi`a 9:8 jirl (jirl festri eirf`i efsiciji` pfmhuciti`).
Hkfl`a mfmlclel pfrlkdf juti`a dirl 8>6 jirl, sfjl`aai slecus eis
idicij `faitlg 6>.

94
 

Tihfc 9. Mi`iofr yi`a tfreilt df`ai` misicij efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe 

n. Kpfritl`a Nyncf di`
Nyncf di` Hiai` Krai`lsisl Rfrusijii`
Tihfc 9 mf`aaimhirei` hijwi mi`iofmf` efui`ai` oi`aei
 pf`dfe dicim sfhuij pfrusijii` hfsir mfclhitei` sfoumcij mi`iofr
efui`ai` di` `k`-efui`ai` yi`a hfrhfdi. Mfmfrlesi Tihfc 87.9
mf`u`oueei` hijwi mf`ouic sfniri erfdlt mfclhitei` sftldie`yi tlai
f`tltis yi`a hfrhfdi? Mi`iofr erfdlt, mi`iofr pfmisiri`, di`
nk`trkccfr . Dirl eftlai l`l, ji`yi dui yi`a hfrti`aau`a oiwih efpidi

wielc prfsldf` hldi`a efui`ai` (gu`asl pfmisiri` hlisi`yi dleiltei`

df`ai` wielc prfsldf` pfmisiri`). Df`ai` dfmleli` idi pktf`sl
ek`gcle, olei mi`iofr yi`a hfrhfdi hfrek`sf`trisl ji`yi gkeus pidi
tuais`yi sioi. ^fhiail nk`tkj, olei hiali` pfmisiri` hfrusiji
mf`dipitei` pf`ouici` yi`a hfsir,sfjl`aai mu`ael` mf`nirl cfhlj
 hi`yie pfrsyiriti` erfdlt clhfric sfhiail huouei` pidi pfci`aai`.
 @imu`, jic l`l dipit mf`l`aeitei` l`vfstisl pfrusijii` dicim
 pluti`a itiu fespksur rlslek pluti`a tldie tfrtialj, di` ek`gcle dipit
tfroidl.

96
 

8.
8.9.
9.4
4 Rfr
frjl
jlttu`ai` Kpfritl`a Nyncf di`
u`ai` Nyncf di` Nisj Nyncf
Ridi nk`tkj sfhfcum`yi, pi`oi`a wietu yi`a mfmhf`tue pfrlkdf
sfhfcum`yi ofcis, olei yi`a dlmlclel ji`yi l`gkrmisl cipkri` efui`ai`, miei

jirus mfcieuei` pfefroii` timhiji`. Rfrusijii` pfrcu mf`f`tuei` hfrhiail jic

 hfripi cimi wietu yi`a dlhutujei` u`tue mf`ouic pfrsfdlii`, riti-riti wietu
yi`a dlhutujei` u`tue mf`ouic pfrsfdlii`, di` u`tue mf`aumpucei` pluti`a.
Hfrleut l`gkrmisl dicim cipkri` pkslsl efui`ai` (dicim rlhui`)?

Ltfm Iwic Iejlr Xiti-Xiti

Rfrsfdlii` $8,222 $>,222 $8,622

Rluti`a 9,722 8,222 9,:22
Juti`a 162 9,222 :16

Hfrleut l`gkrmisl dicim cipkri` cihi rual (dicim rlhui`)?

Rf`ouici` hfrslj $99,622
Hliyi pkeke pf`ouici` :,822
i. Tjf
Tjf Kpfr
Kpfrit
itl`
l`a
a Nync
Nyncff

Jic pfrtimi yi`a dlhutujei` idicij pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii`, elti dipit

mf`ajltu`a pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` df`ai` mfmhial oumcij jirl dicim sftiju`
di` l`vf`tkry tur`kvfr .

Jislc l`l mf`u`oueei` hijwi pfrusijii` mfmhfcl di` mf`ouic

 pfrsfdlii` >.8: eicl sfcimi sftiju`. ^fjl`aai pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii`, sfhiail
 hfrleut?

97
 

Oidl, pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` sfeltir 999 jirl. Df`ai` eiti cil`,

 pfrsfdlii` tfrsfdli
tfr sfdli sfcimi sfeltir
sfe ltir 999 jirl sfhfcum dlouic. Olei dlisumslei`
dlisumslei `
sfmui pf`ouici` idicij pf`ouici` erfdlt, miei pfrputiri` pluti`a idicij

sfhiail hfrleut?

Jislc l`l mf`u`oueei` hijwi pfrusijii` mimpu mf`aumpucei`

 pluti`a >.8: eicl sfcimi
sfc imi sftiju`. ^fjl`aai pfrlkdf
pfr lkdf pluti`a, sfhiail
sfhiai l hfrleut?

Rfrlkdf pluti`a ouai dlsfhut diys“ sicfs l` rfnflvihcfs itiu ivfriaf

nkccfntlk` pfrlkd . Jislc mf`u`oueei` hijwi pfci`aai` mfmfrcuei` 61 jirl
u`tue mfmhiyir.
Kpfritl`a nyncf  idicij oumcij pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` di` pfrlkdf
 pluti`a.
Kpfritl`a nyncf = L`vf`tkry pfrlkd + Innku`t rfnflvihcf pfrlkd 
Kpfritl`a nyncf = 999 jirl + 61 jirl = 97: jirl

Jislc l`l mf`u`oueei` hijwi riti-riti, 97: jirl tfrcfwitl i`tiri

wietu mfmpfrkcfj pfrsfdlii`, mf`ouic`yi di` mf`aumpucei` eis dirl
 pf`ouici`.
h. Tjf Nisj
Nisj Ny
Nynncf
Jic yi`a dlhutujei` idicij pfrlkdf juti`a, elti dipit mf`ajltu`a
 pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii`
pfrsf dlii` df`ai` mfmhial oumcij jirl
ji rl dicim sftiju`
sftij u` di`  piyihcf
tur`kvfr .

91
 

Rfrlkdf juti`a idicij sfhiail hfrleut?

Jislc l`l mf`u`oueei` hijwi pfrusijii` mfmfrcuei` >< jirl u`tue

mfmhiyir efpidi suppclfr.

Nisj nyncf idicij sfclslj i`tiri kpfritl`a nyncf di` pfrlkdf juti`a.

Nisj Nyncf = Kpfritl`a nyncf „ Innku`t piyihcf pfrlkd 

Nisj nyncf = 97: jirl „ >< jirl = 98< jirl

Jislc l`l mf`u`oueei` hijwi riti-riti, idi pf`u`dii` 98< jirl

i`tiri wietu yi`a dlpfrcuei` pfrusijii` u`tue mfmhiyir hiri`a di` wietu
yi`a dlpfrcuei` pfrusijii` u`tue mf`aumpucei` pf`ouici`.

n. Nk`tkj Kpfritl`a i`d Nisj Nyncf

k`tkj
L`gkrmisl mf`af`il ^ckwpiy Nkmpi`y?

Ltfm Iwic Iejlr Xiti-riti

Rfrsfdlii` $6,222 $1,222 $7,222
Rluti`a 9,722 8,422 8,222
Juti`a 8,122 4,:22 >,162

Rf`ouci` erfdlt sfcimi sftiju` idicij $62,222 di` hliyi pkeke

 pf`ouici` idicij $>2,222. Hfripi cimi wietu yi`a dlhutujei` ^ckwpiy u`tue
mf`aumpucei` pluti`a`yi; Hfripi cimi pfrsfdlii` tfrsfdli sfhfcum dlouic;
Hfripi cimi wietu yi`a dlhutujeim ^ckwpiy u`tue mfmhiyir tialji``yi;
Ci`aeij pfrtimi, elti dipit mf`ajltu`a tlai rislk tur`kvfr ?

9:
 

Ci`aeij sfci`out`yi, elti dipit mf`ajltu`a > pfrlkdf?

Hfrdisirei` jislc hfrleut, dipit dleftijul hijwi ^ckwpiy

mf`aumpucei` eis dirl pf`ouici` dicim 94.7 jirl, pfrsfdlii` yi`a tfrsfdli
sfhfcum dlouic sfcimi 1> jirl, di` mfmhiyir tialji` sfcimi 46.7 jirl.
Kpfritl`a nyncf idicij oumcij pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` di` pfrlkdf pluti`a = 1>
+ 94.7 = :1.7 jirl. Nisj nyncf  idicij sfclslj i`tiri kpfritl`a nyncf  di`
 pfrlkdf juti`a = :1.7
:1 .7 „ 46.7 = 48 jirl.

d. L`
L`tf
tfrp
rprf
rfti
tisl Nisj Nyncf
sl Nisj
Nisj nyncf hfrai`tu`a pidi pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii`, pluti`a, di` juti`a.
Nisj nyncf  mf`l`aeit eftlei pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` di` pluti`a sfmiel`
 pi`oi`a. Nisj nyncf  dipit hfreuri`a olei pfrusijii` mimpu mf`u`di
 pfmhiyiri` juti`a sfjl`aai dipit mfmpfrpi`oi`a misi juti`a.
Efhi`yiei` pfrusijii` mfmlclel slecus eis pksltlg, sfjl`aai mfrfei
mfmhutujei` pfmhliyii` u`tue pfrsfdlii` di` pluti`a. ^fmiel` cimi
nisj nyncf, sfmiel` hi`yie pfmhliyii` dlpfrcuei`. Rfruhiji` dicim nisj
nyncf  pfrusijii` sfrl`a dlpi`tiu sfhiail ueuri` pfrl`aiti` dl`l.
Rfmi`oi`ai` slecus dipit mf`u`oueei` hijwi pfrusijii` mf`aiciml
efsuclti` hfrafrie pfrsfdlii` itiu mf`aumpucei` pluti`a. Misicij
tfrsfhut dipit dltutupl kcfj slecus juti`a yi`a mf`l`aeit, sfjl`aai efdui
slecus jirus dlpi`tiu.
Juhu`ai` i`tiri nisj nyncf  pfrusijii` di` prkgltihlcltis dipit

9<
 

df`ai` mudij dlcljit df`ai` mf`al`ait hijwi sicij situ dftfrml`i` disir
 prkgltihlcltis di` pfrtumhuji`
pfrtumhuj i` hial pfrusijii`
p frusijii` yiltu
yi ltu tktic issft tur`kvfr , yi`a
dldfgl`lslei` sfhiail Rf`ouici`/ Tktic isft. ^fmiel` tl`aal rislk l`l, miei

sfmiel` hfsir puci innku`tl`a rftur` k` issft   di` rftur` k` fqulty. Df`ai`
dfmleli`, sfmiel` pf`dfe nisj nyncf  miei sfmiel` rf`dij puci l`vfstisl
 pfrusijii` dicim pfrsfdlii` di` pluti`a. ^fhiail jislc`yi, tktic issft
 pfrusijii` yi`a cfhlj
cf hlj rf`dij, di` tktic issft tur`kvfr  yi`a
 yi`a cfhlj tl`aal.

f. Mfcljit Kpfritl`a Nyncf di`

Nyncf di` Nisj Nyncf
Kpfritl`a  di`
 di` nisj nyncf dipit hfrvirlisl sfdlelt pidi i`tir l`dustrl, tipl
slecus l`l ouai hlsi hfrhfdi hial pfrusijii` dicim l`dustrl yi`a simi.
Rfrhfdii` miykrltis pidi l`dustrl rftilc yiltu mfmlclel pfrlkdf pluti`a yi`a
 pf`dfe tftipl mfmlclel pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` yi`a pi`oi`a. ^fdi`aei` l`dustrl
 sfrvlnf mfmpu`yil pfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` yi`a pf`dfe.

8.9.6
8.9.6 Hfhfripi
Hfhfripi Ispfe
Ispfe pidi
pidi Efhloi
Efhloiei`
ei` Efui`ai`
Efui`ai` Oi`aei
Oi`aei Rf`df
Rf`dfe 
e 
Efhloiei` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe yi`a dlidkpsl kcfj pfrusijii`
mfmlclel picl`a sfdlelt dui fcfmf`?
i. Hfsir`yi l`vfstisl pfrusijii` pidi ietlvi
ietlvi ci`nir
ci`nir (nurrf`t issfts), yi`a
dlueur rfcitlg tfrjidip tktic pf`dipiti` kpfrisl pfrusijii`. Efhloiei`
yi`a gcfeslhfc iei` mf`oiai rislk ietlvi ci`nir pidi pf`ouici` ( nurrf`t
issfts tk sicfs ritlk) tftip tl`aal, sfdi`aei` efhloiei` yi`a dlhitisl iei`

 hfrielhit rf`dij`yi
rf`dij` yi rislk ietlvi ci`nir
ci`ni r pidi pf`ouici`.
 h. Rf`di`ii` u`tue ietlvi ci`nir,
c i`nir, yi`a
yi `a dlueur
dlue ur sfhiail
sfhi ail prkpkrsl
prkp krsl dirl
di rl juti`a
juti` a
 oi`aei pf`dfe tfrjidip juti`a oi`aei pi`oi`a. Olei efhloiei` oi`aei
 pf`dfe tfrhitis hfrirtl prkpkrsl juti`a oi`aei pf`dfe tfrjidip juti`a
 oi`aei pi`oi`a dirl pfrusijii` ltu tl`aal, sfhicle`yi olei efhloiei`
gcfeslhfc ltu irtl`yi juti`a oi`aei pf`dfe cfhlj sfdlelt di` juti`a
 oi`aei pi`oi`a cfhlj
cfh lj hfsir.

8.9.7
8.9.7 Veuri`
Veuri` L`vfstis
L`vfstisll Rfrus
Rfrusijii`
ijii` pidi Ietlvi
Ietlvi Ci`nir
Ci`nir

Nk`tkj efhloiei` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe yi`a gcfeslhfc yiltu?

82
 

i. Mf`oiai hfsir`yi sicdk eis

eis di` l`vfstisl
l`vfstisl surit hfrjirai,
hfrjirai,
 h. Mfmhuitl`vfstisl yi`a
yi` a hfsir pidi l`vf`tkrl/
l`vf`tk rl/ pfrsfdlii`,
n. Mfmhfrlei`/
Mfmhfrlei`/ mf`alzl`ei`
mf`alzl`ei` pfrsyiriti`
pfrsyiriti` erfdlt
erfdlt yi`a clhfric
clhfric df`ai`
df`ai` tuoui`

u`tue mf`l`aeitei` `lcil pluti`a (innku`ts rfnflvihcf).

^fhicle`yi, nk`tkj efhloiei` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe yi`a tfrhitis itiu
tldie gcfeslhfc?
i. ^icdk eis di`
di` l`vfstisl
l`vfstisl surit
surit hfrjirai
hfrjirai rf`dij,
rf`dij,
 h. L`vfstisl yi`a rf`dij
rf`d ij pidi l`vf`tkrl/ pfrsfdlii`,
p frsfdlii`,
n. Mfmpfrhkcfjei`
Mfmpfrhkcfjei` tldie
tldie idi`yi pf`ouici` sfniri erfdlt
erfdlt di` tldie
tldie idi
 pluti`a (innku`ts rfnflvihcf)
Mf`f`tuei` cfvfc l`vfstisl yi`a kptlmic pidi isft oi`aei pf`dfe
mfmhutujei` ldf`tlgleisl pfrhfdii` hliyi dirl ictfr`itlg efhloiei`-efhloiei`

 oi`aei pf`dfe iair mf`dipitei` ictfr`itlg efhloiei` tfrhile. @lcil ietlvi ci`nir
 picl`a tl`aal ipihlci pfrusijii` mf`fripei` efhloiei` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe
yi`a gcfeslhfc, di` tfrf`dij siit pfrusijii` mf`fripei` efhloiei` efui`ai`
 oi`aei pf`dfe
pf`d fe yi`a dlhitisl.
d lhitisl. Eirf`i`yi,
Eirf`i`y i, efhloiei` efui`ai` oi`aei
o i`aei pf`dfe yi`a
gcfeslhfc mfmfrcuei` hliyi yi`a hfsir u`tue pf`afcuiri` eis, l`vfstisl surit
 hfrjirai, l`vf`tkrl, sfrti pluti`a. @imu`, pf`dipiti` eis dl misi yi`a iei`
diti`a ouai iei` cfhlj hfsir. Ridi hiali` prkduesl hiri`a, efhloiei` efui`ai`
 oi`aei pf`dfe yi`a gcfeslhfc ouai dipit mfml`lmiclslr tfroidl`yi efminfti`
 prkduesl eirf`i efeuri`ai`
e feuri`ai` pfrsfdlii`.
pfrsfd lii`.

Ietlvi ci`nir pidi pfrusijii` dipit dlefckci df`ai` mfcieuei` tridf-kgg  

 hliyi dicim irtl mfmpfrtlmhi`aei`
mfmpf rtlmhi`aei` efu`tu`ai` di` efruali` yi`a dlmlclel kcfj
 hliyi-hliyi yi`a mf`l`aeit miupu` mf`uru` sfsuil ef`ilei` ueuri` l`vfstisl
 pidi ietlvi ci`nir. Hliyi-hliyi yi`a dlmiesud i`tiri cil` idicij nirryl`a nkst  
di` sjkrtiaf nkst .
Nirryl`a nkst  itiu
  itiu hliyi pf`ylmpi`i` idicij hliyi yi`a iei` mf`l`aeit
ipihlci ueuri` l`vfstisl pidi ietlvi ci`nir mf`l`aeit. Idi 8 of`ls hliyi
 pf`ylmpi`i`?
i. Eirf`i tl`aeit
tl`aeit pf`afmhicli`
pf`afmhicli` ietlvi ci`nir
ci`nir yi`a rf`dij,
rf`dij, mieimu`nuc
mieimu`nuc

kppkrtu`lty nkst . Nk`tkj`yi nipltic nkst , yiltu hliyi yi`a tlmhuc eirf`i

89
 

jlci`a`yi efsfmpiti` l`vfstisl (pf`aau`ii` mkdic u`tue mfmhfcl isft-

isft cil`) yi`a cfhlj mf`au`tu`aei` pfrusijii`.
 h. Idi`yi hliyi u`tue mf`oiai `lcil fek`kmls dirl suitu hiri`a.

Nk`tkj`yi hliyi sfwi audi`a pf`ylmpi`i`, di` pf`yusuti`.

^jkrtiaf nkst   itiu hliyi efci`aeii` idicij hliyi yi`a iei` mf`l`aeit
ipihlci ueuri` l`vfstisl pidi ietlvi ci`nir rf`dij. Hliyi efci`aeii` mu`nuc
ielhit pfrusijii` yi`a tldie dipit mfmf`ujl efhutuji` ek`sumf`. Idi 8 of`ls
 hliyi efci`aeii`?
efci`aeii` ?
i. Tridl`a/ Krdfr Nkst  itiu
  itiu hliyi pfmfsi`i`. Hliyi l`l idicij hliyi u`tue
 pfmhfcli` itiu pfmfsi`i` efpidi pfmiske itiu pf`aai`tli` stke
mitfrlic u`tue efaliti` prkduesl. Nk`tkj`yi hrkefriaf nkst   (u`tue
mf`dipitei` eis), di` prkduntlk` sftup nkst  (u`tue
  (u`tue mfmf`ujl l`vf`tkrl

itiu pfrsfdlii`)
 h. Hliyi yi`a hfrjuhu`ai` df`ai` nidi`ai` efimi`i` ( sigfty
 sigfty rfsfrvfs ),
yiltu hliyi itis efjlci`ai` pf`ouici`, efjlci`ai` pfci`aai`, di`
ai`aaui` oidwic prkduesl.

Eurvi dlitis mf`aaimhirei` slgit disir dirl nirryl`a nkst   (hliyi

 pf`ylmpi`i`). Tktic hliyi l`vfstisl pidi ietlvi ci`nir dltf`tuei` df`ai` niri
mf`imhijei` nirryl`a nkst   di`  sjkrtiaf nkst . Rkl` ml`lmum dirl eurvi tktic
 hliyi tfrsfhut (NI*) idicij `lcil yi`a kptlmic dirl ietlvi ci`nir yi`a irtl`yi
 hliyi iei` tfrml`lmiclslr pidi tltle l`l. ^uclt mf`f`tuei` sfniri tfpit `lcil
kptlmic dirl  sjkrtiaf  di` nirryl`a nkst . Rfrusijii` hlisi`yi iei` mf`f`tuei`
`lcil yi`a picl`a mf`dfeitl.

88
 

Ipihlci nirryl`a nkst   itiu hliyi pf`ylmpi`i` rf`dij di`  sjkrtiaf nkst  
itiu hliyi efci`aeii` tl`aal, miei efhloiei` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe yi`a
sfsuil idicij efhloiei` yi`a gcfeslhfc.

Ipihlci nirryl`a nkst  itiu

  itiu hliyi pf`ylmpi`i` tl`aal di` sjkrtiaf nkst  itiu
  itiu
 hliyi efci`aeii` rf`dij, miei efhloiei` efui`ai` oi`aei pf`dfe yi`a sfsuil
idicij efhloiei` yi`a dlhitisl.

8.9.1
8.9.1 Ictfr`it
Ictfr`itlg
lg Efhloiei`
Efhloiei` Rf`di`ii
Rf`di`ii`
` u`tue
u`tue Ietlvi
Ietlvi Ci`ni
Ci`nirr
^ftfcij mf`aftijul tf`ti`a l`vfstisl pidi ietlvi ci`nir, jirus dleftijul
 puci mf`af`il pf`airuj`yi tfrjidip pislvi/ efwiolhi` ci`nir (nurrf`t
clihlcltlfs).
8.9.1.9 Mkdfc Fek`kml Ldfic

Dicim ek`dlsl fek`kml ldfic, isft oi`aei pf`dfe dipit dldi`il kcfj

8>
 

juti`a oi`aei pf`dfe, di` isft oi`aei pi`oi`a dipit dldi`il kcfj juti`a oi`aei
 pi`oi`a di` feultis. Dicim ek`dlsl l`l, `ft wkrel`a nipltic   itiu mkdic efroi
 hfrslj (ietlvi ci`nir
ci`n ir dleuri`al pislv
pislvii ci`nir) sfcicu `kc.

Nk`tkj sfdfrji`i idicij pfrusijii` mfmhfcl hlhlt u`tue dlpi`f`,

dlslmpi`, di` dlouic dicim wietu situ tiju`. Rfrsfdlii` pfrusijii` tl`aal pidi
iwic pi`f` di` mf`uru` mf`dfeitl misi pi`f` hfrleut`yi. Rf`di`ii` u`tue
mfmhfcl hlhlt mf`aau`iei` pl`oimi` hi`e yi`a oituj tfmpk euri`a dirl situ
tiju`, di` iei` dlhiyir mf`aau`iei` jislc pf`ouici` jislc pi`f` tfrsfhut.

8.9.1.8
8.9.1.8 Hfrhiail
Hfrhiail ^tritfal
^tritfal u`tue
u`tue Mf`di`i
Mf`di`ill Ietlvi
Ietlvi Ci`nir
Ci`nir
Ridi ef`yitii``yi, ietlvi ci`nir tldie hlsi hfridi pidi `lcil `kc eirf`i
 pf`l`aeiti` pf`ouici` oi`aei pi`oi`a iei` mf`lmhucei` l`vfstisl pfrmi`f`
 pidi ietlvi ci`nir. Rfrusijii` hfrefmhi`a iei` mfmlclel efhutuji` pfrmi`f`
u`tue isft oi`aei pf`dfe di` oi`aei pi`oi`a`yi. Tktic efhutuji` isft l`l iei`
mf`l`aeit oumcij`yi sflrl`a wietu di` pidi lcustrisl eurvi dlhiwij iei`
mf`u`ouei` efnf`dfru`ai` pfrtumhuji` sfeucfr (oi`aei pi`oi`a), virlisl
muslmi`, di` ouai gcuetuisl jirli` itiu huci`i` yi`a tldie dipit dlprfdlesl
(tldie dlaimhirei` dicim eurvi).

84
 

Ictfr`itlg Efhloiei` Rf`di`ii` Isft?

i. ^tritfal
^tritfal G (gcfxlhcf)
(gcfxlhcf) yiltu
yiltu efhloiei`
efhloiei` pf`di`ii` yi`a gcfeslhfc.
gcfeslhfc.

^tritfal dlmi`i pf`di`ii` oi`aei pi`oi`a mf`nueupl itiu mf`utupl

 hliyi u`tue sfcuruj tktic efhutuji` isft, hijei` siit pu`nie

muslm.Rfrusijii` iei` mfmlclel efcfhlji` eis u`tue hfrl`vfstisl surit

 hfrjirai (mireftihcf sfnurltlfs) siit efhutuji` isft tldie hfridi pidi tltle
 pu`nie. ^tritfal gcfeslhfc l`l mfmhutujei` l`vfstisl hfsir pidi mkdic
efroi hfrslj (`ft wkrel`a nipltic ) sfrti efcfhlji` eis yi`a tfrus mf`frus.

86
 

 h. ^tritfal X (rfstrlntlvf ) yiltu efhloiei` pf`di`ii` yi`a dlhitisl

^tritfal X idicij eftlei pf`di`ii` oi`aei pi`oi`a tldie dipit

mf`utupl hliyi sfcuruj efhutuji` isft. Rfrusijii` iei` mf`nirl pl`oimi`
itiu juti`a oi`aei pf`dfe u`tue mf`utupl dfglslt. Rf`di`ii` oi`aei
 pi`oi`a ji`yi dlau`iei`
dla u`iei` u`tue efhutuji`
efhu tuji` isft oi`aei pi`oi`a.
p i`oi`a.

Idi hfhfripi pfrtlmhi`ai` yi`a dipit dli`iclsi pfrusijii` u`tue

mf`f`tuei` ictfr`itlg stritfal pf`di`ii` tfrhile?
i. Ek`dlsl slmpi`i`/ nidi`ai` eis
eis pfrusijii`?
pfrusijii`? stritfal
stritfal pf`di`ii`
pf`di`ii`
gcfeslhfc hfrirtl idi surpcus pidi eis di` sfdlelt pl`oimi` oi`aei
 pf`dfe. ^tritfal l`l mf`auri`al efmu`ael`i` pfrusijii` mf`aiciml
tfei`i` efui`ai`.

 h.  Miturlty jfdal`a ? miturlty jfdal`a   itiu miturlty mitnjl`a   idicij

 prl`slp dlmi`i sftlip isft mfmlclel l`strumf` juti`a yi`a pfrlkdf
 oituj tfmpk`yi sfsuil. Rfrusijii` iei` mf`ajl`dirl mfmhliyil isft
 oi`aei pi`oi`a`yi
pi`oi`a` yi df`ai` pl`oimi` oi`aei pf`dfe eirf`i
ei rf`i rlslek yi`a
dlmlclel`yi.
n. Tfrm strunturf (struetur misi)? Jic yi`a jirus dlpfrjitlei`
sfci`out`yi idicij juhu`ai` i`tiri oi`aei wietu di` sueu hu`ai.
^ueu hu`ai oi`aei pf`dfe hlisi`yi cfhlj rf`dij dirl sueu hu`ai
 oi`aei pi`oi`a, irtl`yi, pl`oimi` oi`aei pi`oi`a iei` mfmhutujei`

 hliyi cfhlj hfsir dirlpidi

di rlpidi pl`oimi` oi`aei
oi`ae i pf`dfe.

87
 

8.9.:
8.9.: Nisj
Nisj Hudaftl`
Hudaftl`a
a
Nisj hudaftl`a   mfrupiei` sicij situ icit u`tue pfrf`ni`ii` efui`ai`
 oi`aei pf`dfe. Nisj hudaftl`a   iei` mf`u`oueei` efpidi mi`iofr hfripi

 pl`oimi` yi`a dlhutujei` u`tue oi`aei pf`dfe`yi. L`tl dirl nisj hudaftl`a  
idicij mf`nitit pf`frlmi` di` pf`afcuiri` eis-`yi.
Nk`tkj? Gu` Tkys
9. Nisj
Nisj Nkccfnt
Nkccfntlk`
lk`
Gu` Tkys mfmlclel nisj l`gckw  yi`a hfrisic dirl pf`ouici` mil`i``yi.
Hfrleut l`l idicij gkrfnist nisj l`gckw u`tue tiju` dfpi`.

9st Yuirtfr  8`d Yuirtfr  >rd Yuirtfr  4tj Yuirtfr 

^icfs $ 922 $ 822 $ 962 $ 922

 Hfal``l`a Xfnflvihcf $ 922 $922 $ 822 $ 962
Nisj Nkccfntlk` $ 922 $ 922 $ 822 $ 962
 F`dl`a Xfnflvihcf $ 922 $ 822 $ 962 $ 922

Isumsl yi`a dlau`iei`?

i. Gu` Tkys
Tkys  glsnic yfir   dlmucil pidi 9 Oucl sfjl`aai pf`ouici` tfrtl`aal
tfroidl pidi quirtfr  efdui
 efdui (jkcldiy sicfs).
 h. Gu` Tkys mf`ouic efpidi
ef pidi dfpirtfmf`
dfpi rtfmf`  stkrfs sfniri erfdlt sfjl`aai sicfs
mf`oidl pluti`a pidi quirtfr   hfrleut`yi di` 922% nisj nkccfntlk` /

nisj l`gckw hiru dltfrlmi Gu` Tkys pidi quirtfr  hfrleut`yi.

  hfrleut`yi.
8. Nisj Kutgckw
Fmpit eitfakrl pf`afcuiri` eis?
i. Rfmhiyiri`
Rfmhiyiri` Juti`a.
Juti`a. V`tue oi`aei pf`dfe
pf`dfe hlisi`yi
hlisi`yi itis pfmhfcli`
pfmhfcli`
 hiji` hieu.
 h. Rfmhiyiri` aiol, pioie di` hliyi cil``yi. Dicim eitfakrl l`l tfrmisue
 hliyi `krmic dicim mf`oici`ei`
mf`oici `ei` hls`ls.
n. Nipltic fxpf`dlturf (pfmhiyiri` u`tue issft oi`aei pi`oi`a)

81
 

d. Hliy
liyi ck`a tfrm gl`i`nl`a . \i`a tfrmisue dicim eitfakrl l`l idicij
 pfmhiyiri` hu`ai/ l`tfrfst  efpidi
  efpidi dfhtjkcdfrs di` pfmhiyiri` dlvldf`
efpidi sjirfjkcdfr .

9st Yuirtfr  8`d Yuirtfr  >rd Yuirtfr  4tj Yuirtfr 

^icfs $922 $822 $962 $922
 Rurnjisfs 922 16 62 62
 Riymf`t kg innku`t piyihcf 62 922 16 62
Qiafs, tixfs i`d ktjfr fxpf`sfs 82 42 >2 82
Nipltic Fxpf`dlturf 2 2 2 922
 Ck`a-tfrm gl`i`nl`a fxpf`sfs? 92 92 92 92
 L`tfrfsti`d dlvldf`d 
Tktic Nisj Dlshursfmf`t  :2 962 996 9:2

Isumsl yi`a dlau`iei`?

i. Rfmhfcl
Rfmhfcli`
i` mfrup
mfrupiei`
iei` ½ dirl
dirl sicfs dl quirtfr  hfrleut`yi
  hfrleut`yi
 h. Rfmhiyiri` itis pfmhfcli` dlcieuei` dl quirtfr  hfrleut`yi
  hfrleut`yi
>. Nisj Hi
Hici`nf
9st Yuirtfr  8`d Yuirtfr  >rd Yuirtfr  4tj Yuirtfr 
Tktic Nisj Xfnflpt  $922 $922 $822 $962
Tktic Nisj Dlshursfmf`t  :2 962 996 9:2
 @ft Nisj Gckw 82 (62) :6 (>2)

Nummucitlvf fxnfss nisj hici`nf 82 (>2) 66 86

 Ml`lmum Nisj Hici`nf 6 6 6 6
Nummucitlvf gl`i`nf surpcus (dfglnlt) 96 (>6) 62 82
rfqulrfmf`t 

Isumsl yi`a dlau`iei`?

i. Gu` Tkys
Tkys mf`ajirusei`
mf`ajirusei` idi ml`lmic
ml`lmic $6 dl tlip quirtfr   u`tue efaliti`
kpfrislk`ic`yi
 h. Dipit dlljit hijwi tfrdipit efeuri`ai` nisj l`gckw  pidi quirtfr   8
sfjl`aai `ft nisj gckw-`yi mf`oidl ml`us. Jic l`l huei` dlsfhihei`

8:
 

eirf`i euri`a`yi pf`ouici` tftipl eirf`i idi`yi pfouici` sfniri erfdlt

efpidi dfpirtfmf`  stkrf. Dicim jic l`l Gu` Tkys mf`aiciml misicij
 sjkrt tfrm gl`i`nl`a  u`tue
 u`tue quirtfr   8.
8.

8.9.
8.9.<
< ^jkrt
jkrt tf
tfrm
rm Gl
Gl`i
`i`n
`nli
licc Rci
Rci`
`
Tfrdipit dui eitfakrl dicim erfdlt oi`aei pf`dfe? V`sfnurfd cki`s  di`
^fnurfd Cki`s. Ridi V`sfnurfd cki`s, ji`yi hfrdisirei` oi`ol dirl pljie yi`a
mfml`oim itiu efpfrniyii` dirl pljie pfmhfrl pl`oimi` hijwi li iei`
mfmhiyirei` efmhicl juti`a`yi. Tfripl pidi  sfnurfd cki`s , tfrdipit issft yi`a
dlau`iei` sfhiail oiml`i` ipihlci pljie yi`a mfml`oim aiaic dicim mfcieuei`
 pfmhiyiri` hu`ai miupu`
miu pu` pfmhiyiri` pkeke
pke ke juti`a.
i. V`sfnurfd Cki`s

9) Tridf Nrfdlt  (Vti`a
 (Vti`a Diai`a)
Vti`a diai`a sfniri spk`ti` mu`nuc sflrl`a df`ai` pfmhfcli` dirl
suppclfr`yi yi`a mfmpfrhkcfjei` pfrusijii` u`tue mfmhiyir sftfcij
dltfrlmi`yi hiri`a itiu oisi (sfniri erfdlt).

Nk`tkj 8/92 `ft 72 irtl`yi pfrusijii` iei` mf`dipitei` dlsek` sfhfsir

8% ipihlci mfcieuei` pfmhiyiri` dicim 92 jirl di` hitis iejlr
 pfmhiyiri` idicij dicim 72 jirl.
j irl. Tftipl
Tftip l ipihlci
ipi hlci dicim 92 jirl
j irl pfrusijii`
pf rusijii`
tldie mfcieuei` pfmhiyiri` miei iei` dlef`iei` si`esl sfhfsir 8%.
Df`ai` tktic l`vklnf $9

Tjf fggfntlvf nkst   eirf`i mf`u`di pfmhiyiri` sfcimi 62 jirl idicij

94,7<%.

8<
 

Nkst kg nrfdlt   iei` hfrvirlisl mf`aleutl hfsir`yi nisj dlsnku`t   di`

cimi`yi wietu i`tiri iejlr dirl dlsnku`t pfrlkd   df`ai` hitis iejlr
 pfmhiyiri`. Hi`yie pfrusijii` yi`a mfcieuei`  strftnjl`a tridf innku`t  

dlmi`i siit hitis iejlr pfmhiyiri` 72 jirl, pfrusijii` mfmpfrpi`oi`a

 pfmhiyiri` simpil jirl ef-:2. Ipihlci pfci`aairi` sfpfrtl l`l tfrus
 hfrci`asu`a miei pfrusijii` dipit efjlci`ai` erfdlt`yi. Efu`tu`ai` dirl
mf`aau`iei` uti`a diai`a idicij uti`a diai`a l`l dldipit sfhiail hiali`
dirl efaliti` kpfrisl `krmic pfrusijii` di` tldie mfmfrcuei` pfroi`oli`
gkrmic u`tue mfmpfrpi`oi`a erfdlt.
8) Hi`e Nrfdlt 
i)  Cl`f kg nrfdlt 
 Cl`f kg nrfdlt   hlisi`yi dlau`iei` u`tue mfmhliyil wkrel`a

nipltic   pfrusijii`. Idi dui of`ls cl`f kg nrfdlt ? oicur erfdlt df`ai`
ekmltmf` itiu ti`pi ekmltmf` (nkmmltfd   itiu `k`nkmmltfd cl`f kg
nrfdlt ).
).  @k`nkmmltfd cl`f kg nrfdlt 
nrf dlt  idicij
  idicij pf`aituri` tldie gkrmic yi`a
mfmpfrhkcfjei` pfrusijii` u`tue mfml`oim simpil pidi hitis yi`a
tfcij dltf`tuei` sfhfcum`yi ti`pi mfcicul dkeumf` `krmic.  L`tfrfst
ritf-`yi idicij ritf pl`oimi` dltimhij df`ai` ritf timhiji`.
Nkmmltfd cl`f kg nrfdlt   idicij pf`aituri` df`ai` mf`aau`iei`
jueum gkrmic di` hlisi`yi idi nkmmltmf`t gff  yi`a dlhiyirei`
 pfusijii` efpidi hi`e (hlisi`yi 2.86% pfr tiju`). V`tue pfrusijii`

mf`f`aij di` efnlc, hlisi`yi iei` dlml`ti u`tue mf`ylmpi`

nkmpf`sitl`a hici`nfs yiltu dfpkslt yi`a dlslmpi` pfrusijii` dl hi`e
df`ai` tl`aeit hu`ai yi`a si`ait rf`dij itiu hijei` ti`pi hu`ai.
Df`ai` idi`yi nkmpf`sitl`a hici`nfs  l`l iei` mf`l`aeitei` fggfntlvf
l`tfrfst ritf yi`a dltfrlmi hi`e.
 h) Tri`sintlk` cki`s (`ktfs piyihcf)
Jimplr mlrlp df`ai` cl`f kg nrfdlt , `imu` pidi mftkdf l`l erfdlt
dirl hi`e dldipit df`ai` mf`i`diti`ai`l surit pfroi`oli` juti`a.
h. ^fnurfd Ck
Cki`s

Rl`oimi` of`ls l`l mfajirusei` f`tltis u`tue mf`oi`olei` issft tfrtf`tu

>2
 

sfhiail oiml`i` itis juti`a`yi. ^fjl`aai ipihlci dfhltur aiaic hiyir miei
erfdltur mfmlclel ecilm pfrtimi itis issft yi`a dloiml`ei` tfrsfhut. Jic l`l iei`
mf`imhij efimi`i` dirl erfdltur. Oiml`i` u`tue juti`a oi`aei pf`dfe l`l

 hlisi`yi pluti`a itiu l`vf`tkrl. Dicim innku`t rfnflvihcf gl`i`nl`a , pluti`a

 hlisi`yi dlsfrijei`
dlsfrij ei` sfhiail oiml`i` itiu
it iu dlouic ( gintkrl`a ))..
9)  Rcfdal`a Innku`ts Xfnflvihcf (Mf`oiml`ei` Rluti`a)
Rluti`a dlau`iei` sfhiail oiml`i` u`tue pl`oimi` yi`a dlml`ti
dirl hi`e itiupu` pfrusijii`  gl`i`nf  cil``yi. Mftkdf l`l cfhlj slmpcf
di` tldie mijic. Tftipl eirf`i erfdltur tldie mfmlclel nk`trkc tfrjidip
euicltis dirl pluti`a yi`a dloiml`ei` miei oumcij mieslmic pl`oimi`
yi`a iei` dlhfrlei` hlisi`yi pfrsf`tisf yi`a si`ait rf`dij dirl
`kml`ic pluti`a yi`a dloiml`ei` (hlisi`yi mieslmic ji`yi 16%).

F`tltis dipit ouai mf`yfrijei` l`vklnf  sfhiail oiml`i` juti`a`yi.

Mftkdf l`l cfhlj mijic dlmi`i cf`dfr jirus mf`lcil efciyiei` dirl
 oiml`i` tfrsfhut. Jic l`l mf`imhij efyiel`i` erfdltkr itis oiml`i`
tfrsfhut di` iei` miu mf`l`aeitei` pl`oimi``yi. L`tfrfst ritf hlisi`yi
8%-6% cfhlj tl`aal dirl sueu hu`ai pl`oimi` utimi hi`e. Efu`tu`ai`
df`ai` mf`oiml`ei` pluti`a l`l idicij gcfxlhlcltis`yi hial pljie yi`a
mfml`oim dlmi`i pluti`a hiru dirl jislc pf`ouici` sfniri erfdlt dipit
dloidlei` sfhiail oiml`i` hiru. Efcfmiji` mftkdf l`l idicij hliyi`yi
yi`a rfcitlg tl`aal dlhi`dl`aei` sumhfr pl`oimi` cil``yi.

8)  Gintkrl`a  Rluti`a
 Rluti`a
 Gintkrl`a  mfrupiei`
  mfrupiei` pf`ouici` pluti`a efpidi cfmhiai efui`ai`
( gintkr 
 gintkr ),
), dlmi`i pfmhfcl ( gintkr ) yi`a jirus mf`ialj pluti`a tfrsfhut
di` mf`i`aau`a rfslek pf`ialji`.
>) L`vf`
L`vf`tk
tkry
ry
Oumcij pl`oimi` yi`a iei` dldipit hfrdisirei` mudij dlouic itiu
tldie`yi di` mudij rusie itiu tldie`yi l`vf`tkry  tfrsfhut. V`tue
 hiri`a mf`tij itiu hiji` hieu sfpfrtl ml`yie mf`tij di` eiyu cfhlj
mudij u`tue dlouic dlhi`dl`aei` hiri`a sftf`aij oidl. Hfhfripi tlpf

l`vf`tkry cki`?

>9
 

i)  Gckitl`a   itiu  Hci`eft l`vf`tkry clf`? dfhltur mfmhfrlei` jie aidil

itis sfmui l`vf`tkrl yi`a li mlclel. Mftkdf l`l mfrupiei` mftkdf
yi`a picl`a slmpcf tftipl euri`a imi` hial erfdltur eirf`i dfhltur

mislj mf`ak`trkc sfmui l`vf`tkry  di` tftip dipit mf`ouic l`vf`tkrl

tfrsfhut.
 h) Trust rfnflpt ? pfml`oim mf`ylmpi`ei` l`vf`tkrl`yi u`tue pfmhfrl
 ploimi`. Dkeumf` itis pf`aieui` pl`oimi` dlsfhut trust rfnflpt .
Jislc dirl pf`ouici` ci`asu`a dlsftkrei` efpidi pfmhfrl pl`oimi`.
n)  Glfcd wirfjkusf gl`i`nl`a ? l`vf`tkry  yi`a dloiml`ei` iei`
dlplsijei` dirl l`vf`tkrl cil` mlcle dfhltur. pfrusijii` pf`ylmpi`i`
(pljie eftlai) mf`aurus l`vf`tkrl tfrsfhut u`tue pfmhfrl pl`oimi`.
Rfmhfrl pl`oimi` iei` dll`gkrmislei` mf`af`il pfrafriei`

l`vf`tkrl.
d) Tfrm
Tfrml`
l`ic
ic  wirfjkusf rfnflpt ? hfrhfdi df`ai`  glfcd wirfjkusf
 gl`i`nl`a , l`vf`tkrl dlpl`dijei` ef  puhcln wirfjkusf  yi`a hf`ir-
 hf`ir tfrplsij dirl tfmpit dfhltur. Erfdltur cfhlj mf`dipitei`
efimi`i` df`ai` mftkdf l`l. Hliyi df`ai` mf`aau`iei` pfroi`oli`
 of`ls l`l mf`l`aeit eirf`i dfhltur jirus mfmhiyir hliyi tri`spkrtisl
di` hliyi wirfjkusf.
Dlef`ic ouai lstlcij  Rurnjisf Krdfr gl`i`nl`a   (( RK gl`i`nl`a ) u`tue
 pfrusijii` efnlc mf`f`aij dlmi`i pfrusijii` mf`frlmi krdfr dirl

 pfci`aai` tftipl tldie mfmlclel nueup di`i u`tue mfmhiyir  suppclfr

sfjl`aai RK tfrsfhut dl gintkrl`aei` di` pfmhfcl`yi ( gintkr ) yi`a iei`
ci`asu`a mfmhiyir suppclfr. Eftlei pf`ouici` sudij dlhiyir kcfj
 pfci`aai`, hirucij pfmhfcl ( gintkr 
 gintkr ) RK tidl iei` mf`dipitei` efmhicl
ui`a`yi.

8.92
8.92 Kt
Ktjf
jfrr ^ku
^kurn
rnfs
fs (^umhfr cil`)
i. Nkmmfrnlic pipfr 
Mfrupiei` `ktfs itiu oi`ol u`tue mfmhiyir dicim oi`aei pf`dfe yi`a

dlefcuirei` kcfj pfrusijii` hfsir itiu pfrusijii` df`ai` ritl`a yi`a tl`aal di`

>8
 

dlouic dl pisir sfeurltis oi`aei pf`dfe. Hlisi`yi iei` oituj tfmpk dicim 812
jirl (oi`aei pf`dfe). Efu`tu`ai` dirl pf`aau`ii` nkmmfrnlic pipfr  idicij?
 idicij?
9)  L`tfrfst ritf hlisi`yi dlhiwij ritf pl`oimi` hi`e 

8) Tldie idi pfrsyiriti`

pfrsyiriti` sicdk ml`lmic
>) Nkmmfrnlic pipfr   mf`iwirei` pfrusijii` erfdlt yi`a oumcij`yi
si`ait hfsir 
4) Eirf`i ji`yi
ji`yi dfhltur df`ai`
df`ai` erfdlt yi`a
yi`a tfrpfrniyi yi`a
yi`a dipit
mf`frhltei` nkmmfrnlic pipfr .
Nkmmfrnlic pipfr  mf`yi`aeic
 mf`yi`aeic hijwi dfhltur dipit tldie tfpit wietu.
 h.  Hi`e Innfpti`nf
Mfrupiei` pfroi`oli` df`ai` hi`e u`tue mfmhiyirei` sfoumcij ui`a.
Eftlei pf`ouic mf`alrlmei` tialji` ef pfci`aai`, hi`e dirl pfci`aai` iei`

mf`frlmi di` mf`nitit pfrsftuoui` itis tialji` tfrsfhut di` mf`oidl efwiolhi`
dirl hi`e.

8.8 Nrfdlt Mi`iafmf`t 

8.8.
8.8.9
9 Nrfd
Nrfdlt
lt i`d
i`d Xf
Xfnf
nfvi
vihc
hcfs
fs
8.8.9.9 Nkmpk`f`ts Kg Nrfdlt Rkclny
Olei suitu pfrusijii` mfmutusei` u`tue mfmhfrlei` erfdlt efpidi
 pfci`aai``yi, miei li jirus mf`ftipei` prksfdur u`tue mfmpfrpi`oi`a erfdlt
di` pf`aumpuci`. ^fniri ejusus, pfrusijii` jirus hfrurusi` df`ai` ekmpk`f`

efhloiei` erfdlt hfrleut?

i. Eftf`tui` pf`ouici`?
pf`ouici`? Eftf`tui`
Eftf`tui` pf`ouici`
pf`ouici` mf`ftipei`
mf`ftipei` hiailmi`i
hiailmi`i
 pfrusijii` mf`ausucei` u`tue mf`ouic hiri`a di` oisi. Efputusi`
disir idicij ipieij pfrusijii` iei` mfmhutujei` ui`a tu`il itiu
iei` mfmpfrpi`oi`a erfdlt. Olei pfrusijii` mfmhfrlei` erfdlt efpidi
 pfci`aai`, eftf`tui` pf`ouici` iei` mf`f`tuei` (mu`ael` sfniri
lmpclslt) pfrlkdf erfdlt, dlsek` tu`il di` pfrlkdf dlsek`, di` of`ls
l`strumf` erfdlt.
 h. I`iclsls erfdlt? Dicim pfmhfrli` erfdlt, pfrusijii` mf`f`tuei`

 hfripi hi`yie usiji u`tue mf`afcuirei` usiji u`tue mfmhfdiei`

>>
 

i`tiri pfci`aai` yi`a iei` mfmhiyir di` pfci`aai` yi`a tldie iei`
mfmhiyir. Rfrusijii` mf`aau`iei` sfoumcij pfri`aeit di` prksfdur
u`tue mf`f`tuei` prkhihlcltis hijwi pfci`aai` tldie iei` mfmhiyir5

dlsituei`, l`l dlsfhut i`iclsls erfdlt.

n. Efhloiei` pf`aumpuci
pf`aumpuci`? `? ^ftfcij erfdlt
erfdlt dlhfrlei`,
dlhfrlei`, pfrusijii`
pfrusijii` mfmlclel
mfmlclel
misicij pktf`slic dicim mf`aumpucei` ui`a tu`il, yi`a jirus
mf`ftipei` efhloiei` pf`aumpuci`.

8.8.9.8. Tjf Nisj Gckws Grkm Ari`tl`a Nrfdlt 

Idi hfhfripi efoidli` yi`a tfroidl sfcimi pfrlkdf l`l. Rfrlstlwi l`l
idicij irus eis yi`a tfreilt df`ai` pfmhfrli` erfdlt, di` mfrfei dipit
dllcustrislei` df`ai` dliarim irus eis?

^fpfrtl yi`a dltu`oueei` kcfj airls wietu eiml, uruti` efoidli` yi`a ejis
eftlei suitu pfrusijii` mfmhfrlei` erfdlt idicij sfhiail hfrleut?

(9) Rf`ouic
Rf`ouici`
i` erfdlt dlcieuei
dlcieuei`,
`,
(8) pfci`aai` mf`alrlmei`
mf`alrlmei` nfe ef pfrusijii`,
pfrusijii`,
(>) pfrusijii` mf`ylmpi`
mf`ylmpi` nfe,
nfe, di`
di`
(4) ieu` pfrusijii`
pfrusijii` dlerfdltei`
dlerfdltei` u`tue
u`tue oumcij nfe.
nfe.

^icij situ gietkr yi`a mfmpf`airujl pfrlkdf pluti`a idicij gckit. Df`ai`
dfmleli`, sicij situ niri u`tue mf`auri`al pfrlkdf pluti`a idicij mfmpfrnfpit
 pf`alrlmi` surit, pfmrksfsi`,
pfmrk sfsi`, di` eclrl`a.

>4
 

8.8.9.>. Tjf L`vfstmf`t L` Xfnflvihcfs

L`vfstisl dicim pluti`a diai`a u`tue pfrusijii` mi`i pu` hfrai`tu`a

 pidi oumcij pf`ouici` erfdlt di` pfrlkdf pf`aumpuci` riti-riti. Rluti`a
 pfrusijii` umum`yi iei` simi df`ai` riti-riti pf`ouici` jirli` dleiclei`
df`ai` pfrlkdf pf`aumpuci` riti-riti?

Df`ai` dfmleli`, l`vfstisl pfrusijii` dicim pluti`a diai`a hfrai`tu`a

 pidi gietkr-gietkr
gietkr-gietk r yi`a mfmpf`airujl pf`ouici`
pf `ouici` di` ekcfesl
ekcfes l erfdlt.

8.8.8. Tfrms kg tjf ^icf

8.8.8.9. Tjf Hisln Gkrm

Niri tfrmudij u`tue mfmijiml eftf`tui` pf`ouici` idicij df`ai`

mfmpfrtlmhi`aei` nk`tkj. Lstlcij sfpfrtl 8/92, `ft 72 idicij jic hlisi. L`l hfrirtl
 hijwi pfci`aai` mfmlclel 72 jirl dirl ti`aaic gietur u`tue mfmhiyir oumcij
 pf`uj `imu`, olei pfmhiyiri` dlcieuei` dicim 92 jirl, dlsek` tu`il 8 pfrsf`
dipit dlimhlc.
^fniri umum, pfrsyiriti` erfdlt dltigslrei` df`ai` niri hfrleut?
Mf`aimhlc dlsek` dirl jirai gietur, olei mfmhiyir dicim hfhfripi jirl, itiu
mfmhiyir oumcij gietur pf`uj dicim hfhfripi jirl l`l. Oidl, 6/92, hfrslj 46
 hfrirtl mf`aimhlc dlsek` 6 pfrsf` dirl jirai pf`uj olei I`di mfmhiyir dicim

92 jirl, itiu mfmhiyir oumcij pf`uj dicim 46 jirl.

8.8.8.8. Tjf Nrfdlt Rfrlkd 

Oi`aei wietu erfdlt idicij cimi`yi wietu erfdlt dlhfrlei`. Rfrlkdf erfdlt
si`ait hfrvirlisl dirl l`dustrl ef l`dustrl, tftipl jimplr sfcicu i`tiri >2 di` 982
jirl. Olei dlsek` tu`il dltiwirei`, miei pfrlkdf erfdlt mfmlclel dui ekmpk`f`?
 pfrlkdf erfdlt hfrslj
hfr slj di` pfrlkdf dlsek`
dlse k` tu`il.
i. Tjf L`
L`vklnf Di
Ditf
Ti`aaic gietur idicij iwic pfrlkdf erfdlt. Gietur idicij ieu` hiri`a

diai`ai` yi`a dlelrlm efpidi pfmhfcl. V`tue hiri`a l`dlvldu, hfrdisirei`

>6
 

ek`vf`sl, ti`aaic gietur hlisi`yi idicij ti`aaic pf`alrlmi` itiu ti`aaic

 pf`ialji`, huei` ti`aaic
ti` aaic siit pfmhfcl mf`frlmi
mf`frl mi hiri`a itiu tialji`.
tialji` .
h. Cf`a
Cf`atj
tj kg ttjf
jf Nrfd
Nrfdlt
lt Rfr
Rfrlk
lkd 
d 

^lecus kpfrisl mfmlclel dui ekmpk`f`? Rfrlkdf pfrsfdlii` di` pfrlkdf

 pluti`a. Rfrlkdf l`vf`tirls pfmhfcl idicij wietu yi`a dlhutujei` pfmhfcl
u`tue mfmpfrkcfj l`vf`tirls (dirl eiml), mfmprksfs`yi, di` mf`ouic`yi.
Rfrlkdf pluti`a pfmhfcl idicij wietu yi`a dlhutujei` pfmhfcl u`tue
mf`aumpucei`. Df`ai` mfmpfrcuis erfdlt, eiml mfmhliyil sfhiali` dirl
slecus kpfrisl pfmhfcl di` df`ai` dfmleli` mfmpfrsl`aeit slecus tu`il
 pfmhfcl. Olei pfrlkdf erfdlt eiml mfcfhljl pfrlkdf l`vf`tirls pfmhfcl, miei
eiml tldie ji`yi mfmhliyil pfmhfcli` l`vf`tirls pfmhfcl, tftipl ouai hiali`
dirl pluti`a pfmhfcl.

8.8.8.>. Nisj Dlsnku`ts

Dlsek` tu`il sfrl`a mf`oidl hiali` dirl eftf`tui` pf`ouici`. Eftlei
dlsek` tu`il dltiwirei`, erfdlt pidi disir`yi aritls sfcimi pfrlkdf dlsek`.
Rfmhfcl mfmhiyir erfdlt ji`yi sftfcij dlsek` hfriejlr.
i. Nkst kg tjf Nrfdlt 
Df`ai` 8/92, hfrslj >2, mlsic`yi, pfmhiyiri` iwic ji`yi iei`
mf`dipitei` dlsek` 8 pfrsf`. Ipieij l`l mfmhfrlei` l`sf`tlg yi`a
sla`lglei` u`tue pfmhiyiri` dl`l; Oiwihi``yi idicij yi eirf`i tl`aeit

 hu`ai lmpclslt si`ait tl`aal

t l`aal
h. Tridf Dlsnku`ts
Dicim hfhfripi efidii`, dlsek` ltu tldie hf`ir-hf`ir l`sf`tlg u`tue
 pfmhiyiri` iwic, mfcil`ei` dlsek` pfrdiai`ai`, dlsek` yi`a sfniri rutl`
dlhfrlei` efpidi hfhfripi tlpf pfmhfcl. Mlsic`yi, df`ai` eftf`tui` 8/92,
 pfmhfcl mf`aimhlc 8 pfrsf` dlsek` olei gietur dlhiyir pidi ti`aaic 92,
tftipl tialji` dli`aaip oituj tfmpk pidi ti`aaic 92, di` oituj tfmpk sftfcij
ltu. Df`ai` dfmleli`, pfrlkdf erfdlt di` pfrlkdf dlsek` sfniri fgfetlg simi,
di` tldie idi lmhici` u`tue mfmhiyir sfhfcum ti`aaic oituj tfmpk.

n. Tjf Nis
Nisj Dls
Dlsnnku`t
ku`t i`d
i`d tj
tjf INR 
INR 

>7
 

^foiuj dlsek` tu`il mf`dkrk`a pfci`aai` u`tue mfmhiyir cfhlj iwic, ltu
iei` mfmpfrsl`aeit misi pluti`a di`, sfmui jic cil` dli`aaip simi,
mf`auri`al l`vfstisl pfrusijii` dicim pluti`a.

8.8.8.4. Nrfdlt L`strumf`ts

L`strumf` erfdlt idicij huetl disir dirl juti`a. ^fhiali` hfsir erfdlt
 pfrdiai`ai` dltiwirei` dl ieu` tfrhuei. L`l hfrirtl hijwi situ-situ`yi
l`strumf` erfdlt gkrmic idicij gietur, yi`a dlelrlm hfrsimi pf`alrlmi` hiri`a
di` yi`a dlti`diti`ai`l kcfj pfci`aai` sfhiail huetl hijwi hiri`a tfcij
dltfrlmi. ^ftfcij ltu, pfrusijii` di` pfci`aai``yi mf`nitit pfrtueiri` dl hueu
ieu` mfrfei.
Eidi`a-eidi`a pfrusijii` mu`ael` mf`ajirusei` pfci`aai`

mf`i`diti`ai`l surit prkmfs. L`l idicij LKV disir di` dipit dlau`iei` eftlei
 pfsi`i` hfsir, eftlei tldie idi dlsek` tu`il yi`a tfrclhit, itiu eftlei pfrusijii`
mf`ai`tlslpisl misicij dicim ekcfesl. ^urit prkmfs tldie umum, tftipl mfrfei
dipit mf`ajlci`aei` efmu`ael`i` ek`trkvfrsl efmudli` tf`ti`a efhfridii`
uti`a.

8.8.>.  I`icyzl`a Nrfdlt Rkclny

Rkclny
8.8.>.9. Nrfdlt Rkclny Fggfnts
Dicim mf`afvicuisl efhloiei` erfdlt, idi clmi gietkr disir yi`a pfrcu

dlpfrtlmhi`aei`?
i. Fgfe pf`dipiti`?
pf`dipiti`? Olei
Olei pfrusijii`
pfrusijii` mfmhfrlei`
mfmhfrlei` erfdlt,
erfdlt, miei iei`
iei` idi
 pf`u`dii` dicim pf`aumpuci` pf`dipiti` eirf`i hfhfripi pfci`aai`
mfmi`giitei` erfdlt yi`a dltiwirei` di` mfmhiyir efmudli`.
 h. Fgfe hliyi? Mfselpu` pfrusijii` mu`ael` mf`aiciml pf`dipiti` tfrtu`di
 olei mfmhfrlei` erfdlt, ltu iei`
i ei` tftip mf`lmhucei` h
hliyi
liyi pf`ouici` sfafri.
sfa fri.
n. Hliyi uti`a?
uti`a? Eftlei
Eftlei pfrusijii`
pfrusijii` mfmhfrlei`
mfmhfrlei` erfdlt, li jirus mf`aitur
mf`aitur u`tue
u`tue
mfmhliyil pluti`a yi`a dljislcei`. Ielhit`yi, hliyi pl`oimi` oi`aei
 pf`dfe pfrusijii`
pfrusijii ` idicij gietkr dicim ef
efputusi`
putusi` u`tue mfmhfrlei`
mfmhfrle i` erfdlt.

>1
 

d. Rrkhihlcltis
Rrkhihlcltis tldie mfmhiyir?
mfmhiyir? Olei pfrusijii`
pfrusijii` mfmhfrlei`
mfmhfrlei` erfdlt, sfhiali`
sfhiali`
 pfrsf`tisf pfmhfcl erfdlt tldie iei` mfmhiyir. Jic l`l tldie dipit tfroidl,
tf`tu sioi, olei pfrusijii` mf`ouic ui`a tu`il.

f. Dlsek`
Dlsek` tu`il?
tu`il? Eftlei
Eftlei pfrusiji
pfrusijii`
i` mf`iwir
mf`iwirei`
ei` dlsek`
dlsek` tu`il
tu`il sfhiail
sfhiail hiali`
dirl pfrsyiriti` erfdlt, hfhfripi pfci`aai` iei` mfmlclj u`tue
mfmhiyir cfhlj iwic u`tue mfmi`giitei` dlsek`.

8.8.
8.8.>.
>.8.
8. Fvic
Fvicui
uitl
tl`a
`a i R
Rrk
rkpk
pksf
sfd
d Nrf
Nrfdl
dltt Rkc
Rkcln
lnyy
V`tue mf`alcustrislei` hiailmi`i efhloiei` erfdlt dipit dli`iclsls, miei
iei` dlmucil df`ai` eisus yi`a rfcitlg sfdfrji`i. Cknust ^kgtwirf tfcij idi
sfcimi dui tiju`, di` l`l idicij sicij situ dirl hfhfripi pfrusijii` suesfs yi`a
mf`afmhi`aei` prkarim ekmputfr. ^iit l`l, Cknust ji`yi mf`ouic ui`a tu`il.

Cknust sfdi`a mf`afvicuisl pfrml`tii` dirl hfhfripi pfci`aai` utimi u`tue

mf`auhij efhloiei` siit l`l mf`oidl hfrslj situ huci` (>2 jirl). V`tue
mf`ai`iclsls prkpksic l`l, dipit dldfgl`lslei` hfrleut l`l?

i. @RW
@RW kg
kg ^wl
^wltn
tnjl
jl`a
`a Rkcl
Rkclnl
nlfs
fs
Hliyi pfrai`tli` idicij oumcij dirl dui ekmpk`f` l`l ?

Elti mfcljit hijwi @RW dirl swltnj idicij?

h. I Hrfi
Hrfie-
e-Fv
Fvf`
f` Ippc
Ippcln
lnit
itlk
lk`
`
Hfrdisirei` pfmhijisi` eiml sfoiuj l`l, virlihfc eu`nl u`tue Cknust
idicij Y'-Y, pf`l`aeiti` pf`ouici` u`lt. Rf`l`aeiti` yi`a dlprkyfeslei`
dirl 92 u`lt ji`yi pfrelrii`, oidl idi hfhfripi rlslek pfrimici`. Dicim
efidii` sfpfrtl ltu, wioir u`tue hfrti`yi-ti`yi ipi pf`l`aeiti` pf`ouici`

>:
 

u`lt yi`a dlpfrcuei` u`tue mf`nipil tltle lmpis. ^fhfcum`yi, @RW dirl
swltnj dldfgl`lslei` sfhiail?

Elti dipit mf`ajltu`a tltle lmpis sfniri fespclslt df`ai` mf`ftipei` @RW simi
df`ai` `kc di` mfmfnijei` u`tue (Y '- Y)?

8.8.4. Kptlmic Nrfdlt Rkclny

8.8.4.9. Tjf Tktic Nrfdlt Nkst Nurvf
Rfrtueiri` i`tiri pfmhfrli` erfdlt di` tldie mfmhfrlei` erfdlt tldie
suclt u`tue dlldf`tlgleisl, tftipl suclt u`tue mf`aueur sfniri tfpit. ^fhiail
jislc`yi, eiml ji`yi dipit mf`aaimhirei` efhloiei` erfdlt yi`a kptlmic.
V`tue mfmucil, hliyi tfrnitit yi`a tfreilt df`ai` pfmhfrli` erfdlt diti`a dicim
tlai hf`tue?
i. Rf`afmh
Rf`afmhicli
icli`
` yi`a
yi`a dlml`ti
dlml`ti itis pluti`a.
pluti`a.
 h. Efruali` dirl pluti`a
pluti` a tie tfrtialj.
n. Hliyi
Hliyi pf`af
pf`afckci
ckcii`
i` erfdl
erfdltt di`
di` ekcfes
ekcfesll erfdlt
erfdlt..
Olei suitu pfrusijii` mfmlclel efhloiei` erfdlt yi`a si`ait eftit, miei
sfmui hliyi tfreilt iei` rf`dij. Dicim jic l`l, pfrusijii` iei` mfmlclel
"efeuri`ai`" erfdlt, sfjl`aai iei` idi hliyi pfcui`a. Hliyi pfcui`a l`l idicij
 pktf`sl efu`tu`ai` festri dirl
d irl pf`ouici`
pf`ou ici` erfdlt
erf dlt yi`a jlci`a eirf`i erfdlt
e rfdlt dltkcie.
dlt kcie.
Mi`giit yi`a jlci`a l`l hfrisic dirl dui sumhfr? Rf`l`aeiti` eui`tltis yi`a
tfrouic, Y' ml`us Y, di` (hfrpktf`sl) jirai yi`a cfhlj tl`aal. Hliyi pfcui`a turu`
eirf`i efhloiei` erfdlt rlcfes. Oumcij hliyi tfrnitit di` hliyi pfcui`a dirl
efhloiei` erfdlt tfrtf`tu dlsfhut eurvi hliyi tktic erfdlt
^fniri umum, hliyi di` mi`giit dirl pfmhfrli` erfdlt iei` hfrai`tu`a pidi
eirietfrlstle pfrusijii` di` l`dustrl tfrtf`tu. ^fmui jic cil` dli`aaip simi,
mlsic`yi, idi efmu`ael`i` hijwi pfrusijii` df`ai` (9) efcfhlji` eipisltis,
(8) hliyi kpfrisl virlihfc rf`dij, di` (>) pfci`aai` tftip iei` mfmpfrpi`oi`a

><
 

erfdlt sfniri cfhlj hfhis dirlpidi pfrusijii` cil`. Cljit ipieij I`di dipit
mf`ofcisei` mf`aipi misl`a-misl`a eirietfrlstle l`l hfrek`trlhusl pidi
efhloiei` erfdlt yi`a cfhlj clhfric.

8.8.
8.8.4.
4.8.
8. Krai
Krai`l
`lzl
zl`a
`a Tjf
Tjf Nrf
Nrfdl
dltt Gu`n
Gu`ntlk
tlk`
`
Rfrusijii` yi`a mfmhfrlei` erfdlt mfmlclel hliyi mf`oici`ei`
dfpirtfmf` erfdlt. Dicim prietle`yi, pfrusijii` sfrl`a mfmlclj u`tue
mf`ak`trieei` sfcuruj itiu sfhiali` gu`asl erfdlt ef suitu gietkr, pfrusijii`
isuri`sl, itiu pfrusijii` efui`ai` tiwi`i`. Rfrusijii` yi`a mf`afckci kpfrisl
erfdlt l`tfr`ic dlisuri`slei` sf`dlrl tfrjidip dfgiuct. Ictfr`itlg`yi idicij
mfmhfcl isuri`sl erfdlt mfcicul pfrusijii` isuri`sl. Rfrusijii` isuri`sl
mf`iwirei` nieupi` jl`aai hitis dkcir yi`a tfcij dltftipei` u`tue ieu`.

Rfrusijii`-pfrusijii` hfsir sfrl`a mfmhfrlei` erfdlt mfcicul pfrusijii`

efui`ai` tiwi`i`, yi`a mfrupiei` i`ie pfrusijii` yi`a sfpf`uj`yi dlmlclel
yi`a mf`i`ai`l gu`asl erfdlt u`tue pfrusijii` l`due.

8.8.6. Nrfdlt I`icysls

i.  I K`f-Tlmf ^icf
Dlmucil df`ai` mfmpfrtlmhi`aei` eisus yi`a picl`a sfdfrji`i, mlsic`yi
 pfci`aai` hiru l`al` mfmhfcl situ u`lt df`ai` erfdlt df`ai` jirai R pfr u`lt.
Olei erfdlt dltkcie, pfci`aai` tldie iei` mfcieuei` pfmhfcli`.

I`iclsls dl sl`l si`ait mudij. Olei pfrusijii` mf`kcie erfdlt, miei irus eis
l`erfmf`tic idicij `kc. Olei ltu mfmhfrlei` erfdlt, miei li mf`ajihlsei` v
(hliyi virlihfc) huci` l`l di` mf`ajiripei` u`tue mf`aumpucei` (9 - pl) R
 huci` dfpi`. @RW pfmhfrli` erfdlt
er fdlt idicij?

h. Xfpf
Xfpfit
it Husl
Husl`f
`fss
ss
Gietkr efdui, yi`a si`ait pf`tl`a u`tue dll`ait idicij efmu`ael`i` hls`ls
yi`a hfruci`a. Olei pfrusijii` mfmhfrlei` erfdlt, miei iei` dljihlsei` huci`
l`l. Huci` dfpi`, tldie mf`dipit ipi-ipi olei pfci`aai` aiaic, itiu mf`dipit R
 olei pfci`aai` mfmhiyir. Olei pfci`aai` mfmhiyir, miei pfci`aai` iei`

42
 

mfmhfcl u`lt cil` df`ai` erfdlt di` pfrusijii` iei` mfmhfci`oiei` v cial. Irus
eis hfrslj u`tue huci` idicij dfmleli` R - v. Ridi sftlip huci` hfrleut`yi, R - v
yi`a simi iei` tfroidl eftlei pfci`aai` mfmhiyir u`tue pfsi`i` huci`

sfhfcum`yi di` mf`fmpitei` yi`a hiru.

L`l mf`aleutl dirl dlseusl eiml hijwi, dicim situ huci`, pfrusijii` iei`
mf`frlmi $ 2 df`ai` prkhihlcltis p. Df`ai` prkhihlcltis (9 - pl), hiailmi`ipu`,
 pfrusijii` iei` mfmlclel pfci`aai` hiru yi`a pfrmi`f`. @lcil pfci`aai` hiru
simi df`ai` `lcil sfeiri`a (R - v) sftlip huci` sfcimi`yi?

Eirf`i ltu, @RW u`tue mfmpfrpi`oi`a erfdlt?

n. Nrfd
Nrfdlt
lt L`g
L`gkr
krmi
mitl
tlk`
k`
Olei suitu pfrusijii` mf`al`al`ei` l`gkrmisl erfdlt tf`ti`a pfci`aai`,
idi sfoumcij sumhfr. ^umhfr l`gkrmisl yi`a hlisi`yi dlau`iei` u`tue mf`lcil
efciyiei` erfdlt mfclputl jic-jic hfrleut?
9) Cipkri` efui`ai`? ^fhuij pfrusijii` dipit mfml`ti pfci`aai`
u`tue mfmhfrlei` cipkri` efui`ai` sfpfrtl `frini di` cipkri`
cihi rual. ^ti`dir ml`lmum di` ituri` prietls hfrdisirei` rislk
efui`ai` sfpfrtl yi`a elti dlseuslei` pidi Hih > dipit dlau`iei`
sfhiail disir u`tue mfmpfrpi`oi`a itiu mf`kcie erfdlt.
8) Cipkri` erfdlt tf`ti`a rlwiyit pfmhiyiri`
pfmhiyiri` pfci`aai`
pfci`aai` df`ai`
 pfrusijii` cil`? Nueup hi`yie krai`lsisl yi`a mf`ouic l`gkrmisl
tf`ti`a efeuiti` erfdlt di` rlwiyit erfdlt pfrusijii` hls`ls.
Rfrusijii` yi`a picl`a tfref`ic di` tfrhfsir dirl of`ls l`l idicij
Du` & Hridstrfft, yi`a mf`yfdliei` pfci`aai` df`ai` cipkri`
erfdlt pidi pfrusijii` l`dlvldu. Fxpfrli` idicij glrmi pfcipkri`
erfdlt tfref`ic cil``yi. Rfrl`aeit di` l`gkrmisl tfrsfdli u`tue
sfoumcij hfsir pfrusijii`, tfrmisue yi`a si`ait efnlc. Fqulgix,
Tri`su`lk`, di` Fxpfrli` idicij pfmiske utimi l`gkrmisl erfdlt
ek`sumf`.

49
 

>) Hi`e?
Hi`e? Hi`e umum`
umum`yi
yi iei` mfmhf
mfmhfrlei
rlei`
` hi`tui`
hi`tui` efpidi
efpidi
 pfci`aai` hls`ls mfrfei dicim mfmpfrkcfj l`gkrmisl tf`ti`a
efciyiei` erfdlt dirl pfrusijii` cil`.

4) Xlwiyit
Xlwiyit pfmhiyi
pfmhiyiri`
ri` pfci`aai
pfci`aai`
` df`ai` pfrusiji
pfrusijii`?
i`? Niri yi`a
yi`a
 picl`a ofcis u`tue mf`dipitei` l`gkrmisl tf`ti`a efmu`ael`i`
 pfci`aai` tldie mfmhiyir idicij u`tue mfmfrlesi ipieij
mfrfei tfcij mfcu`isl efwiolhi` misi cicu (di` sfhfripi nfpit).
d. Nrfdlt
Nrfdlt Fvi
Fvicui
cuitlk
tlk`
`II`d
`d ^nk
^nkrl`
rl`a 
a 
Tldie idi rumus ejusus u`tue mf`lcil efmu`ael`i` hijwi pfci`aai` tldie
iei` mfmhiyir. Dicim lstlcij yi`a si`ait umum, clmi Ns ecisle erfdlt idicij
gietkr disir yi`a jirus dlfvicuisl?
9. Eirietf
Eirietfr?
r? Efsfdlii
Efsfdlii`
` pfci`aai`
pfci`aai` u`tue
u`tue mfmf`ujl
mfmf`ujl efwiolh
efwiolhi`
i` erfdlt.
erfdlt.

8. Eipisltis?
Eipisltis? Efmimpui`
Efmimpui` pfci`aai` u`tue mfmf`ujl efwiolhi`
efwiolhi` erfdlt
erfdlt dirl
dirl
irus eis kpfrisl.
>. Mkdic?
Mkdic? Nidi`ai`
Nidi`ai` efui`ai`
efui`ai` pfci`aai
pfci`aai`.
`.
4. Iau`i`?
Iau`i`? ^fhuij
^fhuij isft
isft yi`a dloim
dloiml`ei
l`ei`
` dicim eisus
eisus dfgiu
dfgiuct.
ct.
6. Eftf`tu
Eftf`tui`?
i`? Ek`dlsl
Ek`dlsl fek`km
fek`kmll umum dicim
dicim cl`l hls`ls
hls`ls pfci`a
pfci`aai`.
ai`.
Nrfdlt snkrl`a idicij prksfs pf`ajltu`ai` pfrl`aeit `umfrle u`tue pfci`aai`
 hfrdisirei` l`gkrmisl yi`a dleumpucei`5 erfdlt efmudli` dlhfrlei` itiu dltkcie
d ltkcie
 hfrdisirei` jislc`yi.
jisl c`yi.

8.8.7. Nkccfntlk` Rkclny

8.8.7.9.  Mk`ltkrl`a Xfnflvihcfs
Xfnflvihcfs
V`tue mfcinie pfmhiyiri` kcfj pfci`aai`, sfhiali` hfsir pfrusijii`
iei` mfmi`tiu ieu` yi`a hfcum dlhiyir. Rfrtimi-timi, sfhuij pfrusijii`
 hlisi`yi iei` mfcinie pfrlkdf pf`aumpuci` riti-riti (INR) sfpi`oi`a wietu.
Olei suitu pfrusijii` hfridi dicim hls`ls muslmi`, INR iei` hfrgcuetuisl
sfpi`oi`a tiju`5 tftipl ef`ilei` tie tfrduai dicim INR mfrupiei` pf`yfhih
efejiwitlri`. Hile pfci`aai` pidi umum`yi mfmhutujei` wietu cfhlj cimi
u`tue mfmhiyir, itiu hfhfripi pfrsf`tisf pluti`a diai`a si`ait tfrcimhit.

Oidwic yi`a mf`ui idicij icit disir efdui u`tue mfmi`tiu pluti`a.

48
 

8.8.
8.8.7.
7.8.
8. Nkcc
Nkccfn
fntl
tlk`
k` Fggk
Fggkrt 
rt 
^fhuij pfrusijii` hlisi`yi mfcicul uruti` prksfdur hfrleut u`tue pfci`aai`
yi`a pfmhiyiri``yi oituj tfmpk?

i. Mf`alrlmei`
Mf`alrlmei` surit efcicili` mf`al`gkrmislei`
mf`al`gkrmislei` efpidi pfci`aai` tf`ti`a
stitus ieu` yi`a sudij cfwit oituj tfmpk.
 h. Mfmhuit pi`aalci` tfcfpk`
tfc fpk` ef pfci`aai`.
pfci`aai` .
n. Mfmp
Mfmpfef
fefro
roiei
iei`
` iaf`
iaf` pf`
pf`ial
ialji
ji`.
`.
d. Dlhutuj
Dlhutujei`
ei` tl`di
tl`diei`
ei` jueum
jueum tfrji
tfrjidip
dip pfci`a
pfci`aai`.
ai`.

Eidi`a-eidi`a, suitu pfrusijii` dipit mf`kcie u`tue mfmhfrlei` erfdlt

timhiji` efpidi pfci`aai` simpil pfmhfrltijui` dlpfrhilel. L`l dipit
mf`lmhucei` pfrtf`ti`ai` hial pfci`aai` yi`a hlisi`yi hile, yi`a
mf`u`oueei` idi`yi pktf`sl ek`gcle i`tiri dfpirtfmf` ekcfesl di` dfpirtfmf`
 pf`ouici`.

4>
 

HIH LLL
RF@VTVR

>.9.. Efslmp
>.9 Efslmpuci
uci`
`
Hfrdisirei` pfmhisi` yi`a tfcij dlpipirei` idipu` efslmpuci` mieicij l`l
yiltu?
9. Mi`iofmf
Mi`iofmf`
` Efui`ai`
Efui`ai` Oi`aei
Oi`aei Rf`dfe
Rf`dfe (^jkrt-T
(^jkrt-Tfrm
frm gl`i`nl
gl`i`nlic
ic
mi`iafmf`t) idicij pf`afckcii` ietlvi ci`nir (eis, surit hfrjirai,
 pluti`a, pfrsfdlii`) di` pislvi ci`nir pfrusijii` (juti`a diai`a,
wfsfc hiyir, efwiolhi` yi`a mislj jirus dlhiyir) u`tue mf`nipil
efsflmhi`ai` i`tiri cihi di` rlslek iair mfmhfrl ek`trlhusl `lcil
 pksltlg tfrjidip
tf rjidip `lcil
`lci l pfrusijii`.
pfrusiji i`. Gkeus utimi dirl sjkrt-tfrm gl`i`nf
g l`i`nf

idicij i`iclsls efputusi` yi`a mfmpf`airujl nurrf`t issfts di`

nurrf`t clihlcltlfs.
8. Nurrf`t issfts  idicij eis di` isft cil` yi`a dljiripei` dipit
dlek`vfrsl efdicim eis dicim tiju` hfroici`. I`ickal df`ai`
l`vfstisl pfrusijii` dicim Nurrf`t issfts yiltu, pfrusijii`
mf`aau`iei` hfhfripi of`ls  sjkrt-tfrm dfht   yi`a dlsfhut nurrf`t
clihlcltlfs.
>. Olei suitu pfrusijii` mfmutusei` u`tue mfmhfrlei` erfdlt efpidi
 pfci`aai``yi, miei pfrusijii` tfrsfhut jirus mf`ftipei` prksfdur

u`tue mfmpfrpi`oi`a erfdlt di` pf`aumpuci`. ^fniri ejusus,

 pfrusijii` jirus hfrurusi` df`ai` hfhfripi ekmpk`f` efhloiei`
erfdlt yiltu eftf`tui` pf`ouici`, i`iclsls erfdlt di` efhloiei`
 pf`aumpuci`.
4. Oi`aei wietu erfdlt idicij cimi`yi wietu erfdlt dlhfrlei`. Rfrlkdf
erfdlt si`ait hfrvirlisl dirl l`dustrl ef l`dustrl, tftipl jimplr sfcicu
i`tiri >2 di` 982 jirl.
6. Idipu` uruti` prksfdur yi`a dlcieuei` pfrusijii` u`tue pfci`aai`
yi`a pfmhiyiri``yi oituj tfmpk, yiltu?

44
 

i. Mf`alrlm
Mf`alrlmei`
ei` surit
surit efcicili`
efcicili` mf`al`gk
mf`al`gkrmi
rmislei
slei`
` efpidi pfci`aa
pfci`aai`
i`
tf`ti`a stitus ieu` yi`a sudij cfwit oituj tfmpk.
 h. Mfmhuit pi`aalci` tfcfpk`
tfcf pk` ef pfci`aai`.

n. Mfmp
Mfmpfef
fefro
roiei
iei`
` iaf`
iaf` pf`i
pf`ial
alji`
ji`..
d. Dlhutuj
Dlhutujei`
ei` tl`di
tl`diei`
ei` jueum
jueum tfrjidip
tfrjidip pfci`aai
pfci`aai`.
`.

46
 

DIGTIX RV^TIEI

Xkss, ^tfpjf` I., Qfstfrglfcd, Xi`dkcpj Q., & Oiggf, Ofggrfy. (8296). Nkrpkritf gl`i`nf. Isli`
Ackhic Fdltlk`. ^l`aipkrf? MnAriw-Jlcc.

49