s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.

O saasla
d ad a Padasalai
d ad a d a
d a TrbTnpsc d a
d a d a
d
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww

d adsaasal alia.Oi . rgrg

O K.G.S. d adsaasal alia Oi. Orgrg
.MARTIC.
d
HR.
a
d
l
saasa alia.SEC.
O
i . rgrg
O SCHOOL.
d a
d
l
saasa alia.Oi . rgrg
O
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww 4 CHETTIPALAYAM,
TH ww POONDI RING ROAD, ww TIRUPUR. ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w
ww w

a i . O
i .
lai
rgrg
O
w
ww w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w
ww w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w
ww w

saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
Pa

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w w
ww
ww
w P.G. ASSISTANT w
ww
w
w w COMMERCE w
ww
w
w w w
ww
w
w w

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a i (HIGHER a i SECONDaRY a i a i
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa INCHARGE) dadsaasa
l l a l l a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
D.SRINIVAASAN. M.Com., M.ED., P.G.D.C.A., P.G.D.I.T.,
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a saaslala d a saaslala d a saaslala d a saaslala d a saasla
ww
a
.P.Pa d
ww
a
.P.Pa d CELL w–ww9047777116 a
.P.Pa d
ww
a
.P.Pa d
ww
a
.P.Pa d
ww
ww ww
ww ww w ww
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ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 1 w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d a
d a Padasalai
d ad a d a
d a TrbTnpsc d a
d a d a
d
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww D.SRINIVASAN ww. M.COM, M.Ed., P.G.D.C.A, ww P.G.D.I.T, ww
i .O . rgrg K.G.S. MATRIC.
O i .O . OrgrgSEC. SCHOOL. TIRUPUR.
HR. i .O . rgrgCELL - 9047777116 i.O.O
O rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P 12 – w aa
.P.P
ACCOUNTANCY aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w w w w ww
w w ww
w
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CHAPTER – 9
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala RATIO ANALYSIS
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.I.PaLIQUIDITY RATIOS a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Current Ratio:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i Current l
asal
Assets a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad Current Ratio = a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w
Current Liabilities w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
Current Assets:
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgCurrent
O rg Liabilities:
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 1. Current investments wwww w www w ww
1. Short-term
w borrowings w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
2. Inventories [stock] 2. Trade payables
ia.O rgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg
3.ala a i.Oreceivables l a ia i . O l a ia i . O l a ia i . O
d a
d sas l
Trade
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l Bills payable
d a
d
&
saasa l
sundry creditors
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
 Bills receivable aa
.P.P a aliabilities
.P.P
3. Otherwcurrent aa
.P.P
ww ww ww w ww
w
ww w
4. Cash
a i .
 sundry
O
i . O
and
ww
ww debtors less provision forww
rgrgcash equivalents i.O.O
a i
lai
rgrg
w w
doubtful debts

a i . O
i . O
w w
wwExpenses payable
rgrg Income received ini.advance
a O
i . rgrg
O
www w

saaslala  Cash in hand dadsaaslala saaslala 4. Short-term provisions saaslala saasla

sa
a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww  Cash ww ww
at bank wwww wwww wwww
5. Short-term rgrg loans and advances igiven rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a s
6.
a
l current assets
asaOther a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w  w .P.P
w ww.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www wwww
Prepaid expenses w
www w
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www
Pa

 Accrued income
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa2.a Quick Ratio: aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww
Quick Assets w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Quick ratio =
i .O . rgrg Current Liabilitiesi.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa Assets: d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa Quick aa
.P.P aa
.P.P Current aa
Liabilities:
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Current assets – Stock – Prepaid expenses 1. Short-term borrowings
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
2. Trade payables
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa Bills.P.Pa & sundry creditor
wwpayable ww .P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww w w w
w current liabilities w w
w w
3. Other

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Expenses payable i.O.O
O rgrg
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l a a i
asainl advance asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
Income a ad
.P.P
received a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www www provisions
4. Short-term www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www 2 w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d a
d a Padasalai
d a
d a d a
d a TrbTnpsc d a
d a d a
d
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrgSOLVENCY RATIOS
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
II. LONG l a TERM
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a1.a Debt – Equity Ratio:.P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww Long term debt ww ww ww
Debt – Equity rgrgRatio = Shareholders’ rgfunds rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O rg i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
a
saaslala a
saaslala a
saaslala a
saaslala saasla
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Total long term debt: ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww
Shareholders
a
.P.Pfunds: ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
1. Long term debt includes. 1. Equity share capital
. O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l
asala ia i
 . Debentures, Bonds l
asala ia i . 2.
l
asala i i .
Preference
a share capital l
asala ia i . asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad2. Long term loans .and
.P.P ad Long term borrowings
aother
P.P a ad 3. Reserves and surplus
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasla
2. Proprietary
l Ratio: l l l
d a
d saasa d a saasa funds
Shareholder’s
d d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
a a Proprietary Ratio = .P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww Total Assets ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Shareholders’
l a a i funds: l a a i l a
Total
a i assets: l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa a1.All
.P.P a assets (Fixed assets,.Current aa aa
ww 1. Equity sharewcapital w ww wwP.P assets) Except Goodwill, ww.P.P
w
ww w
2. Preference
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w
share capital
a i . O
i
lai
. rgrg
O
www w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w w
ww Exp
Preliminary

saasla3.laReserves and surplus saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 3. Capital Gearing wwww
Ratio: wwww wwww ww
ww
Capital Gearing rgrg Ratio = Funds bearing rgfixed
rg interest or fixed dividend rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad Equity shareholder’s funds
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Funds bearing fixed w w
wwinterest or fixed dividend
w
www w
www
Equity shareholder’s funds
w
www
Pa

1.ia.O . rgrg
O
Preference share capitalaia.O . rgrg
O i .O
1.aEquity . rgrgshare capital
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i l i l a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa2. Debentures d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saas2.aReserves and surplus d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3. Bonds ww
w w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww 4. Long w w borrowings carrying fixed
term ww interest ww ww
5.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
a
III.
d d aasa l
sTURNOVER RATIOS da d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w www w w
w w w w
w w
ww 1. InventorywTurnover w Ratio: ww ww ww
Cost of revenue from operations
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
Inventory Turnover Ratio = a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala Average Inventory d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Cost of revenue
i . O . rgrgfrom operations: i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P
[ Purchases of stock in
.P.Pa ad
trade + Changes in inventories a ad
of
.P.P
Finished goods + Direct a ad
expenses
.P.P
] a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
 Changes rgrgin inventory = Opening grg
rinventory – Closing inventory rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www 3 w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d ad a Padasalai
d a
d a d ad a TrbTnpsc d a
d a d a
d
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w www
ww  Direct expenses ww = Wages + Carriage ww inwards + Freight inwards ww+ Dock charges + Octroi ww
i .O . rgrg
O + Import
i .O . O grg + Coal, gas, fuel and.O
rduty i rgrg+ other direct expenses
O
power
. i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
(Or) d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w www
ww Cost of revenue from ww operations: Revenue from wwoperations – Gross profit ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa+ Closing Inventory ww
Opening Inventory a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w w w www
ww  Average Inventory w w = w w w w w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O 2 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P
NOTE:
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w ww
www  In the casewof wwopening inventory is not w ww closing inventory can be
given, w as average inventoryw
wwtaken . ww

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l Inventory conversion
d a
d saasa l
period
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Inventoryw w w
w w w w
w w w www w www
ww w
conversion period = Number wwof days in a year ww ww
(In days)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . O grg
rInventory turnover ratio i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww w w ww ww
w
ww w  Inventory
(In months)
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w
conversion period =

a i . O
i .
lai
O
ww
Number
rgrg
w w
of months in a year

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w

saaslala saaslala Inventory turnover aslala

saratio saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa 2. Trade receivables ww
a
.P.Pturnover ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww ratio www
w w w
w w w w
w w
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa
l receivables turnoversasratio
asaTrade a a al = Credit revenue
a sa al operations
asfrom a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a adtrade receivables .P.P d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
Average
w ww ww.P.P
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
Pa

 la i .O . rgrgtrade receivables i.=O.O

O rgrgOpening trade receivables i .O . rg+rgClosing trade receivables
O i .O . rgrg
O
a i
Average l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P 2 aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
 Trade receivables
i .O . rgrg = [Opening debtors
O i .O +O
.
grg debtors] + [Opening
rClosing i .O . Ogrg receivable + Closing.O
rBills i . rgrgreceivable]
Bills
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa 2
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
 Credit revenue from operations = Credit sales – Sales return
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la collection period:saslala a i a i a i
d a
d s
a aslaDebt
d a
d a d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Debt collection
. O . rg
O r gdays)period = . O
Number
. rgrg of days in a year i.O.O
O rgrg .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a ia i (In l a ia i
asal Trade receivables turnover l a a
asalratio i l
asala ia i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w ww
www www www www www
Debt collection period= Number
i . O . rgrmonths)
O g
i . O . rgrg of months in a year
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i (In l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa Trade receivables d a
turnover
d
l
saasa ratio d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 4 w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.O s a slaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d a
d a Padasalai
d a
d a d a
d a TrbTnpscd a
d a d a
d
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
NOTE:
ia.O rgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg
ala a i.Orevenue l a ia i. O l a ia i . O l a ia i . O
d a
d sas l
Credit from operations
d a
d saasa l is nothing but net credit
d a
d saasa l
sales
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a  Closing trade receivables
.P.P a a are taken instead of .average
.P.P aa aopening
a trade aa
w ww
w wwww w wwwP.P trade receivableswasw .P.P
wthe
w w ww
w
.P.P
ww Receivables ww are not given. ww ww ww
 In therabsence grg of opening trade.receivables, rgrg closing trade receivables rgrg can be taken insteadi.of rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i Oi . O a i . O
i . O a O
i . O
la
saaslaAverage trade receivables la
satoaslacalculate the ratio. saaslala saaslala saasla
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
3. Tradergpayables rg turnover ratiorgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w Trade payables w .P.P
w
turnover ratio = Net w w.P.P
credit purchases w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww w
www w
www w
www
Average trade payables
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa Net credit purchases.P.=P
.P.P a a Total credit purchases.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www–.P Purchases returns
w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Average i .O . rgrg payables =
O
trade i .O . rgrg trade payables + Closing
O
Opening i .O . rgrtrade
O g payables
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saas2a l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w
 Trade Payables
l a ia. O
i .
ww ww
rgrg = [Opening Creditors
O l a ia. O
i .
lai
O
www w
grg Creditors] + [Opening
+rClosing
l a ia. O
i . O
www
rgrBills
w
g Payable + Closing.O
l a ia
Bills
i . O g
www w
rgrPayable]
a
sasa l a
sasa l a
sasa l a
sasa l saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa 2
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
 Credit payment period:
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
aadCredit payment period d
a a=d d
ainaadyear d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
Number of days
w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www (Inw w
ww
days) w
www w
www w
www
Pa

Trade Payable turnover ratio

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa Credit payment period
.P.P a a=
.P.P Number w a a in a year
P.P
of.months aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww
(In months) ww ww ww
Trade Payable turnover ratio
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww NOTE: ww ww ww ww
 ClosingO
i . . rgrgpayable are taken instead
trade
O i . O . rofgrgaverage trade payableias
O . O . rgropening
the
O g trade
i . O . rgrg
O
a
aslala i a i a i a i
d a
d sa
Receivables are not given.da
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww w
 In the absence ofwopening trade payables, closing w w trade payables can be taken w w instead of average w w
. O .
Trade ipayables. rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w 4. Fixed assetsw w w
turnover ratio: w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
Fixed assets turnover ratio = Revenue from operations
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l Average fixed assets
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www 5 w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d a
d a Padasalai
d ad a d a
d a TrbTnpsc d a
d a d a
d
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
.O
Average
i . rgrgfixed assets =
O i .O Orgrg fixed assets + Closing
Opening
. i .O . O grg assets
rfixed i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.2P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
NOTE:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala fixed assets are anot a i
lala fixed assets at the end a i
lalataken instead of averagesafixed a i
 s
d a
d
Asa
a slopening d d saasgiven, d a
d saasare d a
d a slalaassets. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
IV. PROFITABILITY rgrg RATIOSrg g rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
s
1. aGross
l a a
asalProfit Ratio: s l
asala a s l
asala a s l
asala a s asla
d
a ad a d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www Gross profitwww w w
www w
www
Gross profit ratio = × 100
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad
l
saasa from operations dadsaasa
Revenue l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w  Gross profit: w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Gross profit
i . O . rgrg= Revenue from operations
O i . O . rgr–gCost of revenue fromi.operations
O O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d sCost
a
l
asa of revenue from operations:
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w [Purchases of stock

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w w

a i . i .
lai
wwin trade + Changes in inventories
O rgrg
O
w w
ww of finished goods + Direct

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w w
ww expenses]

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w
ww w

la
saaslaChanges =s aslala inventory – Closing slala
saainventory saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d in inventoryda
a d a Opening
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
 Direct g
r expenses
rg = Wages + g
rCarriage
r g inwards + Freight inwards
rgrg + Dock charges +i.Octroi rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O
a s aasal a sa +as al duty + Coal, gas,afuel
Import sa al power + other directaexpenses
asand saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
Pa

2. Operating cost ratio:

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P  Operating cost aratio
.P.P a = .P.P
Operating a acost aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w × w
100 ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Revenue from operations
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa Operating cost =dCost ad
l
saasofarevenue from operations d a
d
l
sa+asOperating
a expenses
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Cost of revenue from operations:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala [Purchases of stock d ad
lala+ Changes in inventories
saastrade
in
d a
d saaslaoflafinished goods + Direct d a
d
aslala
saexpenses] d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Changes in inventory = Opening inventory – Closing inventory
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a s a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P  Direct expenses a ad
.P.P = Wages + Carriage.P.Pa adinwards + Freight inwards aa
.P.P +dDock charges + Octroi.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www
+ Import duty + Coal, gas, fuel andwpower ww + other direct expenses www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa Operating expenses d ad
a l
sa=asEmployee benefit d
expensesa
d
l
sa+asDepreciation
a + Other d a
d
expenses
l
saasarelated to d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 6 w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d a
d a Padasalai
d a
d a d a
d a TrbTnpsc d a
d a d a
d
aa
.P.P a a Office and administration,
.P.P a a selling and distribution
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
3.
.P.P
Operating Profit Ratio aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Operating Profit
Operating
i . O . rgrg Profit Ratio = i.O.O
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