3

Trigonometry
Skills check Exercise 3.1
3 ⎛
1. a) sin 0° = 0 b) cos 30° = 1 2 2 3⎞
2 =
1. a) sec 30° = ⎜ or ⎟
cos30° 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
tan 150° = tan (−30°) = −tan 30°
c)
1
3⎛ 1 ⎞ =
cosec
b) 30° = 2
= − ⎜ or − ⎟ sin 30°
3 ⎝ 3⎠
1 1 ⎛ 3⎞
=
cot
c) 60° = ⎜ or ⎟
2π π 3 π 3 tan 60° 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
sin
d) = sin = e) cos =
3 3 2 6 2
1
7π 3π d) =
sec 45° = 2
tan
f) = tan = −1 cos 45°
4 4
1 1 −2 ⎛ −2 3 ⎞
⎛1⎞ π π e) =
sec 210° = = ⎜ or ⎟
2. a) i) sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ = ii) tan−1(−1) = − cos 210° − cos 30° 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎝2⎠ 6 4
1 1
cosec=
f) 135° = = 2
b) i) cos−1 (0.85) = 31.8° sin135° sin 45°

ii) sin−1 (−0.2) = −11.5° 1 1 1 ⎛ 3⎞

cot 300° =
g) = = − ⎜ or − ⎟
tan 300° − tan 30 D 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
3. a) 4 sin θ = 2 cos θ
1 1 −2 ⎛ −2 3 ⎞
sin θ 1 h) =
sec 150° = = ⎜ or ⎟
= cos150° − cos 30° 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
cos θ 2
1
tan θ = 3π 1 1
2 =
2. a) sec = − 2
4 3π π
θ = 26.6°, 180° + 26.6° cos − cos
4 4
So θ = 26.6°, 206.6°
π 1
b) =
sec = 2
2 (sin2 θ − cos2 θ) = 1
b) 3 π
cos
2 (sin2 θ − (1 – sin2 θ)) = 1 3

2(2 sin2 θ – 1) = 1 π 1
c) =
cot = 3
1 6 π
2 sin θ – 1 =
2 tan
2 6

3 π 1
2 sin2 θ = cosec
d) = = 1
2 2 π
sin
2
3
sin θ =
2
4π 1 1 −2 ⎛ −2 3 ⎞
4 e) =
cosec = = ⎜ or ⎟
3 4π π 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
3 sin − sin
sin θ = ± 3 3
4
3π 1
3 3 cosec
f) = = −1
sin θ = or sin θ = – 2 3π
2 2 sin
2
π 2π 4π 5π
θ= , or θ = , 5π 1 1 −2 ⎛ −2 3 ⎞
3 3 3 3 g) =
sec = = ⎜ or ⎟
6 5π π 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
π 2π 4π 5π cos − cos
So θ = , , , 6 6
3 3 3 3
7π 1 1 1
cot
h) = = = = −1
4 7π 3π π
tan tan − tan
4 4 4

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 1
3. a) cosec 90° = 1; defined cot θ = −1 ⇒ tan θ = −1
c)
1
cosec 130° =
b) ; defined 3π 7π
sin 130° ⇒θ= ,
4 4
1
sec 180° −
c) = −1; defined 2 3
cos 180° sec θ =
d) ⇒ cos θ =
3 2
1 1
cot (−180°) =
d) = ; not defined π 11π
tan( −180°) tan 0 ⇒θ= ,
6 6
3π 1 1
=
sec
e) = ; not defined cot θ = 0 ⇒ tan θ is infinite
e)
2 3π 0
cos π 3π
2 ⇒θ= ,
2 2
7π 1 1
f) =
cot = ; defined − 3 −2
6 7π π cosec θ =
f) ⇒ sin θ =
tan tan
6 6 3 2
1 1 4π 5π
cosec (−π) =
g) = ; not defined ⇒ θ = ,
sin( −π ) 0 3 3
π 1
cos   7. a) sec x = 3 ⇒ cos x =
5π π  2 0 3
cot  = cot   =
h) = = 0 ; defined.
 2   2 π ⇒ x = 70.53°, 360 – 70.53°
sin  
1
 2 So x = 70.5°, 289.5°
4. a) cot 32° = 1.60 b) cosec 70° = 1.06 1
cosec x = 4 ⇒ sin x =
b)
sec 215° = −1.22
c) d) sec (−22°) = 1.08 4
⇒ x = 14.48°, 180° − 14.48°
π 7π
cosec
e) = 1.70 f) cot = −0.727 So x = 14.5°, 165.5°
5 10
7π cot x = 0.9 ⇒ tan x = 1.11…
c)
sec 0.6π = −3.24
g) h) sec = −3.24
5 ⇒ x = 48.0°, 180° + 48.0°
5. a) cot θ  = 1 ⇒ tan θ  = 1 So x = 48.0°, 228.0°
⇒ θ = 45°, 225° 1
1 cot x = 5 ⇒ tan x =
d)
sec θ  = 2 ⇒ cos θ  =
b) 5
2 ⇒ x = 11.31°, 180° + 11.31°
⇒ θ = 45°, 360 − 45° So x = 11.3°, 191.3°
⇒ θ = 45°, 315° −9 −7
cosec x =
e) ⇒ sin x =
2 3 7 9
cosec θ =
c) ⇒ sin θ =
3 2 ⇒ x = 180° + 51.1°, 360° − 51.1°
θ = 60°, 120° So x = 231.1°, 308.9°
1 −1
cosec θ  = 2 ⇒ sin θ ° =
d) sec x = − 6 ⇒ cos x =
f)
2 6
θ  = 30°, 150° ⇒ x = 114.1°, 360° − 114.1°
1 So x = 114.1°, 245.9°
cot θ  = − 3 ⇒ tan θ ° = −
e)
3
θ = 150°, 330° 1
8. a) sec x = 7 ⇒ cos x =
7
sec θ = −1
f)
⇒ x = 81.8°, 360° − 81.8°
cos θ = −1
So x = 81.8°, 278.2°
θ = 180°
sec x = 49 ⇒ sec x = ±7
b) 2
6. a) cosec θ = 1 ⇒ sin θ = 1 1
π ⇒ cos x = ±
⇒θ= 7
2
b) sec θ = 1 ⇒ cos θ = 1 ⇒ x = 81.8°, 278.2° or
98.2°, 360° − 98.2°
⇒ θ = 0, 2π
So x = 81.8°, 98.2°, 261.8°, 278.2°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 2
 3 2 sec 3x − 5 = 2
c)
9. 8 cot x − 5 = 7 ⇒ cot x =
2 2 sec 3x = 5 + 2
2
⇒ tan x = 5+ 2
3 sec 3x =
2
⇒ x = 33.7°, 180° + 33.7° 2
cos 3x =
So x = 33.7°, 213.7° 5+ 2
−3 3x = 71.831…, 360 − 71.831…, 360
10. 7 + 2 cosec θ = 4 ⇒ cosec θ =
2 + 71.831…, 720 − 71.831…, 720
−2 + 71.831…, 1080 − 71.831…,
⇒ sin θ =
3
 So x = 23.9°, 96.1°, 143.9°, 216.1°, 263.9°, 336.1°
⇒ θ = π + 0.730, 2π – 0.730
So θ = 3.87 rads, 5.55 rads 13. a) y y = cosec 3x

11. a) sec 2x = 1 ⇒ cos 2x = 1

⇒ 2x = 0, 360°, 720°
1
So x = 0°, 180°, 360°
90° 180° 270° 360° x
1 –1
cosec 2x = 4 ⇒ sin 2x =
b)
4
⇒ 2x = 14.477…,
180 – 14.477…,
360 + 14.477…, b) y = sec (2x)
540 – 14.477…
So x = 7.2°, 82.8°, 187.2°, 262.8°
6 cot 3x + 5 = 13
c)
1
4
  cot 3x =
3 90° 180° 270° 360° x
–1
3
  tan 3x =
4
 3x = 3
 6.869…, 180° + 36.869…, 360°
+ 36.869…, 540° + 36.869…, 720°
+ 36.869…, 900° + 36.869…
  So x = 1
 2.3°, 72.3°, 132.3°, 192.3°, 252.3°, c) y y = cot (0.5x)
312.3°
12. a) cosec (2x + 90°) = 1
sin (2x + 90°) = 1
2x + 90 = 90°, 450°, 810° –360° –270° –180° –90° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x

x = 0° , 180°, 360°
x = 180°
1
4 – 3 cot
b) x=3
2
1 d)
y y = 2 cosec x
3 cot
x=1
2
1 1
cot x =
2 3
2
1
tan x = 3 0° 90° 180°
x
2
1
x = 71.565…, 180 + 71.565…°
2
x = 143.1°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 3
 e) y
Exercise 3.2
y = cot(x + 90°) 1. a) sec2θ − tan2θ = (1 + tan2θ) − tan2θ = 1
or sec2θ − (sec2θ − 1) = 1
x
0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
sin θ sin θ
b) =
cosec θ − cos θ cot θ 1 cos θ
− cos θ ×
sin θ sin θ

f) y sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
y = 3 sec 2x = =
1 − cos θ sin 2 θ
2

=1
tan θ tan θ
0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x c) =
1 + tan θ
2 sec θ

sin θ 1
= ÷
cos θ cos θ
14. a) y
= sin θ
y = 6 cosec x

1
tan θ cot θ = tan θ ×
d)
tan θ
=1
0 x
–2π –π π 2π
sin θ sin θ
e) =
1 + cot θ2
cosec 2 θ
1
= sin θ ÷
b) y sin 2 θ
sin 2 θ
= sin θ ×
1
= sin3θ

1 + tan 2 θ sec 2 θ
–2π –π
0
π 2π
x f) =
1 + cot 2 θ cos ec 2θ

1 1
= ÷
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
c) y sin 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ

= tan2 θ

y = 0.5 2 sec2 θ + 3 tan θ − 4 = 0

2.    
y = –0.5 0 x
–2π –π π 2π
2(1 + tan2θ) + 3 tan θ − 4 = 0
2 tan2θ + 3 tan θ − 2 = 0
(2 tan θ − 1)(tan θ + 2) = 0
d) y
y = cosec(2x – π) 1
tan θ = or tan θ = −2
2
θ = 26.56...°, 180° + 26.56...° or
θ = 116.56...°, 180° + 116.56...°
x
–2π –π
0
π 2π So θ = 26.6°, 116.6°, 206.6°, 296.6° (1 d.p.)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 4
3. sec θ tan θ = 1 ⎛ 1 sin θ ⎞
2

7. (sec θ − tan θ)2 = ⎜ − ⎟

1 sin θ ⎝ cos θ cos θ ⎠
× =
1
cos θ cos θ ⎛ 1 − sin θ ⎞
2

= ⎜ ⎟
sin θ = cos2θ ⎝ cos θ ⎠
sin θ = 1 − sin2θ (1 − sin θ )
2

=
sin2θ + sin θ − 1 = 0 cos 2 θ

(1 − sin θ )
2
−1 ± 12 − 4 × 1 × − 1
sin θ = = [since cos2θ ≡ 1 − sin2θ]
2 1 − sin 2 θ
−1 ± 5 (1 − sin θ )
2

sin θ = =
2 (1 − sin θ ) (1 + sin θ )
−1 ± 5 −1 − 5
sin θ = but < −1 1 − sin θ
2 2 =
−1 + 5 1 + sin θ
so sin θ = = 0.6180...
2
cot θ cot θ
θ = 0.6662..., π − 0.6662... 8. = [since 1 + cot2θ ≡
1 + cot θ
2
cosec 2 θ
So θ = 0.666, 2.48 (3 s.f.)
2
cosec θ]

4. tan2 θ − sec θ − 5 = 0
cos θ sincecosec 11
sincecosec2θ2θ≡≡≡ 22 
(sec2 θ − 1) − sec θ − 5 = 0 1
= ÷ 

sin θ sin θ
2
 sin θθ
sin
sec2 θ − sec θ − 6 = 0 1

= = cos θ × sin θ
2

(sec θ − 3)(sec θ + 2) = 0
sin θ 1
sec θ = 3 or sec θ = − 2
1 −1 = sin θ cos θ
cos θ = or cos θ =
3 2
1 1
θ=7
 0.53°, 360° − 70.53° or 120°, 360° − 120° 9. sec2θ + cosec2θ = +  
cos θ
2
sin 2 θ
So θ = 70.5°, 120°, 240°, 289.5° sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
5. (cosec θ + cot θ)(cosec θ − cot θ) = cosec2θ − cot2θ cos3 θ sin 2 θ
= (1 + cot2θ) 1
=
− cot2θ sin θ cos 2 θ
2

[since 1 + cot2 θ ≡ cosec2θ] 1 1

= ×
 = 1 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
1
⇒ cosec θ + cot θ = = sec2 θ cosec2 θ
cosec θ − cot θ
tan 2 θ + (1 + sec θ )
2
tan θ 1 + sec θ 10.   4 cot2 θ − 2 cot θ = 3 cosec2 θ
6. + =
1 + sec θ tan θ tan θ (1 + sec θ )
4 cot2 θ − 2 cot θ = 3(1 + cot2 θ)
tan θ + 1 + 2 sec θ + sec θ
2 2
=
tan θ (1 + sec θ ) cot2 θ − 2 cot θ − 3 = 0

sec 2 θ + 2 sec θ + sec 2 θ (cot θ − 3)(cot θ + 1) = 0

=
tan θ (1 + sec θ )
cot θ = 3 or cot θ = −1
[since 1 + tan2θ ≡ sec2θ]
1
2 sec 2 θ + 2 sec θ tan θ = or tan θ = −1
= 3
tan θ (1 + sec θ )
θ = 18.43°, 180° + 18.43° or θ = 135°, 315°
2 sec θ (1 + sec θ )
=
tan θ (1 + sec θ ) So θ = 18.4°, 135°, 198.4°, 315°

= 2 sec θ ÷ tan θ
2 cos θ 2
= × =
cos θ sin θ sin θ

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 5
11. sec θ = 3 cos θ + 1 cos θ = 0.618
1
= 3 cos θ + 1 So θ = 51.8°, 308.2°
cos θ
cos 2 θ
1 = 3 cos2 θ + cos θ 16. cot2θ cos2θ − sin2θ =  2 × cos2θ − sin2θ
sin θ
3 cos2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0 cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ
=
−1 ± 12 − 4 × 3 × − 1 sin 2 θ
cos θ = (cos θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
2
6 =
sin 2 θ
−1 ± 13
= cos θ − sin
2 2

6 =  [since cos2 θ
sin 2 θ
cos θ = 0.4342... or −0.7675... 2
+ sin θ ≡ 1]
θ = 6
 4.3°, 360° − 64.3° or 140.1° cos 2 θ
= −1
or 360° − 140.1° sin 2 θ
So θ = 64.3°, 140.1°, 219.9°, 295.7° = cot2 θ − 1
12. cosec2 θ + 2 cot θ = 0 Exercise 3.3
1 + cot  θ + 2 cot θ = 0
2
1. a) cos (A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
(cot θ + 1) = 0 2
cos (45° + 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° − sin 45° sin 30°
cot θ = −1 2 3 2 1
cos 75° = × − ×
tan θ = −1 2 2 2 2
2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
θ=
3π 7π
, =−( 3 1) ⎜ or ( 3 − 1) ⎟
4 4 4 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
sin θ cos θ b) cos (A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
13. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ cos (45° − 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30°
= sin θ + cos θ
2 2
2 3 2 1
sin θ cos θ cos 15° = × + ×
2 2 2 2
= 1
2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
sin θ cos θ = ( 3 + 1) ⎜ or ( 3 + 1) ⎟
4 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1 1
= ×
cos θ sin θ tan A + tan B
c) tan (A + B) =
= sec θ cosec θ 1 − tan A tan B
tan 60 ° + tan 45°
14. 3 cot θ + 2 tan θ = 5 tan (60° + 45°) =
1 − tan 60° tan 45°
3
+ 2 tan θ = 5 3 +1 1+ 3
tan θ tan 105° = = ( or − 2 − 3)
1− 3 ×1 1− 3
3 + 2 tan2 θ = 5 tan θ
2 tan2 θ − 5 tan θ + 3 = 0 d) sin 15° = sin (45° − 30°)
= sin 45° cos 30° − cos 45° sin 30°
(2 tan θ − 3)(tan θ − 1) = 0
3 2 3 2 1
tan θ = or tan θ = 1 sin 15° = × − ×
2 2 2 2 2
θ = 56.3°, 236.3° or θ = 45°, 225° 2
= ( 3 − 1) [or use cos 75º from a]
So θ = 45°, 56.3°, 225°, 236.3° 4
1 + sin 15° ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
15. tan2θ = sec θ = ⎨1 +
2
( 3 − 1)⎬ ÷ ⎪⎨1 − 2 ( 3 − 1)⎪⎬
1 − sin 15° ⎩ 4 ⎭ ⎩⎪ 4 ⎭⎪
sec2θ − 1 = sec θ
sec2θ − sec θ − 1 = 0 4+ 2 ( 3 − 1) 4+ 6 − 2
= =
sec θ =
1 ± 1+ 4 4− 2 ( 3 − 1) 4− 6 + 2
2
= 1.618 or −0.618

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 6
 tan A + tan B 5π π π
2. a) tan (A + B) = 4. a) sin = sin ⎛⎜ + ⎞⎟
1 − tan A tan B 12 ⎝4 6⎠
tan θ + tan 45° π π π π
tan (θ + 45°) = = sin cos + cos sin
1 − tan θ + tan 45° 4 6 4 6
tan θ + 1 2 3 2 1 2
= = × + × = ( 3 + 1)
1 − tan θ × 1 2 2 2 2 4
1 + tan θ 7π ⎛π π⎞
= b) cos = cos ⎜ + ⎟
1 − tan θ 12 ⎝3 4⎠
1 + tan 30° π π π π
b) tan75° = tan (30° + 45° ) = from (a) = cos cos − sin sin
1 − tan 30° 3 4 3 4
3 1 2 3 2
1+ = × − ×
3 2 2 2 2
=
3
1−
3
2
(1 − 3 ) ⎡⎢or 1 (1 − 3 )⎤⎥
=
4 ⎣ 2 2 ⎦
3+ 3
= π ⎛π π⎞
3− 3 c) tan = tan ⎜ − ⎟
12 ⎝3 4⎠
( can be rationalised to 2 3 ) π π
tan − tan
3 4 = 3 −1
3 =
3. a) cos α = π π 1 + 3 ×1
1 + tan tan
5 3 4
5 4 13
12 3 −1
cos β = 5
=
( or 2 − 3)
13 α β 3 +1
3 12
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π π⎞
(or use the identity sin2θ + cos2θ ≡ 1) sin ⎜ − =
d) ⎟ sin ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝4 3⎠
b) sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β π π π π
= sin cos − cos sin
4 3 4 3
4 12 3 5 63
= × + × = 2 1 2 3
5 13 5 13 65 = × − ×
2 2 2 2
4 12 3 5
sin (α − β) = × − × 2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
5 13 5 13 = (1 − 3 ) ⎢or (1 − 3 )⎥
4 ⎣ 2 2 ⎦
33
= 5. a) cos 10° cos 20° − sin 10° sin 20° = cos (10° + 20°)
65
cos (α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 3
= cos 30° =
3 12 4 5 16 2
= × − × = b) sin 75° cos 45° + cos 75° sin 45°
5 13 5 13 65
  = sin (75° + 45°)
3 12 4 5 56
cos (α − β) = × + × =   = sin 120° = sin 60° =
3
5 13 3 13 65 2
tan α + tan β tan 103° − tan 58°
c) tan (α + β) = c) = tan (103° − 58°)
1 − tan α tan β 1 + tan 103° tan 58°
21
= tan 45° = 1
4 5
+
tan 75° + 1
= 3 12 = 12 d)
4 5 4 tan 75° − 1
1− ×
3 12 9 tan 75° = tan (30° + 45°)
21 /
93 63 tan 30° + tan 45°
= × = =
12 4 4 16 1 − tan 30° tan 45°
4 5 11 3 +1
− =
tan (α − β) = 3 12 = 12 3 3+ 3
4 5 56 =
1+ × 3 3− 3
3 12 36 1− ×1
3
11 36 3 33 tan 75° + 1 3 +3+3− 3 6 3
= × = = = = = 3
12 1 56 56 tan 75° − 1 3 + 3 − (3 − 3) 2 3 3

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 7
6. a) sin (α + β) + sin (α − β) = sin α cos β + cos α 1
−1
sin β + sin α cos β tan θ tan ϕ
=  [by dividing numerator
− cos α sin β 1 1
+ and denominator by
tan ϕ tan θ
= 2 sin α cos β tan θ tan φ ]
cot θ cot ϕ − 1
cos (α + β) + cos (α − β) = cos α cos β − sin α
b) =
cot ϕ + cot θ
sin β + cos α cos β
+ sin α sin β 10. tan(α + β + γ ) = tan[α + (β + γ )]
= 2 cos α cos β
c) sin (α − β) cos α − cos (α − β) sin α tan α + tan( β + γ )
=
1 − tan α tan( β + γ )
= cos α (sin α cos β − cos α sin β)
tan β + tan γ
 − sin α (cos α cos β + sin α sin β) tan α +
1 − tan β tan γ
sin α cos α cos β − cos2α sin β
=  =
 tan β + tan γ 
− sin α cos α cos β − sin2 α sin β 1 − tan α  
1 − tan β tan γ 
= −cos2 α sin β − sin2 α sin β
tan α[1 − tan β tan γ ] + tan β + tan γ
= −sin β (cos2 α + sin2 α ) = −sin β =
1 − tan β tan γ − tan α[ tan β + tan γ ]
⎛ π⎞ π π
7. a) sin ⎜ θ + ⎟ = sin θ cos + cos θ sin tan α − tan α tan β tan γ + tan β + tan γ
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
=
= sin θ × 0 + cos θ × 1 = cos θ 1 − tan β tan γ − tan α tan β − tan α tan γ

b) sin (90° − θ) = sin 90° cos θ − cos 90° sin θ tan α + tan β + tan γ − tan α tan β tan γ
=
1 − tan α tan β − tan β tan γ − tan α tan γ
= 1 × cos θ − 0 × sin θ = cos θ
c) cos (90° − θ) = cos 90° cos θ + sin 90° sin θ 11. SQ = 5
= 0 × cos θ +1 × sin θ = sin θ
SP = 52 + 122 = 169 = 13
d) cos (180° − θ) = cos 180° cos θ + sin 180° sin θ
a) sin PSR = sin (QSR + PSQ)
= −1 × cos θ − 0 × sin θ = −cos θ
= sin QSR cos PSQ + cos QSR sin PSQ
tan θ + tan 180° 3 5 4 12
10
e) tan (θ + 180°) = = × + ×
1 − tan θ tan 180° 5 13 5 13 13
tan θ + 0 15 48 63
= = tan θ = + =
1 − tan θ × 0 65 65 65
tan π − tan θ
f) tan (π − θ) = b) tan PSR = tan (QSR + PSQ)
1 + tan θ tan θ
0 − tan θ tan QSR + tan PSQ
= = −tan θ =
1 + tan θ × 0 1 − tan QSR tan PSQ
1 1 3 12
× +
cosecθ cosecϕ sin θ sin ϕ 63 −4 −63
8. =
cos θ cos ϕ
= 4 5 = ÷ =
cot θ + cot ϕ + 3 12 20 5 16
1− ×
sin θ sin ϕ 4 5
 1 
 sin θ sin φ  c) sec PQR = sec (PQS + SQR)
=
 cos θ sin ϕ + cos ϕ sin θ  1
  =
sin θ sin ϕ cos ( PQS + SQR )
1 1
= =
sin θ cos ϕ + cos θ sin θ cos PQS cos SQR − sin PQS sin SQR
1 1 5
= = cosec (θ + ϕ ) = =−
sin(θ + ϕ ) 3 4 4
0 × −1 ×
5 5
1 1 − tan θ tan ϕ
9. cot (θ + ϕ ) = = 12. tan θ = 2 tan (45° − θ)
tan(θ + ϕ ) tan θ + tan ϕ
⎡ tan 45° − tan θ ⎤
tan θ = 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 + tan 45° tan θ ⎦

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 8
 ⎡ 1 − tan θ ⎤ cos 2θ + 3 cos θ − 1 = 0
c)
tan θ = 2 ⎢
⎣1 + tan θ ⎥⎦ 2 cos2 θ − 1 + 3 cos θ − 1 = 0
tan θ (1 + tan θ) = 2(1 − tan θ ) 2 cos2 θ + 3 cos θ − 2 = 0
tan θ + tan2 θ = 2 − 2 tan θ (2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 2) = 0
tan2 θ + 3 tan θ − 2 = 0 1
cos θ = or cos θ = −2
2
−3 ± 32 − 4 × 1 × − 2 −3 ± 17 θ = 60°, 300°  as cos θ ≥ −1
tan θ = =
2 2
4 cos 2θ + 2 sin θ − 1 = 0
d)
tan θ = 0.5615 or −3.5615 4 (1 − 2 sin2 θ ) + 2 sin θ −1 = 0
θ = 29.3°, 209.3° or 105.7°, 285.7°
4 − 8 sin2 θ + 2 sin θ −1 = 0
So θ = 29.3°, 105.7°, 209.3°, 285.7°
8 sin2 θ + 2 sin θ − 3 = 0
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
13. cos ⎜ θ − =
⎟ cos ⎜ θ + ⎟ (4 sin θ − 3)(2 sin θ + 1) = 0
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
π π π π 3 1
cos θ cos + sin θ sin =
cos θ cos − sin θ sin sin θ = or sin θ = −
6 6 6 6 4 2
π θ = 48.6°, 131.4° or θ = 210°, 330°
2 sin θ sin = 0
6 So θ = 48.6°, 131.4°, 210°, 330°
sin θ = 0
θ = 0, π, 2π tan 2θ + tan θ = 0
e)
2 tan θ
14. 5 cos (θ + 45°) = sin (θ − 45°) + tan θ = 0
1 − tan 2 θ
5 (cos θ cos 45° − sin θ sin 45°) = sin θ cos 45° 2 tan θ + tan θ (1 − tan2 θ ) = 0
− cos θ sin 45°
tan θ (2 + 1 − tan2 θ ) = 0
⎛ 2 2⎞ 2 2
5 ⎜ cos θ × − sin θ × ⎟ = sin θ × − cos θ × tan θ (3 − tan2 θ ) = 0
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
5 (cos θ − sin θ) = sin θ − cos θ tan θ = 0 or tan θ = ± 3
5 cos θ − 5 sin θ = sin θ − cos θ tan θ = 0 or 3 or − 3
6 cos θ = 6 sin θ  = 0°, 180°, 360°, or θ = 60°, 240°
θ
tan θ = 1 or θ = 120°, 300°
θ = 45°, 225° So θ = 0°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, 300°, 360°
Exercise 3.4 sin 2θ = tan θ
f)
sin θ
1. a) sin 2θ = cos θ 2 sin θ cos θ =
cos θ
2 sin θ cos θ = cos θ 2 sin θ cos2 θ = sin θ
2 sin θ cos θ − cos θ = 0 sin θ (2 cos2 − 1) = 0
cos θ (2 sin θ − 1) = 0 1
sin θ = 0 or cos = ±
1 2
cos θ = 0 or sin θ =
2 1 −1
sin θ = 0 or cos = or cos =
θ = 90°, 270° or θ = 30°, 150° 2 2
So θ = 30°, 90°, 150°, 270°  = 0°, 180°, 360° or θ = 45°, 315°,
θ
or θ = 135°, 225°
sin 2θ − 3 cos θ = 0
b)
So θ = 0°, 45°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 315°, 360°
2 sin θ cos θ − 3 cos θ = 0
2. a) 2 tan 2θ = 5 tan θ
cos (2 sin θ − 3) = 0
2 tan θ
3 2× = 5 tan θ
cos θ = 0 or sin θ = 1 − tan 2 θ
2
4 tan θ = 5 tan θ (1 − tan2 θ )
θ = 90°, 270° or θ = 60°, 120°
tan θ [4 − 5(1 − tan2 θ)] = 0
So θ = 60°, 90°, 120°, 270°
tan θ [5 tan2 θ − 1] = 0

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 1 1 48 49 7
tan θ = 0 or tan θ = or tan θ = − = − ×
5 5 71 527
θ = 0, π, 2π or 0.420, 3.56 or θ = 2.72, 5.86 336
= −
527
So θ = 0, 0.421, 2.72, 3.14, 3.56, 5.86, 6.28
B
4. i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
b) 5 sin 2θ = 2 sin θ
8 15
10 sin θ cos θ = 2 sin θ =2× × 17
8
17 17
5 sin θ cos θ = sin θ
240
sin θ (5 cos θ − 1) = 0 =  A
289 15 C
1
sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 2 tan A
5 ii) tan 2A =
θ = 0, π, 2π or θ = 1.37, 4.91 1 − tan 2 A
8
So θ = 0, 1.37, 3.14, 4.91, 6.28 2×
= 15
2 cos 2θ = 1 − 4 cos θ
c) ⎛ ⎞8
2

1− ⎜ ⎟
2 (2 cos2 θ − 1) = 1 − 4 cos θ ⎝ 15 ⎠
4 cos2 θ − 2 = 1 − 4 cos θ 16 161 240
= ÷ =
15 225 161
4 cos2 θ + 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
sec 2A =
iii) 1
(2 cos θ + 3) (2 cos θ − 1) = 0
cos 2 A
−3 1
cos θ = or cos θ = 1
2 2 =
1 cos2 A − sin 2 A
But cos θ ≥ −1 so cos θ =
2 1
π 5π = =
289
θ = , 2 2
3 3 ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞ 161
⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟
⎝ 17 ⎠ ⎝ 17 ⎠
3. i) cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
2 5. tan θ = 3
= 2 × ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ − 1
4

5⎝ ⎠ 3
sin θ = −
a)   as 180° ≤ θ ≤ 270°
32 5 4 10
= −1
25 1
cos θ = −
b)   as 180° ≤ θ ≤ 270°
7 θ 10
=  3
√10 3
25 2 tan θ
tan 2θ =
c)
2 tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ
tan 2θ =
ii) 2×3
1 − tan 2 θ =
3 1 − 32 θ
2×
4 3 1
= 2
= −
⎛3⎞ 4
1−⎜ ⎟
⎝4⎠
cos 2θ = 2 cos2θ − 1
d)
3 2
24 ⎛ −1 ⎞
= 2 = = 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 1
7 7 ⎝ 10 ⎠
16 2
= −1
2 tan 2θ 10
tan 4θ =
iii)
1 − tan 2 2θ
= − 4
24 5
2×
= 7
⎛ 24 ⎞
2
6. a) (sin x − cos x)2 = sin2 x − 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x
1− ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠ = 1 − sin 2 x 
[since sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
48 and sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x]
7 b) (cos4 x − sin4 x )(cos2 x − sin2 x)
=
−527
  = (cos2 x − sin2 x)(cos2 x + sin2 x) × cos 2x
49
= cos 2x × 1 × cos 2x = cos2 2x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 10
7. sin 4θ  sin θ = 2 sin 2θ  cos 2θ  sin θ
10. i) sin 2θ 2 sin θ cos θ
= 2 × 2 sin θ cos θ (2 cos2 θ − 1) sin θ =
1 + cos 2θ 1 + 2 cos 2 θ − 1
= 4 sin2 θ cos θ (2 cos2 θ − 1) 1 1
2 sin θ cos θ
= 4 cos θ (1 − cos2 θ) (2 cos2 θ − 1) = = tan θ
2 cos 2 1 θ
1
= 12 cos3 θ − 8 cos5 θ − 4 cos θ
ii) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
8. a) i) sin (2θ + θ) = sin 2θ cos θ + cos 2θ sin θ 1 − cos 2θ 1 − (1 − 2 sin 2 θ )
 sin θ cos θ cos θ
=2 1 1

+ (1 − 2 sin2 θ) sin θ 2 sin θ cos θ

= = cot θ
2 sin 2 θ
= 2 sin θ cos θ + sin θ − 2 sin θ
2 3 1

=2 sin θ (1 − sin2 θ) sin α cos α sin α sin β + cos α cos β

11. + =
+ sin θ − 2 sin3 θ cos β sin β sin β cos β
cos(α − β )
= 2 sin θ − 2 sin3 θ + sin θ =
− 2 sin3 θ sin β cos β
cos(α − β )
= 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ = 1
sin 2β
sin 3θ = sin θ
ii) 2
2 cos(α − β )
3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ = sin θ =
sin 2β
2 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ = 0 1 sin 2θ
12. sec 2θ − tan 2θ = −
2 sin θ (1 − 2 sin θ) = 02 cos 2θ cos 2θ
1 1 − sin 2θ
sin θ = 0 or sin2 θ = =
2 cos 2θ
1 1
sin θ = 0 or sin θ = or sin θ = − 1 − 2 sin θ cos θ
2 2 =
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
θ = 0°, 180°, 360° or θ = 45°, 135° or θ = 225°, 315°
= sin θ + cos2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ
2 2

So θ = 0°, 45°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 315°, 360° cos θ − sin θ
2

( sin θ − cos θ )
2
tan 3θ = tan (2θ + θ)
b) =
tan 2θ + tan θ ( cos θ − sin θ ) ( cos θ + sin θ )
=
1 − tan 2θ tan θ 1
(sin θ − cos θ ) 2
=
2 tan θ
+ tan θ (
(cos θ − sin θ ) sin θ + cos θ )
= 1 − tan θ
2

2 tan θ
1−
1 − tan 2 θ
× tan θ = cos θ − sin θ
cos θ + sin θ
2 tan θ + tan θ (1 − tan 2 θ )
= Exercise 3.5
1 − tan 2 θ − 2 tan 2 θ
2 tan θ + tan θ − tan 3 θ 1. i) 3 sin θ + 2 cos θ = R sin (θ + α)
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ = R sin θ  cos α + R cos θ  sin α
R cos α = 3
tan 3θ = 3 tan θ − tan θ
3

1 − 3 tan θ
2
R sin α = 2
1 2
9. cot 2θ = R = 32 + 22 =13 tan
, α=
tan 2θ 3
1 − tan 2 θ 3 sin θ + 2 cos θ = 13 sin (θ + 33.69°)
=
2 tan θ ii) 10 sin θ + 7 cos θ = R sin (θ + α)
cot θ − 1
2
= R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α
= [dividing numerator and
2 cot θ
denominator by tan θ]
2
R cos α = 10
R sin α = 7

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 11
 7 R cos α = 3
R = 10 2 + 7 2 =149 , tan α =
10 R sin α = 4
10 sin θ + 7 cos θ = 149 sin (θ + 34.99°) 4
R = ( 3 )2 + 4 2 , tan α =
iii) 2 sin θ + cos θ = R sin (θ + α) 3

= R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α 3 sin θ − 4 cos θ = 19 sin (θ − 66.59°)

R cos α = 2 b) i) Greatest value = 89, least value = − 89
R sin α = 1 Greatest value = 25,
ii) least value = −25
1
R = 2 + 1 =5 , tan α =
2 2
iii) Greatest value = 5, least value = − 5
2
2 sin θ + cos θ = 5 sin (θ + 26.57°) Greatest value = 19 , least value = − 19
iv)

iv) 40 sin θ + 9 cos θ = R sin (θ + α)

3. a) cos θ − sin θ = R cos (θ + α)
= R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α = R cos θ cos α − R sin θ sin α
R cos α = 40 R cos α = 1
R sin α = 9 R sin α = 1
9
R = 40 + 9 , tan α =
2 2
R = 12 + 12 , tan α = 1
40
cos θ − sin θ = 2 cos (θ + 45°)
40 sin θ + 9 cos θ = 41 sin (θ + 12.68°)
2 cos θ − 2 sin θ = R cos (θ + α)
b)
2. a) i) 5 sin θ − 8 cos θ = R sin (θ − α)
= R cos θ cos α − R sin θ sin α
 sin θ cos α
=R
R cos α = 2
− R cos θ sin α
R sin α = 2
R cos α = 5
( 2 ) , tan α =
2
2
R = 22 +
R sin α = 8 2
R = 52 + 82 , tan α =
8 2 cos θ − 2 sin θ = 6 cos (θ + 35.26°)
5
4 cos θ − 3 sin θ = R cos (θ + α)
c)
5 sin θ − 8 cos θ = 89 sin (θ − 57.99°)
= R cos θ cos α − R sin θ sin α
ii) 7 sin θ − 24 cos θ = R sin (θ − α)
R cos α = 4
= R sin θ cos α
− R cos θ sin α R sin α = 3
R cos α = 7 3
R = 5,  tan α =
4
R sin α = 24
4 cos θ − 3 sin θ = 5 cos (θ + 36.87°)
R = 7 2 + 24 2 , tan α = 27
7 d) 5 cos θ − sin θ = R cos (θ + α)
7 sin θ − 24 cos θ = 25 sin (θ − 73.74°) = R cos θ cos α − R sin θ sin α
R cos α = 5
iii) 2 sin θ − cos θ = R sin (θ − α)
R sin α = 1
= R sin θ cos α − R cos θ sin α
( 5 ) + 12 , tan α =
1
2
R cos α = 2 R =
5
R sin α = 1
1 5 cos θ − sin θ = 6 cos (θ + 24.09°)
R = 2 + 1 , tan α = 2 2
2 4. a) i) 3 cos θ + 4 sin θ = R cos (θ − α)
2 sin θ − cos θ = 5 sin (θ − 26.57°)  cos θ cos α
=R
+ R sin θ sin α
iv) 3 sin θ − 4 cos θ = R sin (θ − α)
R cos α = 3
= R sin θ cos α
− R cos θ sin α R sin α = 4

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 4
R = 5,  tan α = (θ + 63.43°) = 26.57° , 180° − 26.57°,
3
360° + 26.57°
3 cos θ + 4 sin θ = 5 cos (θ − 53.13°)
θ = 90°, 323.1°
5 cos θ + 12 sin θ = R cos (θ − α)
ii)
= R cos θ cos α 6. a) 3 sin θ − cos θ = R sin (θ − α)
+ R sin θ sin α = R sin θ cos α − R cos θ sin α
R cos α = 5 R cos α = 3
R sin α = 12 R sin α = 1
12 1
R = 13,  tan α = ( 3)
2
5 R = + 12 , tan α =
3
5 cos θ + 12 sin θ = 13 cos (θ − 67.38°) 3 sin θ − cos θ = 2 sin(θ – 30°)
iii) 2 cos θ + sin θ = R cos (θ − α)
b) 3 sin θ − cos θ = 1
=R cos θ cos α
2 sin (θ − 30°) = 1
+ R sin θ sin α
1
sin (θ − 30°) =
R cos α = 2 2
θ − 30° = 30°, 150°
R sin α = 1
θ = 60°, 180°
1
( 2 ) + 12 , tan α =
2
R =
2 Greatest value of ( 3 sin θ – cos θ) = 22 = 4
c)
2 cos θ + sin θ = 3 cos (θ − 35.26°) Least value of ( 3 sin θ – cos θ)2 = 0
(as any squared real number is non-negative)
sin θ + cos θ = R cos (θ − α)
iv)
= R cos θ cos α + R sin θ sin α 7. a) 2 cos θ – 2 sin θ = R cos θ cos α – R sin θ sin α
R cos α = 1 R cos α = 2
R sin α = 1 R sin α = 2
R = 12 + 12 , tan α = 1 2
R = 22 + 22 , tan α = =1
2
sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos (θ − 45°)
2 cos θ – 2 sin θ = 8 cos (θ + 45°)
b) i) Greatest value = 5, least value = −5

ii) Greatest value = 13, least value = −13 b) cos θ – sin θ = 1
2
Greatest value = 3, least value = − 3
iii) ⇒ 2 cos θ – 2 sin θ = 1
Greatest value = 2 , least value = − 2
iv) ⇒ 8 cos (θ + 45°) = 1
1
c) i) θ = 53.13° cos (θ + 45°) =
8
ii) θ = 67.38°
θ + 45° = 69.30°, 360° – 69.30°
θ = 35.26°
iii)
θ = 45°
iv)
θ = 24.3°, 245.7°

8. a) 4 cos θ + 6 sin θ = R cos (θ – α)

5. a) sin θ + 2 cos θ = R sin (θ + α)
= R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α = R cos θ cos α + R sin θ sin α

R cos α = 1 R cos α = 4

R sin α = 2 R sin α = 6
6 3
R = 12 + 22 , tan α = 2 R = 4 2 + 62 , tan α = =
4 2
sin θ + 2 cos θ = 5 cos (θ + 63.43°) 4 cos θ + 6 sin θ = 52 cos (θ – 56.31°)

b) 5 sin (θ + 63.43°) = 1
1
sin (θ + 63.43°) =
5

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 13
 b) 52 cos (θ − 56.31° ) = 5 5
cos (θ – 8.13°) =
5 50
cos (θ − 56.31° ) =
52 θ – 8.13° = 45°, 360° – 45°
θ − 56.31° = −46.10°, 46.10°, 360 − 46.10° θ = 53.1°, 323.1°
θ = 10.2°,102.4°, 370.2°
θ = 10.2°,102.4° 4 cos θ = 2 + 3 sin θ
d)
4 cos θ – 3 sin θ = 2
( 52 ) + 5 = 57
2
Greatest value =
c)
Let 4 cos θ – 3 sin θ = R cos (θ + α)
Least value = 0 + 5 = 5
 cos θ cos α
=R
9. a) 4 cos θ – 6 sin θ = 5 – R sin θ sin α
Let 4 cos θ – 6 sin θ = R cos (θ + α)
R cos α = 4
 cos θ cos α
=R
R sin α = 3
– R sin θ sin α
3
R cos α = 4 R = 5, tan α =
4
R sin α = 6 5 cos (θ + 36.87°) = 2
6 3 2
R = 52, tan α = = cos (θ + 36.87°) =
4 2 5
52 cos (θ + 56.31°) = 5
5
θ + 36.87° = 66.42°, 360° – 66.42°
cos (θ + 56.31°) =
52 θ = 29.6°, 256.7°
θ + 56.31° = –46.10°, 46.10°, 360°
– 46.10°, 360° + 46.10° 10. a) 2 sin 2x + cos 2x = R sin (2x + α)
= R sin 2x cos α
θ = 257.6°, 349.8° + R cos 2x sin α
7 sin θ – 24 cos θ = 25
b) R cos α = 2
Let 7 sin θ – 24 cos θ = R sin (θ – α) R sin α = 1
= R sin θ cos α 1
R = 22 + 12 , tan α =
– cos θ sin α 2
R cos α = 7 2 sin 2x + cos 2x = 5 sin (2x + 26.57°)
R sin α = 24 b) 5 sin (2x + 26.57°) = 1
24 1
R = 25,  tan α = sin (2x + 26.57°) =
7 5
25 sin (θ – 73.74°) = 25 2x + 26.57° = 26.57°, 180° − 26.57°,
360° + 26.57°, 540° –
sin (θ – 73.74°) = 1
26.57°, 720° + 26.57°
θ – 73.74° = 90°
x = 0°, 63.4°, 180°, 243.4°, 360°
θ = 163.7°
Greatest value = 10 – ( − 5 ) = 10 + 5
c)
7 cos θ + sin θ = 5
c)
Least value = 10 – 5.
Let 7 cos θ + sin θ = R cos (θ – α)
= R cos θ cos α 11. a) sin x + 4 cos x = R sin x cos α + R cos x sin α
+ R sin θ sin α R cos α = 1
R cos α = 7 R sin α = 4
R sin α = 1 R = 12 + 4 2 , tan α = 4
1
R = 7 2 + 12 , tan α = sin x + 4 cos x = 17 sin (x + 1.326)
7
50 cos (θ – 8.13°) = 5

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 14
 2 1
b) 17 sin (x + 1.326) = 3 cos θ = or cos θ = −
3 2
3
sin (x + 1.326) = θ = 0.8411, 2π – 0.8411 or θ = 2
 .0943,
17
2π – 2.0943
x + 1.326 = 0.8148 , π – 0.8148,
θ = 0.841, 2.09, 4.19, 5.44 (3 s.f.)
2π + 0.8148, 3π – 0.8148
x = 1.00, 5.77, 7.28 3. 5 cos 2θ – 11 sin θ + 1 = 0
5 (1 – 2 sin2 θ) – 11 sin θ + 1 = 0
So x = 1.00, 5.77
–10 sin2 θ – 11 sin θ + 6 = 0
Least value of (sin x + 4 cos x)2 − 1 =
c)  0−1
10 sin2 θ + 11 sin θ – 6 = 0
= –1
Greatest value of (sin x + 4 cos x)2 − 1 =
 17 − 1 (5 sin θ – 2) (2 sin θ + 3) = 0
= 16 2 3
sin θ = or sin θ = −
12. 15 cos 2θ + 20 sin 2θ + 7 = 0 5 2
15 cos 2θ + 20 sin 2θ = –7 θ=2
 3.6°, 180° – 23.6°  as sin θ ≥ –1
Let 15 cos 2θ + 20 sin 2θ = R cos(2θ – α) So θ = 23.6°, 156.4°

= R cos 2θ cos α
+ R sin 2θ sin α
4. tan ( π4 + θ) – tan( π4 – θ)
π π
R cos α = 15 + tan θ
tan tan − tan θ
= 4 – 4
π π
R sin α = 20 1 − tan tan θ 1 + tan tan θ
4 4
20 4
R = 25,  tan α = = 1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ
15 3 = −
1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
25 cos (2θ – 53.13°) = –7
(1 + tan θ ) − (1 − tan θ )
2 2

7 =
cos (2θ – 53.13°) = – (1 − tan θ ) (1 + tan θ )
25
2θ – 53.13° = 106.26°, 360° – 106.26° (1 + 2 tan θ + tan 2 θ ) − (1 − 2 tan θ + tan 2 θ )
=
(1 − tan θ ) (1 + tan θ )
θ = 79.7°, 153.4°
4 tan θ
=
Summary exercise 3 1 − tan 2 θ
1. cos(45° − θ) = sin (30° + θ) 2 tan θ
=2× = 2 tan 2θ
1 − tan 2 θ
cos 45° cos θ + sin 45° sin θ = s in 30° cos θ +
cos 30° sin θ 1 1
5. cosec 2θ + cot 2θ = +
sin 2θ tan 2θ
1 1 1 3
cos θ + sin θ = cos θ + sin θ 1 cos 2θ
2 2 2 2 = +
2 sin θ cos θ sin 2θ
2 cos θ + 2 sin θ = cos θ + 3 sin θ
1 2 cos 2 θ − 1
( 2 − 1) cos θ = ( 3 − 2 ) sin θ = +
2 sin θ cos θ 2 sin θ cos θ
2 −1
= tan θ 2 cos 2 1 θ
3− 2 =
2 sin θ cos θ
θ = 52.5°, 180° + 52.2°
cos θ
= = cot θ
So θ = 52.5°, 232.5° sin θ
2. 6 cos θ – 2 sec θ = 1
2 1 + sin 2θ − cos 2θ
6 cos θ – =1 6. a)
cos θ 1 + sin 2θ + cos 2θ

6 cos2 θ – 2 = cos θ 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ − (1 − 2 sin 2 θ )

 =
1 + 2 sin θ cos θ + (2 cos 2 θ − 1)
6 cos2 θ – cos θ – 2 = 0
2 sin θ cos θ + 2 sin 2 θ
(3 cos θ – 2) (2 cos θ + 1) = 0 =
2 sin θ cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 15
 (
2 sin θ cos θ + sin θ )
=
2 cos θ ( sin θ + cos θ ) (
9. cos θ +
2π
3 )
= cos θ cos
2π
3
– sin θ sin
2π
3
sin θ 1 3
= = tan θ = – cos θ – sin θ
cos θ 2 2

b) Putting θ = 22.5°, tan 22.5° =

1 + sin 45° − cos 45° cos θ + ( 4π
3 )
= cos θ cos
4π
3
– sin θ sin
4π
3
1 + sin 45° + cos 45°
1 3
= − cos θ + sin θ
2 2 2 2
1+ −
=
1+
2
2
+
2
2
⇒ cos θ + cos θ + ( 2π
3 )
+ cos θ +
4π
3 ( )
2 2 1 3 1 3
1 = cos θ − cos θ – sin θ − cos θ + sin θ
= (or 2 − 1) 2 2 2 2
1+ 2
= 0
7. (sec θ – tan θ)2 = sec2 θ – 2 tan θ sec θ + tan2 θ 10. a) 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ = R sin (θ + α)
= 1 + tan θ – 2 tan θ sec θ + tan θ
2 2
= R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α
= 1 + 2 tan θ – 2 tan θ sec θ
2 R cos α = 5
sin 2 θ sin θ 1 R sin α = 12
=1+2 –2 × 12
cos 2 θ cos θ cos θ R = 13,  tan α =
5
cos 2 θ + 2 sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ = 13 sin (θ + 67.38°)
=
cos 2 θ b) i) Greatest value of 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ = 13
1 − sin 2 θ + 2 sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ ii) Greatest value occurs when sin (θ + 67.38°) = 1
=
1 − sin 2 θ  e.g. when θ + 67.38° = 90°
sin θ − 2 sin θ + 1
2
θ = 22.6° (3 s.f.)
=
1 − sin 2 θ 11. a) 4 cos θ – 5 sin θ = R cos (θ + α)
( sin θ − 1) 2
= R cos θ cos α – R sin θ sin α
=
(1 − sin θ ) (1 + sin θ ) R cos α = 4
1
R sin α = 5
=
(1 − sin θ ) 2
( 1 − sin θ ) (1 + sin θ ) R = 4 2 + 52 , tan α =
5
4
1 − sin θ 4 cos θ – 5 sin θ = 41 cos (θ + 51.34°)
=
1 + sin θ
b) 41 cos (θ + 51.34°) = –2
1 1 −2
8. tan θ =   tan α = cos (θ + 51.34°) =
7 3 41
tan θ + tan 2α θ + 51.34° = 108.20°, 360° – 108.20°
tan (θ + 2α) =
1 − tan θ tan 2α θ = 56.9°, 200.5°
2 tan α c) Greatest value of 20 – (4 cos θ – 5 sin θ)2 = 20
tan θ +
= 1 − tan 2 α when 4 cos θ – 5 sin θ = 0
2 tan α
1 − tan θ × 12. a) 7 sin θ + 24 cos θ = R sin (θ + α)
1 − tan 2 α
= R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α
1
2× R cos α = 7
1 3
+ R sin α = 24
7 1− 1 1 3
+ 24
= = 7 4
9 R = 25,  tan α =
1 3 7
2× 1−
1 3 28 7 sin θ + 24 cos θ = 25 sin (θ + 73.74°)
1− ×
7 1− 1 b) 7 sin θ + 24 cos θ < 15
9
25 sin (θ + 73.74°) < 15
0.6
25 25 sin (θ + 73.74°) < 0.6
= ÷ =1
28 28 solving sin (θ + 73.74°) = 0.6 0 θ
180° 360°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 16
 θ + 73.74° = 36.87° , 16. p = cosec θ – sin θ, q = sec θ – cos θ
180° – 36.87°, 360° + 36.87° p2q2 (p2 + q2 + 3) = ( cosec θ – sin θ)2 (sec θ – cos θ)2 ×
θ = 69.4°, 323.13° [(cosec θ – sin θ)2
69.4° < θ < 323.1° + (sec θ – cos θ)2 + 3]

13. sin (θ + α) = 2 sin (θ – α) But (cosec θ – sin θ)2

2 2
sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α = 2 (sin θ cos α ≡ ⎛⎜ =
1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 − sin 2 θ ⎞ cos 4 θ
− sin θ ⎟ ⎜= ⎟
– cos θ sin α) ⎝ sin θ 2
⎠ ⎝ sin θ ⎠ sin θ
sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α = 2 sin θ cos α and (sec θ – cos θ)2
– 2 cos θ sin α 2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 − cos 2 θ ⎞ sin 4 θ
3 cos θ sin α = sin θ cos α ≡⎜ = − cos θ ⎟ ⎜= ⎟
⎝ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ cos θ ⎠ cos 2 θ
3sin α sin θ
= ⇒ p2q2 (p2 + q2 + 3)
cos α cos θ
⇒ tan θ = 3 tan α cos 4 θ sin 4 θ ⎡ cos 4 θ sin 4 θ ⎤
= × ⎢ 2 + + 3⎥
14. tan (θ + 45°) = 1 – 4 tan θ sin θ
2
cos θ ⎣ sin θ
2
cos 2 θ ⎦
tan θ + tan 45°
= 1 – 4 tan θ = sin2 θ cos2 θ ⎡⎢ cos 2θ + sin2 θ + 3⎤⎥
6 6

1 − tan θ tan 45°
⎣ sin θ cos θ ⎦
tan θ + 1
= 1 – 4 tan θ = cos6 θ + sin6 θ + 3 sin2 θ cos2 θ
1 − tan θ
tan θ + 1 = (1 – 4 tan θ) (1 – tan θ) = cos2 θ [cos4 θ + 3 sin2 θ] + sin6 θ
tan θ + 1 = 4 tan2 θ – 5 tan θ + 1 = cos2 θ [(1 – sin2 θ)2 + 3 sin2 θ] + sin6 θ
0 = 4 tan2 θ – 6 tan θ
= cos2 θ [1 – 2 sin2 θ + sin4 θ + 3 sin2 θ] + sin6 θ
2 tan θ – 3 tan θ = 0
2
= cos2 θ [1 + sin2 θ + sin4 θ] + sin6 θ
tan θ (2 tan θ – 3) = 0
3 = (1 – sin2 θ) (1 + sin2 θ + sin4 θ) + sin6 θ
tan θ = 0 or tan θ =
2 = 1 + sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ − sin 2 θ − sin 4 θ

θ = 0°, 180°, 360° or θ = 56.3°, 236.3°
− sin 6 θ + sin 6 θ = 1
So θ = 0°, 56.3°, 180°, 236.3°, 360°
θ
15. sin 60° + sin (60° + x) + sin (60° + 2x) = 0 17. a) tan  = t
2
3 √1 + t2 t
+ sin 60° cos x + cos 60° sin x + sin 60° cos 2x θ t θ 1
2 sin = , cos  = θ
+ cos 60° sin 2x = 0 2 1+ t 2 2 1+ t 2 2
1
3 3 1 3 1 θ θ
+ cos x + sin x + cos 2x + sin 2x = 0 sin θ = 2 sin cos
b)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 + 3 cos x + sin x + 3 cos 2x + sin 2x = 0 t 1 2t
=2× × =
1+ t 2
1+ t 2 1 + t2
3 + 3 cos x + sin x + 3 (2 cos2x – 1)
θ
+ 2 sin x cos x = 0 cos θ = 2 cos2 –1
2
3 + 3 cos x + sin x + 2 3 cos2 x – 3  1 
2
2
=2×  2 
−1 = −1
+ 2 sin x cos x = 0  1+ t  1+ t2

2 3 cos2 x + 2 sin x cos x + sin x + 3 cos x = 0 2 − 1(1 + t 2 ) 1 − t 2

= =
( )
3 cos x + sin x ( 2cos x + 1) = 0 1 + t2 1+ t 2

3 cos x + sin x = 0 or 2cos x + 1 = 0 c) 4 sin θ = 3 + 2 cos θ

1 2t (1 − t 2 )
sin x = − 3 cos x or cos x = − 4× = 3 + 2×
2 1+ t 2 1 + t2
x = 120°, 300° or x = 120°, 240° 8t = 3(1 + t 2) + 2(1 – t 2)
x = 120°, 240°, 300°

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 17
 8t = 3 + 3t 2 + 2 – 2t 2 b) sin3 x = 2sin x
8t = t 2 + 5
⇒ 3sin x − 4sin 3 x = 2sin x
t 2 – 8t + 5 = 0
⇒ 4sin 3 x − sin x = 0
( )
(t – 4)2 – 16 + 5 = 0
⇒ sin x 4sin 2 x − 1 = 0
(t – 4) = 11
2

1
t – 4 = ± 11 ⇒ sin x = 0 or sin x = ±
   2
t = 4 ± 11
x = 0°,180° or x = 30°,150°
θ θ 1
tan = 4 + 11 or tan = 4 – 11
2 2 as sin x ≠ − for 0° ≤ x ≤ 180°
2
θ θ
= 82.22°, 262.22° or = 34.35°, 214.35°               x = 0°,30°,150°,180°
2 2
θ = 164.4°, 68.7° 20. 2sin  2 x + π  = cos  2 x − π 
 3  6
18. 6sec 2 2 x + 5tan 2 x = 12
 π π π
6 (1 + tan 2 2 x ) + 5tan 2 x = 12 as 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x ⇒ 2  sin 2 x cos + cos 2 x sin  = cos 2 x cos
 3 3 6
6 tan 2 2 x + 5tan 2 x − 6 = 0
π
( 2 tan 2 x + 3) (3tan 2 x − 2 ) = 0 + sin 2 x sin
6
3 2
tan 2 x = − or tan 2 x = 1 3 3
2 3 ⇒ 2sin 2 x × + 2cos 2 x × = cos 2 x ×
2 x = 123.69°,303.69° or 2 x = 33.69°,213.69°
2 2 2
1
x = 61.8°,151.8° or x = 16.8°,106.8° + sin 2 x ×
2
x = 16.8°,61.8°,106.8°,151.8°
3
⇒ sin 2 x + 3 cos 2 x = cos 2 x
19. a) (
sin 3x = sin 2 x + x ) 2
= sin 2 x cos x + cos 2 x sin x 1
+ sin 2 x
2
(
= 2sin x cos x × cos x )
1 3
(
+ 1 − 2sin 2 x × sin x) ⇒
2
sin 2 x +
2
cos 2 x = 0

= 2sin x cos 2 x + sin x − 2sin 3 x ⇒ tan 2 x = − 3

( )
= 2sin x 1 − sin 2 x + sin x − 2sin 2 x
⇒ 2 x = 120°,300°,480°,660°
3 3 ⇒ x = 60°,150°,240°,330°
= 2sin x − 2sin x + sin x − 2sin x
= 3sin x − 4sin 3 x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Trigonometry 18