Mechanical Standards

Surface Treatment and Painting Standard

Revision: 3
Date: Feb 11, 2014

Contents:

1. General
2. Surface Preparation
3. Painting Systems and Coat Thicknesses
4. Painting Work
5. Hot Dip Galvanizing and Painting of Galvanized Surfaces
6. Patching-up
7. Color Shades
8. Quality Control, Inspections and Work Acceptance
9. Guarantee.

Page 1 of 17
1. General:

This instruction presents standards and principles to be used for painting of steel
constructions, tanks, piping and equipment.

This instruction shall be followed if not otherwise agreed in the purchase contract.

The Contractor is responsible to propose cleaning or painting instruction if he knows a

more suitable surface treatment for the special object in question.

The following objects shall not be painted:

1. Stainless or equal corrosion resistance steel surfaces.
2. Dry surfaces which shall be insulated.
3. Steel structure parts to be embedded in concrete, the painting of steel structures
that shall be partly embedded in concrete shall extend 50 mm inside the concrete.
4. Aluminum surfaces.
5. Titanium surfaces.
6. Plastic surfaces.
7. Hot dip galvanized, at least that has been required according to part C.

Series- produced products (such as electric motors, electric cabinets) shall be delivered
painted applying manufacturers’ color shades in accordance with Purchaser’s surface
treatment requirements.
All listed specifications and standards shall conform to the latest edition, Manufacturer’s
or Supplier’s shall provide the list with equipment painted according to Supplier’s
technical specifications.

2. Surface Preparation:
Part of the structures has to be painted on site. In this case special attention shall be
paid to p r o v i d e suitable c o n d i t i o n s a n d t o selection of painting system.
At least pre-treatment and pre-painting with shop primer should be done in a paint
shop.

The surfaces shall be clean before the painting. This can be assisted by keeping the
time interval to the original painting short and by protecting the products during
transport and storing.

2.1. Pre cleaning:

Solid and water-soluble impurities and greases shall be removed.

Solid impurities, such as concrete and paint residues, shall be removed by scraping
or by brushing. The use of rotating brush is not recommended.
 Water-soluble, such as salts, shall be removed by washing and brushing with water,
by high pressure water or by steam.

Greases and oils shall be removed by alkaline, emulsion or solvent washing.

Solvent washing is recommended. Chemicals used for oil removing shall be
flushed away thoroughly.

Sharp edges shall be rounded to a radius of r not less than 2mm.

2.2. Blast cleaning:

Surface preparation of steel and cast iron shall be carried out in accordance
with standard ISO 12944-4. Preparation grade of uncoated surfaces shall be
assessed visually applying pictures in standard ISO 8501-1. Degree of cleaning
shall be at least Sa 2½.Other metallic surfaces shall be pre-treated according to
instructions of the paint manufacturer.

Special attention shall be paid to blast cleaning of weld seams and smoothness
of welding seams.

Chemical de-rusting methods shall not be used.

Structures made of thin plates which cannot be sandblasted due to constructive

reasons shall be cleaned by washing, steel brushing or scraping to the steel
brushing to meet the grade St 2 of standard ISO 8501-1.
Thin plates can be cleaned by water blast and with immediate drying.

2.3. Prefabrication Primer Treatment:

Blast cleaned steel and cast iron surfaces shall be protected with
prefabrication primer during manufacture, transport and storing.

Priming shall be made immediately after blasting in accordance with the standard
ISO 12944-5, Annex B.

Selection of the prefabrication primer shall be made considering suitability

for the painting system to be applied over it, properties required for the prefabrication
primer (see ISO 12944-5, Annex B) and loading during the protection time.

Before final painting prefabrication primed surfaces shall be cleaned from dirt
and grease. Surface to be painted shall be pre treated mechanically and cleaned in
accordance with standard ISO 12944-4.

If the prefabrication primer does not match with painting system it must
be removed thoroughly before final painting and the surface treated to the
required grade.

Uniform, stationary prefabrication primer surfaces shall n o t be roughened by

blasting, except if required by coating manufacturer’s specification.
Steel Structures
Swedish
Painting Council Description
Standard
Standard
Solvent Cleaning – Removal all detrimental foreign material
such oil, grease, dirt, Soil, drawing and cutting components
and other contaminants from steel surface by the use of
SSPC – SP – 1 - solvent, emulsion, cleaning compounds, steam or other
similar materials and methods which involve.

Hand Tool Cleaning – Removal all rust scale, mill scale,

loose rust degree specified by hand wire brushing, hand sanding,
hand chipping or other hand impact tools or by combination of
SSPC – SP - 2 St 2 these methods. The substrate should and also be free of oil,
grease, dust, soil, salt and other contaminants.

Power Tool Cleaning – Removal of all rust scale, mill scale

loose paint and loose rust to the degree specified by power
wire brushes, power impact tools, power grinders, power sanders
SSPC – SP - 3 St 3 or by a combination of these methods. The substrate should and
also be free of oil, grease, dust, soil, salt other contaminants.
Surface should not be buffed or polish smooth.

Flame Cleaning – Removal of all loose scale, rust and other

detrimental foreign matter by passing high temperature, high
velocity oxy – acetylene flames over the entire surface,
SSPC – SP - 4 - followed by wire brushing. Surface should also be free of oil,
grease, dirt, soil, salt and other contaminants.

White Metal Blast Cleaning – Removal of all mill scale, rust,

rust scale, paint or foreign matter by the use of abrasives
propelled through nozzle or by centrifugal wheel. A white
Metal Blast Cleaned Surface Finish is defined as a surface
with a gray – white, uniform metallic color, slightly roughened to
SSPC – SP - 5 Sa 3 form a suitable anchor pattern for coatings. The surface, when
viewed without magnification, shall be free of oil, grease,
dirt, visible mill scale, rust corrosion products, oxides, paint or
any other foreign matter.

Commercial Blast Cleaning – Removal of all mill scale,

rust, rust scale, paint or foreign matter by the use abrasive
propelled, through nozzles or by centrifugal wheels, to the degree
specified. A commercial Blast Cleaned Surface Finish is
defined as one foreign matter have been completely
removed from the surface and all rust, mill scale and old paint
SSPC – SP - 6 Sa 2 have been completely removed expect for stain, mill scale oxides
or slight, tight residues of paint or coating that may remain; if the
surface is pitted, slight residues of rust or paint may be found
in the bottom of pits; at least two – thirds of each square inch
of surface are shall be limited to the light discoloration and
remainder shall be limited to the light discoloration, slight staining
tight residues mentioned above.
Steel Structures
Swedish
Painting Council Description
Standard
Standard

Brush – Off Blast Cleaning – Removal of loose mill scale,

loose rust and loose paint, to the degree hereafter specified, be
the impact of abrasives propelled through nozzles or by
centrifugal wheels. It is not intended that the surface shall be
free of all mill scale, rust and paint. The remaining mill scale,
rust and paint should be tight and the surface should be
sufficiently abraded to provide good adhesion and bonding of
paint. A Brush – Off Blast Cleaned Surface Finish is defined as
SSPC – SP - 7 Sa 1 one from which all oil, grease, dirt, rust scale, loose mill scale,
loose rust and loose paint or coatings are removed completely,
but tight mill scale and tightly adhered rust, paint and coating
are permitted to remain provided that all mill scale and rust
have been expose rust numerous flecks of the underlying metal
fairly uniformly distributed over the entire surface.

Pickling – Removal of all mill scale, rust scale be chemical

reaction or by electrolysis or by both. It is intended that the
pickled surface shall be completely free of all scale, rust and
SSPC – SP - 8 - foreign matter. Furthermore, the surface shall be free of
unreacted or harmful acid or alkali or smut.

Weathering Followed by Blast Cleaning – Weathering to

remove all or part of the mill scale followed by one of the
SSPC – SP - 9 - blast cleaning standards.

Near – White Blast Cleaning – Removal of nearly all mill

scale, rust, rust scale, paint or foreign matter by the use of
abrasives propelled though nozzles or by centrifugal wheels, to
the degree hereafter specified. A Neat – White Blast
SSPC – SP - 10 Sa 2½ Cleaned Surface Finish is defined as one from which all oil,
grease, dirt, mill scale, rust, corrosion products, oxides, paint or
other foreign matter have been completely removed from surface
expect.
3. Painting Systems and Coat Thicknesses:
Painting system specifies surface preparation, priming and top coats.

Priming and subsequent coat markings shall meet the requirements of standard ISO
12944-5 mainly for “corrosive category” C5-I (industrial).

Different paint layers shall be painted with different color shades to make supervision
easier.

Primer coats:

EP = 2-pack epoxy (other anticorrosive pigment than zinc)

EP (Zn(R)) = 2-pack epoxy binder with zinc rich primer

Top coats and intermediate coats (= subsequent coats):

EP = 2-pack epoxy binder

PUR = 2-pack polyurethane binder

3.1. Painting Systems:

The painting systems have been selected applying ISO 12944-5 and the corrosive
categories according to ISO 12944-2. The expected durability of the painted surface
shall be high or at least medium.
Minimum requirements for paint system that the supplier shall apply for steel
constructions, tanks, piping and equipment, are listed in the following tables.

3.1.1. Painting System for Indoor Steel Structures and Equipment:

The dry film thickness and the number of coats are represented in the tables below
by X/Y where X is the dry film thickness and Y is the number of coats.
 Typical Painting System for Pulp & Paper Mills:

Indoors (in rooms) situated

Surface Top and Corresponding
prepara Priming coat intermediate Paint system Paint system no.
Application
tion coats EN ISO 12944-5
grade

1.W et areas Sa 2 ½ EP(Zn(R))40- EPPUR EP(Zn(R))EPPUR

80 µm /1 200µm /2-3 240µm /3-4
- hard chemical
and/or
mechanical EP 40-80µm /1 EPPUR EPEPPUR 240µm /3-4
loading, e.g. 200µm /2-3
pulp handling,
drying machine
wet end and
drying part.

- Chemical
Sa 2 ½ EP(Zn(R))40- EP(Zn(R))EPPUR
wood EPPUR
processing 80 µm /1 200µm /2-3 240µm /3-4
e.g.
evaporation, EP 40-80 µm /1 EPPUR EPEPPUR 240µm /3-4
causticizing, 200µm /2-3
lime kiln, soda
recovery
boiler, fibreline
and chemical
departments
2. Dry areas E.g. Sa 2 ½ EP 40µm /1 EPEPPUR 160µm /3
EPPUR
dry part of drying 120 µm /2
machine and
finishing machines
steel frames,
electrical rooms
 3.1.2. Outdoors (area without walls) situated:

Surface Corresponding
preparati Priming coat Top and intermediate Paint system paint system
Application
on grade coats number EN ISO
12944-5

1.Surfaces Sa 2 ½ EP(Zn(R))40- EPPUR 200µm /2-3 EP(Zn(R))EPPUR

80µm /1 240µm /3-4
EPPUR 200µm /2-3
EP 40-80µm /1 EPPUR 240µm /3-4

2. Hard Sa 2 ½ EP(Zn(R))40- EPPUR 200µm /3 EP(Zn(R))EPPUR

chemical 80µm /1 240µm /3-4
and/or
mechanical
loading
Sa 2 ½ EP, PUR EP, PUR240µm /3 EP,PUR 320µm /3
80µm/1 or 4

3. Structures Sa 2 ½ EP80µm /1 EP 420µm /1 EPEP 500µm / 2

under 1)
water

4. Structures Sa 2 ½ EP 80µm /1 EP 420µm /1 EPEP 500µm / 2

buried in 1)
soil

1) W ith separate agreement EH400/4, where EH= resin modified epoxy paint.

3.1.3 Painting of surfaces to be insulated:

Surface Surface Priming Top and Paint system Corresponding paint

temperature preparat coat intermediate system number EN ISO
ion coats 12944-5
grade

e.g. Lower Sa 2 ½ EP40µm /1 - EP40µm /1

parts of tanks.

Carbon steel
reinforcements
on stainless
steel tanks

3.1.4 . Internal painting/cladding on equipment:

To be agreed separately.
 3.2 . Dry film thickness:
The nominal dry film thickness (NDFT) is the dry film thickness in micrometer specified
for the painting system.

The dry film thickness requirement is fulfilled when in the film thickness measurement at
maximum 5% of the measurement areas go under the nominal dry film thickness. The
individual measurement area may go under the nominal dry film thickness at maximum 20
%. The maximum dry film thickness (individual value) shall not be greater than three
times the nominal dry film thickness, however it must not exceed the value given by the
paint manufacturer. Individual dry film thicknesses which go under the nominal dry film
thickness more than 20 % are not accepted.

The standard ISO 2808 and the measurement instrument manufacturer’s instructions
shall be considered in the film thickness measurement.

Film thickness meter shall be calibrated according to manufacturer’s instructions.

The measurement scope shall be specified in the painting specification, however at

least two measurement areas per square meter. Measuring results shall be reported
in the supervision report in annex 1.

When doing the measurement special attention shall be paid on sharp edges, welding
seams and other similar places

4. Painting Method and Work:

Painting work shall be reported on an approved format.

Special attention shall be paid on careful painting work, painting conditions (relative humidity
and temperature) and on correct film thicknesses.

The paint manufacturer’s instructions concerning for example dryness and temperature of
the object to be painted, drying time etc. shall be considered.

Standard EN ISO 12944-7 and paint manufacturer’s instructions shall be considered for
paint procedure selection.

Painting work shall be performed by professional personnel and proper tools.

The Purchaser has right to make supervision at scope after his own Judgment.

The Supplier shall keep site diary for the painting work which shall be used at the same time as
a supervision diary of the Purchaser.

To control the film thickness the Supplier shall make the thickness measurement using meter
with printer.

Other supervision methods to be used in painting work shall be agreed on case by case.
The supervision made by the Purchaser does not relieve the Supplier from responsibility.

Standard EN 12944-7 and instructions in painting specification shall be followed in painting work.
4.1 .Painting specification:

The person doing the painting work shall have the painting specification which contains at
least following information:

- paints in painting system listed in the application order with dry film thicknesses
- specification of paints in accordance with this instruction
- total dry film thickness
- number of layers
- application area for the painting system
- base and surface preparation
- painting work instructions
- painting condition limits
- technical information on paints

The information shall be delivered to the supervisor.

5 . Hot Dip Galvanizing and Painting Galvanized Surfaces:

Hot dip galvanizing shall meet the standard EN ISO 1461 with minimum mean coating
thickness of coating by the material thickness (s):

- s < 6 mm 70 µm
- s ≥ 6 mm 85 µm

If it is specified in Part C, galvanized surfaces are to be painted for example due to

corrosive conditions or when color is required.

Galvanized surfaces shall be painted in accordance with standard PSK 2702 as follows:
F 30.06 EPPUR 240/3 – ZnSaS.

6 . Patching – up:

Patching-up belongs to the Supplier until the handing over.

The surface defects and sharp edges in the surface under repair shall be grinded
and weld splatters removed. The surface to be painted shall be prepared to the
surface preparation grade(St 2 ½) of the painting system.

The area between prepared surface and the uniform painted surface shall be
bevelled. Corroded points shall be prepared to the required surface preparation grade
on so wide area that the primer at the edge of the patching-up area is well attached to
the surface.

The patching-up area shall be marked off if necessary and the painted surfaces
outside the area shall be protected.

Patching-up shall be done with the original painting system up to the full film thickness
following the boundaries of different paint layers.
 Primer and topcoat shall be painted with Different colors.

When painting edges, it is important to consider the film thickness and if necessary add
an additional layer.

7. Paint Color:
7.1. Basic Identification Standard:

Water Emerald Green RAL 6001

Steam No Color No Color

Liquor Brown Red RAL 3011

Air Signal White RAL 9003

Fuel Oil Orient Red RAL 3031

Pulp Stock Light Blue RAL 5012

Gases Traffic Yellow RAL 1023 and RAL 2011

Acid and Alkalis Deep Orange RAL 2011

7.2. Safety Color:

Hazard or Sign Safety / Sec. Color RAL Code Ref.

Safety Emerald Green RAL 6001

Attention Traffic Yellow RAL 1023

Danger Brown Red RAL 3011

Mandatory Light Blue RAL 5012

Alert Deep Orange RAL 2011

Traffic Lines Signal White RAL 9003

7.3. Painting Designation Standard: * (Applicable to piping and tanks. For Tanks Band color will
follow Designation color)

Medium Base Color Designation on Color Base Color

( RAL ) ( RAL ) ( RAL )

Water
Treated water / Fresh
Light Blue RAL 5012
Water
Pure Water / Demin Emerald Green, RAL
Gentian Blue RAL 5010
Water 6001 Emerald Green,
Emerald Green, RAL 6001 RAL 6001
Untreated Water

Condensate Water Traffic Yellow RAL 1023

White Water Signal White RAL 9003
Waste Water Emerald Green, RAL Chocolate Brown RAL 8017
6001 Emerald Green,
Fire Water Traffic Red RAL 3020 RAL 6001

Steam No Color No Color No Color

Liquor
Heavy Black Liquor Vermilion RAL 2002

Weak Black Liquor Deep Orange RAL 2011

White Liquor Brown Red RAL 3011 Black Grey RAL 7021 Brown Red RAL
White Aluminum RAL 9006 3011
Green liquor
Emerald Green, RAL 6001

Air

Instrument Air Signal White RAL Traffic Yellow RAL 1023 Signal White
9003 Light Blue RAL 5012 RAL 9003
Mill Air

Fuel Oil
MFO Jet Black RAL 9005
Diesel Oil Light Blue RAL 5012
Orient Red RAL
Orient Red RAL 3031 Traffic Yellow RAL 1023
Petrol Oil 3031
Kerosene Emerald Green, RAL 6001

Pulp Stock
Bleached Pulp Traffic White RAL 9016 Light Blue RAL 5012

Unbleached Pulp Light Blue RAL 5012 Signal Grey RAL 7004 Light Blue RAL 5013

Brown Stock Brown Red RAL 3011 Light Blue RAL 5014

- - - -
Gases / Gases & Liquefied
LNG Traffic Yellow RAL 1023

LPG Brown Red RAL 3011

Chlorine (CL2 ) Traffic Yellow RAL Light Blue RAL 5012 Traffic Yellow RAL
1023 Traffic Red RAL 3020 1023
Hydrogen (H2)
Oxygen (O2) Signal White RAL 9003

Argon (Ar) Yellow Green RAL 6018

Nitrogen (N2) Black Light Blue RAL 5013 Black

HCL Chocolate Brown RAL 8017

Chlorine Dioxide (CLO2 ) Traffic Red RAL 3020 Deep Orange RAL
Deep Orange RAL Emerald Green, RAL 6001 2011
Sulfide Acids (H2SO4 )
2011
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Traffic Yellow RAL 1023
Other Color Standard

Description Pipe Material Base Color (RAL Color number)

Pipe Rack Utility Area CS Yellow Green, RAL 6018

Pipe Rack Process Area CS Light Blue, RAL 5012

Conveyor Structure CS Pastel Green, RAL 6019

Structure / Building
CS Yellow Green, RAL 6018
Structure
Handrail CS Traffic Yellow, RAL 1023
Rotating Equipment
CS / SS Signal Blue, RAL 5005
Frame
Overhead Crane Girder CS Signal Yellow, RAL 1003

7.4. Color Coding Identification Arrangement:

7.4.1. Piping:
1. Pipe work 2” diameter and larger, other than Fire Fighting System pipe work, shall
be painted a decorative color of Light Grey or White along its entire length and
provided with the Color Code Identification Bands (CCIB), as required for the
relevant fluid.
2. The width requirements for the PIB’S and SIB shall be the same for all pipe sizes
over 6” diameter, with narrower band widths being used for pipe sizes varying
from 2 “ to 6” diameter. The dimensions shall be as follows.
Each Basic/Primary
Pipe Diameter Safety/Secondary Band
Band
2” to 6”
75 mm 50 mm
inclusive
Greater than 6” 150 mm 100 mm
Hence, for pipe greater than 6” diameter in size, the total width of the CCIB shall be
150 mm + 100 mm +150 mm or 400 mm. for to 2” to 6” diameter pipe, it shall be 75
mm + 50 mm +75 mm or 200 mm.
3. From table (Painting Designation Standard) it can be seen that some products are
allocated the same color for both the Basic/Primary Identification band (PIB) and the
Safety/Secondary Identification band (SIB). In cases where the PIB’S and SIB are
the same color, the pipe work shall be painted with a single color band of the full
CCIB width, ie.400 mm wide for pipe work over 6” diameter and 200 mm wide for 2”
to 6’ diameter pipe work.
 4. Pipe wok below 2” diameter in size, and Fire Fighting System pipe work of all sizes,
shall be finished in the decorative color corresponding to the PIB listed in table 4.1 (
Basic Identification Standard ) along its entire length. For specific fluid identification
in such pipe work, only a 100 mm wide band of the appropriate SIB shall be applied
as required.
5. Color Coding Bands shall be provided on both sides of and adjacent to valves,
tees, important fittings, wall entries, road crossings and overpasses and outboard
of flanges to and from equipment such as vessels, tanks, exchangers, compressors
and pumps.
6. Color Coding Bands shall be provided at uniform intervals, not less than 30 m and
not more than 50 m depending on the complexity and pipe run lengths, along
horizontal and up vertical sections of pipe work and at all feed points. Where
multiple lines run close to each other, such as in common pipe racks, the CCIB’s (
and line numbers and flow direction) shall be located directly I line with one
another at positions that are clearly visible.

7.4.2. Valve:
1. For valves, the full valve body shall be painted with the SIB for the relevant fluid
group. The full CCIB requires to be applied both sides of the valve, to the adjacent
pipe work, as detailed in section 8.
2. For control valves , the valve bonnet and actuator or hand wheel / lever, shall be
painted with one of the flowing two colors, to indicate whether the Control Valve
is designed to fail open or fail closed.
Fail open control valves shall be painted green.
Fail closed control valves shall be painted red.
The arrangement is shown in Figure 2.

Size of Lettering and direction Arrow:

Size of lettering shall be as follows:

Pipe Diameter Width x Height Spacing

2” to 6” inclusive 30 x 30 mm 10 mm min

6” to 50” inclusive 80 x 80 mm 25 mm min

Greater than 50 “ 100 x 100 mm 30 mm min

Shape and size of direction arrow shall be as follows
Pipe Diameter W1 (mm) W2 (mm) L1 (mm) L2 (mm)

2” to 6” inclusive 10 30 45 135

6” to 50” inclusive 40 80 90 270

Greater than 50 “ 50 100 150 450

L2
L1

W2 W1

Figure1. Pipe work Color Coding Band Layout

Example 1: Water-Potable
Secondary Safety
Identification Band (SIB)

Flow Direction Arrow

150 100 150

PORTABLE WATER LINE NO.

Basic/Primary Identification
Base Color
Color band (PIB’s)
Grey or White

* Printed labels should be used with

black color text on yellow color

Example 2: Water – Effluent / Sewage

Flange

SEWAGE. LINE NO.

Color code identification

Provided both sides of flanges, wall penetrations and valves
Figure 2. Valve Color Coding Layout

Example1: Control Valve – Butane

Fail open control valves shall be
painted safety green and Fail
Closed Control Valves shall be
painted Safety Red (refer table 4.2)
The Valve Body shall be painted with
the Secondary Safety Identification
Color (SIB)
Note: For non control valves , the
entire valve body shall be painted with
be the SIB

LPG-BUTANE LINE NO

Figure3. Tank and Vessel Color Standard: Only CS tanks without insulation will follow below color
standard.

Basic Color
*2 m Designation Color
* 2m WIDTH 300 mm

TANK DESCRIPTION

Designation Color
WIDTH 300 mm
*2 m *2 m

8. Quality Control, Inspections and Work Acceptance:

The quality control of surface preparation, painting work, inspection and their frequencies
shall be agreed on separately.

The Purchaser and the paint manufacturer will survey the work during the surface
treatment of steel structures. The painting work shall be finally accepted during the handover
of the purchase.

The control shall be made in accordance with standard EN ISO 12944-7.

The Supplier is responsible for the quality of the painting and shall make the quality control.
The Purchaser can do the inspections that he considers necessary.
 A report shall be made of the handover, with among other things following matters:
- documents and control report.
- visual inspection of the painting, film thickness measurement, porosity measurement and
possible other actions.
- guarantee starting day and specified surface quality requirement after guarantee period
and things which the guarantee does not concern.
- delay penalties.
- handover and acceptance.
- yearly and guarantee inspection date.

9. Guarantee:

Guarantee provisions in SFS 4426 shall be followed.

Guarantee period is at least 2 (two) years if not otherwise agreed.

At the end of the guarantee period the de rusting grade of the painted surface shall be at
maximum Ri 1 according to classification in ISO 4628-3 standard.

Revision-3: Contents; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 & 9 are newly added. “Typical Painting System for Pulp & Paper Mills “ was replaced with content
3.1.1, 3.1.2 & 3.1.3.

Revision-2: “*” marked items are modified / added refer page no. 11, 15 & 16.