Group pile capacity

Group efficiency
Outline
• Pile Group
• Failure of group pile
• Group efficiency
• Group pile in clay
• Group pile in sand
• Allowable capacity of Group pile
Pile group

• Pile group can provide total resistance greater than single pile
• For the same total load between single and group pile , the
group can reduce settlement .
• Pile Group can provide redundancy, so if there is any pile in
the group do not perform other piles in the group could
support expected group resistance
Fotograph by ANNIE WULANDARI, HEIDI DUMA,
NURITA PUTRI HARDIANI - 2007
www.kenairiverbridge.com/projectphotos.html
Group spacing

Minimum spacing between pile is 2.5× B where B = pile

diameter .
Spacing between pile is usually not to wide (< 5 B)
otherwise the pile cap will be to large/wide
 Area of
overlapping

The larger spacing

The less overlapped area
Mode of failure
Individual Failure Block Failure
 Mode of failure con’t
Individual Failure Block Failure
Lg

B s
Bg

Surface of failure
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Block failure of pile groups.
Group efficiency
• Group efficiency is related with assumption of
“Individual Failure”
• Bearing capacity of group is not similar with :
bearing capacity group = number of piles x capacity
of single pile

h = ( ultimate bearing capacity of the group) / (number of piles × ultimate

bearing capacity of single pile)
h = Qult group / (Npile × Qult single)

or
Qult group = h · (Npile × Qult single)
 Efisiensi Grup (1)

• Efisiensi Grup terkait dengan asumsi “Individual Failure”

• Daya dukung grup di lapangan seringkali berbeda dari
daya dukung grup berdasarkan perhitungan:
Daya dukung grup = jumlah tiang ×
daya dukung tiang tunggal

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 Efisiensi Grup (2)
• Konsep efisiensi grup:
h = (daya dukung ultimate grup) / (jumlah tiang × daya
dukung ultimate tiang tunggal)
h = Qult grup / (Npile × Qult tunggal)

atau dengan kata lain

Qult grup = h · (Npile × Qult tunggal)

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 Efisiensi Grup (3)
• Hubungan antara daya dukung grup dengan daya dukung
tiang tunggal adalah kompleks. Hal-hal yang
berpengaruh, termasuk:

- jumlah, kedalaman, diameter, konfigurasi dan

spacing tiang.
- jenis tanah.
- dominan yang mana tahanan friksi atau tahanan
ujung.
- prosedur konstruksi, termasuk urutan instalasi tiang.

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Grup di Tanah Lempung

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 Individual Failure (1a)
“INDIVIDUAL FAILURE” untuk tanah lempung
• Berdasarkan tiang tunggal bundar adalah:

Qult grup = h · (Npile × Qult tunggal)

Qult-grup = h · Npile [(¼ · π · B2) (su · Nc) +

(π · B · D) (a · su rata-rata)]

• (persamaan perlu disesuaikan untuk bentuk tiang yang

lain)
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Grup di Tanah Lempung
 Individual Failure (1b)
Tiang pancang:
• Kalau pile cap tidak kontak dengan tanah & tanah relatif
lunak (su < 100 kPa), estimasi efisiensi berdasarkan
interpolasi linear:
s/B = 3  h = 0,7
s/B = 6  h = 1
• Kalau pile cap kontak dengan tanah & tanah relatif lunak
(su < 100 kPa), h = 1
• Kalau su > 100 kPa, h = 1

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Grup di Tanah Lempung
 Individual Failure (1c)

Tiang Bor: h = 1 (biasanya dengan pilecap kontak dengan

tanah)

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Grup di Tanah Lempung
 Block Failure
“BLOCK FAILURE” untuk tanah lempung
• Terzaghi & Peck (1948) berteori bahwa kapasitas
ultimate “block failure” adalah:

Qult = (Bg · Lg) (su · Nc) +

2 [(Bg + Lg) D] (a · su rata-rata)

• (persamaan perlu disesuaikan untuk bentuk grup tiang

yang lain)

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Grup di Tanah Lempung
 Individual v. Block (1)
• Jika:
Qult dari “Individual Failure” >
Qult dari “Block Failure”
maka kegagalannya adalah “BLOCK FAILURE”.

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Grup di Tanah Lempung
 Individual v. Block (2)
• Jika
Qult dari “Individual Failure” <
Qult dari “Block Failure”
maka kegagalannya adalah “INDIVIDUAL FAILURE”.

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Grup di Tanah Lempung
The pile group of 2 x 3 concrete piles at distances of 1.8 m center to center were
driven into cohesionless soil.
The diameter and length of the piles are 60 cm and 16 m respectively.
Soil data of field boring log was obtained as follows:
•0 – 6 m: Sand deposit, β = 0.45, unsat = 18 kN/m3
•6 – 30 m: Sand deposit, β = 0.50, Irr = 100,  = 40º, sat = 20 kN/m3
•The ground water table was found 8 m below the ground surface
Determine the ultimate bearing capacity of single pile and pile group.

Qp = Ap σ’d (Nq-1) Qs = p ΣfS l fS = β σ’v

A straight-shafted drilled pile was installed through clay till to bear on clay shale. The pile had a 20
inch (500mm) shaft diameter and was 31 ft (9.5m) long. Undrained shear strength (cu) for clay till
was 9501b/ft2(45.5 kN/m2) and for clay shale was 6576 Ib/ft2 (315 kN/m2). Estimate the
allowable bearing capacity of this pile.
SOLUTION
B=20in. Df=L=31 x 12in.
Ap = (π/4)B2 = π/4(20/12)2 = 2.18ft2
D f / B = 31 x 12/20 = 18.6
From Table, for (Df/B) = 18.6, Nc = 9
From Table 5.8, for B = 20/12 = 1.67ft, Nc = 7
The lower of the above two N, values is 7 and will be used for these calculations.
cu = 6576 Ib/ft* for the clay shale on which the pile tip will bear
p = πB = π x 20/12 = 5.24ft
From Table 4.7 for drilled concrete piles for
Cu = 9501b/ftz, ca/c = 0.6, Ca = 0.6 x 950 = 570 Ib/ft2 - fs = ca

Le = 31 - 5 = 26 ft (assuming that 5 ft is the depth of seasonal variation)

Qu = Ap cu Nc + pi Σ ΔL fs
(Qu)ult = 2.18 x 6576 x 7 + 5.24 x 26 x 570 lb
(Qu)ult = 178 kips
(Qu)all= 178/3 = 59 kips (262 kN), if a factor of safety of 3 is used 28
Using the data of prevous slide, estimate the pile group bearing capacity if the piles are
placed 5 ft (1500 mm) center to center and joined at the top
by a square pile cap supported by nine piles

SOLUTION
Assuming the arrangements of Figure 5.16, B = 20 in. (500 mm),
s = 5ft (1500mm), b’= (5 + 5 + 20112) ft = 10.67ft, n = 9.

(a) Block Failure of Pile Group

Cu = 6576 lb/ft2
Df/b’ = 31/10.67 = 2.9
From Table 5.7: Nc= 9 for Df/B = 2.9
From Table 5.8: Nc = 6 for base width b’ > 3 ft
The lower of these N, values is 6 and will be used in these calculations
ca = 570 lb/ft2 along the shaft, from previous example.
B = 5 ft, 6 = 10.67 ft
Le = 31 - 5 = 26ft (assuming 5ft is the seasonal variation depth)
Then
(Qvg)ult = cuNc(b’)2 + 4ca(b’)Le
(QvG)ult = 6576 x 6(10.672) + 570(4 x 10.67)26 lb = 5124 kips

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(b) Sum of Ultimate Loads of Single Piles
Pile spacing = s = 5 ft = 38
From s and Ge relationship,
Ge = 0.7 from Table 5.10
Also, from Example previous examples, (Qv)ult = 178 kips
Then, from equation
(QvG)ult=, 0.7 x 9 x 178 = 1121 kips

The smaller of (Qv&, from (a) and (b) is 1121 kips.

(QvG)all = (QUG)ult/FS =1 121/3 = 374 kips (1663 kN)

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Grup di Tanah Pasir

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 Bentuk Kegagalan
• Pada tanah pasir, bentuk kegagalan yang dominan adalah
“individual failure”. Kenapa?
• Lihat persamaan daya dukung:
qult = c Nc + ½  B N + q Nq
Untuk “block failure”, B diganti dengan Bg, sehingga qult
akan naik secara signifikan 
qult untuk “individual failure” << qult untuk “block failure”

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Tiang Pancang
• Secara umum, efisiensi grup tiang pancang di tanah
pasir adalah > 1.
• Proses pemancangan mengakibatkan proses pemadatan
pasir.
• Proses pemadatan pasir mengakibatkan kenaikan
tegangan horizontal.
• s/B = 3 “optimum”

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 Tiang Bor
• Secara umum, efisiensi grup tiang bor di tanah pasir
adalah 0.67 < h < 1.
• Proses pemboran mengakibatkan proses pengurangan
kepadatan pasir.
• Proses pengurangan kepadatan pasir mengakibatkan
penurunan tegangan horizontal.

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 Tiang Pancang + Predrilling
• Pada grup tiang pancang pada mana dilakukan proses
pemboran atau predrilling, efisiensi grup di tanah pasir
kurang dari 1.
• Serupa dengan tiang bor, ini adalah akibat turunnya
tegangan horizontal.

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Kapasitas Ijin

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 Kapasitas Ijin

• Seperti halnya tiang tunggal, kapasitas ultimate grup

tiang perlu dibagi dengan sebuah faktor keamanan
untuk mendapatkan kapasitas ijin grup tiang.
• Kapasitas ijin inilah yang digunakan untuk menentukan
jumlah tiang dalam sebuah grup tiang.
Kulhawy 1983 (tiang tunggal) :
Qp= Ap [γBNγ+ σd (Nq-1)]
β method
fS = β σ v
β = 0.18 + 0.65 Dr
Dr =relative density sand
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Summary

Dalam praktek desain (tiang pada lapisan pasir):

• Untuk tiang pancang biasanya dipakai h = 1.
• Untuk tiang bor, dipakai h = 0.7±.
• Untuk tiang pancang dengan predrilling, dipakai h
< 1.

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A closed ended 12-in. (300 mm) diameter steel pipe pile is driven into sand to 30-ft (9 m), depth. The water table is at
ground surface and sand has 4 = 36" and unit weight (y) is 1251b/ft3 (19.8 kN/m3). Estimate the pipe pile's allowable
load.
SOLUTION
(a) Average N value near pile tip is 12 (= (10 + 12 + 14)/3)
(b) Point Bearing (Qp)
σv’ near pile tip = (125 - 62.5) 301b/ft2 = 18751b/ft2 = 0.938 tsf
The correction for depth in N values is applied by using equation (4.2)
as follows:
CN = 0.77 log (20/0.938) = 1.02
Therefore, N’= CNN. Then N’= 1.02 x 12 =12
For driven piles
Qp = (0.4N/B)DfAp ,< 4NAP
where 0.4NDfAp/B = 0.4 x 12 x 30 x 0.78511 = 113 tons
4NAp = 4 x 12 x 0.785 = 37.7 tons
The lower of these two values will be Q, = 37.7 tons

(c) Shaft Friction (Q,)

Average N value along pile shaft = (4 + 6 + 6 + 8 + 10)/5 = 6.8. Use an
effective overburden pressure σv for average depth of L/2 = 30/2 ft.
Then σv’ will be half the above value (σv’= 0.938/2 = 0.469 tsf). Then CN
= 0.77 log(20/0.469) = 1.25.
Thus,N= 6.8 x 1.25 = 8.5.
fs = N/50 = 8.5/50 = 0.17 tsf (which is less than 1 tsf (equation
Q f = fsx p x L=0.17 x 3.14 x 1 x 30= 16tons

(d) Allowable Bearing Capacity ((Qv)all )

(Qv)ult= Qp + Qf = 37.7 + 16 = 53.7 tons

(Qv)all = (Qv)ult (Q,)/FS = 53.713 = 17.9 tons = 35.8 kips (156 kN)

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From previous problem calculate the pile group bearing capacity if the piles are placed 4ft center to
center and joined at the top by a square pile cap supported by nine piles.

B= 1ft, s=4ft, b’=4+4+ 1 =9ft, b= 10ft,n=9

(Qv)ult = 93.83 kips for a single pile

(Qvg)ult= n (Qv)ult Group effisiency=1

= 9 x 93.83 = 844.47 kips
= 9 x 93.83 kips(1250kN) with FOS of 3,

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Soal 2 (30%)
Sebuah grup tiang pancang 2 x 3 (diameter = 0.6 m, panjang = 16 m, spacing = 1.8 m)
digunakan untuk sebagai pondasi bangunan. Hasil penyelidikan tanah bawah adalah
sebagai berikut:
• 0 – 5 m: Deposit Pasir, β = 0.45, unsat = 17 kN/m3
• 5 – 30 m: Deposit Pasir, β = 0.50, Irr = 100, = 40º, sat = 20 kN/m3
• MAT = 10 m dari permukaan tanah
Tentukan daya dukung ultimate tiang tunggal dan grup tiang tersebut.

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• Soal 1
• Sembilan tiang beton memilki diameter 30 cm setiap tiangnya dipancang
dengan dengan bentuk bujur sangkar dengan jarak 90 cm dari pusat tiang
ke pusat tiang lainnya. Tiang memiliki kedalaman 12 m yang berada pada
lapisan “loose to medium dense sand”. Bagian bawah pile cap berada 2 m
dibawah permukaan tanah. Pada kedalaman 15 m terdapat lapisan NC clay
yang memiliki ketebalan 3m dan dibawahnya adalah lapisan pasir. Muka
air tanah berada 4 m dibawah permukaan tanah. Koefisien kompressibilty
Cc=0.23. Berat jenis pasir jenuh 8.5 kN/m3 dan berat jenis clay jenuh 19.5
kN/m3. Besaran rasio angka pori awal (e0) clay adalah 0.65. Hitunglah
“consolidation settlement” dari grup tiang tersebut jika grup tiang tersebut
menahan beban izin untuk satu tiang Q = 120 kN.

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