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Skills check c) 25x 2 − 20x + 4 = 4x 2
32 73 21x 2 − 20x + 4 = 0
)
1. a) 19 608 )
38 2774
b) (7x − 2)(3x − 2) = 0
57 266 2 2
x = or x =
38 114 7 3
38 114 25 − 40x + 16x 2 = 16
d)
Ans: 32 Ans: 73 16x 2 − 40x + 9 = 0
47 58 (4x − 1)(4x − 9) = 0
23 ) 1081
c) d) 24 ) 1392 x =
1
or x =
9
92 120 4 4
161 192 4x 2 − 4x + 1 = x 2 + 4x + 4
e)
161 192 3x 2 − 8x − 3 = 0
(3x + 1)(x − 3) = 0
Ans: 47 Ans: 58
1
x = − or x = 3
43 23 3
2. a) 21 ) 923 b) 32 ) 742 x 2 = 16 − 16x + 4x 2
f)
84 64 3x 2 − 16x + 16 = 0
83 102 (3x − 4)(x − 4) = 0
63 96 4
x = or x = 4
20 6 3
Ans: Remainder 20 Ans: Remainder 6 9x 2 + 6x + 1 = 16 − 16x + 4x 2
g)
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 1
9(x 2 − 8x + 16) = x 2 + 4x + 4
k) c) ( x + 3)2 ≥ (2 x + 2 )2
9x 2 − 72x + 144 = x 2 + 4x + 4 x 2 + 6 x + 9 ≥ 4 x 2 + 8x + 4
8x 2 − 76x + 140 = 0 0 ≥ 3x 2 + 2 x − 5
2x 2 − 19x + 35 = 0 (3 x + 5)( x − 1) ≤ 0
(2x − 5)(x − 7) = 0 y
5
x = or x = 7
2
l) 25(4x 2 − 12x + 9) = 16(x 2 − 10x + 25)
x
100x 2 − 300x + 225 = 16x 2 − 160x + 400 –5 1
3
84x 2 − 140x − 175 = 0
12x 2 − 20x − 25 = 0
(6x + 5) (2x − 5) = 0
–5 5
x = or x =
6 2 5
− ≤ x ≤1
2. a) (2 x − 3) < x
2 2 3
4 x 2 − 12 x + 9 − x 2 < 0
d) (2 x + 3) > ( x + 6)
2 2
3 x − 12 x + 9 < 0
2
4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 > x 2 + 12 x + 36
x − 4x +3 < 0
2
3 x 2 − 27 > 0
( x − 3)( x − 1) < 0
x2 −9 > 0
( x + 3)( x − 3) > 0
y
1 3
–3 3 x
1 < x < 3
b) ( x − 1) ≥ 16
2
x 2 − 2 x + 1 − 16 ≥ 0
x < −3 x > 3
x 2 − 2 x − 15 ≥ 0
( x − 5)( x + 3) ≥ 0 3. a) y
–(3x – 6) 3x – 6
y
B
x+6
–(x + 6)
A
–3 5 x
0 x
At A: x + 6 = −3x + 6 4x = 0 x = 0
At B: x + 6 = 3x − 6 12 = 2x x = 6
Ans: x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 6
x ≤ −3, x ≥ 5
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 2
b) y At A: 2x + 1 = 1 − 4x 6x = 0 x = 0
–(3x – 2) 3x – 2
x+4 At B: 2x + 1 = −1 + 4x 2 = 2x x = 1
B
–(x + 4) Ans: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
A
g) –(2x + 2) y 2x + 2
x+2
0 x –(x + 2) B
–1 A
At A: x + 4 = −3x + 2 4x = −2 x =
2
0 x
At B: x + 4 = 3x − 2 6 = 2x x = 3
−4
–1 At A: x + 2 = −2x − 2 3x = −4 x =
Ans: <x<3 3
2 At B: x + 2 = 2x + 2 x = 0
−4
Ans: x < or x > 0
c) y 3
–2x 2x
h) y
1–x –(1 – x) –(3x – 1) 3x – 1 x + 3
B
A
B
–(x + 3) A
0 x
At A: 1 − x = −2x x = −1 0 x
1 −1
At B: 2x = 1 − x 3x = 1 x = At A: x + 3 = −3x + 1 4x = −2 x =
3 2
1
Ans: −1 < x < At B: x + 3 = 3x − 1 4 = 2x
x=2
3
−1
d) y Ans: ≤x≤2
2
–(2x – 1) 2x – 1
5 Exercise 1.2
A B
1. a) i) y
3
x 2
0
At A: −2x + 1 = 5 −2x = 4 x = −2 1
At B: 2x −1 = 5 2x = 6 x = 3
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
Ans: x ≤ −2 or x > 3
ii) y
e) y 4
–(2x – 2) 2x – 2
–(x – 3) 3
x+3
B 2
1
A
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
0 x
−1 b) i) y
At A: x + 3 = −2x + 2 3x = −1 x = 5
3
At B: x + 3 = 2x − 2 x = 5 4
−1 3
Ans: <x<5
3 2
f) 1 – 4x
y
–(1 – 4x) 1
–(2x + 1)
2x + 1
B
–2 0 x
3
A
0 x
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 3
ii) y ii) y
5
4
3
y= 3 x+2
2 0 x
1
–2 –1 0 1 2 x
–1
c) i) y
5
4
f) i) y
3 4
2 3
1 2
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x 1
–1
0
ii) y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
5
4
ii) y
3 4
2 3
1 2
1
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
d) i) y –1
5
–2
4
3
2 Exercise 1.3
1 x 2 + x + 1
1. a) x + 2 ) x + 3x 2 + 3x + 2
3
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 4
x 2 − x + 4 6x 2 – 2x + 3
)
x − 2 x − 3x 2 +6x − 8
c) 3
)
2. a) x + 5 6x 3 + 28x 2 – 7x + 10
x 3 − 2x 2 6x 3 + 30x 2
−x 2 + 6x − 8
–2x 2 – 7x + 10
−x 2 + 2x
–2x 2 – 10x
4x − 8
4x − 8 3x + 10
3x + 15
Ans: x 2 − x + 4
Remainder = –5
x 2 − x − 1
d) )
x + 2 x + x 2 − 3x − 2
3
2x 2 + 3x + 8
x 3 + 2x 2
b) x – 1 ) 2x + 3
x2 + 5x – 4
−x 2 − 3x − 2 2x – 2x2
3
−x 2 − 2x
3x 2 + 5x – 4
−x − 2
3x 2 – 3x
−x − 2
8x – 4
Ans: x 2 − x − 1
8x – 8
2x 2 + 7
)
x − 3 2x − 6x 2 + 7x − 21
e) 3 Remainder = 4
2x 3 − 6x 2
x 2 + 5x – 2
7x − 21 c) x – 3 ) x 3 + 2x 2 – 17x – 2
7x − 21
x 3 – 3x 2
Ans: 2x 2 + 7
5x 2 – 17x – 2
3x 2 − 2x − 2 5x 2 – 15x
x − 6 ) 3x 3 − 20x 2 + 10x + 12
f)
–2x – 2
3x 3 − 18x 2 –2x + 6
− 2x 2 + 10x + 12
− 2x 2 + 12x Remainder = –8
− 2x + 12
2x + 3
− 2x + 12
d) x + 2) 2x + 3x – 4x + 5
2 3 2
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 5
3x 2 – 7x + 14 x 2 + x + 1
)
7. x + x + 1 x + 2x + 3x 2 + 7
)
2 4 3
f) x + 2 3x 3 – x 2 + 1
x 4 + x 3 + x 2
3x + 6x
3 2
x + 2x 2 + 7
3
–7x + 1
2
x 3 + 2x 2 + x
–7x 2 – 14x x 2 − x + 7
14x + 1 x 2 + x + 1
14x + 28 −2x + 6
Quotient = x + x + 1
2
x 2 – 5x + 6 Remainder = 9
4. a) x – 1) x 3 – 6x 2 + 11x – 6 6x 2 + 11x + 3
x 3 – x 2 9. a) 2x − 1 ) 12x 3 + 16x 2 − 5x − 3
–5x 2 + 11x – 6 12x 3 − 6x 2
–5x 2 + 5x 22x 2 − 5x − 3
22x 2 − 11x − 3
6x – 6
6x – 6 6x − 3
6x − 3
No remainder ∴ a factor No remainder ∴ (2x − 1) is a factor.
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 6
x 2 + x + 1 ∴3a − b = 15
11. x2 + x + 1 ) x 4 + 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 7
6a − 2b = 30
x 4 + x 3 + x 2
x 3 + 2x 2 + 7 Adding 10a = 30 a=3
x3 + 2x2 + x Ans:
a = 3 b = −6
x 2 − x + 7 5. a) f (2) = 40 + 2a + b f (−2) = −40 − 2a + b
x 2 + x + 1
40 + 2a + b = −40 − 2a + b
−2x + 6
f(2) − f(−2) is not a function of b (since b cancels).
Quotient = 2x − 2x + 1 2
∴f(2) − f(−2) = 0 which will result in b − b
Remainder = − 2
b) 4a = −80 a = −20
x 2 − x+1
12. x + x − 4 ) x + x − 5x 2 +
2 4 3
ax − 4 6. p(−2) = 32 + 12 + 2 + 2 = 48
x 4 + 2x 3 − 4x 2
p(1) = 2 + 3 − 1 + 2 = 6
− x 3 − x 2 + ax
− x3 – 2x2 + 4x As 48 = 8 × 6, the remainder when p(x) is divided
x 2 + (a − 4)x − 4 by (x + 2) = 8 times the remainder when p(x) is
x 2 − 2x − 4 divided by (x + 1).
7. p(1) = 1 + a + b = 14 a + b = 13
∴ a − 4 = 2
p(4) = 64 + 4a + b = 56 4a + b = −8
∴ a = 6
Subtracting 3a = −21 a = −7 b = 20
Exercise 1.4 8. p(−1) = −1 + a + 2 = a + 1
1. a) f (3) = 54 + 72 − 3 + 4 = 127 p(−2) = −8 + 4a + 2 = 4a − 6
b) f (−1) = 5 + 3 − 2 − 1 − 1 = 4 a + 1 = 4a − 6 + 1 6 = 3a a = 2
c) f
–1
2 ( )
=
–1 4
8
8
+ − −3=
4 2
–1
8
+ 1 − 4 − 3 = −6
1
8
9. f (a) = 6a2 + a + 7
f (−2a) = 24a2 − 2a + 7
d) f (2) = 24 − 8 − 10 − 7 = −1
6a2 + a + 7 = 24a2 − 2a + 7
e) f(1) = 9 − 8 + 3 = 4
3a = 18a2 1 = 6a (a ≠ 0)
2
3 () 24
f) f = 243 × 4 − 27 ×
3
23
33 + 6 ×
2
3
+4
∴a=
1
16 8 6
= 243 × − 27 × +4+4
81 27
Exercise 1.5
= 48 − 8 + 4 + 4
= 48 1. a) f (−1) = −2 − 5 + 4 + 3 = 0; (x + 1) is a factor.
()
2. f
1
2
a 16
= +
8 4
5
− − 5 = −2
2
f = ( 12) 2 5
− − 2 + 3 = 0;
8 4
(2x − 1) is a factor.
Ans: (x − 3) (x + 1)(2x − 1)
∴ a + 32 − 20 − 40 = −16
a = 12 f (1) = 1 − 6 + 11 − 6 = 0; (x − 1) is a factor.
b)
p(−3) = −27 + 9a − 3b + 1 = 19 9a − 3b = 45
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 7
f = ( 12 ) 2
8
3
+ − 9 + 8 = 0; (2x − 1) is a factor.
4
5. f (2) = 8 −12 + 2a −10 = 0 2a = 14 a = 7
f = ( 12 ) 6 13
8
+
4
− 4 = 0; (2x − 1) is a factor. ∴ (2x + 1) is a factor.
f = ( 32) 27 63 21
4
+
4
−
2
− 12 = 0 ∴x=
3
2
a2 = 9 (a2 ≠ −1) ∴ a = 3 or a = −3
8. p(1) = 3 + 2 − b + a = 0 a − b = −5
f (−2) = −16 − 20 + 28 + 8 = 0 ∴ x = −2
b)
p(−1) = −3 + 2 + b + a = 10 a + b = 11
f (+4) = 128 − 80 − 56 + 8 = 0 ∴x = 4 Adding 2a = 6 a = 3 3 − b = −5
1
2 ()
1 5
f = − − 7 + 8 = 0 ∴ x =
4 4
1
2
b = 8 Ans: a = 3, b = 8
c) f (−1) = −1 − 6 − 3 + 10 = 0 ∴ x = −1 9. f (12 ) = 8a + b4 − 52 + 3 = 0 a + 2b – 20 + 24 = 0
f (2) = 8 − 24 + 6 + 10 = 0 ∴x=2
a + 2b = −4
f (5) = 125 − 150 + 15 + 10 = 0 ∴x=5 f (1) = a + b − 5 + 3 = −3 a + b = −1
d) f (2) = 8 + 12 − 12 − 8 = 0 ∴x=2 Subtracting b = −3 a – 3 = −1 a=2
f (−1) = −1 + 3 + 6 − 8 = 0 ∴ x = −1 Remainder = f(−3) = 2(−27) −3(9) −5(−3) + 3
f (−4) = −64 + 48 + 24 − 8 = 0 ∴ x = −4 = −63
10. f (1) = 2 + 5 − 5 −2 = 0; (x − 1) is a factor.
e) f (4) = 128 − 240 + 52 + 60 = 0 ∴x=4
f (−1) = 2 − 5 + 5 − 2 = 0; (x + 1) is a factor.
f (5) = 250 − 375 + 65 + 60 = 0 ∴x=5
f (−2) = 32 − 40 + 10 − 2 = 0;
–3
f =
2 ( )
–27 135
4
−
4
−
–39
2
+ 60 = 0 ∴ x =
–3
2 (x + 2) is a factor.
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 8
3. a) y |2x − 1| < |3x − 4|
9
8 |2x − 1| = |3x − 4|
7
⇒ 2x − 1 = 3x − 4 or 2x − 1 = −(3x − 4)
6
5 ⇒ −x = −3 or 2x − 1 = −3x + 4
y=2 x +5
4 ⇒ x = 3 or 5x = 5 i.e. x = 1
3
⇒ x < 1 or x > 3
2
1
6. y
y = 2|x – 3|
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
y =|x + 3|
b) y
4
0 x
3
2
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x |x + 3| ≥ 2|x − 3|
–1
–2
y=2– x |x + 3| = 2|x − 3|
–3
⇒ x + 3 = 2x − 6 or x + 3 = −(2x − 6)
⇒ −x = −9 or x + 3 = −2x + 6
4. y
⇒ x = 9 or 3x = 3 ie. x = 1
y =2|x – 2|
⇒1≤x≤9
y =|x|
7. y
y =3|x + 1|
0 2 x
y =|x – 2|
⇒ 2x − 4 = x or 2x − 4 = −x
4
⇒ x = 4 or x =
3
4 |x − 2| ≤ 3|x + 1|
⇒ <x<4
3 |x − 2| = 3|x + 1|
5. y ⇒ x − 2 = 3x + 3 or x − 2 =−(3x + 3)
⇒ −2x = 5 or x − 2 = −3x − 3
y =|3x – 4| 5 1
⇒ x = − or 4x = −1, x = −
y =|2x – 1| 2 4
5 1
So x ≤ − , or x ≥ −
2 4
0 1 x
4 8. y
2 3 y =|2x + a|
y =2|x – a|
–a a x
2
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 9
2|x − a| > |2x + a| Put x = −1 ⇒ a − b −8 + 6 = −2 + 1
2|x − a| = |2x + a| ⇒ a − b = 1 2
⇒ 2x − 2a = 2x + a or 2x − 2a = −(2x + a) 1 + 2 ⇒ 2a = 6 ⇒ a = 3
No solutions or 2x − 2a = −2x − a Substitute in (1) ⇒ b = 2
⇒ 4x = a
14. p(x) = x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 − 16x − 12
a
⇒x=
4 a) x + 1 a factor ⇒ p(−1) = 0
a
and x < ⇒ 1 − a + b + 16 − 12 = 0
4
⇒ −a + b = −5
2x 3 − 3x 2 + 4x − 3
)
9. x − 3 2x − 9x 3 + 13x 2 − 15x + 9
4
⇒ a − b = 5 1
2x 4 − 6x 3
Similarly p(2) = 0 ⇒ 16 + 8a + 4b − 32 − 12 = 0
−3x 3 + 13x 2
−3x 3 + 9x 2 ⇒ 8a + 4b = 28
4x 2 − 15x ⇒ 2a + b = 7 2
4x 2 − 12x 1 + 2 ⇒ 3a =12 ⇒ a = 4
−3x + 9
Substitute in 1 ⇒ b = −1
−3x + 9
b) p(x) = (x + 1)(x − 2) Q(x)
⇒ x 4 + 4x 3 − x 2 − 16x − 12 = (x 2 − x − 2) Q(x)
10. Remainder = f (2)
⇒ x 4 + 4x 3 − x 2 − 16x − 12
= 8 − 12 + 12 + 1
= (x 2 − x − 2) (x 2 + 5x + 6)
=9
= (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 2) (x + 3)
Hence x 3 − 3x 2 + 6x + 1 = Q(x − 2) + 9
15. a) x 4 + x 3 − 22x 2 − 16x + 96
⇒ Q(x − 2) = x − 3x + 6x − 8
3 2
= (x 2 + x − 6) (x 2 + 0x − 16)
But x − 3x + 6x − 8 = (x − 2) (x − x + 4)
3 2 2
= (x 2 + x − 6) (x 2 − 16)
So Q = x − x + 4
2
Quotient = x 2 − 16
11. a) Let f(x) = x 3 − 3x 2 − 10x + 24 b) p(x) = 0
Then f(4) = 64 − 48 − 40 + 24 ⇒ (x 2 + x − 6) (x 2 − 16) = 0
= 88 − 88 = 0 ⇒ (x + 3) (x − 2) (x − 4) (x + 4) = 0
Therefore x − 4 is a factor of f(x). ⇒ x = −3, 2, 4, or −4
b) x − 3x − 10x + 24 = (x − 4) (x + x − 6)
3 2 2
16. p(x) = 6x 3 − 23x 2 + ax + b
= (x − 4) (x + 3) (x − 2) a) Given p(−1) = −21 and p(3) = 11
⇒ −6 − 23 − a + b = −21
12. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x 2 + 6x + k
i.e. −a + b = 8 1
Then f(−1) = −3
and 162 − 207 + 3a + b = 11
So −1 + 3 − 6 + k = −3
⇒ 3a + b = 56 2
⇒ −4 + k = −3
1 − 2 ⇒ −4a = −48
⇒k=1
⇒ a = 12
13. p(x) = Q(x 2 − 1) + 2x + 1
Substitute in 1 ⇒ −12 + b = 8 ⇒ b = 20
⇒ ax 4 + bx 3 − 8x 2 + 6 = Q(x − 1) (x + 1) + 2x + 1
b) p(x) = 6x 3 − 23x 2 + 12x + 20
Put x = 1 ⇒ a + b −8 + 6 = 2 + 1
p(2) = 6 × 8 − 23 × 4 + 12 × 2 + 20
⇒ a + b = 5 1
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 10
= 0 so x − 2 is a factor. ⇒ (x − 16)(x 2 + x −2) = 0
Therefore p(x) = (x − 2) (6x 2 − 11x − 10) ⇒ (x − 16)(x + 2) (x −1) = 0
= (x − 2) (3x + 2) (2x − 5) ⇒ x =16, −2 or 1
17. a) p(x) = x 3 + Ax 2 + 49x − 36 ii) p(x 4) = 0
p(9) = 0 ⇒ 729 + 81A + 441 − 36 = 0 ⇒ x 4 = 16 or 1 (−2 impossible)
⇒ 81A = −729 − 441 + 36 ⇒ x 2 = 4 or 1 (−2, −1 impossible)
⇒ A = −14 ⇒ x = ± 2 or ±1
b) i) p(x) = 0
x 2 + 6
⇒ x 3 − 14x 2 + 49x − 36 = 0 19. i) 2)
x + 2x − 5 x + 2x + x 2 + 20x − 25
4 3
1 − 2 ⇒ 14A = −252
⇒ A = −18
Sub in 2 ⇒ −36 + B = −4 ⇒ B = 32
b) i) p(x) = 0
⇒ x 3 − 15x 2 − 18x + 32 = 0
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Algebra 11