Solutions Manual Introduction To Fluid M

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Problem 1.1 [Difficulty: 3]
Given: Common Substances
Tar Sand
“Silly Putty” Jello
Modeling clay Toothpaste
Wax Shaving cream
Some of these substances exhibit characteristics of solids and fluids under different conditions.
Find: Explain and give examples.
Solution: Tar, Wax, and Jello behave as solids at room temperature or below at ordinary pressures. At high
pressures or over long periods, they exhibit fluid characteristics. At higher temperatures, all three
liquefy and become viscous fluids.
Modeling clay and silly putty show fluid behavior when sheared slowly. However, they fracture
under suddenly applied stress, which is a characteristic of solids.
Toothpaste behaves as a solid when at rest in the tube. When the tube is squeezed hard, toothpaste
“flows” out the spout, showing fluid behavior. Shaving cream behaves similarly.
Sand acts solid when in repose (a sand “pile”). However, it “flows” from a spout or down a steep
incline.
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Given: Five basic conservation laws stated in Section 1-4.
Write: A word statement of each, as they apply to a system.
Solution: Assume that laws are to be written for a system.
a. Conservation of mass — The mass of a system is constant by definition.
b. Newton's second law of motion — The net force acting on a system is directly proportional to the product of the
system mass times its acceleration.
c. First law of thermodynamics — The change in stored energy of a system equals the net energy added to the
system as heat and work.
d. Second law of thermodynamics — The entropy of any isolated system cannot decrease during any process
between equilibrium states.
e. Principle of angular momentum — The net torque acting on a system is equal to the rate of change of angular
momentum of the system.

Open-Ended Problem Statement: The barrel of a bicycle tire pump becomes quite warm during use.
Explain the mechanisms responsible for the temperature increase.
Discussion: Two phenomena are responsible for the temperature increase: (1) friction between the pump piston
and barrel and (2) temperature rise of the air as it is compressed in the pump barrel.
Friction between the pump piston and barrel converts mechanical energy (force on the piston moving through a
distance) into thermal energy as a result of friction. Lubricating the piston helps to provide a good seal with the
pump barrel and reduces friction (and therefore force) between the piston and barrel.
Temperature of the trapped air rises as it is compressed. The compression is not adiabatic because it occurs during a
finite time interval. Heat is transferred from the warm compressed air in the pump barrel to the cooler surroundings.
This raises the temperature of the barrel, making its outside surface warm (or even hot!) to the touch.

πD S2
p
4
πD S tσ

Results of system simulation:

Given: Geometry of chamber system
Find: Pressure at various locations
Assumptions: (1) Water and Meriam Blue are static and incompressible
(2) Pressure gradients across air cavities are negligible
Solution:
dp
Basic equation   ρ g or, for constant ρ ∆p  ρ g ∆h where ∆h is height difference
dy
For point A pA  patm  ρH2O g h1 or in gage pressure pA  ρH2O g h1
Here we have h1  8 in h1  0.667 ft

2 2
slug ft lbf s  ft 
pA  1.94  32.2  0.667 ft    pA  0.289 psi (gage)
ft
3
s
2 
slugft  12 in 
For the first air cavity pair1  pA  SGMB ρH2O g h2 where h2  4 in h2  0.333 ft
From Table A.1 SGMB  1.75

2 2
lbf slug ft lbf  s ft 
pair1  0.289  1.75  1.94  32.2  0.333 ft    pair1  0.036 psi (gage)
in
2
ft
3
s
2 slug ft  12 in 
Note that p = constant throughout the air pocket
For point B pB  pair1  SGHg ρH2O g h3 where h3  6 in h3  0.5 ft

2 2
lbf slug ft lbf  s  ft 
pB  0.036  1.75  1.94  32.2  0.5 ft    pB  0.416 psi (gage)
2 3 2 slug ft  12 in 
in ft s
For point C pC  pair2  SGHg ρH2O g h4 where h4  10 in h4  0.833 ft
2 2
pC  0.416  1.75  1.94  32.2  0.833 ft    pC  1.048 psi (gage)
2 3 2 slug ft  12 in 
in ft s
For the second air cavity pair2  pC  SGHg ρH2O h5 where h5  6 in h5  0.5 ft
2 2
pair2  1.048  1.75  1.94  32.2  0.5 ft    pair2  0.668 psi (gage)
2 3 2 slug ft  12 in 
in ft s

Given: Geometry of gate
Find: Force FA for equilibrium

h
H = 25 ft
FA
A
R = 10 ft y y
B z x
Solution:
⌠
⎮ dp
Basic equation FR = ⎮ p dA = ρ⋅ g ΣMz = 0
⌡ dh
Ixx
or, use computing equations FR = pc⋅ A y' = yc + where y would be measured
A ⋅ yc from the free surface
Assumptions: static fluid; ρ = constant; patm on other side; door is in equilibrium
Instead of using either of these approaches, we note the following, using y as in the sketch
⌠
⎮
ΣMz = 0 FA⋅ R = ⎮ y⋅ p dA with p = ρ⋅ g⋅ h (Gage pressure, since p =
⌡ patm on other side)
1 ⌠⎮
FA = ⋅ y⋅ ρ⋅ g⋅ h dA with dA = r⋅ dr⋅ dθ and y = r⋅ sin ( θ) h = H−y
R ⎮⌡
π
⌠
ρ⋅ g ⎮ ⎛ H ⋅ R 2⎞
π R 3 4
1 ⌠ ⌠ R
Hence FA = ⋅ ⎮ ⎮ ρ⋅ g⋅ r⋅ sin ( θ) ⋅ ( H − r⋅ sin ( θ) ) ⋅ r dr dθ = ⋅⎮ ⎜ ⋅ sin ( θ) − ⋅ sin ( θ) ⎟ dθ
R ⌡0 ⌡0
⌡0 ⎝ ⎠
R 3 4
ρ⋅ g ⎛ 2⋅ H⋅ R π⋅ R ⎞ ⎛ 2⋅ H⋅ R π⋅ R ⎞
3 4 2 3
FR = ⋅⎜ − ⎟ = ρ⋅ g⋅ ⎜ − ⎟
R ⎝ 3 8 ⎠ ⎝ 3 8 ⎠
2
Using given data FR = 1.94⋅
slug
× 32.2⋅
ft ⎡2 2 π 3⎤ lbf ⋅ s
× ⎢ × 25⋅ ft × ( 10⋅ ft) − × ( 10⋅ ft) ⎥ ×
4
FR = 7.96 × 10 ⋅ lbf
3 2 ⎣3 8 ⎦ slug⋅ ft
ft s

Full file atProblem 4.33
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Problem 4.184
[Difficulty: 5] Part 2/4

Problem 6.33

Given: Flow rates in elbow for uniform flow and free vortes
Find: Plot discrepancy
Solution: ⎛ r2 ⎞
⎜ −1
QUniform⋅ ρ
⎝ r1 ⎠
( )
1
For Example 6.1 QUniform = V⋅ A = w⋅ r2 − r1 ⋅ ⋅ ∆p or = (1)
⎛ r2 ⎞ w⋅ r1 ⋅ ∆p ⎛ r2 ⎞
ρ⋅ ln⎜ ln⎜
⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎝ r1 ⎠
2 2
⎛ r2 ⎞ 2 ⋅ r1 ⋅ r2 Q⋅ ρ ⎛ r2 ⎞ ⎛ r2 ⎞ 2
For Problem 6.32 Q = w⋅ ln⎜ ⋅ ⋅ ∆p or = ⎜ r ⋅ ln⎜ r ⋅ (2)
⎝ r1 ⎠ ρ⋅ ⎛ r2 − r1 ⎞ w⋅ r1 ⋅ ∆p ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎢⎡⎛ r2 ⎞ 2 ⎤
2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎥
−
⎢⎜ r 1
⎥
⎣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎦
It is convenient to plot these as functions of r2/r1
r2/r1 Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Error

1.01 0.100 0.100 0.0% 10.0%
1.05 0.226 0.226 0.0%
1.10 0.324 0.324 0.1%
1.15 0.401 0.400 0.2%
1.20 0.468 0.466 0.4%
7.5%
1.25 0.529 0.526 0.6%
1.30 0.586 0.581 0.9%
1.35 0.639 0.632 1.1%
1.40 0.690 0.680 1.4%
Error
1.45 0.738 0.726 1.7% 5.0%

1.50 0.785 0.769 2.1%
1.55 0.831 0.811 2.4%
1.60 0.875 0.851 2.8%
1.65 0.919 0.890 3.2%
1.70 0.961 0.928 3.6% 2.5%
1.75 1.003 0.964 4.0%
1.80 1.043 1.000 4.4%
1.85 1.084 1.034 4.8%
1.90 1.123 1.068 5.2%
0.0%
1.95 1.162 1.100 5.7%
1.0 1.2 1.4 1 .6 1 .8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
2.00 1.201 1.132 6.1%
2.05 1.239 1.163 6.6% r 2 /r 1
2.10 1.277 1.193 7.0%
2.15 1.314 1.223 7.5%
2.20 1.351 1.252 8.0%
2.25 1.388 1.280 8.4%
2.30 1.424 1.308 8.9%
2.35 1.460 1.335 9.4%
2.40 1.496 1.362 9.9%
2.45 1.532 1.388 10.3%
2.50 1.567 1.414 10.8%

Problem 6.35 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2

Problem 6.35

Given: Oil flow in pipe and dynamically similar water flow
Find: Average water speed and pressure drop
Solution:
 f    
Δp μ l e
From Example 7.2
ρ V
2  ρ V D D D 
μH2O μOil
 μH2O ρOil νH2O
For dynamic similarity ρH2O VH2O DH2O ρOil VOil DOil so VH2O    Voil  V
ρH2O μOil νOil Oil
2 2
 5 ft  4 ft
From Fig. A.3 at 77 oF νOil  10.8  8  10   8.64  10 
s s
2
 5 ft
From Table A.8 at 60 oF νH2O  1.21  10 
s
2
 5 ft
1.21  10 
s ft ft
Hence VH2O   3 VH2O  0.0420
2 s s
 4 ft
8.64  10 
s
2
ΔpOil ΔpH2O ρH2O VH2O
Then  ΔpH2O   ΔpOil
2 2 2
ρOil VOil ρH2O VH2O ρOil  VOil
From Table A.2 SG Oil  0.92
2
1  0.0420   7 psi 3
ΔpH2O    3  ΔpH2O  1.49  10  psi
0.92  



F n2
Fn1
W
Given: Circular disk in wind
Find: Mass of disk; Plot α versus V
Solution:
FD 
Basic equations: CD  ΣM  0
1 2
 ρ V  A
2
Summing moments at the pivot W L sin( α)  Fn1 L    L    Fn2  0 (1) and for each normal drag
1 D 1 2
Fn   ρ Vn  A CD
2  2 2
Assume 1) No pivot friction 2) CD is valid for Vn = Vcos(α)
kg  5 N s m
The data is ρ  1.225  μ  1.8  10  V  15
3 2 s
m m
D  25 mm d  3  mm L  40 mm α  10 deg
ρ V d
CD1  1.17 (Table Red  Red  3063 so from Fig. 9.13 CD2  0.9
9.3) μ
2
1 2 π D
Hence Fn1   ρ ( V cos( α) )   CD1 Fn1  0.077 N
2 4
Fn2   ρ ( V cos( α) )   L    d  CD2

1 2 D
Fn2  0.00992 N
2  2
The drag on the support is much less than on the disk (and moment even less), so results will not be much different from those of
Problem 9.105
2
2 π D
 CD1    L      ρ ( V cos( α) )   L    d  CD2
1 1 D 1 2 D
Hence Eq. 1 becomes M  L g  sin( α)  L  ρ ( V cos( α) ) 
2 4 2  2  2  2 
2 2
ρ V  cos( α)
   π D  CD1   1 
D 
  L    d  CD2
1 2 D
M   M  0.0471 kg
4  g  sin( α)  2  2 L   2 

4 M g tan( α) 1 m tan( α)
Rearranging V   V  35.5 
ρ cos( α)  1  π D2 C   1  D    L  D   d C  s cos( α)
2 D1    D2
  2 L   2 
We can plot this by choosing α and computing V
80
60
V (m/s)
40
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Angle (deg)
This graph can be easily plotted in Excel

Given: Normal shock
Find: Rankine-Hugoniot relation
Solution:
2 2
Basic equations: Momentum: p 1  ρ1  V1  p 2  ρ2  V2 Mass: ρ1  V1  ρ2  V2
1 2 1 2
Energy: h1   V1  h 2   V2 Ideal Gas: p  ρ R T
2 2
From the energy equation    

2  h 2  h 1  2  cp  T2  T1  V1  V2  V1  V1  V1  V2
2 2
   (1)
From the momentum equation

2
p 2  p 1  ρ1  V1  ρ2  V2  ρ1  V1  V1  V2
2
  where we have used the mass equation
p2  p1
Hence V1  V2 
ρ1  V1
p2  p1 p2  p1  V2  p 2  p 1  ρ1 
     p 2  p 1    
1 1
Using this in Eq 1 2  c p  T2  T1   V1  V2  1    1   
ρ1  V1 ρ1 ρ1 ρ2
 V1
    ρ1 ρ2
where we again used the mass equation
 p2 p1 
  p 2  p 1   
1 1 
Using the ideal gas equation 2  cp      
 ρ2  R ρ1  R
  ρ1 ρ2 
Dividing by p 1 and multiplying by ρ2, and using R = c p - cv, k = cp/cv
cp  p2 ρ2  k  p2 ρ2   p 2   ρ2 
2     2      1    1
ρ1 k  1 p1 ρ1
R
 p1     p1   ρ1 
Collecting terms p2  2 k ρ2  2 k ρ2 ρ2
 1   k  1ρ  ρ  1
p1
k  1 ρ1
 1 1
2 k ρ2 ρ2 ( k  1 ) ρ2 ρ2
  1  1 ( k  1)  ( k  1)
p2 k  1 ρ1 ρ1 ( k  1 ) ρ1 p2 ρ1
  or 
p1  2 k ρ2  ( k  1) ρ2 p1 ρ2
k  1  1    ( k  1)  ( k  1)
ρ1 ( k  1) ρ1 ρ1
 
ρ2 ρ2 k1
For an infinite pressure ratio ( k  1)  ( k  1) 0 or  (= 6 for air)
ρ1 ρ1 k1

Solutions Manual Introduction To Fluid M

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Full file at https://buklibry.

Problem 1.1 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Common Substances

“Silly Putty” Jello

Modeling clay Toothpaste

Wax Shaving cream

Find: Explain and give examples.

liquefy and become viscous fluids.

under suddenly applied stress, which is a characteristic of solids.

Download full file from buklibry.com

Problem 1.2 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Five basic conservation laws stated in Section 1-4.

Write: A word statement of each, as they apply to a system.

Solution: Assume that laws are to be written for a system.

a. Conservation of mass — The mass of a system is constant by definition.

system mass times its acceleration.

system as heat and work.

between equilibrium states.

momentum of the system.

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Problem 1.3 [Difficulty: 3]

Explain the mechanisms responsible for the temperature increase.

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Problem 3.49 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Geometry of chamber system

Find: Pressure at various locations

For point A pA  patm  ρH2O g h1 or in gage pressure pA  ρH2O g h1

Here we have h1  8 in h1  0.667 ft

From Table A.1 SGMB  1.75

Note that p = constant throughout the air pocket

For point B pB  pair1  SGHg ρH2O g h3 where h3  6 in h3  0.5 ft

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Problem 3.50 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Geometry of gate

Find: Force FA for equilibrium

Assumptions: static fluid; ρ = constant; patm on other side; door is in equilibrium

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Problem 6.34 [Difficulty: 2]

Find: Plot discrepancy

It is convenient to plot these as functions of r2/r1

r2/r1 Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Error

1.45 0.738 0.726 1.7% 5.0%

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Problem 7.69 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Oil flow in pipe and dynamically similar water flow

Find: Average water speed and pressure drop

From Table A.2 SG Oil  0.92

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Problem 9.133 [Difficulty: 3]

Find: Mass of disk; Plot α versus V

Assume 1) No pivot friction 2) CD is valid for Vn = Vcos(α)

D  25 mm d  3  mm L  40 mm α  10 deg

Fn2   ρ ( V cos( α) )   L    d  CD2