University of the East – Manila

Senior High School

Water quality evaluation of Pasig–San Juan–Marikina River

using physical parameters

A Research Study Submitted to the Senior High School Department

College of Education
University of the East
Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Quantitative Research, Research Project, and

Immersion & Capstone Project

Cabbo, Czarina Micah L.

Cabigayan, Relyn Mae A.
Esmolada, Rozhane Anne E.
Losbañes, Sean Melnor P.
Sarabia, Gryck Yvannah D.

MARCH 2018

APPROVAL SHEET
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 University of the East – Manila
Senior High School

This is to certify that this research study entitled “Water quality

evaluation of Pasig–San Juan–Marikina River using physical parameters” and
submitted by Czarina Micah L. Cabbo, Relyn Mae A. Cabigayan, Rozhane E.
Anne Esmolada, Sean Melnor P. Losbañes, and Gryck Yvannah D. Sarabia to
fulfill part of the requirements for the Quantitative Research, Research Project
and Capstone Project/ Immersion was successfully defended and approved
on March 2018.

__________________________
Prof. Leah Christine Galagala
Research Project

__________________________
Prof. Emelita S. Cuarto
Capstone Project/ Immersion

__________________________
Prof. Renalyn Geneta
Quantitative Research

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Senior High School

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the
best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published
or written by another person nor material whish to a substantial extent have
been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or
other institute of higher learning, except where the due is acknowledge is
made in the text.
I also declare that the intellectual content of this Senior High School
thesis is the product of my own work, even though I may have receive
assistance from others on style, presentation and language expression.

1. Cabbo, Czarina Micah L.

2. Cabigayan, Relyn Mae A.
3. Esmolada, Rozhane Anne E.
4. Losbañes, Sean Melnor P.
5. Sarabia, Gryck Yvannah D.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to thank Mr. Joey Uy Jamisola, Brgy.

Captain–Brgy. 306 Quaipo, Manila; Mr. Wilfredo Reyes, Brgy. Captain–Brgy.
Rivera, San Juan City; Mrs. Mary Kaye Noll Andres-Garcia, Brgy.
Chairwoman–Brgy. Kalumpang, Marikina City; and all the barangay officials
who accommodated and assisted us during our sample collection.

We would also like to acknowledge Jerocas Research Laboratory

Services for providing accommodations during our visit in their laboratory and
for giving the results of our water samples on time.

We would also like to thank Prof. Leah Christine Galagala, Prof.

Emelita Cuarto, and Prof. Renalyn Geneta who helped and encouraged us
throughout our study.

Lastly, we would also want to thank all the parents, families and friends
for providing us the support and effort in financial and emotional aspects to
fulfill and made our research study possible.

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ABSTRACT

The National Capital Region is surrounded by rivers that play

fundamental roles in irrigation, agriculture, recreation, fisheries and even in
transportation. This study intended to know the recent conditions of the three
major rivers in Metro Manila namely Pasig River, San Juan River, and
Marikina River using the Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General
Effluent Standard (GES) set by Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR). Water quality assessment was based on the physical
parameters such as color, oil and grease, total suspended solids (TSS), and
turbidity of each river associated to the freshwater quality standard specified
in the DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08. Water samples were
analyzed at Jerocas Research Laboratory Services in Quezon City. Results
show that the three rivers have significant difference in terms of each
parameter. It was also found out that the TSS of the three rivers exceeded the
minimum value of 100 mg/L required by DAO 2016-08–GES for Class C
Water. In addition, Marikina River has also exceeded to 11.44 mg/L of high oil
and grease content which is greater than the standard of 5 mg/L. In contrast,
the other parameters showed a lower value as compared to the water quality
standard. Checking of water quality is of paramount importance to the people
since contamination and pollution are serious problems among the different
reservoirs in the Philippines.

Keywords: water quality assessment, physical parameters, General Effluent

Standards, DAO 2016-08, Class C water

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………………… ii
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………………… iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .……………………………………………………...... iv
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………… v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………… vi
LIST OF FIGURES ……..…………………………………………………………vii
LIST OF TABLES ..……...……………………………………………………… viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ...……………………………………………………….. ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background and Rationale of the Study……………………………………… 1
B. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………… 2
C. Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………. 2
D. Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………… 3
E. Significance of the Study………………………………………………………. 4
F. Scope and Limitations………………………………………………………….. 4
G. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………… 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Palawan Water Quality Evaluation ………………………………………….. 7
B. Pampanga Water Quality Evaluation………………………………………… 8
C. Ganga River Water Quality……………………………………………………. 8
D. Philippines’ Water Quality ……………………………….……………………. 9

CHAPTER III: MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials……………………………………………………………………….. 11
B. Research Location ……………………………………………………………. 11
C. Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………………………….. 12
D. Schematic Diagram ………………………………………………………….. 15
E. Statistical Tools………………………………………………………………... 16

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Color …………………………………………………………………………… 17
B. Oil and Grease………………………………………………………………… 18
C. Total Suspended Solids……………………………………………………… 21
D. Turbidity……………………………………………………………………….. 24

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ….. 25

CHAPTER VI: REFERENCES………………………………………………….. 28

CHAPTER VII: APPENDICES………………………………………………….. 31

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 2. Marikina River Map
Figure 3. San Juan River Map
Figure 4. Pasig River Map
Figure 5. Marikina Water Sampling
Figure 6. San Juan Water Sampling
Figure 7. Pasig Water Sampling
Figure 8. Water Samples
Figure 9. Schematic Diagram
Figure 10. t-Test Analysis
Figure 11. ANOVA Analysis
Figure 12. Results for Color
Figure 13. Results for Oil and Grease
Figure 14. Results for Total Suspended Solids
Figure 15. Results for Turbidity

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. General Effluent Standards

Table 2. Methods of Analysis
Table 3. Date and Time of Collection
Table 4. Results of Physical Parameters
Table 5. Average Values for Oil and Grease of each river
Table 6. ANOVA Analysis for Oil and Grease
Table 7. t-Test for Oil and Grease (Pasig-Standard)
Table 8. t-Test for Oil and Grease (San Juan-Standard)
Table 9. t-Test for Oil and Grease (Marikina-Standard)
Table 10. Average Values for TSS of each river
Table 11. ANOVA Analysis for TSS
Table 12. t-Test Results for TSS (Pasig-Standard)
Table 13. t-Test Results for TSS (San Juan-Standard)
Table 14. t-Test Results for TSS (Marikina-Standard)

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Laboratory Results

Appendix 2. Raw Data for Oil and Grease

Appendix 3. Raw Data for TSS

Appendix 4. Raw Data for Turbidity

Appendix 5. Approval Letter

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