PSY 191 Development Notes

Ali Kilinc Scribd.
com/people/view/6555-Ali-TekBoi 11/15/2007
Development Chapters’ Notes

Definition of Development
Interested in any and all behavior growth or change over the entire lifespan
o When does it begin? When does it end?
o How long does it last?
 Females lifespan ≈ 90 years
 Males lifespan <70<80 years
Life Stages
Development begins at contraception
 Two sex cells – each of which contains 23 chromosomes, totaling 46 (only

cells in the entire human body which only contains ½ the chromosomes)
 Two genes – one from father, one from mother

Genes:
A. Dominant Gene – Only one is necessary to exhibit characteristic
B. Recessive Gene – Both of the paired genes must be present to exhibit

characteristic
C. Polygenic Gene – Numerous genes are required to exhibit a

characteristic
Birth Defects
Genetic Defect: When something goes wrong in the genetic structure
 Trismy 47 [47th chromosome] (Down Syndrome)
 Two different eye colors
Congenital Defect: When something goes wrong in the uterine area
Possible causes:
 Smoking during pregnancy → pre-mature baby
 Drinking during pregnancy → Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: mild retardation
1
Ali Kilinc Scribd.com/people/view/6555-Ali-TekBoi 11/15/2007
** Teratogen: Any influences in the environment that could have a potential effect
on the fetus **
Infancy to Early Childhood

Birth to age 6
Development of a new baby
Cont.
Tips for pregnant woman:
 Eat healthy foods
 Don’t “eat for two” eat thinking about the nutrition for two
 Exercise frequently; don’t exercise rigorously
 Get a good OBGYN doctor
** TRUST: Most important factor in development **
Tasks
 Readiness – the point in physical maturity at which the child is capable of

achieving a task
 Sensitivity Period – A period of time when the training of a skill is best

applicable, occurs after signs of readiness | Average age of potty training: 21
months |
 Trust:
[A] When the baby informs you that they have a need
[B] The main care-giver (you) take care of that need
[C] Baby will eventually trust you
 Independence –A behavior that should be reinforced and highly encouraged
Development of Initiative – When the baby has the ability to initiate

tasks by him/herself; able to do things alone
** ALWAYS purchase toys for your child that absolutely

DEMAND imagination; don’t but toys that only encourage
or provoke it **
2
Childhood
Ages 7 to 12
 In general, when a child enters this phase, they also enter school
o Homeschooled children tend to be socially retarded people
 Time when child sees other people equal to him in his environment
o Many new influences
o Parents must be aware of these new influences
Tasks
 Industry (productivity): When a child is expected to perform certain tasks

to a certain criteria
o A behavior that should be reinforced and highly encouraged
o Very important to develop this behavior in childhood
Adolescence
Ages 13 to 17
 Also known as “Teen Years” – Could also be known as task phase

Tasks
 Identity Development: Knowing who you are
o Identity is usually developed by the parents
o The development of self-confidence is very important in this phase
 Physical Development: Refers to growth of the body
o Asynchronous Growth: when parts of the body grow unevenly from

each other
 Physiological Development: The change of an organism that is incapable

from re-producing to an organism that IS CAPABLE
o 65% Of all women are known to have a negative perception of their

sexuality
3
 To prevent this behavior, discuss certain changes with the

individual before they actually happen, so both parties are
prepared and the individual does not have any negative
perceptions attached to any of the recent changes
 School: Individuals are expected to think ahead and plan out their lives on
their own
Early Adulthood
Ages 18 to 35
Tasks
 Point in life, when at one point, one asks oneself these common question:
o What is my purpose in life?
o What is my meaning in life?
 Nobody else besides the individual is

required to agree with the individual’s
life meaning
o Must find positive meaning in life
o Must peruse happiness
[Primary Task]
 Intimacy : Principally most people get married in this phase
o 27: Average age for marriage in the U.S.A.
 Career: Point in life when the individual would pick a career
 Home: Most individuals buy a house at some point in this phase, and start a
family
Midlife
Roughly 35 to Retirement
Tasks
 Tasks do not finish, diminish or disappear, but are highly alleviated
 Most tasks of adulthood are completed (career & home)

 Generativity: Concern with establishing and guiding the
next generation. Simply having or wanting children does
4
not achieve this. Socially-valued works are also

expressions of generativity.
o Question asked: How/when will I accomplish something useful?
o Generativity Glow: When an older person is asked advice by a

younger generation, and receives the advice. If the individual takes in
the advice, the older person’s face glows.
 Midlife Crisis: Individuals feel like they have lost control in their lives or
current relationship, and to change this, and re-gain control, they feel like
a drastic change is necessary
o Not anywhere near as common as the general public thinks it is
o Short-term effect is much greater on the family, friends, and the

individual
o Long-term effects are much dismal, and most of the crisis is solved
at this point
o Woman AND Men are believed to experience midlife crisis at an

equal rate
Later Life
Retirement to Death
 Also known as “terminal phase” – there is no leaving this phase without dying
 Common Questions Asked:
I used to have a meaning, what now?
I used to be a productive member of this society, what now?
Tasks
 Integrity:
A. Review of one’s life
B. The search for meaning
C. If and when this IS found
D. Individual has integrity
5
 Despair:
A. Review of one’s life
B. The search for meaning
C. Meaningful propose IS NOT found
D. The individual has despair
 Heavy loss of vigor in life (energy, vitality, strength, etc.)
 Increase on medical problems
 Thought and awareness of death is more frequent
Cognitive Development Theory

**Piaget**
→ Concerned with how thought process is developed
→ Concepts:
A. Assimilation – When an individual takes a new experience and

interoperates it using an old cognitive structure/view
B. Accommodation – When an individual is faced with a new

experience, the individual changes his/her cognitive
structure/views to address the scenario/experience
6
Stages
1) Sensorimotor Stage – Birth to 2 years
 Life in this stage is mainly non-verbal
 Children in this stage do not/cannot think (according to Piaget)

Object Permanence: The child has no awareness of the existence of
things (objects, places, and people) that he/she cannot: see or hear
or touch
2) Preoperational Stage – Age 2 to 7 years
 Children are egocentric

Egocentric: Limited in outlook and/or confined to things mainly relating to
oneself. Unable to accept views of other people)
3) Concrete operation Stage – Age 7 to 11 years
Primary Tasks
A. Conservation – The ability to accept the concept that object do not

change in mass, if they are only changed in shape or form (ex:
stretching or compacting)
B. Reversibility – The ability to accept the concept that things or tasks

can be reversed
4) Formal Operation Stage – Age 11 and up
 The development, of the ability to think about hypothetical and

abstract thoughts
♦Highest level of development (according to Piaget)
Moral Development Theory

**KHOLBERG, Lawrence**
→ Concerned with how people make moral decisions
Theories of Morality
7
(A) Preconventional Morality: Morals based on consequences –

with emphasis placed on reward and punishment (thought
process before actions are made)
(B) Conventional Morality: Morals are formed with only in the:

interest and values of the community (common beliefs); with
community (conformity) in mind
(C) Postconventional Morality: Morality that develops through the

individual’s own original, thought processes. Different and non-
conforming to the general community; makes his own morals.
 Only 20% of the general public develops morals

postconventioally

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Ali Kilinc Scribd.

Development Chapters’ Notes

o When does it begin? When does it end?

o How long does it last?

 Females lifespan ≈ 90 years

 Males lifespan <70<80 years

 Two sex cells – each of which contains 23 chromosomes, totaling 46 (only

 Two genes – one from father, one from mother

A. Dominant Gene – Only one is necessary to exhibit characteristic

B. Recessive Gene – Both of the paired genes must be present to exhibit

C. Polygenic Gene – Numerous genes are required to exhibit a

 Trismy 47 [47th chromosome] (Down Syndrome)

 Two different eye colors

Congenital Defect: When something goes wrong in the uterine area

 Smoking during pregnancy → pre-mature baby

 Drinking during pregnancy → Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: mild retardation

Infancy to Early Childhood

Development of a new baby

Tips for pregnant woman:

 Eat healthy foods

 Exercise frequently; don’t exercise rigorously

 Get a good OBGYN doctor

** TRUST: Most important factor in development **

 Readiness – the point in physical maturity at which the child is capable of

 Sensitivity Period – A period of time when the training of a skill is best

[B] The main care-giver (you) take care of that need

[C] Baby will eventually trust you

 Independence –A behavior that should be reinforced and highly encouraged

Development of Initiative – When the baby has the ability to initiate

** ALWAYS purchase toys for your child that absolutely

o Homeschooled children tend to be socially retarded people

o Many new influences

o Parents must be aware of these new influences

 Industry (productivity): When a child is expected to perform certain tasks

o A behavior that should be reinforced and highly encouraged

o Very important to develop this behavior in childhood

 Also known as “Teen Years” – Could also be known as task phase

 Identity Development: Knowing who you are

o Identity is usually developed by the parents

o The development of self-confidence is very important in this phase

 Physical Development: Refers to growth of the body

o Asynchronous Growth: when parts of the body grow unevenly from

 Physiological Development: The change of an organism that is incapable

o 65% Of all women are known to have a negative perception of their

 To prevent this behavior, discuss certain changes with the

o What is my purpose in life?

o What is my meaning in life?

 Nobody else besides the individual is

o Must find positive meaning in life

o Must peruse happiness

o 27: Average age for marriage in the U.S.A.

 Career: Point in life when the individual would pick a career

 Tasks do not finish, diminish or disappear, but are highly alleviated

 Most tasks of adulthood are completed (career & home)

not achieve this. Socially-valued works are also

o Question asked: How/when will I accomplish something useful?

o Generativity Glow: When an older person is asked advice by a

o Not anywhere near as common as the general public thinks it is

o Short-term effect is much greater on the family, friends, and the

o Woman AND Men are believed to experience midlife crisis at an

 Common Questions Asked:

I used to have a meaning, what now?

I used to be a productive member of this society, what now?

A. Review of one’s life

TRUST: Most important factor in development