Exercise 4E

1 a P ( 3t 2 , 6t ) lies on y 2 = 12 x  6
2 a P  6t ,  , t ≠ 0 lies on xy = 36
1  t
y = 2 3x 2 y = 36 x −1
The gradient is The gradient is
dy 1
= 3 ( x) 2 dy
−

dx = −36 x −2
dx
When x = 3t2 When x = 6t
dy 3 dy
= = −36 ( 6t )
−2
1
dx
( 3t )
2 2 dx
36
3 = −
( 6t )
2
=
3t
1
1 = −
= t2
t Find the equation of the tangent using:
Find the equation of the tangent using: 1
1 y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = − 2 at
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = at ( 3t 2 , 6t ) t
t
 6
Gives:  6t , 
1  t
y − 6t = ( x − 3t 2 ) Gives:
t
6 1
yt − 6t =x − 3t 2
2
y− = − 2 ( x − 6t )
t t
yt= x + 3t 2 as required 2
t y − 6t =− x + 6t
x + t2 y =
12t as required
b At P ( 3t 2 , 6t ) , the gradient of the tangent
1
is so the gradient of the normal is −t  6
t b At P  6t ,  , the gradient of the tangent is
 t
Finding the equation of the normal using
1
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = −t at ( 3t 2 , 6t ) − 2 so the gradient of the normal is t2
t
gives: Finding the equation of the normal using
y − 6t =−t ( x − 3t 2 )  6
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = t 2 at  6t , 
xt + y = 3t 3 + 6t as required  t
gives:
6
y − = t 2 ( x − 6t )
t
ty − 6 = t 3 x − 6t 4
t 3 x − ty= 6 ( t 4 − 1) as required

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3 a P ( 5t 2 ,10t ) , t ≠ 0 lies on y 2 = 4ax 4 a P ( at 2 , 2at ) , t ≠ 0 lies on y 2 = 4ax
Substituting ( 5t 2 ,10t ) into y 2 = 4ax 1
y = 2 ax 2
gives: The gradient is
(10t ) = 4a ( 5t 2 )
2
1
dy −
= ax 2
100t 2 = 20at 2 dx
a=5 a
= 1
b The parabola has equation x2
1 When x = at2
=y 2 20 x ⇒ 2 5 x 2 dy a
=
The gradient of a tangent to the parabola dx 1

is: ( at 2 ) 2
1
dy − 1
= 5x 2 =
dx t
At x = 5t2 Finding the equation of the tangent using
dy 5 1
= y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = at
dx 1 t
( 5t )
2 2
( at , 2at ) gives:
2

1 1
=
t y − 2at =
t
( x − at 2 )
Finding the equation of the tangent using
ty − 2at 2 = x − at 2
1
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = at ty= x + at 2 as required
t
( 5t ,10t ) gives:
2

b From a, the tangent to any point,

1
y − 10t = ( x − 5t 2 )
t
( at 2 , 2at ) , on the curve has equation
2
ty − 10t = x − 5t 2 ty= x + at 2 .

yt= x + 5t 2 as required The point (−4a, 3a) lies on the tangents at

A and B.
c The tangent cuts the x-axis at y = 0 Thus, for A and B:
therefore t (3a ) =(−4a ) + at 2
t ( 0 )= x + 5t 2
at 2 − 3at − 4a =
0
x = −5t 2 t 2 − 3t − 4 = 0
So X has coordinates ( −5t 2 , 0 )
(t + 1)(t − 4) = 0
The tangent cuts the y-axis at x = 0 t= −1 or t = 4
therefore
ty= 0 + 5t 2 Therefore, the co-ordinates of A and B are
y = 5t (a, −2a ) and (16a,8a ) .
So Y has coordinates ( 0,5t )

1
Area OXY
=
2
( −5t 2 ) ( 5t )
= 12.5t 3

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  4 5 c From a, the tangent to any point, ( 4t 2 ,8t ) ,
5 a P  4t ,  , t ≠ 0 lies on xy = 16
 t on the curve has equation x + t 2 y =
8t .
xy = 16 ⇒ y = 16 x −1
The gradient of a tangent to the hyperbola X = (−4, 5) lies on the tangents at A and B.
is Thus, for A and B:
dy −4 + 5t 2 =8t
= −16 x −2
dx 5t 2 − 8t − 4 =0
16 (5t + 2)(t − 2) = 0
= − 2
x 2
At x = 4t t= − or t = 2
5
dy 16
= − Therefore, the co-ordinates of A and B are
( 4t )
2
dx 8
(− , −10) and (8, 2) .
1 5
= −
t2
Finding the equation of the tangent using d From c, for the tangents to H which pass
1 2
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = − 2 at through X, t = − or t = 2.
t 5
Using the equation found in a,
 4
 4t ,  gives: x + t2 y =
8t gives:
 t 2
4 1  2  2
y− = − 2 ( x − 4t ) x +  −  y = 8  −  and
t t  5  5
2
t y − 4t =− x + 4t 8 ( 2)
x + (2) 2 y =
x + t2 y =
8t as required
So, the equations of the tangents are:
b The directrix of a parabola of the form
25 x + 4 y + =
80 0 and x + 4 y −=
16 0
y 2 = 4ax is at x + a = 0,
so the directrix of y 2 = 16 x is at x + 4 = 0
hence X has coordinates (−4, 5)

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6 a P ( at 2 , 2at ) , t ≠ 0 lies on y 2 = 4ax 1 2
1
6 c Area=
APB
2
( at + 2a − (−at 2 ) ) ( 2at )
y = 2 ax 2 = 2a 2t ( t 2 + 1)
The gradient of the tangent is
1
dy
= ax 2
−
7 a P ( 2t 2 , 4t ) , t ≠ 0 lies on y 2 = 8 x
dx 1
2
a y = 8x ⇒ y = 2 2 x 2
= 1
The gradient of the tangent is
x2 1
dy −
When x = at2 = 2x 2
dx
dy a
= 1 2
dx = 1
( at 2 ) 2 x2
1 When x = 2t2
=
t dy 2
Finding the equation of the tangent using = 1
dx
1
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = at ( )
2t 2 2

t 1
( at , 2at ) gives:
2 =
t
1 1
y − 2at =
t
( x − at 2 ) At x = 2t2 the gradient of the tangent is
t
ty − 2at 2 = x − at 2 so the gradient of the normal is –t
Finding the equation of the normal using
ty= x + at 2
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = −t at
At the point where the tangent cuts the x-
axis y = 0 so ( 2t 2
, 4t ) gives:
t ( 0 )= x + at 2 y − 4t =−t ( x − 2t 2 )
x = − at 2 y − 4t =−tx + 2t 3
Therefore A has coordinates ( −at 2 , 0 )
xt + y = 2t 3 + 4t as required

1
b At x = at2 the gradient of the tangent is b Since (12, 0) lies on xt + y = 2t 3 + 4t
t
so the gradient of the normal is –t (12 ) t + ( 0 ) = 2t 3 + 4t
Finding the equation of the normal using 2t 3 − 8t =
0
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = −t at
2t ( t 2 − 4 ) =
0
( at 2
, 2at ) gives:
t = 0 or t = ±2
−t ( x − at 2 )
y − 2at = To find the coordinates of R, S and T,
substitute t = 0, 2 and −2 into (2t2, 4t):
tx + y = at 3 + 2at When t = 0
At the point where the tangent cuts the x- (0, 0)
axis y = 0 so When t = 2
tx + ( 0 ) = at 3 + 2at (8, 8)
When t = −2
x at 2 + 2a
=
(8, −8)
Therefore B has coordinates ( at 2 + 2a, 0 )

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7 c To find the equations of the normal at R, S 8 b The focus of a parabola of the form
and T, substitute t = 0, 2 and −2 into the y 2 = 4ax is at (a, 0)
general equation of the normal:
When t = 0 c P is the point (at2, 2at), Q is the point
x ( 0 ) +=
y 2 ( 0) + 4 ( 0)
3
(0, at) and S is the point (a, 0)
y=0 1
From a, the gradient of PS is .
When t = 2 t
y 2 ( 2) + 4 ( 2)
x ( 2 ) +=
3

The gradient of SQ is found using:

2 x + y − 24 =0 yS − yQ
When t = −2 mSQ =
xS − xQ
x ( −2 ) + y = 2 ( −2 ) + 4 ( −2 )
3

0 − at
2 x − y − 24 =0 =
a−0
So the equations of the normal that pass = −t
through (12, 0) are: 1
y = 0, 2 x + y − 24 =0 and 2 x − y − 24 =0 mPQ × mSQ = × −t
t
= −1
8 a P ( at 2 , 2at ) , t ≠ 0 lies on y 2 = 4ax Therefore PQ and SQ are perpendicular.
1
y 2= 4ax ⇒ y= 2 ax 2 9 a P ( 6t 2 ,12t ) , t ≠ 0 lies on y 2 = 24 x
The gradient of the tangent is 1
1
dy − y 2= 24 x ⇒ y= 2 6 x 2
= ax 2
dx The gradient of the tangent is
1
a dy −
= 1 = 6x 2
dx
x2
When x = at2 6
= 1
dy a x2
=
dx 1
When x = 6t2
( at 2 ) 2 dy 6
1 = 1
dx
=
t ( )
6t 2 2

So at x = at2 the gradient of the tangent is 1

1 =
= t
t So at x = 6t2 the gradient of the tangent
Finding the equation of the tangent using 1
1 is
y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = at t
t
( at , 2at ) gives:
2
Finding the equation of the tangent using
1
1 y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) with m = at
y − 2at =
t
( x − at 2 ) t
x − yt + at 2 = 0 ( 6t ,12t ) gives:
2

1
The tangent cuts the y-axis at x = 0, so
x ( 0 ) − yt + at 2 = 0
y − 12t =
t
( x − 6t 2 )

y = at ty= x + 6t 2 as required
So Q has coordinates (0, at)

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9 b The directrix of a parabola of the form
y 2 = 4ax is at x + a = 0
so the directrix of y 2 = 24 x is at x + 6 = 0
therefore X has coordinates (−6, 9)

c (−6, 9) lies on the tangent through B with

general equation ty= x + 6t 2
Thus, 9t =−6 + 6t 2
6t 2 − 9t − 6 =0
2t 2 − 3t − 2 = 0
(2t + 1)(t − 2) = 0
1
t= − or 2
2
To find the possible coordinates of B,
1
substitute t = − and t = 2 into
2
( 6t ,12t )
2

3 
B  , −6  or ( 24,24 )
So,=
2 

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