ME 445

INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING
SYSTEMS

Computer Integrated
Manufacturing
(CIM)
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DEFINITION OF CIM BY THE COMPUTER AND
AUTOMATION SYSTEMS ASSOCIATION OF THE
SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS
(CASA/SME):

“CIM is the integration of the total manufacturing

enterprise through the use of integrated systems and
data communications coupled with new managerial
philosophies that improve organizational and
personnel efficiency.”

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 What is CIM?
CIM is the integration of all enterprise
operations and activities around a common
corporate data repository.

It is the use of integrated systems and data

communications coupled with new managerial
philosophies.

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 What is CIM?

CIM is not a product that can be purchased and

installed.

It is a way of thinking and solving problems.

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 CIM OBJECTIVES
 Simplify production processes, product designs, and factory
organization as a vital foundation to automation and
integration
 Automate production processes and the business functions
that support them with computers, machines, and robots
 Integrate all production and support processes using
computer networks, cross-functional business software, and
other information technologies

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 POTANTIAL BENEFITS OF CIM
 Improved customer service
 Improved quality
 Shorter time to market with new products
 Shorter flow time
 Shorter vendor lead time
 Reduced inventory levels
 Improved schedule performance
 Greater flexibility and responsiveness
 Improved competitiveness
 Lower total cost
 Shorter customer lead time
 Increase in manufacturing productivity
 Decrease in work-in process inventory
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COMPUTER-INTEGRATED
MANUFACTURING
 CIM SYSTEMS
 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) - automate the
production process
 Manufacturing execution systems (MES) – performance
monitoring information systems for factory floor operations
 Process Control – control ongoing physical processes

 Machine Control – controls the actions of machines

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The Role of Computer in Manufacturing

The computer has had a substantial impact on

almost all activities of a factory.
Often, the introduction of the computer
changed the organizational structure of a
department and made necessary adoption of new
management structures.

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The Role of Computer in Manufacturing

The operation of a CIM system gives the user

substantial benefits:
 Reduction of design costs by 15-30%;
 Reduction of the in-shop time of a part by 30-60%;
 Increase of productivity by 40-70%;
 Better product quality, reduction of scrap 20-50%.

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 INFORMATİON SYSTEM
Information
systems
involve people,
hardware,
software,
computer
networks, and
data used to
manage daily
and long-term
operations.

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AGILE MANUFACTURING
Agility is the ability to grow and succeed in an
environment of constant and unpredictable changes.

In recent years, the manufacturing paradigm has

been changing from mass production to agile
manufacturing.

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AGILE MANUFACTURING
 Globalization of markets has put tremendous
pressure on manufacturing enterprises to be
competitive.

 To cope with competitive pressures, a new paradigm

in manufacturing known as AGILE
MANUFACTURING is emerging.

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AGILE MANUFACTURING
The objective of agile manufacturing is to enable
manufacturing enterprises to be competitive by
dynamically reconfiguring software, equipment and
organization structures.

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AGILE MANUFACTURING
The reasons of this trend change are:
 The strength of global competition is
increasing;
 Mass markets are fragmenting to niche
markets;
 Customers expect low volume, high quality;

 Short product life-cycles, development

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE
MANUFACTURING:
 Greater product customization
 Rapid introduction of new or modified
product
 Advanced interenterpise networking
technology
 Upgradable products
 Increased emphasis on knowledgeable,
highly trained workers
 Interactive customer relationship
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CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE
MANUFACTURING:
 Dynamic reconfiguration of production processes
 Greater use of flexible production technologies
 Rapid prototyping
 An open systems information environment
 Innovative and flexible management structures
 Product pricing based on value to the customer
 Commitment to the bening operations and product
designs

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 Communication Networks
A communication network is the backbone of an
enterprise integration. Networks help to unify a
company by linking together all the computerized
devices irrespective of their physical location.

Through networks the whole enterprise can be

integrated, including suppliers and customers.

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 Communication Networks
For example, sales and marketing can send customer
requirements for new products to design engineering.

A CAD generated bill of materials can then be

transferred to “material requirements planning(MRP)”
systems.

Product design information can be transmitted to

manufacturing for use in process planning.

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 Types of Communication
Networks

There 2 main types of communication

networks:

1) Telecommunication Networks;

2) Computer communication Networks.

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 Types of Communication
Networks

Telecommunication network is mainly used for

voice communication.

Computer communication network is a system of

interconnected computers and other devices
capable exchanging information.

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HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY
OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
1844 Morse sends the first public telegraph message
1876 Telephone patent issued to Alexander Graham
Bell
1877 First telephone in private home
1881 First long-distance line, from Boston, MA, to
Providence,RI
1890 Undersea telephone cable, England to France
1915 First transcontinental telephones call in U.S.
1929 Coaxial cable invented; Herbert Hoover becomes
the first President with a phone on his desk.

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1947 Transistor invented
1951 Direct long-distance dialing
1960 First test of electronic switch
1963 Touch-tone service introduced
1970 Laser invented
1976 First digital electronic switch installed
1980 Divestiture of AT&T (Ma Bell and the baby bells)
1988 First transatlantic optical fiber cable
1989 First fiber-optic cable to the home field trial, Cerritos,
CA
1990 Demonstration of 2000-km links using optical
amplifiers without repeaters.

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 NETWORKS: 1980S-DECENTRALIZED -
ISOLATED
Interaction is between a user and a system!
No interaction between users and systems

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 BEFORE THE INTERNET
Isolated users/computers/networks
 No common protocol (language)

IBM
Digital
? SNA
DECNET

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AFTER 85-DECENTRALIZED -
NETWORKED

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 Types of Communication Networks

Network Architectures & Protocols

A communication network consists of a number components

such as hardware, software and media.

A network architecture describes the components, the

functions performed, and the interfaces between the
components of a network.

It encompasses hardware, software, standards, data link

controls, topologies and protocols.

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COMPUTER NETWORKS
Computer network
connects two or more
autonomous
computers.

The computers can be

geographically located
anywhere.

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APPLICATIONS OF
NETWORKS
Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email, Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
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 Types of Communication Networks

Network Architectures & Protocols

It defines the functions of, and interactions between, three

types of components.

 Network hardware components

 Communication software modules

 Application programs that use the networks

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 Types of Communication
Networks
Network Architectures & Protocols

PROTOCOL:

Protocols in network architecture define the set of rules of

information exchange between two devices(peers).

Protocols specify the message format and the rules for

interpreting and reacting to messages.

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 Types of Communication
Networks
Computer Network Reference Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference
Model is an architecture that enables different
vendors’ systems, such as DECNET, SNA, TCP/IP
and SINEC, to communicate by using a common set
of protocols.

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 Types of Communication
Networks
The reference model is based on:
 The communication functions are divided into layers;

 The services to be provided by each layer are specified;

 Layer N+1, above layer N, uses the services of the latter to

implement its functions;
 Communication between the layer N and the participating
terminals is specified by the ISO protocols.

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Types of Communication Networks

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LAYER FUNCTIONALITY
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
Departing airport

arriving airport
baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

intermediate air traffic sites

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing
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LAYERING: PHYSICAL
COMMUNICATION
ODTÜ data
application
transport
network
link Türk Telekom
physical
network
application link
transport physical
network
link
physical data
application application
transport transport
network network İTÜ
link link
physical physical

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TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Used to interconnect computers (wired or
wireless) within the same building or
organisation.

A LAN typically operates at speeds ranging

from 10 Mbps to 10 Giga bps, connecting several
hundred devices over a distance of up to 5 to 10
km
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38
ACCESS
POİNTS
(GREEN
DOTS)

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USED TO INTERCONNECT LANS WITHIN A
METROPOLITAN AREA. A TYPICAL MAN OPERATES AT A
SPEED OF SEVERAL GİGABİT PER SECOND (MOSTLY
WİRED BUT NEW WİRELESS TECHNOLOGİES ARE
BECOMİNG POPULAR, E.G. WİMAX) .

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Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Use common carrier facilities over long distances and are
used to connect sites and facilities over the countries .
Usually the speed between the cities can vary from 1 to
100Gbps. In a WAN, the cost of transmission is very high,
and the network is usually owned and operated by a public
network (e.g. TTNET)

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US BACKBONE

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Global Area Networks (GAN)
these are networks connections between countries
around the globe. A GAN’s speed ranges from
1.5Mbps to 100Gbps and its reach is several thousands
of kilometres.

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45
 COMMUNICATION HIERARCHY
 enterprise level
Globally link various plants/sites and interconnect
corporations through electronic data interchange

 plant level
Connect departments inside plant

 cell level
Connect cells inside departments

 equipment/device level
connect individual devices such as computers, robots and
NC machines
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MANUFACTURING
 Parallel with increasing needs for faster
communications the needs of large data storage capacity
and fast computers is increasing also.
 Now typical manufacturing environment, called also as
CAD/CAM/CAE environment is composed of fast
computers, centralized data storage units, CNC
controlled machine centers, robots etc., all connected on
the same network.
 On this networks either TCP/IP or specially designed
manufacturing protocols like, MAP or TOP, are used.

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MANUFACTURING
MAP
An initiative by General Motors of The United
States has resulted in the selection of a set of
protocols, all based on ISO standards, to
achieve open system interconnection within
an automated manufacturing plant.

The resulting protocols are knows as

manufacturing automation protocols (MAPs).

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MANUFACTURING

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MANUFACTURING
TOP

In a similar way, an initiative by the Boeing

Corporation (USA) has resulted in the selection
of a set of ISO standards to achieve open system
interconnection in a technical and office
environment.

The selected protocols are known as technical

and office protocols (TOPs).

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MANUFACTURING

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