Project Report 1

Advanced Power Distribution Systems - Project Final

Report

Section: L01
Semester: Spring 2020
Course Code: ELEC423
CRN: 24705

Project Title: Designing Electric Power Distribution System of a

Residential Compound
Instructor: Dr. Hasan Mehrjerdi, Engr. Sijoy Raphael

Sl No. Student Name Student ID.

1. Abdulrahman Al-Ansari 201107629

2. H.M. Saleh Ahmad 201001359

3. Mostafa Ahmed 201407240

4. Sakib Mahmud 201512633

5. Sallam Omar 201512633

Submission Date: 28/04/2020

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1. Project Objectives
 To Design a Distribution System for a Typical Residential Compound in Qatar according to
Kahramaa Standards and Regulations

2. Theoretical Background

3. System Overview and the System Block Diagram

4. Project Work
The Project work has been divided into 3 Main Sections viz.

 Load Estimation
 Equipment Design
 MATLAB Simulation

Load Estimation
As mentioned earlier, the aim of this project was to design a distribution system for a typical
compound in Qatar. A typical compound in Qatar might contain 10 to 300+ villas depending on the
size and the design of the equipment for the compound will solely depend on the Total Connected
Load (TCL), Maximum Diversified Demand (MDD), diversity factor (which is more or less same for
most compounds), Demand Factor, Coincidence Factor, Load Factor, so on and so forth. In short, the
load for the compound needs to be estimated first before designing the equipment (e.g. Cables,
Circuit Breakers (CBs), Fuses, Distribution Boards (DBs), Transformers, etc.). For this case, it was
instructed to design for 10 Villas, 1 Mosque and 1 Gym.
The Load Estimation is called an “Estimation” since the engineers estimate the types of loads and
maximum amount of load demanded by the consumers (residential or industrial) since,

 It is never possible to find the exact amount of load at any moment since demands are always
changing.
 The maximum demand might vary a lot depending on the season, time of the day,
increment/decrement in the number of customers, so on and so forth.
For all these reasons, design engineers estimate the electrical loads based on the electrical standards
(national, international and company’s own standards), Issued for Construction (IFC) Drawings for

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the relevant project, and their own experience and jurisdiction. The aim is to find a reasonable
estimate for the diversified load required for the network so that the equipment chosen are not so
underrated that they get damaged due to slight overloading, or the equipment chosen are rated way
above the required level (imagine using industry level equipment for a small residential compound)
which is not economically beneficial at all. The designer should consider the types of loads used in
per unit of the network (e.g. per villa), number of each type of loads, and an estimation of the
maximum possible number of loads connected to the outlets. Inside construction sites in Qatar, it is
mainly done based on the Kahramaa standards which have largely been derived from the British
Standards (BS). For this project, the load estimation was performed based on Kahramaa standard
2018 for “Electricity Wiring Code”. In case of villas, the load estimation for one was estimated at
first based on Kahramaa Standard; then for 10 villas, it was just multiplied by 10 to find the total
required load for villas.

Table 1: Load Estimation for Villas

For one villa, it was considered that there are 3 floors, in 1st two floors, there are 2 flats each and on
the 3rd floor, there is only 1 flat, thus comprising a total of 5 flats per villa. Note that, it is just an
estimation and it will largely vary in various villa types around Doha, Qatar. Now, in each flat, it was
considered that there are 4 Air Conditioners (ACs), 25 lights, 2 exhaust fans, 1 heater, around 10
sockets, 1 special socket for high loads like ovens and washing machines, 1 outlet for the refrigerator
and 1 calling bell. Moreover, there are 2 water pumps for the whole villa working relentlessly to
keep the water tank full all the time. Some more lights were added in order to consider the lights in
the corridors, staircase, roof, etc. Performing this provided with the Maximum Non-Diversified load
(MNDD) per villa and total MNDD for 10 villas in the compound. The power rating per load was
estimated based on Kahramaa standard as shown in Table 2.

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Table 2: Kahramaa Standard for “Current Demand to be Assumed at Point of Installation” [1]
As it can be seen in Table 1, the MNDD per villa was estimated to be around 77 kW which would
make the total MNDD for 10 villas to be around 767 kW. Now, one other important factor needs to
be assessed, which is the “Diversity Factor”. Certainly, all the loads do not run all day for all
customers. For example, the refrigerator runs all day for almost everyone, making its Diversity
Factor 1. On the contrary, the Oven or Exhaust Fan, even the lights remain on differently for
different part of the day. Air Conditioners (AC) remain on for different duration of depending on the
season or part of the day. So, if the Diversity Factor (F D) is not considered, which is MNDD here, the
equipment will be designed based on the consideration that all the equipment in for all the customers
remains on for 100% of time, which is not only impractical but also economically non-beneficial.
The economical toll increases for the bigger projects due to buying of electrical equipment way
above the requirement. Kahramaa has their own standard for Diversity Factor values to be
considered while designing the electrical power distribution system only inside Qatar, as seen in
Table 3. It is mentionable that the standards contain the most common load types and provides with a
general guideline. The designer can change the values of these load types or use Diversity Factors for
loads outside the scope of the common loads mentioned in the standard based on his own
justifications and company instructions, but will have to provide with the relevant documents to
Kahramaa along with the design documents.

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Table 3: Kahramaa Standard for “Diversity Factor” [1]

It is noticeable from Table 3 that Diversity Factor values provided by the Kahramaa is in terms of
percentage, which is always less than 1 here. On the contrary, the value for F D in the lecture was
always more than 1. Kahramaa is just providing with an inverse of the original F D for convenience of
the users. As shown in Table 1, the Maximum Diversified Demand (MDD) has been calculated by
multiplying MNDD and FD i.e. MDD=MNDD∗F D . Performing similar calculation for the mosque
and the gym, we get the results shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Load Estimation for Mosque and Gym

So, the mosque and the gym had an estimated MDD of 12 kW and 25 kW, respectively. The total
estimated MDD was found as around 482 kW. Now, this is a 3-Phase system and the line to line
voltage is 0.415 kV. The nominal Power Factor (pf) was taken as 0.9. Then the maximum
load/demand current (IL) based on MDD,
MDD 3 ϕ 482.56
I L= = ≅746 A
√3∗V 3 ϕ∗pf √ 3∗0.415∗0.9
The Total Load Current ( I L ¿ will be used to design the circuit equipment e.g. protection devices,
cables, transformers, etc.

Transformer Design
In order to design the transformer, mainly 3 factors are needed to be considered, viz.

 Maximum Demand Load (Diversified)

 Transformer Nominal Power Factor
 Transformer Loading Factor

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As calculated above, the maximum demand load (MDL) for the system was calculated as 482 kW.
The Nominal pf for the Transformer was chosen same as the system i.e. 0.9. The loading factor was
chosen as 1.11. Considering the Loading Factor ensures that the circuit can supply the extra bit of
energy the transformers require while loading, without failing any part or the circuit breakers
tripping. So, the minimum required rating of the transformer was,
482∗1.11
T R= ≅ 595 kVA
0.9
But Transformers are bulky, high cost devices which comes in discrete ratings. The ratings available
from companies varies but comes in discrete ratings, but standards for every country fixes some
transformer ratings to be used inside that country’s territory in order to create an organized system
guided by laws which are the standards and monitored by experts from the government. It also
makes it easy to ensure compatible and optimum-quality devices to be bought, sold and used within
that region. The Kahramaa permissible transformer ratings are provided in Table 5.

Table 5: Kahramaa Permissible Transformer Ratings to be used inside Qatar [1]

So, based on Table 5, the best transformer option for this case is 630 kVA rated. A value lower than
595 kVA (e.g. 500 kVA) will not be able to hold any overcurrent and harmful for both the system
and the device itself. On the other hand, using too high valued transformers (e.g. 1000 kVA) will
ensure the same level of protection as the 630 kVA one, but will be much more costly, making it
inefficient for the system. It can also be noticed from Table 5 that every transformer has its own
short circuit rating which needs to be considered while designing the main switchgear for the system,
which is out of the scope of this project.

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Design of Cables and Protection Equipment

Cables and Protection Equipment Design has been discussed in the same section since both are
intricately related to each other. While designing the cables or conductors for a power distribution
system, according to the IEEE Standard for Wiring, the designer needs to consider 4 types of current
viz.
 Design Current (Ib): The is the current due to the Maximum Diversified Demand Load
(MDD) calculated beforehand.
 Nominal Current for Protective Devices (In): The is the nominal current for the protective
devices which needs to be greater than the design current.

Figure 1: A Pictorial Representation of Ib, In and Iz [2]

The Protection current needs to be greater than the Design Current (i.e. I n> I t ¿ , obviously in
order to protect the system.

 Tabulated Current Carrying Capacity (It): After taking account of the derating factors, the
derated cable capacity is calculated based on the combined derating factor determined by 4
factors as mentioned by the IEEE standard or other methods and divide In by that. According
to IEEE Standards [2], which has been derived from British Standard (BS 7671), there are 4
types of sources of derating factors for electric cables such as,
i. Ambient Temperature – Cables in Air or Underground (Ca)
ii. Grouping of the Cables (Cg)
iii. Conductors Surrounded by Thermal Insulation (Ci)
iv. Semi-enclosed Fuses (Cc)
So, the combined derating factor, C = C a C g C i C c. Then, the Tabulated Current,
In
It ≥ … … …(i)
C a C g Ci C c
So, from equation (i), it is evident that the Tabulated Current should be at least equal to the
Protection Current Rating divided by the derating factor. In any IDEAL condition, the
derating factor is 1, which makes the Tabulated Current same as the Protection Current. But
the conditions are never ideal in real world and the cables performance always gets
deteriorated by various factors, temperature being one prominent one. Dealing with these

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derating factors let the designer choose a cable with a bit higher rating so that the cables do
not burn down after being deteriorated due to the surroundings. Among the derating factors,
1st two are the most prominent one, especially the temperature. For this reason, in cable
manufacturer manuals, same cables have different current ratings if laid in air or passed
through the underground.
 Derated Cable Size (Iz): This is the total cable size as selected from the manufacturer’s cable
table. Like the transformer, cables also come in a discrete rating, so cables are also not
available for continuous values. This current can be equal to or greater than I t i.e. I z ≥ I t .
Normally it is chosen greater since the cable ratings are discrete and keeping a distance from
the rating makes the system more robust.
The IEEE document explains this concisely through the diagram in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Diagram of Conductor Size Design Method [2]

The procedure depicted in Figure 2 was followed in this project in order to design the protective
equipment and the cables. From previous calculations, we know,
Maximum Load Current , I L =746 A

But this does not represent the overloading current due to the transformer loading at its worst
condition since it is rated as 630 kVA (not 595 kVA as calculated form the total load) due to it being
available in discrete ratings. So, the revised Load Current, which is also the Design Current,
becomes,
630
I L(revised)=I b= ≅ 877 A ≡ I n (min)
√ 3∗0.415

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Now, Circuit Breakers (CB) also come in discrete rating, being a rated product, which is shown in
Table 6, which is based on the Kahramaa regulations [1]. The closest CB is the one rated with
1000A, type Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) i.e. I n=1000 A . This CB was used in the electrical
substation nearest to the load, just after the transformer designed beforehand. There will be similar
CBs in front every load (e.g. villa), as depicted in the Simulink model provided afterwards. But these
CBs will be much smaller in size since they must handle a much lower current. But the small cable
design inside the buildings have not been considered under the scope of cable design in this project.

Table 6: Nominal CB and Transformer Ratings based of Kahramaa Regulations

In order to calculate the tabulated current, the derating factor was needed to be estimated or extracted
from the documents. For cables, the team chose Doha Cables as the best contender due to be the
supplier for the cables used in most projects around Qatar. Inside Doha Cable manual, there are
tables for various derating factors changed due to the variations of conditions.

Table 7: Nominal Derating Factors from Doha Cables Manual [3]

In the manual, Doha Cables put more advanced type of Derating Factor able to comprise all types of
scenarios during cable layout inside buildings in Qatar. Only the 2 basic types are considered for this
project. The cables are mostly laid out underground for Power Distribution in Qatar, even though it
costs more. Qatar government have chosen this extravagant option due to maintain the aesthetics of
the country. For this reason, the cables designed for this project are also laid underground and the
derating factors will depend on this as seen in Table 8.

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Now, the average high temperature in Qatar is normally during June, are is around 40-45℃ So, the
derating factor from this was chosen as 0.9 considering the worst-case scenario. On the other hand,
the Buying Depth for the cables was taken as 0.8m, making the derating factor 0.94. So, the
combined Derating Factor, C = 0.9∗0.94=0.85.
Now, dividing the protection current with the derating factor, we get,
In 877
It ≥ = ≅ 1031 A
C a C g Ci C c 0.85

After than the cables were selected for the conductor carrying the current from the local substation to
the compound (all of these are considered as part of the distribution system here). From Table 8, it
can be visualized that cables are available with different ratings from as low as 51A to as high as
605A depending on the cross-sectional area. The ampacity and loss in the cable depends on the
factors like cross-section of the cable, number of cores inside the cable, layout of the cables (air,
ducts or underground), so on and so forth. For the main cable connecting the substation to the loads,
the cable with an “laid underground” ampacity of 305A was chosen with 4 in each bundle. So, the
total Current Carrying Capacity (CCC) of the cables become, 305∗4=1220 A. But the derating or
the correction factor of the circuit will derate the ampacity of the cable to make the final ampacity,
I z =1220∗0.85 ≅1037 A . Now, as devised by IEEE, there should be at least 2 protection criteria must
be fulfilled in order to explain the efficiency of the system [2], viz.

a) I z > I n
b) 1.45∗I z > I b

1.45 times of the Design Current is equal to 1271A and Iz is less than that. So, both conditions are
fulfilled. While choosing the cable, another thing which was taken care of is the economical loss in
the cable selection. In this case, the loss was about (1037-1000) A = 37A, which is very low! So, the
cable selection was optimum. Cables could be chosen, even after fulfilling all the conditions but with
a loss of 100+ Amperes. That would obviously be a lesser economically efficient option than this.
Notice that the CCC per cable and the number of cables per bundle has been chosen carefully from
Table 8, among many other acceptable combinations, in order to achieve this efficiency.

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Table 8: XLPE 4-Core Data from Doha Cables Manual [3]

Voltage Drop Calculation: Another crucial step in Cable design is Voltage Drop Calculations. The
cables chosen in the previous step, even though they are fulfilling all fundamental conditions and
economically beneficial, might not be used due to high voltage drop. The voltage drop of the cable is
inversely related to its cross-sectional area i.e. less will have more. The diameter of the 305A cable
chosen in the previous case is 120 sq.m. According to the Kahramaa regulation shown in Table 9, the
voltage drop per ampere per meter of this cable is about 0.34 mV, which is lesser than thinner cables
but more than the thicker ones. Voltage Drop also depends on the distance the cable travelled; the
relation is “directly” this time. Considering that the cable run about 0.5 km from the nearby
substation to the compound, we get,

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voltage drop per ampere per meter∗Design Current∗Distance

Volage Drop= ∗100 %
Voltage∗Cable Number
0.34∗10−3∗877∗150
¿ ∗100 % ≈ 2.693 %
415∗4
Here, the voltage drop is within our limit of 5%, which is acceptable. If the substation (i.e. the
transformer with the main CB) is located far away from the load center, thicker cables or parallel
connections might had to be implemented.

Table 9: Current Ratings for 3, 4-Core Cables from Kahramaa Standards [1]
The CBs protecting each load (i.e. villas, etc.) are also designed in the same way. As shown in the
Simulink model, there is one protective CB in front of every load, which are needed to be designed.
They cannot be the same (or even near) to that of the main CB located near the transformer since the
current is being distributed in each load. So, a much lower current will require a much lower rate CB.
The Design Current for each villa was around 69A. So, an 80A Moulded Case Circuit Breaker
(MCCB), the nearest one above the design current, was chosen for each villa. Voltage Drop for each
villa was calculated to be around 0.018%. MCB was enough for the masjid while an MCCB was
used for the gym depending on their respective diversified loads. The voltage drop for the masjid
was around 0.041% while for the gym, it was around 0.057%. So, among the loads, the gym has the
highest amount of voltage drop. So, the total voltage drop from the transformer to the end load
becomes about,
(2.693 + 0.057) % ≈ 2.75% maximum, which is well within the limit (5%).
*All the data, calculations, formulas are presented inside the smart excel sheet prepared for this
project.

SIMULINK Model

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The Simulink model was developed based on Dr Adel Gastli’s model used in one of the labs. All 12
loads of the circuit were arranged in the manner shown in the lecture where there is a virtual load
center among all the loads (somewhat like the center of gravity). The villas were arranged like two
opposite facing loads, and the mosque and the gym were near the center of the compound so that
customers in all villas have similar access to these facilities. In order to design the model in Simulink
and run, there should be a feeder in the circuit supplying the necessary power to the network. In this
model, the 66kV Grid feeder goes to a main substation which consists of fuse blocks in per phase, 3-
phase 11kV circuit breaker, and a 66/11kV step down transformer. Then the power is transmitted to
the next substation through a transmission line to the substation near the load where the voltage is
again stepped down from 11kV to 416V and supplied to the loads. The generation and transmission
part of the network is out of the scope of this power distribution project.

Figure 3: Simulink Model for the system

Figure 4: Load-Side Transformer and 416V CB as Designed in the Previous Section

The transformer parameters were set as per the circuit. The CB block shown in Figure 5 is a
subsystem (Figure 5) consisting of mainly a CB and a smart tripping service. The Tripping system
will automatically trip the CB(s) depending on the duration and severity of the fault as discussed
later. Relay coordination has been done in the next section.

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Figure 5: Inside the CB Subsystem in Simulink

Relay Coordination: The first and most important thing ensured through this model is the
coordination between the relays inside the circuit breakers. In this model, there are 3 layers of CBs,

 11kV CB after the 66/11kV Transformer inside the main substation

 416V CB Main after the 11kV/416V Transformer inside the substation near the load
 416V CB in front of all the loads/branches

Circuit Breakers in all the branches are in the layer and they have the same CB curve. The loads are
designed in such a way that CB tripping in one of the branches should not impact other, but it might
impact the 416V Main CB if necessary, conditions are fulfilled. But the CB curves for any layer of
CB should not touch the other in any condition, otherwise it would result into an unnecessary
tripping of the upper layer due to any minor power outrage or overloading. For example, if the 416V
main CV trips due to a small fault in any of the branches, it would cease the supply to the whole
network. A system behaviour like is inefficient and undesirable since a minor fault in one of the
villas might shut-down the whole compound.

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Figure 6: Relay and Fuse Coordination Plot(s)

The relay and fuse coordination plot have been shown in Figure 6. As it can be seen, the CB plots do
not intersect with each other, which has been ensured through few parameters viz, the Rated Current
(Ir), Nominal Current (In), Long Time Pickup Unit (LTPU), Long Time Delay (LTD), Short Time
Pickup Unit (STPU), Short Time Delay (STD), Instantaneous Pickup Current (IPU) and
Instantaneous Delay (ID). The values set are as follows:
Table 8: CB Parameters in Simulink
Units 11kV CB 416V Main CB 416V Branch CB
Ir 80 1000 80
In 80∗√ 2 1000∗√ 2 80∗√ 2
LTPU 0.8 0.9 1
LTD 2 4 4
STPU 3 3.1 3
STD 0.1 0.27 0.4
IPU 5 5.3 7
ID 0.02 0.015 0.01
Here, the rated current ratings have been imported from the calculations done beforehand (e.g.
1000A ACBs were selected for the CB used in the 416V Main and 80A MCCBs were used for
villas). The value of the rated current in the CB 11kV side should be at least same as the end CB
ratings in order to make the plots continuous. 2 layers of Fuses were also coordinated in the same
way. All the 8 parameters stated in Table 8 along with their values for each layer of CB has been
initialized in a MATLAB file and input to a bus inside the tripping system as shown in Figure 7. The
parameter values are imported from the MATLAB script and input into the Simulink Model.

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Figure 7: Relay/CB Tripping Subsystem as Expanded

In order to plot the relay coordination plots shown in Figure 6, three separate m-file was generated
for graphing the plots based on their respective systems. These plotting m-files take in the initialized
values from the relay-coordination file and display the plots.

Figure 8: Individual Relay Coordination Plots from Respective m-files (a)11kV Main, (b) 416 V Main,
and (c) 416V Branches
Now, the relay tripping time and the CB response
can be regulated from the Fault and STOP
Simulation subsystem. The fault it triggered using
a step function and the triggering time after the
simulation starts is set inside the step function.
This time is represented as Fs inside the block as
shown in Figure 9. Now, this has been compared
Figure 9: Relay System
with the time-delay of each CB and the Simulink
model is automatically closed after a certain period the CB trips, as set inside the constant and timer
block shown in Figure 10.

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Figure 10: STOP Simulation Sub-System

After the subsystem, the XLPE 4-Core Cable block was inserted. Another change was done in the
Display subsystem of the model. Now, the Display Subsystem will record the Three Phase Current,
Voltages, Fault Time and CB Tripping Time for each branch and substation. The display subsystem
will also show Max Current in each branch, fault activation time (Fs), time delay before the tripping,
so on and so forth.

Figure 11: Data Display

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After ensuring that the CBs are well-coordinated, for certain values of fault, CB of the Branch where
the fault located at might trip, without effecting the 416V main CB. If that can be ensured, the model
is perfectly, selectively, coordinated. But it also depends on other model parameters.
Now, as it can be seen from Figure 4, the fault is at Branch No. 9. So, after the fault occurs, the CB
here should trip, and it should not affect the 416V Main CB and thus other loads connected to it by
tripping faster. So, it was tested with a very high fault by setting the fault resistance to ground very
low. Ideally it should trip the CB at branch 9 instantly, which is exactly what happened as shown in
Figure 12.

Figure 12: Instantaneous CB Tripping at Branch 9 due to the Huge Fault

It can also be seen that the fault occurred at 0.1s and the CB tripped almost instantly. The simulation
stopped exactly at 0.14s, 0.04 s after the fault happened, as shown in Figure 10. The fault had a slight
temporary effect in the current in the 416V Main CB and other branches, but it was recovered as
soon as the CB Tripped.

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Figure 13: Current Waveform in 416V CB Main, a Temporary Distortion can be seen at around 0.1s

Figure 14: Current Waveform in Branch 8, a nearby Branch.

From Figure 13 and 14, it was ensured that the Circuit Breakers were indeed well-coordinated.

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5. Discussion and Conclusion

In conclusion, the power distribution system has been designed keeping in mind the reality
constraints such as economic constraints, environmental constraints, time constraints etc. In reality,
the power distribution system is a very complex system connecting each load to the distribution
system and each load has to be protected by means of CBs and fuses wherever needed in the system.
The transformer is selected based on the short circuit rating and the number of feeders are selected to
provide sufficient power to the loads. The voltage drop of the overall distribution system has been
calculated and found lower than 5% which is permissible as per KAHRAMAA standard.

References
[1] I. E. Commission, "You & IEC," International Electrotechnical Commission, [Online]. Available:
https://www.iec.ch/perspectives/?ref=menu. [Accessed 22 4 2020].

[2] KAHRAMAA, "TAREK MULTI ENERGY LTD.," 12 2010. [Online]. Available:

http://www.tarekmultienergy.co/files/53427311.pdf. [Accessed 22 4 2020].

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