an Surveying, Higher Surveying, Mine Surveying, Hydrographic

urv ylng, Topographic Surveying, Astronomy, Simple Curves, Compound Curves,

plral Curves, Reversed Curves, Parabolic Curves, Sight Distance, Earthworks,
ass Diagram, Highway Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Traffic Engineering.
 .>
for CIVIL and DETI~
LieeQSure Exam
Copyn~;t 1987

Venancio I. Besavilla, Jr.

(BSCE, MSME, AS, F. (PICE)

Civil Engineer -CIT (2nd Place) - August, 1969

. Geodetic Engineer - CIT (7th Place) - July, 1966
Former Instructor: Cebu Institute of Technology
Former Instructor: University of the Visayas
Former Chairman: CE Dept. University of the Visayas
Dean: College ofEngineering and Architecture, University of the Visayas
Awardee: As an Outstanding Educator from the Phil.
Veterans Legion on May 1984
Awardee: As Outstanding Alumnus in the Field of Education
from CIT Alumni Association, Inc., Marcil 1990
Awardee: As Outstanding Engineering Educator from the
CIT High School Alumni Association, December 1991
Member: Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Member: Structural Engineering Institute (ASCE)
Member: American Concrete Institute (ACI)
(Membership No. 104553)
Member: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
(Membership No. 346960)
Member: PICE Delegation to the ASCE (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) (Oct. 1997)
Head PICE Delegation to VFCEA, Hanoi, Vietnam (April 2009)
Head PICE Delegation to JSCE, Fokuka Japan (September 2009)
Head PICE Delegation to A SCE.~ Kansas City, USA (October 2009)
Director: PICE National Board (1997-2008)
Director: PICE Cebu Chapter 1991- 2008
~lce President: PICE Cebu Chapter 2006, 2008
President: PICE Cebu Chapter 2009
Vice President: PICE National Board 2009
President: PICE National Board 2009
Chairman International Committee (PICE) Busan, Korea (February 2010)
President: Cebu Institute ofTechnology Alumni Association (20OJ-up to the present)
ISBN 971- 8510-11-7
Available at:
BISAVlllA
Engineering Review Center
CEBU DAVAO CAGAYAN DE ORO MANILA
2nd Floor, Pilar-Bldg. 4th Floor, 3rd Floor, 2nd Floor, Concepcion
Cor. Osmena Blvd. Porras Bldg. Ecology Bank Bldg. Villaroman Bldg., P. Campa
& Sanciangko Sts. Magallanes St., Tiano Bros. St. St., Sampaloc Melro Manila
Cebu City Davao City Cagayan De oro City Tel. (02) 736-0966
Tel. No. (032) 255-5153 Tel. No. (082) 222-3305 Tel. (08822) 723-167(Samsung)
BAGUIO TACLOBAN GENERAL SANTOS
Lujean Chalet Bldg. Door 11.-303, F. Mendoza RD. Rivera Bldg.
Lourdes Grotto Commercial Complex Constar Lodge, Pioneer Ave.
Dominican Road 141 Sto. Nino Street General Santos City
No. 68 San Roque SI. Baguio City Tacloban City Tel. No. (083) 301-0987
Tel. Nos. (074) 445-5918 Tel. No. (053) 325-3706
 SURVEYING
for
CIVIL and GEODETIC
Licensure Exam

Copyright 1984 by Venancio I. Besavilla, Jr. All Rights

Reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.

ISBN 971· 8510·11.7 •

• ~,.. ~;:,_;_~_,m.,
Punta Princesa, Cebu City. Tel. 272-2813
 "~..'III.. I~ •• I~~ ~ '•• ~"I~I~XTS ~
@ X~'''~~"''{i:'t'¥m"", 0%l'0fu~!;·*kW ~" ~W<fm_~" """it" 0« W::~ill.Th,. ~~"

DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS PAGE NO.

1. Tape Correction ------------------------------ S- 1 - S- 12
2. Errors and Mistakes -------------------------- S- 13 - S- 129
3. Leve Ii ng ------------------------.- -,- ------------- S- 30 - S- 54
4. Compass SUNeying ------------------------- S- 55 - S- 66
5. Errors in Transit Work -------------------------- S~ 67 - S- 83
6. Triangulation -----------------:------------------ S- 84 - S-108
7. Spherical Excess ------------~------------------ S-1 08 - S-111
8. Areq of Closed Traverse -----------------"- S-112 - S-130
9. Missing Data ------------------------------------ S-130 - S-144
10. Subdivision -------------------------------------- S-144 - S-172
11. Straightening of Irregular Boundaries -- S-172 - S-175
12. Areas of Irregular Boundaries ------------ S-176 - S-178
13. Plane Table ------------------------------------- S-179 - S-182
14. Topographic SUNey ------------------------- S-183 - S-187
15. Route SUNeying ------------------------------- S-188
16. Stadia SUNeying ------------------------------ S-189 ,. S-194
17. Hydrographic SUNeying -----"-------------- S-195 - S-208
18. Three Point Problem ------------------------- S-209 - S-213 .
19. Mine SUNeying ------------------------------.- S-214 - S-222
20. Practical Astronomy ------------------------- S-223 - S-251
21. Simple CUNes ---------------------------------- S-252 - S-292
22. Compound CUNes --------------------------. S-292 - S-318
23. Reversed CUNes - '--------.----------------- S-318 - S-333
24. Parabolic CUNes --- -------------- ------------ S-333 ~ S-361
25. Sight Distance ---------------------------------- S-361 - S-376
26. Head Lamp Sight Distance ---------------- S-376 - S-386
27. Sight Distance ----- ---------------- --- -- ------- S-387 - S-388
28. Reversed Vertical Parabolic CUNe ---- S-389 - S-390
29. Spiral CuNe----"-------------------------------- S-391 - S-404
30. Earthworks -- -- --- ---- ------ ---------------------- S-405 - S-430
31. Transportation Engineering -------.-------- S-431 - S-523
32. Miscellaneous ----- ------ ---------- ---- ---- ---- S-524 - S-542
 5-1

TAPE CORRECTION

I-~~-~~----' --~~-

2. Pull Correction:
(To be added or sUbtracted)

1. Tape not standard length

2. Imperfect alinement of tape
3. Tape not horizontal
4. Tape notstretch straight P2 = actual pull dUring measurement
5. Imperfection of observation
P1 = applied pull when the length of
6. Variations in temperature
7. Variations in tension tape is L1
A = Cross-sectional area of tape
E = Modulus of elasticity of tape
I~~------------'-~-
3. Sag Correction:
I (To be subtracted only)

1. Adding or dropping a full tape length.

2. Adding a em., usually in measuring the
fractional part of tape length at the end
of the line.
3. Recording numbers incorrectly, w= weight of tape in pit. or kg.m.
example 78 is read as 87. L = unsupported length of tape
4. Reading wrong meter mark. p = actual pUll or tension applied

4. Slope Correction:
(To be subtracted only)

1. Temperature Correction: (To be

added or subtracted)
H=S-Cs
H = horizontal distance or corrected
distance
S = inclined distance
K =000000645 ft. per degree F. h = difference in elevation at the end of
K =0.0000116 m. per degree C. the tape
T1 =temp. when the length of tape is L1
T2 =temp. dUring measurement
5-2

TAPE CORRECTION

5. Sea Level COffection:

Reduction factor= 1.~

1. The 3:4:5 Method:

B = horizontal distance Gorrected for
temperature, sag and pUll.
B' = sealevel distance
h = average altitude or observation
R = Radius.of curvature
6. Normal Tension:
It is the tension which is applied to
a t.ape supported over two supports
which balances the cofrec!ion due to
pull and due to sag. The application of
the tensile force increases the length of
the tape whereas the sag decreases its
length, the normal tension neutralizes
both corrections, therefore no correction
is necessary.
P = applied 'normal tension
P1 = tension at which the tape is
standardized
W = total weight of tape
A = cross-sectional area of tape
E = modulus of elasticity of tape
2.
To erect a perpendicular to the line
AB, from a given point C a point a on line
AB is assumed to be on the
perpendicular and a pin is set at a. With
sides a multiple of 3, 4 and 5 m. such as
24.32 and 40 m., a right triangle abc is
constructed as follows: A pin is set on
line AB at b, 32 m. from a. The zero end
of (he tape is fixed with a pin at a, and
the 100 m. end at b. The zero end of the
tape is fixed with a pin at a, and the 100
m. end at b. The head chainman moves
to c and holds the 24 m. and the 60 m.
marks of the tape in one hand, with the
tape between these marks laid out so as
to avoid kinking. He then sets a pin at c.
The rear chairman moves from a to b as
necessary to check the position of the
tape at these points as c is established.
He then sights along ae to C' beside C,
usually Cto the a(::' is measu"red, and the
foot a of the perpendicular aC' is moved
along the line AB by an equal amount, to
the point a'. If the trial perpendicular ae'
fails to include the point C by several
feet, the process is repeated for a', the
new point, otherwise the location of a'
may be assumed as correct.
The Chord Bisection Method:
To erect a perpendicular to the line
AB; from a given point C, the position of
the perpendicular is estir,lated, and a pin
IS set at d on this estimated

a) Add correction when measuring distances
b) Subtract correction when laying out
distances
o A or B determines the location of the
a) Subtract correction when measuring
distances
b) Add correction when laying out distances
perpendicular, somewhat less than one
tape length from the line AB. With d as
center and the length of tape as radius,
the head chainman describe the arc ED
of a circle, setting pins at the
intersections band c of the arc with the
line AB. The rear chainman stationed at
intersections band c on line. The point a
is established midway between band c.

TAPE CORRECTION
The line ad is prolonged to C' besides C,
and the point a is moved if necessary as
described for the 3:4:5 method.
c c'
r: y!
i *f,
ii
A.---.o-o-~-...."
'~~~~,
B
a'a b
3:4:5 Method
Chord Bisection Method
1. Swing offsets:
At'/
To find the distance AS by the sWing
offset method, the head chainman
attached the end of the tape to one end
of the line as at B and describes an arc
with center S and radius 100 m. The
rear chainman stationed at A lines in the
endiof the tape with some distant object
as 0 and directs the setting of pins a1
points a and b where the end of the tape
crossed line AO. A point C midway
between a b lies on the perpendicular
CB. A pin is set at C, and the distances
BC and CA are measured to obtain the
necessary data for computing the length
of AS,
S-3
2. ParaJle/lines:
A'i ..· ·· ~B'
A 0-'" - - - -
1----"""'8
If the necessary distance from the
line AS is short, perpendicular AA' = BB'
are erected by either using 3:4:5 method
of the chord bi-section method to clear
the obstacle. The line A'B' is then
chained, and its length is taken as that of
AB.
3. Similar Triang/es:
C
A / .. ~.<:~:>~~'" •
Let C be a point from A and Bare
visible. AC and BC are measured. CD
and CE bears to CB: that is CD/CA =
CEICB. It will generally be convenient to
make this a simple ratio such as 1/2 of
1/3. The triangles ACB and DCE are
similar. DE is measured and AS is
computed.
.~i.tl'"iI
rll~anteTperature<()t~5·9·,.a@us$djl)l)f
stan9a~l~ngth.1lt20·QunderaP4IIAf§~g,
Cr9$csezliQnClI"are<l.of,l~pe.,is • • Q.Q~~q;pm;,.
CQefficfe!1t()ltheyrMex:e~n$iM>I~
Q.009011~WC,.M~dtllu$ • ofela$tic~Y.(jf,tllP~ls,
2x1mkg1Crl1 2. ' , ",
G)[)eterllline.the•• errot•• of .the.,tapedu#.to
changeintempera1ure. ,. ' ",' '. '
® DetElfrninelheerrprduetotension, ••'.','
® Oetenninethe correetedlengthofthe line.
8-4

TAPE CORRECTION

Solution: @ True length of the line:

G) Temp. correction: Corrected hor. distance =673.92 + 0.1348
Ct =KL (T - Ts) Corrected hor. distance =674.055 m.
C, =0.0000116 (2395.25}(35 - 20)
Ct = + 0.4168 m.
@ Tension correction:
(P-Ps ) L
Cp=---xE
c - (4 - 5)(2395.25) .A·••$Q.·.rIl·•• • m~EH • • f~p~WaW.$t@9a.rdlzed • ·and
p- 0.03 (2) 106 sj~ppporteq1:ttrougholJttts • • wbole •. lergth.·.~nd
Cp =• 0.0399 m. •
·1QlJJldJ9b{l;.Q.O()~Q5nl. long~r~t·an .• pb~ery~d
t~mp~rliIW~(ff~1.~·C~Qd~pulh~flON~~,
@ Corrected length: •
Thl$taReW<1l.SlJ$edlomea~ure a• liqe•• v.'hjCh
L =2395.25 + 0.4168 - 0.0399 Wfl$f~~'nd • f~b$ .• 66Z.702.% • at • an•• ~v~mge
L = 2395.6269 m. ·~~Beralljr~ • • 8f•• 24·B·9.@ingJh~ • • s~me· • pull,
Y$e.·C()~fflci$nt.pf.e~Bansion.·pf.0.()Ooo116·m·
pl:ifgegreeCE!ntigiage~< .

A$QrmtAA~W~~$t~rm@l4eg.MdW!l$f@hd.
l$bep:Q<l42m:IQO)?n~>tf1~nJhe$t<1ln~~rd
.lE!gg1:tt~t~r:Jop~ry@.t£!rnP~r~fw~6fR~~Q·{:l[l9
• ~~~t~~~~~iri~r~~~~~aW~~~e~td·
• 19~~7~.~4.m···long.M.~n.(l~S7!Ye<J.·~~mp:.Of
.~~~[t·:~~~~~lIfs°6;~.~~~j~··idi~ji:~~I .• o.f
qj\P~I~!QElme$!Md~Jem@@tt!rEf;
(j)..¢oIl1IM~lhesl!lnd?~.terilp· • • • • • ·
~· • ··G9IllP~~me.t()!al • telTlp>Wq'El(;tiOn-
® CQmPlJf~the.{icllTE!CflenglhJ:iflh~·IiI1~;·
Solution:
CD Standard temperature:
Cr=K(Tz- Ts)L
+0.00205 =0.0000116(31.8- Ts)(50)
31.8 - Ts = 3.53
. Ts = 28.27'C (standard temp.)

··~.··~~{~I~~m:I'~I'~ihe.lioe .. @ Total correction:

Solution: Cr =K(T2 - Ts ) L
G) Standard temperature: Cr =0.0000116(24.6 - 28.27)(50)
Cr = K (TZ - T1) L1 Cr =;_0.00213 (too short)
+ 0.0042 =0..0000116 (58 - T1}(50)
+ 0.0042 =0.03364 - 0.00058 T1 · 0.00213(662.702)
7iataI correctIOn = 50
T1 = 50.76'C (standard temp.)
Total correction =0.02823 m.
@ Total correction:
Cr=K(T- T1)L1 @ Corrected length of line:
Cr =0.00(J01Q (68' 50.76)(50) Corrected horizontal distance
Cr =0.01 (tape is too long)
b.;;; G 1J =662.702 - 0.02823
Ttl t· 673.92 (0.01)
,oa correc Ion = 50 ~D =662.67377 m.
"" G .--
Total correction = 0.1348 m. \...0
::co,O I ;:r~,"1'2.\
~ I') \ \-:1,t.\&llv Db -)
 8-5

TAPE CORRECTION

@ Tota/error:
Too shortby =30 - 29.992
Too short by =0.008 m
- 472.90 (0.008)
7iot'aJ error- 30
Total error = 0.126 m. (to be subtraded)

@ True horizontal distance:

Corrected inclined distance

=472.90 •0.126
=472.774m
.e h
Solution: Sin = 472.774
CD Actual length: h =472.774 (0.03)
Cr = K (T2 - T1) L1 h= 14.183m
Cr =0.0000116(5·20)(30.005) . for (14.183f
Cr=· 0.00522 mm Correction slope = 2 (472.774)
(P2· P1) L1 Correction for slope =0.213 m
Cp- AE Corrected horizontal distance
C - (75· 5OX3O.005) =472.774·0.213
p- 3(200 x 103) = 472.561 m.
Cp = tQ.00125 m
w2L3
CS=24P2
0.65 x9.81 \'
w=.30":' .
C «(0.65 x 9.8115(30)3
S - . (3O)t(24)(75t
Cs =- 0.00904 m

Total correction =·0.00522 + 0.00125

·0.00904
- Tata/ Cf)ffection=- 0.009G4-
Total correction =·0.00522 + 0.00125 ,
-0.00904 .(!)... (;q~PIJtEl~.~¢@Illeng{h9f.tcl~ • 4IJling
Total correction =·0.013 m mAA~~rerrEl9t. • '> • • • i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •>•• • • • •>./.
® Wl'!litlsttletfuEl·atilll' .••.'••'. •. •••••.. '".< • • < . . .• .
Actual length of tape during measurement @. ·Whab$lh$¢~&ln~rea.ln$q.m.<········<·······
=30.005·0.013
·=29.992m.
S-6

TAPE CORRECTION

Solution: Solution:
CD Actual length: CD Cross-sectional area:
Cr = K(T2 - Tl) Ll A(1OOX100X7.86) = 267
Cr =0.‫סס‬OO16(30 - 2OX30·002) 1000 .
Cr =0.00348 m (too long) A = 0.034 sq.m. W1"f1:
Actual length of tape during measurement
=30.002 + 0.00348 ® Total correction:
=30.00548 m. Cr=K(T2' Tl)L jt1
® True area: Cr= 7 x 10-7 (20 • 15X1,l:1J
Therefore the tape is 0.00548 mtoo long Cr =0.00035 m.
Forthe 144.95mside:
7iotal error =144.95(0.00548)
30 =0.26 m. Pull correction:
. (P2- P1)L
True length = 144.95 + 0.026 Cp= AE
True length = 144.976 m
C - (16 ·10)(100)
For the 113 m side: p - 0.034 (2) 106

Total error =113(0~) =0.021 Cp= 0.009 m

True length =113 + 0.021
True length = 113.021 m
True area =(144.976X113.021)
True area = 16,385.33 ~
® Error in area:
Erroneous area = (144.95)(113)
Erroneous area::: 16,379.35 m2
Error in area = 16,385.33 -16,379.35
Error in area = 5.982 ~
Correction =0.00035 + 0.009
Correction = 0.00935 m
No. of tape lengths =~~6 =4.306
Total correction =4.306 (0.00935)
Total correction =0.0403 m
® True length of baseline:
True length of baseline =430.60 + 0.0403
True length ofbaseline =430.6403 m

A~pm.~tEleIJap~W~jghl~gA·f$~}$@f
~tMdatQI~rglll.Ulld~r~ • pUII.~f?@~UPP9rt~·
forfull.. . I~l"\gth, • • .• • TMta~ • • ..v~$U95~ . . . I~
m~asyHrt9.Allne~~~·§§m.IMg.l?~~·smWm
f~~elgW~n~~flder~$te~f1~ . P\,ltIQf19t<~;
AsslJming.I:.=.2•• l(.·.1()~ . k9tcmZ•• ~@ll1e • uriil
'Il¢ighl.m.$I~I.t()be7.9X1(t3.kglbrn3.

®•• ·.Oalermina.·me·crosssticllonal.atea·Ofthe
®~8IuleI16@~~@n,
®Compuletl'lEl1ruelElng!tiW1beb(lseli®•....
 S-7

TAPE CORRECTION

Solution:
<D Cross-sectional area of tape:
w=AL Ys
1.45 = A(3000)(7.9) x 10.3
A = 0.061 cml
@ Pull Correction:
(P- Psi L
Cp=-xE
_ (10-5X30)
Cp - 0.061 (2 x 106)
Cp =+ 0.00123
Total Correction = 0.00123 (938.55)
30
Total Correction = + 0.038 m.
@ Correct length ofline:
Corrected length = 938.55 + 0.038
Corrected length = 938.588 m.

Ill'll'• •••
@ •••. ·Per~rm(oe.·lIl$·hOrtzOO~I.dlStatt¢.,.

Solution:
~~~~jbg~~ •.•j~611~~~~.~h~/i~i~ <D Total correction per tape length:
Gr= K (T2· T1) L1
jsmown•• 19be.5(JnV.19@@?9·¢'Tl1~t~p~ Cr= 0.0000116 (15 ·10)(30)
wasusedtome<l$lJre<.~ljffll'Wtti¢l't\¥~s@YQg
l[).pe.532@.meter~l@g~~·tl1~Jelll~Wt~ Gr= + 0.00174 rn
W<ls.35·c, • • ~t€lITl1If\~.~.@IQ\Vil'l9:·>i.· .• · ·.••·•·•·•· · ..
PUll correction:
0!•• • ternper~tureC9ttecti6rll¢nap~·l®$tti<> •••••••• (P2 ,P1)L1
®TelJ1~raflJreCllrre¢ticmJprfh~fTlffll!l~rE:!9 .
WilfuL·································· Cp AE
@)1\C~edlength()ff&ljne...• _ (75 • 50)(30)
Cp- 6.50 (200 x 103)
Solution: Cp =+ 0.00058 rn
<D Temperature correction per tape length:
Cr=K(T- Ts)L
Sag Correction:
Cr = 0.0000116 (35 -20)(50)
Cr =0.0087 m. too long
. .l-L 2
Cs= 24 p2
® Temperature correction for the measured r _ (0.075 x 9.81)2 (30)3
line: vs- 24 (75)2
ft· :-1··· ,. - 532.28 (0.0087) . r'\.!J)
loa correCdon - 50 C !, -.- - Cs =0.10827 m
Total correction =+ 0.0926 m. \. ""0
Total correction per tape length:
@ Corrected length ofline:
COrrected length =532.28 + 0.0926 C =0.00174 + 0.00058 ·0.10827
Corrected length =532.3726 m. C=· 0.10595 m
S-8

TAPE CORRECTION

® Correction for slope: ® Total correction:

. 459.20 (·0.10595) Temp. corrections:
Tolaf correction = 30
Cr=KL(T- T1)
Total correction =- 1.622 Cr =0.‫סס‬OO116 (624.95~32 -20)
Correct slope distance =459.20 ·1.622 Cr =.;. 0.087 (too long)
Correct slope distance =457.578 m
fl2 Pull correction:
CS=2S (P2' P1) L
(1.25f Cp = AE
Cs =2 (457.578) _ (15 -10) (624.95)
Cs = 0.002 Cp- 0.06 (2) 106
@ Horizontal distance: Cp := +0.026 (too long)
Corrected horizontal distance
=457.578· 0.002 Total correction = + 0.0l7 • 1.781 +0.026
= 457.576m Total correction =• 1.668 m.

@ Corrected length of the liIle:

Corrected length =624.95 .1.668
Corrected length = 623.182 m.

Il,.'.
Solution:
CD Sag correction:
w2 L3
- CS1 = 24 p2
(0.04j2(100)3
CS1 = 24 ~15)2 . =0.296 m.
_ (0.04) (24.95)3 =0 005
CS2'" 24 (15)2 . .
Total sag correction =6(0.296) + 0.005
Total sag correction = 1.781 (too short)
 5-9

TAPE CORRECTION.

Solution: Actual length of tape at 40.6'C Tension

CD Tension applied at 32'. 99.986 - 0.00232 =99.98368 10 kg
99.992 - 0.00232 = 99.98968 14 kg
99.992 '4 100.003 -0.00232 =100.00068 20 kg
0.008
{
100.00 0.011 x
{ 6 99.98968 '4
0.01032
{
0.011 x
{
100.0000 6
100.003

~_9·008
100.00068
6 - 0.011
x=4.36 kg.
x 0.01032
Tension applied =14 +~4.36'~·~·'~·· ,) ~ .', ~:., 6=llO11
Tension applied = 18.36 kg. x= 5.63 kg
',k Tension applied =14 + 5.63
® Tension applied at 40.6'. Tension applied = 19.63 kg
Temperature correction:
Cr=K(T2- T,}L
Cr= 0.0000116 (40.6 - 32) 100
Cr=O.00998

Actual length of tape at 40.6'C Tension

99.986 + 0.00998 = 99.99598 10 kg
99.992 + 0.00998 = 100.00198 14 kg
100.003 + 0.00998 = 100.01298 20k~

0.006
r·~98}
100.0000
0.00402 {' 4

100.00198 14

~_ 0.00402
4 - 0.006
x= 2.68 kg GJ Compute the correctiartdue to the applied
pulfofS kg. ,'" .'
Tension to be applied =10 + 2.68 @ Compute the cortecUOn due to weight.ot
Tension to be applied = 12.68 kg tape. '
@ Compute the true length of the measured
@ Tension applied at 30'C: lineAB ,due to the combined effects of
Temperature coffection: tension, sag arid temperature.
Cr=K(T2- T,}L
Cr =0.0000116 (30 - 32) 100
Cr=-0.00232
S-10

TAPE CORRECTION

Solution: @ Number ofpaces for the new line:

CD Pull correction: AI f _ 893 =893.5 + 891 + 895.5
IVO. 0 paces - 5
C - (P,- PM,
P- AE No. ofpaces =893.25':.-:;.
C - (8 -5.5X458.650) _ +
P - 0.04 (2.10 x 106) - 0.014 m. ® Distance of the new line:
.Distance of new line =893.25 (0.691)
Distance of new line =617.236 m.
@ Correction due to weight oftape:
W2L3
Cs = 24 rJ2 'I.
C = (o.05f (50j3 (9)
s 24 (8f
(0.05)2 (8.65)3
+ .@'. 1'hl$Sk!es•• of.a.M9a(elat••havIM•• ®J@a
24(8f ·····>··Clf•• ?~!)pe9~rAAWfl~m¢-~~qt~.9$j.J19 • •~·
Cs =·1.832 m. (always negative)

® True length ofmeasured line AB:

·······~~~~ih:.~~ • i~i~J~I.·m.~~~@W •
Cr =K(T2 -T1)L @ ··ttiE!•• (:Qrr1'!¢t.dl~ta6@ • ~~!lh@~ • P9.@•• ~··
Cr =0.0000116 (18 - 2OX458.65) '. · · • • ~P.4$.m' • • l@ng.~ • jQQm;mjll;l.lMl#,,#!
Cr =-0.011 m. m,@~ltl~!~\th~l¢hSll1l~~~I~J(j96t/'l~

Total correction =0.014 -1.832 - 0.011 ·••• ·• ·· ··>.Woyl1~.®()ut~.~.2@Q*:Itlm;

·.•
Ii'~i:$.·of.:x·?··.····.·····
••
." . . . . . . .tl$ffi~
•. /••. . •. . . .
Total correction =-1.829 m.
True length AB =458.65 - 1.829 @•• • T\lij.~jstlil'lCElfrOm.P.Il)ei@fJi~@~d;.j$·.
True length AB =456.821 m. • • • • • • • • 1§$.2.rl1.•••• lf.tM.$Q.m;t#p~~eaj~Q~Q1 • m;.
tQP$lyjrt;Wh~!i$~#grf~W(ll$tM¢¢m
rie? .. ... ... .... ...

Solution:
CD Error in area:
(99.962 _ (1002)

~~~I~~~!~~n~~~~i~I~~at~jl~_\\~~ A - 2.25
A=2.2482 hectares
.~~5f:o~~~~~~~Ii~~~~"'1~11;1~~l~'~.·
..' .. .
6~3,893,5dI9talj(18~S;&/<'" .
Enur in area =2.25 - 2.2482~.l\
Errorin area =0.0018 hectares,
Error in area = 0.0018 x10000 ~\
@-p~lerl11IMltlE!pa¢¢taClor+< Error in area = 18 sq.m.
~·< •. [)~t~rmjlie· • I'l~mbefgf.p~c~s.·fCll'~~¢-,,·new
•
une,> Note: 1 hectare =1000 sq.m.
~.·• •. Oetennineme·pjfltanc:eMlbe.fleWljne. @ Value of x:
Solution: ~~5 x =220.45 - 220.406
CD Pace factor: x =0.02 m.
142 + 145 + 145.5 + 146
N0.0 f paces = 5
k,t'::'l:1, ® Corrected distance:
No. of paces = 144.625" " '
100 1:.; L -:. /. Correct distance = 165.2 _1:.2 (0.01)
Pace factor =144.625 = 0.691
Correct distance =165.167 m.
 S·Il

TAPE CORRECTION
@ Unit weight of tape:
_ 0.204 w...fAE
PN-
\i)•• • 8()rnpqte.the.O()rrnlJl•• t~~$IQI1.wh~hwin • b~ -J
PN- Ps

·. ·.• •. .•
....•. ~ppU®t~~t~®SlJPPA.~~9pV~r.twq 16 =0.204 w'./'--0.-05-(2-)1-06'
. . ·Sl.IPP()rtsillord~tt()fl1aketr~tape~~alt£>
·.it$•. n()[llill~I.I~ngtb •.VjI'l~ll~IlPP()rtE!d.ptJly'~t ~
~~~~.~f~~~ ~~4$t~I • _1~ ~.~6~~~
•.•. t@)~9hourit$ • leo91h.und~r.~.ll\at\!j~rd·PW
•. 0.:
w=0.784 kg
w= =0.026 kglm
· • •pt$·§.·kg•• wilh.•!J'tEl•. rnod~N~.9felastiglyfS
.• ·~ • x.1~kgf(@fW"ldaieaOf.Q,06(:mf • • • • • •.• • ·•• •· ® Cross sectional area:
_ 0.204 w...fAE
·®•• • Aste~tapei$30:lt1 .•• ~ogu@era • ~nd~@.· PN-
•.• • • • • plJu • • ~f.9 • • • k~, • • • With•• • ~ • • • %J~~I~nt • • ett)$lh. -J PN-Ps

·(:.lilli'~_'1
me¢M·P9IIlt~~ • tl)9~ls.W~.~ff®!·.()f$a~Wlll·
18 = O.204[~O.OO25)(40i...fAE
W=279.02
~
•.••.••.. ·.M.~I@i~W~pYlffil~l()l'lg~~9f;l§flIW¥lP~. AE =77854.67
d~Mo.tI'lE!M~lj¢atl@Qft~I$IMdi~¢M~1
••.t6.t6.M....(feterlnio~lhe9~il·W~i9htcitt~e. A = 77854.67 = 0039 rrf
2 x 106 . c
•• iaPE!•• j~
taM·.MQ(I~ltl~ ()f•• elast@fy.Qf••
~*lQ~Mtcnt.>
®Urid$ra$tandardpullQf~~g,Jhel@el
tapej~4QlTl"()(lg,An9rm~IJ~n~i9Q:qf
1&.k9rll~~~s • m¢••
~I()ng~~qiJ9f.~h~ • • l~Il$··
··()ff$e;t.t~~en~pt.pf.·~~·.· • • lfm~t~w(#Stm·· .0) ..• Det~rminelli~ IEltlgll1 of the fine in meters if
llqZ#·kgfril,•• •arld.E • =••z•)(•• j06•• • kglciril%) ... .there were 3 tallies'S phis aildthe last pin
Qeletrlline .• • it~ • • cr(Jss • • $ecll()nlll.··ar~.· • . in. \ was9>·Iil,Jromtheend of tile Hne. The
s:(P::Il'l{ ...•..• tapeMectwas so. m.IOhg. .• . .

Solution: lID A line was measured wilh a50 m. tape

CD Normal tension: and fo~nd .to beJOO m. long. It was
PN = 0.204 {Ai! . <Jis(:oileredlhaltneflrst pin was stUck
.... 306m. tathe left oftheUne.andthesecond
..,j Pw Pt" . . pin 30cm. to .the right. Fino the error In the
_ 0.204(0.84) ..,j'-O.-OO-(2-)1-06' measurement in em?
PN-
..,j Pw P1 ® A line was measured with a 50 m. tape
_ 59.3608 and recorded ·100 m. long. While
PN- measuring lhe first pin was stuck 20 em to .
..,j PN - 5.6 the right of the line and the second pin
40 em. 10 the left. Find the correct length
By trial and error:
PN= 17.33 kg oflhe line.
_ 59.3608
PN- Solution:
..,j 17.33 - 5.6 (j) Length of the line:
PN= 17.33 kg L = 3(10)(50) +8(50) + 9
L =1.909 m
S-12

TAPE CORRECTION

@ Error in the measurement: Total distance = 8 (16.5) t 6 (16.5)

If 45(33)
Error=2s + 12
E (0.30f (0.60)2 Total distance =354.75 ft.
-rror = 2(50) + 2(50) Total distance = 108.16 m.
Error =0.0045 m. =0.45 em.
@ Correct length of the line:
E - (0.20f (0.60)2
rror - 2(50) + 2(50)
Error = 0.004 m. @ .·A.. 1M • • rrl· • • !~pe • • is•• • 1~.·mrT!·.wide.<lhd
Correct length ofline = 100 - 0.004 O.80mm·.th~ •.• lf.the·tapl.j$·90rr~unq~r·
Correct length of/ine = 99.996 m. ~ • PlJIl()f.94·.N;.Wll'tputEl.tIJ~~rJ'9r.ll'Iadl'by
··uSlngapuII.Qf.eaN,••·.e.::;:.. 4®,OOQ.MP!i.· . .
@·.1'lWIElr1Qlh9f••~• • ~~ries • of.Une5.iSf()@gll)
. • • bE!34.2f·Q2mdDWef9~rq.directlOn.~nd
·•342f.~·rn·.ln·1~e.reverseddire(;t~n, • •. VV/'lal
i~lh~ratJopftlj¢l:lrror?··· .
@A Ilnewasmeasure<l tC)ha~5 tallies; 6
• marking pins lind ~3.5Ijnks. How long is @.·.. A~ytJsterlS~ • p~r • il)m®nt~~<lt • ~ • • ~rtair
thelme In ft.?' .... . . .... ·9i$~n~frpmjlj~jnstru~~t~lldthean~l~
... ·~~~t~ndeq.l:!Yff@.bal'.i$p·$".9:JrnP~t~t~e
@ A line wasmeasiJred witha 50 m. lape. . . .•. ~r\~8n!~! • . d~tM~~.·.frpmtr.~ • j~strlJrr~nl
There were 2 .tallles. 8 pirys, and the. .. sl1ltl(')flIQ OOlloAA«"nmthesl,lblen$f:l par,
distance from the last pin iothe elid of the
line was 2.25 nf. Find the length of the Solution:
lirie in meters? . CD Error made by using a pull of 68 N:
_ (P2 - P1) L_ (68- 54) 100
@ A distance was Measured and was Cp - AE -12 (0.8)(200000)
recorded to.. tlave a value equiYalentio Cp =0.0007
8 perch,6 rods and 45 Yarn. Compute the
.•• tolal distance inmeters. . .. Error = 0.0007 x 100
100
Error = 0.0007%
Solution:
CD Distance ofline: @ Ratio ofthe error:
Note: 1 tally = 10 pins A I gth 3427.fJ2 + 3427.84
1 link =1 ft verage en = 2
1 pin = 100 links Average length = 3427.73
L = 5 (10)(160) + 6 (100) + 63.5 . f 3427.84 - 3427.62
Ratlo a error= 3427.73
L =5663.5 ft
· f 0.22 1
Rat10 a error =3427.73 =15581
@ Length of the line:
Note: 1 tally =10 pins
1 pin = 1 chain @ Horizontal distance:
1
2 (10)(50) + 8 (50) + 2.25 =1402.25 m. tan 0.2' =/1
H = 1,718.87 m.
(3) Total distance:
Note: 1 perch =1 rod =16.5 feet Note: Subtense bar is standard
1 vara =33 inches to be 2 m. long
 S-l3

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

Gli2D 2. Probable Error of the Mean:

is defined as the difference between the
true value and the measured value of a
quantity.

E
MISTAKES Em=-
-r;,
are inaccuracies in measurements
which occur because some aspect of a 1"1"
surveying operation is performed by the 3. Standard deviation:
Geodetic Engineer with carelessness,
poor judgment and improper execution.

4. Standard error:

1. Systematic Error
2. Accidental Error

1. Instrumental Error
2. Natural Error
3. Personal Error
1. The weights are inversely proportional
to the square of the corresponding
~ probabl errors.

is define as the number of times

something will probably occur over the
range of possible occurrences.

1. Probable Error a
single observation:

2. The weights are also proportional to the

number of observations.
Where E =probable error
,£V2 = sum of the squares of the 3. Errors are directly proportional to the
residuals
square roots of distances.
n =number of observation
 S-14

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

® Most probable value of diff. in elevation:

Route Diff. in Elev. Weight

1 340.22 1
2 340.30 0.25
3 340.26 0.1111
4 340.32 0.0625
Sum = 1.4236

Weighted Observation
340.22 (1) = 340.220
®Whaflsttleweightnfr(lqte2a$$~mI6g ~.30 (0.25) = 85.075
. • •. . .• • ·.•. ~ig~t·.¢f·.·.l'O.Ut~ • 1•.• I~.~ql¥l.I§ •.1.•·..•. • . . ·.. .•.•. . . . . .·.•• . · 340.26 (0.1111) = 37.803
.• ~• • Detem1ine1hemos1~b'eValueof.diff. 340.32 (0.0625) = 21.270
jnel~'ffltl$l'I.< Sum = 484.368
• 'W•. • !fW~.·~I£tlfatio/' • 9fa~h • ls.~@,4f.m;'M\at
••..• ·.isth~elev~TIWL(lf~M2asslJrnlllgiti~
. ··fjigheftMhaMW . . 484.368 i'/";
Most Probable Value = 1.4236- .• ',: .

Solution: Most Probable Value =340.242 .

G) Weight of route 2:
® Elev. ofBMi
The weights are invserseley proportional Bev. = 650.42 + 340.242
to the square of the corresponding probable Elev. =990.662 m.
errors.

4 W1 = 16 Wz = 36 W3 = 64 W4

W1 = 4 Wz =9 W3 = 16 W4

Assume W1 =1
1
WZ=4"
Wz =0.25
1 \D Compute lfle probable weight oftrtal 3..
W3=g
® Determine the most probable diff. in
W3=0.111 elevatiOn. . .
1 ® Compute the elevation of B if .elevation of
W4 =16 AIs 1000 with Bhigher than A,
W4 =0.0625
 S-lS

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

Solution: Solution:
ill Weight of trial 3:
CD Probable error:
The weights are also proportional to the Mean value
number of observation.
··120.68 + 120.84 + 120.76 + 120.64
Weight of trial 3 = 6. ~ = 4
Mean value =120.73
@ Probable diff. in elevation:

Distance Weight Residual V V2

520.14 1 120.68 -120.73 =- 0.05 0.0025
520.20 3
120.84 -120.73 =+0.11 0.0121
520.18 6
520.24 8 120.76 -120.73 =+0.03 0.0009
Sum =18 120.64 -120.73 =- 0.09 0.0081
'LV2 =0.0236
Weighted Values
520.14(1) = 520.14
520.20 (3) = 1560.60 _ f"iV2t:.(
520.18 (6) = 3121.08 Probable erro~.= 0.6745 -" n(rJ~1r'- 'l
520.21 (8) = 4161.92
Sum = 9363.74 Probable error =0.6745
~0.0236.
4(3)

· I 9363.74 Probable error =± 0.0299

Probable value 0 fdiff.. In eev. =-18-
Probable value ofdiff. in elev. = 520.208 @ Standard deviation:

@ Elevation of B: .. - fiV2
Standard deViation =-" ~
Elev. ofB =1000 '10520.208
Elev. of B = 1520.208 m.
. = ~0.0236
Standard deviation -3-

Standard deviation = ± 0.0887 y\..

@ Standrad error:
Standard deviation
Standard error = {;;
±0.0887
Standard error = {4
Standard error =± 0.0443 ["11,\
5-16

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

1--------------------- •

Iftiglf!tma2Z;- At ;i)i'<1
Three iridepen<lentJilieof levelsarerunJrom
.BM1t~BM~.R<JuteAjS6 kll'l, 1~,rOt1tee 1$
4 knt long andrpute Pis 8 km 8y muff! A,
"M()bserveO•• afi91~s • 9faW~nfll~ar~ • • as
follOWS: .. A"'34'20'36~<B"'49~t6'34·
... '..' ' .
¢7®'?2'41~

.:~JS~~·;~~ej~~~a~~~Y:y:~'.:~.:;'
SHOm. shove-BM,. ···TM eJevatloo{jfBM1 Is
6M2>'" . .... . ...
.0)Using the weighted mean valUes,WtiaLis
the weight~froufeB. ' .
00 Whatls the PrPfutblevalue 9ftheVil!lgtited.
niEian. .•. . ••. . .
@ . WhatJstheelevalion ofB~; . . Soiution:
Solution: G) Probable value of angle C:
G) Weight of route A:
ROUTE DISTANCE DIFF. IN ELEV. Sum of all angles = 180'
A 6 82.27 34'20'36" +49'16'34" +96'22'41"
B 4 82.40
C. 8 82.10 =179'59'51"
1 1 1 = =
Error 180' ·179'59'51" 09" (too small)
LCD =24
6 4 8 F" L) . 9
CorrectlOn =-
Weight computations 3
24 Correction =3"
A W1 =6=4
24
B W2=4"=6 Probable value of angle C = 96'22'41" +3"
24 Probable value of angle C = 96'22'44"
C W3=a=3

Weight of 8 = 6 ® Probable value of angle A:

® Probable value of weighted mean: Probable value of angle A = 34'20'36" + 3"
82.27(4) =329.08
Probable value of angle A = 34'20'39"
82.40(6) =494.40
82.10(3) =246.30
1069.78 @ Probable value of angle B:
Probable value of the weighted mean Probable value of angle B = 49'16'34" +3"
1009.78 Probable value of angle B = 49'16'37"
=-13-
=82.29
@ Elevation of8M2.'
8M2 =82.46+82.29
8M2 = 168.71 m.
 5-17

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

Sum = (n - 2) 180 =(5 - 2) 180 =540'

=
Enor = 540' - 539'59'40" 20"

G) Adjusted value of angle 0:

Adjusted value of angle 0 = 167'02'07.11"
® Adjusted value of angle B:
Adjusted value ofangle B = 134'44'41,31"
® Adjusted value ofangle E:
Adjusted value ofangle E =76'08'53.16"

Solution:
ANGLE OBSERVED WEJGHT
VALUE
1
A 86'15.20" 6= 0.167
1
8 134'44'35" 2=0.SO
1
C 75'48'SO" 2=0.SO
1
0 167'02.05" 6= 0.167
1
E 76'08'SO" 4=0.25
Solution:
Sum = 539'59'40" 1.584 G) Probable value of angle A:
A+8+C=41 +77+63=181'
CORRECTION ADJUSTED
Error= 181' -180' =01'
ANGLES Error= 60 mins.
LCD of 5, 6and 2 is 30
O.~~~O) = 2.11" 86'15'22.11"
Sta. Weight Correction
O.~~O) = 6.31" 134'44'41.31" I c~v( 6
A ~. 4.~ = 6 ~:;..; Z6 (50) = 13.84'
0.~.~O)=6.31" 75'48'56.31"
8 30 = 5 16 (60) =11.54'
6
O.~~~O) = 2.11" 167'02'07.11" C 30 = 15 15 (60) = 34.62'
2 26 26 50'
O.~~O) = 3.16" 76'08'53.16"
Corrected value ofA =41' - 13.84'
Sum -20" 540'00'00" Corrected value of A=40'46.16'
5-18

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

® Probable value of angle B: ® Probable value of angle B:

Corrected value of B = 77' - 11.54' Corrected value ofB = 65' + 13.85'
Corrected value of B = 76'48.46' Corrected value of B = 65'13.85'

@ Probable value of angle C: @ Probable value of angle C:

Corrected value of C = 63' - 34.62' Corrected value of C = 75' +27.69'
Corrected value of C = 62'25.38' Corrected value of C=75'27.69'

Solution:
Solution: ill Average mean value:
ill Probable value ofangle A: Average value (mean)
A + B + C= 39 + 65 + 75 = 179' 200.58 + 200.40 + 200.38 + 200.46
Error =180' - 179' =01' =
4
Error =60 mins. Average value (mean) = 200.455
LCD of3, 4 and 2 is 12
® Probable error of the mean:
Sta. Weight Correction
12 4 /
A -=4
3 13 (60)= 18.46 Length V V2
3 200.58 200.58 - 200.455 = +0.125 0.015625
B 12 =3 13 (50) = 13.85
4 200.40 200.40 - 200.455 = - 0.055 0.003025
12 =6 6 200.38 200.38 - 200.455 = - 0.075 0.005625
C 2 13 (50) =27.69
200.46 200.46 - 200.455 = +0.005 0.000025
13 60
,,£V2 =0.0243
Corrected value of A = 39' + 18.46'
Corrected value of A = 39'18.46'
 5-19

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

)',,,·v.
fd. .-.~.

-V
XV-1)
Probable error of mean =0.6745 ..n(n
2
Probable error= 0.6745
- r""iV2
-\I n(n:1)
P.E. =0.6745
-v 0.0243
4(3} Probable error =0.6745
~0.0236
4{3}
PE =±0.03 Probable error =± 0.0299

® Precision of the measurements: ® Standard deviation:

0.03 p "
Precision = 200.455
1
i ,,,,

·Y. Standard devta ""IG2

. t·Ion = - ~

Precision =6681.83
..y0.0236
.. 1 Standard deviation = -3-
PreCISion =6682
Standard deviation =± 0.0887

® Standard error.
Standard deviation
Standard error = -{;

±O.OBB?
Standard error = {4 =± 0.0443

Solution:
CD Probable error.
Mean value
120.68 + 120.84 + 120.76 + 120.64
= 4
Mean value = 120.73

Residual V V2
CD What is thewelghfofroute 3as$uming the
120.68 • 120.73 =·0.05 0.0025 weightof route f equal tD 1.
120.84 -120.73 =+0.11 0.0121 ® What is the .sum of the weighted
120.76 -120.73 =+0.03 0.0009 obserVation. .
120.64 -120.73 =- 0.09 0.OOB1 @ What i$ the most probable value of the
LV2 =0.0236 elevatlon.
5-20

ERRORS AND MISTAIES

Solution:
CD Weight ofroute 3:
The weights are inversely proportional to
the square of the corresponding probable
errors.
" K
1 J/1 = (2)2 .
K 'J
W3= (6)2

4W1 = 16W2 = 36W3 = 64W4

W1 = 4W2 = 9W3 = 16W4
1
IfW1 = 1 W3 =9=0.1111
1 1
W2 =4'=0.25 W4 = 16 =0.0625

Therefore the weight ofroute 3 = 0.1111.

@ Sum of the weighted obseNation:

Solution:
F"'.
ROUTE DIFFERENCE IN WEIGHT' CD Probable value under each set:
t· ELEVATION Most probable value using the Invartape in
1 measurements:
1 340.22 571.185 + 571.186 + 571.179 + 571.180 + 571.183
2 'I 340.30 0.25 5
3 (, 340.26 0.1111 :; =571.183
4 I'. 340.32 0.0625
Most probable value using the Steel tape
Sum= in measurements:
1.4236
571.193 + 571.190 + 571.185 + 571.189 + 571.182
5
WEIGHTED ~) = 571.188
OBSERVATION @ Probable Errors under each set:
240.22 (1) = 240.220 Probable error using Invar tape:
340.30 (0.25) = 85.075 ~H
340.36(0.1111) = 37.803 Invar tape Residual (V) V2
340.32 (0.0625) = 21.270 571.185 - 571.183 = 0.002 0.000004
Sum = 484.368 :'5.' 571.186 - 571.183 = 0.003 0.000009
571.179 - 571.183 = - 0.004 0.000016
571.180·571.183 = ·0.003 0.000009
The sum of weighted obseNation 571.183·571.183 = 0 0.000000
=484.368 'Dfl =0.000038
@ Most probable value of the elevation:
484.368 PE = 0.6745
-GY2
'\J nTtJ=1)
Most Probable Value = 1.4236
Most Probable Value = 340:424
~. ~.,

"~, PE = ~ 0.000038
5(4)
= 00009'1
± . v
 S-21

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

Probable erro~us;ng Steel tape: WE2 = W1 E12

1;.

Steel tape ::I.. Residual (V) V2 WE2 = W2 E22

571.193 - 571.1~ 0.005 0.000025
571.190-571.188 0.002 0.000004 W1 E12
571.185 - 571,188 - 0.003 0.000009 ~= W
571.189 - 57-V,188 t{).OO1 0.000001
571.182-57t188 -0.006 0.000036 E2 = 1.98(0.00093)2
{ }:.V2 =0.000075 2.98
E= ±O.DOO76 (probable errorofmean)

. PE = 0.6745
-GT
'\J ~ ..-
W2 E,2
~= W
PE = 0 6'745'" J0.000075
' \ { 5(4) £:2 = 1.00(0.00131)2
PE =to.OO131 2.98
E=tO.OOO76
® Most probable value ofthe two sets:
Probable value Probable error
.-;. 571.183 Ei =0.00093
"1571.188 E2=0,oo131
. 1
K
'2 =/ K
W1 =E2
W1 Ei 2 = W2 Ei
W1 (0,00093Y = W2 (0.00131)2
Ass. W2 = 1
Ei ') k r.

..••-fd!:··~;W·:J:~1
Wi (0,OOO93Y =1 (0,OO131j,2
Wi = 1.98
Weight/
W1 = 1,98
" ' c:~F:'~~;11
.~ .. poC
t','
I·'
Wt. x value
1130.94
i l ! !f~jl:l!lll~~;l.
W2 = 1.00
Sum= W=. 298"'.'.'1
.-
571.188
- - . .,"
1702.18.:'//
li'_liiil~ii:!~1
1702.128
Most probable value ofthe two sets = ~ Solution:
Most probable value ofthe two sets = 571.184 G) Probable error:
40'31' + 40'34' +40'36'
Mean value = 3
@ Probable error ofthe general mean:
K Mean value =40'33.7'
W=E2
K Residual v ? V2
W1=-2 40'31' - 40'33.7' = 2.7 7.29
E1 40'34' -40'33.7' = t{).3 0.09
2
E2 _ W1 E1 40'36' -40'33.7 = +2.3 5.29
- W
E2_ W2E l }:. V2 =12.67
- W
5-22

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

Probatie error =0.6745 -,,~-G:V2 G) Probable error:

-52
Probable error =0.6745 ." ~
_f12.67
Probable error =0.6745 -" 3(3=1)
Probable error = ± 0.98 Probable efTDr= 0.6745 ~ = ± 0.039
® Standard deviation:
@ Standard error.
-52
Standard deviation = -" ;;'::1 -fiV2
Standard deviation =-" ~

Standard deviation ="_112.67

2-2-
Standard devia,tion= ± 2.52
Standard deviation = ~ =0.10
Standard deviation
® Standard error:
Standard error = v;,
2.52
Standard error = 13 Standard error = ~ = ± 0.577
Standard error = ± 1.453
@ Precision:
0.039
Precision = 141.70
1
Precision = 3633

ii;Atili1:~' 11'1~;
Solution:
Average value (mean)
141.60 + 141.80 + 141.70
= 3 (j)Flrldthepr°bable¥~I»~\)faogleA.
Average value (mean) = 141.70 @ FiMthepto~~~I~Y~19~f>1~r~I~B,< .,
@tIMt!'leproMPi¢VaI4¢~f~OglE~% ,',
V v2
141.60 ·141.70 =·0.10 +0.01 Solution:
141.80 -141.70 = +0.10 +0.01 Error= 180· (39' +65' +75')
141.70-141.70= 0 o .Error = 01'
Error = 50' (too smalQ
 S·23

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

. Weight
Solution:
CD Corrected angle A:
A 39' 12 =6
2 Angles Value Weight Corrections
A 92' 12/6 =6 6/15 (60) =24'
B 65' 12=4 B 88' 12/4 =3 3/15 (60) =12'
3 C 71' 12/3 =4 4/15 (60) =16'
o 110' 12/6 = 2 2/15 (50) =..!
C 75' 12 = 3
4 15 00'
13 Error =(92 + 88 +71 +110) - 360
Error =01' = 60' (too big)
Correction Corrected Angles Corrected angle A = 92' ·24'
Corrected angle A = 91'36'
6
13 (50) =27.69' 39' 27'41" ® Corrected angle B:
Correded angle B =88' • 12'
1~ (50) = 18.46' 65'18' 28" Corrected angle 8 = 87'48'

® Corrected angle C:
3 Correctedangle C= 71' • 16'
13 (50) =13.85' 75' 13'51"
Correctedangle C = 70' 44'
50'

CD Probable value of angle A:

Probable value of angle A =39' 27' 41"

® Probable value of angle B:

Probable value of angle B = 65'18' 28"

® Probable value of angle C:

Probable value of angle C= 75'13' 51"

Solution:
CD Probable value of angle A:
Sum ofinterior angles = (n· 2)180
Sum ofinferior angles = (5· 2)(180)
Sum ofinterior angles = 540'
@•• • qO/tlflM~m~#Jffep(#1.val®(Jt.ittg~.!} •.• Sum = 110' +98' + 108' +120' +105'
.~ • • GOI1)P~t~lhe(;Orr¢¢t#lv~lpe9f.~leEl.·i·<.·· Sum=541'
·®••··CornplJ@ftle90rrec!ed·vBll.le.ofangle.Q... Error =0l' or 50' (to be subtracted)
S-24

ERRORS AND MISTAIES

Sta. Angles Weight Solution:

110' 12 -6
A 2- 28'34' + 61'15' =89'49'
Error = 40"
B 98' 12=4
3 Angle Weight
12 =3 1
C 108' BAC 2=0.5
4
12 =2 1
0 120'
6
BAD 4=0.25
12 =3 1
E 105' CAD 2=0.5
4
18 1.25
COITection Corrected Angles Correction Corrected Values
6
18 (50) =20' 109' 40' 00" 40 (9.5) = 16" 28'34'16"
1.25
1~ (60) =13.33' 91' 46' 40.2" 40 (0.25) =.8" 89'49'32"
1.25
1~ (50) =10' 101' 50'00" 40 (0.5) = 16" 61'15'16"
1.25
2
18 (60) =6.67' 119' 53'19.8"
<D Probable value ofangle BAC = 28'34'16"
1~ (50) =10' 104' 50' 00"
@ Probable value ofangle BAD = 89'49'32"
50' 540'00'00"
® Probable value of angle CAD = 61'15'16"
Probable value ofangle A :: 109'40' 00"
@ Probable value ofangle C= 107'50' 00"
@ Probable value ofangle 0 = 119'53'19.8"

(1).. f)eleWIM1heWeight.(lfr@W.@lTIber.g.
® ·Oelertrilne fhemO$fpt()Pabledlffe$/1¢eJo
elevatioll, .. .
® P~t~it1e.tnelnosfprOb@IEleIWalion·tJfQ
lnmetars.· . .
 S-25

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

Solution:
CD Weight ofroute no. 2.:
W1D1 = W2D2 = waDa = W4 D4
Assume:
W1 =6
6(2)= W2 (6)
W2=2 Solution:
2(6) = wa (4) Determine first the weight of each route
wa =3 111
3(4) =w4 (8) 10 16 40
w4 = 1.5
Weight ofroute 2 = 2 To find the weight, divide the L.C.D. by its
distance.
@ Probable difference in elev:
Route Weight WI. x Diff in elevation CD Probable weight of route B:
1 6 6(0.86) =5.16 ROUTE LENGTH WEIGHT
2 2 2(0.69) =1.38 A 10 160 =16
10
3 3 3(0.75) =2.25
4 1.5 1.5(1.02) =1.53 B 16 160 = 10
- -- 16
12.5 10.32
C 40 160 =4
40
Probable diff. in elev. = 1102~52 Sum=3O
Probable diff. in elev. = 6.826
Weight ofroute B= 10
@ Probable elevation of C:
Probable elevation ofC= 825 + 0.82 @ Probable difference in elevation:
Probable elevation of C = 825.82 16(632.81) = 10124.96
10(632.67) = 6326.78
4(633.30) = 2533.28
18984.86

Mast probable d·ff.· . 18984.86

I.melev.=~
lines of levels are run from BM1 to BM2 over
three different routes. Ifthe elevation of BM1 is Most probable diff. in elev. = 632.83
100 m. above the sea level.
Route Length (Diff. In Elev.) @ Probable elevation of 8M2:
Between Bm1 & Bm2 Probable elevation of 8M2
A 10 .632.81
= 100 + 632.83
B 16 632.67
C 40 633.30 = 732.83 m. above sea level
5-26

ERRORS AND MISTAIES

·.I.• [dlrr2;~lull~lfll_·.

i I• • •;'
·~~~.··.O•·.••·n. ~.$ · ., 4v
•.••.•. '.•. •.•.•.•·.•.•. '.·.•L.• ..•·.•.•.1•• .~ t >.>
~• .• •.• • •.·•.~~I~i
6i• • • • • • • • •
. ·• .E.•.·••.• •.•.•.•.•.•.•.• . ·•. ••. •. I.I. •.••. : ..• 1.•11..• •.k1.•·. .•.• .•.•.L.•.•.• . E
l.·•. .•
U.
~~~:~»<i~
Solution:
® Probable weighted mean:
Line Diff. in Elev. Weight
Solution: 1 41.16 6
CD Probable error of the resulting computation: 2 41.20 4
3 41.12 3
PE =..J (b Eh)2 + (h Eb)2 13
b =314.60
WI. x Diff. in Elev. V WV2
h=92.60 6(41.16)=246.96 0 o
Eb =+0.16 4(41.20) =164.80 +0.04 0.0064
Eh =0.14 3(41.12)=123.36 -0.04 0.0048
.-----~--- 535.12 0.0112
PE =..J[314.6(0.14)]2 + [92.60(0.16)~
V1 =41.16-41.16=0
PE =+46.47
V2 =41.20 - 41.16 = +0.04
V3=41.12 ~ 41.16 =- 0.04
@ Probable error of the sum of the sides: .
535.12
PE =..J (PE1)2 + (PE2)2 + (PE3)2 + (PE4)2 Weighted mean = ~ = 41.16

PE =..J (0.04)2 +(0.08)2 +(0.04~ + (0.08~ ® Standard deviation:

PE =+0.126
Standard deviation = ~~21)
@ Relative precision:
. .. 0.043 . . 0.30112
ReIatlve precIsion = 860 Standard deViation = 13(3 _1)
Standard deviation =±O.021
Relative precision = 2~O
@ Elevation 8Mi
Elevation 8M2 =212.40 - 41.16
Elevation 8M2 = 171.24
 5-27

ERRORS AND MlSTAIES

8M,

· hted d·ff.·
Wieig I '1436.36
I .meev.=~

Weighted diff. in elev. = 143.636

@ Bevation of 8M3:
Elev. of 8M3 = 143.636 + 30.162
Bev. of 8M3 = 173.798 m.

@ Adjusted elevation of8M2:

Total Correction for route 1
=143.70 ·143.636
=O.064m.
3
Correction for 8M2 = 10 (0.064)
Solution: Correction for 8M2 =0.0192
0) Weighted difference in elevation between Correction for diff. in elev. of BM1 and 8M2
BM1 & 8M3: = 68.258·0.0192
Route Distance Diff. in elev. = 68.2388 m.
1 10 km. 68.258 + 75.442 = 143.70
2 6km. 143.62 Adj. Elev. of8M2 =30.162 + 68.2388
3 15 km. 143.58 Adj. Elev. of 8M2 =98.4008 m.
w1 01 =w2 02 =w3 03
wd10) =6w2 =15w3
Ass: W2=5
w1 (10) =6(5)
w1 =3 From starting .P:OiN A,eleyatipn340;6S m·,
3(10) =15 w3 theelevat~nof asecondpotnt6is f6Und, lile
w3=2 rottle, distance<liidefevationof 8 being
respeClivelyas f6HoWs: Route J ~ 4 km, 3&h64
Ditt. in Weight WI. x Ditt. m., Roule2· 2,5 krri., 364.2.0 m. Route 3-3
elev. in Elev. km.,365.01 m.,R()ute4- 6 km., 364.31m,
143.70 3 3(143.7) =431.10 Midway alOng route 1~8M1 is located with an
143.62 5 5(143.62) = 718.10 elevation of 35U9. Along route 4, 2.5 km.
143.58 2 2(143.58) = 287.16 from AIQwards 6,6M2 is located, with an
10 1436.36 elevation of 349;86 m..

~., .
S-28

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

il.ipillelB
@ Error in elevation of 8 using route 4:
Error in route 4 =364.60 - 364.37
Error in route 4 = 0.23 m
@ Adjusted elevation of 8M2 using route 4:
Solution: Correction for 8M2 =2 5 (023)
CD Weighted elevation of 8:
6
Correction for 8M2 =0.096 m.
A Corrected £Iev. of 8M2 = 349.86 + 0.96
Corrected Bev. of 8M2 =349.956

Route Distance Elevation of 8

1 4 km. 364.84 m
2 2.5 km. 364.20 m.
3 3 km. 365.01 m.
4 6 km. 364.37 m.
k k
w1 =01 w2 =02
k k
WJ=- w4=-
03 04
w1 01= w2 ~ = w3 03 = w4 04
Ass: w1 = 1.0
Solution:
(1)(4) =2.5(W2)
CD Probable weight of A:
w2 = 1.6 k
w1 01 = w3 0 3 w1=-2
E1
(1 )(4) = w3 (3)
w3= 1.33 w1 E1 2 =W2 E l
w1 (3.2)2 =w2 (1.6)2
w1 01 = w4 04
(1)(4) = w4 (6) Assume w2 = 1
w4 =0.67 _ (1.6)2
WI. WI. x Elev. w1- (3.2f
1.0 1(364.84) = 364.84 w1 = 0.25
1.6 1.6(364.20) = 582.72 Observer Angle Error
1.33 1.33(365.01) = 485.13
A 42'16'25" ±3.2"
0.67 0.67(364.37) = 244.13 8 42'16'20" ±1.6"
4.60 1677.15
Weight WI. x Angle
Weighted elev. of 8:
0.25 25(0.25) = 6.25
1677.15 1.00 20(1) = 20.0
Elev. 8 =4:60 = 364.60
1.25 26.25

ERRORS AND MISTAKES
@ Sum of the weight of A and B:
Sum of the weight of Aand B = 1 + 0.25
Sum of the weight of Aand B =1.25
@ Most probable value of the angle:
Best value of the angle =42'16' + 21~;;
Best value of the angle =42'16'21"
CD A line tneasures6846.34 in. at elevation
.. 993.9 m. The average radiusofcurvature
in the area is 6400 km~Corilpute thesEla
. leYeldistance.
®. The ground distance as corrected for
temp., sag and puUcorrection Is 10000 m.
ff the sea level reduction factor is
. 0.9998756 and the flrid scale factor is
0.9999000,corripute the grid distance of
the same1ine,
@ The grid area of a parcel of landis 25425
sq.m. If the sea level re:ductionfactor is
0.9998756 and the griel scale factor is
0.9999, determine the actual grOUnd area.
Solution:
CD Sealevel distance:
Reduction factor =1 - ~
· I 1 993.9
ReductJon lactor = - 6400000
Reduction faqtor= 0.99984
Sea level distance =6846.34 (0.99984)
Sea level distance =6845,24 m.
@ Grid distance:
Combination factor
=0.9998756(0.9999000)
=0.9997756
Grid distance =10000(0.9997756)
Grid distance =9997.756 m.
5-29
@ Actual ground area:
Combined factor = 0.9998756 (0.9999)
Combined factor = 0.999775612
25425
Actual ground area = (0.999775612)2
Actual ground area = 25436.41 sq,m.
(IJ The dlfference of elevation between two
points\vas deterlllil1eq by tng~nometrjc
l~!Veling, . The slope . distance was
measured electronically andw~s .found to
be 148e.72m.. andtheieh~h dis!<lncewas
83'14'20". Calcul~te fhediffetence In
elevation between the two points.. .•... .....
®The' geodetic length qf a line on theearlh's
surface is found 10 be 5280 m. and Its grid
dl$tanceis equal tClS279.67 m.· Compute
the scate factor used. . . ........ ...
@ The corrected field distance on the surface
of the earth was found to be 3296.43 m.·· If
the elevation factor isl).9999()4zand a
scale factor ofO.9999424,compufe the grid
distance. ..
Solution:
CD Difference in elevation:
Vertical angle =90' - 83'14'20"
Vertical angle =6'45'40"
Diff. in elevation = 1486.72 Sin 6'45'40"
Diff. in elevation =175.03 m.
@ Scale factor:
Grid distance =Geodetic length
x scale factor
5279.67
Scale factor = 5280
Scale factor =0.9999375
@ Grid factor'
Grid factor = elevation factor x scale factor
Grid factor = 0.9999642(0.9999424)
Grid factor =0.9999066
Grid distance =3296.43(0.9999066)
Grid distance =3296.12 m.
5-30

LEVEliNG

1. Dumpy Level

2. Wye Level

1. Adjustment of Level Tube:

To make the axis of the level tube
perpendicular to the vertical axis.

2. Adjustment of Horizontal Cross~Hair:

To make the horizontal cross-hair lie in a
plane perpendicular to the vertical axis.
1.
3. Adjustment of the Line of Sight:
To make the line of sight parallel to the
axis of level tube.
2.
In the dumpy level, the bubble tube is
attached to the level bar while in the wye
level it is attached to the telescope.
In the dumpy level, the bubble tube can
be adjusted in a vertical plane only,
while in the wye level it may be adjusted
vertically and laterally.

3. In the dumpy leVel, the telescope is

1. Adjustments of Level Tube:
To make the axis of level tUbe lie in the
same plane with the axis of the wyes.
2. Adjustment of Level Tube:
To make the axis of the level tube
parallel to the axis of wye.
rigidly fastened to the level bar and can
not be removed there from, while in the
wye level, the telescope rests in Y-
shaped supports which permit it to be
removed and reversed end for end or
revolved abolit the axis of collars.

3. Adjustment of Horizontal Cross-Hair: 4. The dumpy is more rigidly constructed

To make the horizontal cross-hair lie in a
plane perpendicular to the vertical axis.
4. Adjustment of Line of Sight:
To make the line of sight coincide with
the axis of the wyes.
5.
5 Adjustment of Level Tube:
To make the axis of level tube
perpendicular to the vertical axis.
that the wye that it has fewer
adjustments. However, to adjust a
dumpy level would require at least two
men whereas a wye level may be
adjusted by only one man.
In the dumpy the supports are not
adjustable, while in the wye, one end of
the level bar may be adjusted vertically.

LEVELING
1. Imperfect adjustment of instrument:
This could be eliminated by adjusting the
instrument or by balancing the sum of
foresight and backsight distances.
2. Rod not of standard length:
This could be eliminated by
standardiZing the rod and apply
corrections same as for tape.
3. Parallax:
This could be eliminated by focusing
carefully.
4. Bubble not centered at instant of sighting:
This could be eiiminated by checking the
bubble before making each sight.
5. Rod not held plumb:
This could be eliminated by waving the
rod or using rod level.
6. Faulty of reading the rod:
This could be eliminated by checking
each rod reading before recording.
7. Faulty turning point:
This could be eliminated by choosing
definite and stable points.
8. Variation of temperature:
This could be eliminated by protecting
the level from the sun while making
observations.
9. Earth's curvature:
This could be eliminated by balancing
each backsight and foresight distance, or
. apply the computed correction.
10. Atmospheric refraction:
This could be eliminated by balancing
each backsight and foresight distance,
also take short sights well above ground
and take backsight and foresight
readings qUick succession.
5-31
11. Settlement of tripod or turning points:
This could be eliminated by choosing
stable locations, and taking backsight
and foresight readings in qUick
succession.
1. Imperfect adjustment of instrument
2. Parallax
3. Earth's curvature
4. Atmospheric refraction
5. Variation in temperature
6. Rod not standard length
7. Expansion or contraction of rod
8. Rod not held plumb
9. Faulty turning points
10. Settlement oftripod ortuming points
11. Bubble not exactly centered at the
instant of sighting
12. Inability of observer to read the rod
exactly.
1. Confusion of numbers in reading and
recording.
2. Recording B.S. on the F.S. column and
vice-versa.
3. Faulty additions and subtractions.
4. Rod not held on the same point for both
B.S. and F.S.
5. Wrong reading of the vernier when the
target rod is used.
6 Not having target set properly when the
long rod is used.
S-31-A

lEVELING

R =radius of earth
R::6400km.
K2
h =2R
Horizonrul Lint!
h = K2 (1000)
2(6400)
h =0.078 K2
hr--~
7
h = 1 (0.078 K2)
Horizontal Line = a straight line tangent to a r 7
level surface. hr =0.011 K2
Level Surface =a curved surface every her = h - hr
element of which is normal to the plumb her = 0.078 K2 - 0.011 K2
line.
Level line = a line in a level surface.

From the figure shown, an object actually her = in meters

at C would appear to be at B, due to K =in thousand of meters
atmospheric refraction, wherein the rays of
light transmitted along the surface of the earth
is bent downward slightly. The value of h Derivation:
represents the effect of earths curvature and
atmospheric refraction and has the following
values.

DERIVATION OF
C.URVATURE and ~
REFRAqTION CORRECTION

Conditions:

h =height in m. of the line of sight, at the

K2 + R2 :: (R + h)2
K2 + R2 =F{2 + 2 Rh + h2
'Since h is so small, h2 is negligible
intervening hill C, above sea level.
h1 =height in m. of the station occupied A,
above sea level.
h2 :: height in m. ofthe station observed B,
above sea level.
0 1 :: distance in miles of the intervening
hill C from A.
O2 :: distance in miles of the intervening
hill C from B.
 S-31-B

lEVELING

Since h1, h, and h2 are vertical heights, and considering the effects of
curvature and refraction at A and S, as reckoned from a tangent (horizontal) line at
sea level vertically below C, the figure can be reconstructed in its plane sense.

Hoeizontal Line

In triangle ABE, by proportion:

(h 1 - 0.067012) - (h2 - 0.0670,2) _h- (h2 - o.067Dll

0 1 +~ - ~

hl - h2 - 0.067 (0 12 - Ol) _ h- h2 + 0.067Q2

01+~ - ~

h- h2 + 0.0670l =: ~ [h 1 - h2 - 0.067(0, + O2)(01 • O2)]

h =: h2 - 0·067Ol + 0 ~D-t (hl • h2) - 0.067~ (01- D-tl

1

h =h2 - 0·067Oi + 0
1
~2O2 (h l - h2) - 0.0670 102 + 0.067D-t2
5-32

LEVEUNG

@ Diff. in elevation ofstation 7 and station 4:

Diff. in elevation of station 7 and 4
=400.78 - 389.01
=11.77
@ Elevation of station 3 = 392.61

Inm~.pla~ • beIOW$Ho~s.adlffer~ntial.levelln9
frorlt~rct1.ITla.rt<.to~nomer.~nph • rnark,al?(lg'
ea®llqerepr~$~n~~~~rShUnthe~etualr()d
r~~din~· • • • Tbe • dj~~~n • • of•• lbtl.Jjeh:lwork•• is
indica~~,pythe.nlJrnber.oft1,Jllllng.polnts·
ill, 90rnPlItet/lE!el~YliijortpfTP2'
@ 9ptnplJleth~ele¥~ti@Qf,~~.w
® '. ()o@i.JteJneelevau®mJPs·

Solution:
Note: H.I. = Elev. + B.S.
Elev. = H.I. - F.S.
BM,
Sta. B.S. H.I. F.S. Elev. El,33.971

1 5.87 398.12 392.25

2 7.03 398.86 6.29 391.83
3 3.48 396.09 6.25 392.61
4 7.25 396.26 7.08 389.01
5 10.19 400.88 5.57 390.69 Solution:
6 9.29 405.72 4.45 396.43 Sta. B.S. H.I. F.S.
7 4.94 400.78 BM, 2.565 36.536
TP 1 10.875 41.59 5.821
TP 2 7.035 46.679 1.946
IBS = 43.11 IFS =34.58 BM2 3.560 44.498 5.741
TP3 7.186 41.948 9.736
Arithmetic check: BM 1 7.977
IBS - IFS "43.11 - 34.58 = 8.53
400.78 - 392.25 = 8.53 Sta. Elev. Remarks
BM 1 33.971 Bench Mark No.1
CD Diff. in elevation of station 7 and station 5: TP, 30.715 Turning point
Diff. in elevation of station 7 and 5 TP 2 39.644 Turning point
= 400.78 - 390.69 BM 2 40.938 Bench Mark NO.2
=10.09m. TP 3 34.762 Turning point
BM 1 33.971 Bench M;:jrk NO.1
 S-33

lEVELING

Arithmetical check: Solution:

LF.S. = 5.821 + 1.946 + 5.741
+ 9.736 + 7.977
LF.S. =31.221 STA 8S HI FS IFS ELEV
LB.S. =2.565 + 10.875 + 7.035 8M, 2.32 331.02 328.70
+ 3.560 + 7.186 1 1.7 329.32
LB.S. =31.221 2 2.2 328.82
LF.S.. B.S. =31.221 ·31.221 =0
3 1.2 329.82
33.971 - 33.971 =0
4 0.9 330.12
CD Elevation of TP2: TP1 2.77 330.36 3.43 327.59
Elevation of TP 2 = 39.644 m. 5 2.2 328.16
6 3.7 326.66
@ Elevation of 8M2:
7 1.6 328.76
Elevation of 8M2 = 40.938 m.
TP~ 2.22 329.52 3.06 327.30
@ Elevation of TP3: 8 2.8 326.72
Elevation of TP3 = 34.762 m. 9 3.6 325.92
10 2.0 327.52
11 1.1 328.42
BM~ 2.45 327.07
7.31 8.94
%hefj@r~M4w~ • i:t•• $RMmajjc.~$l®¢mElnt • !)f
~• • pro~I~ •. I~y~I • fl'llt~frgrn·aM1 •.lir9•• a.Mi··.·.TM. Arithmetic check:
\I~W~~lhdiC~ledrE!pre$~NPMK$lgrt,. 8.94 - 7.31 = 1.63
.f()(eSi9nt, • ~rld • •jl'ltl3fm~(jiate • f()J'.esigh1•• re~~i.~.~· 328.70 - 327.07 = 1.63
l1:ikEln.·on.~tMOl'l~.aI9ng.the. rolJle.·.Elevation.• 9f
13M,£W!.70m,· . .
CD Difference in elevation between stations
Sand 9:
= 328.16 - 325.92
=2.24m.
® Elevation of TP 2:
Elevation of TP2 =327.30 m.

® Elevation of 8M2:
Elevation of 8M 2 =327.07 m.

CD Find the difference in elevation between

stations 5 and 9. From the given prUflleleveling notes:
@ Find theelevatiQn of TP2.
@ Find the elevation ofBM2.
S-34

lEVEliNG

I BS· . FS Arithmetic check:

BM. 1 0.95 - 225.50 9.03 . 8.41 = 0.62
}
226.12 . 225.50 =0.62
.....
::c: ~I 3.13 0.64 ~
CD Difference in elevation between station
Sand 2:
I
=225.8 ·224.2
= 1.6m.

® Bevation ofTPi
Elevation of TP2 = 227.66 m.

® Elevation ofBMi
..
Elevation ofBM2 = 224.88 m.

0.62 2.37
,
·3.50
..

~···1.24
BM.
M~09&.tMJ()ll9Wlng.(l~$crlRfl®.lothemtfu.()f
(J)·>What•. . . j~ . •'.t@•• • diff¢ri3nce•• · in .··elevallon· .prMIEl.~¥l'll.hQt~~C9mp~I~· • tPel~Y@()r1, • • • A·
betW~~~$ta1k>o5~6d2, • •.• ' \ l~vellS$l;!t4PBll~~r~dlngcrlg.~~5l'rl.I$
@jyomputelh&l'll&Y<ltioopfTF'ti . tilken•• on•• a.tlench•• mal'l<..llie.~levam)l'l.6fWhjch
@ c:ornput~theeleva~Cll1of8M:( iS12·13qrn·Atth~tlegihrying()f~e@et6tl~
Solution: prBfl'ed'••l®•• WdJeadjn~,lsg·Q?5~.·.~~m·fl'9hj.
ml:ll:>egin~jl1g,)tis1·~1TI'l1·aJepm·,ifi$
STA BS FS IFS ELEV {l;702m.atpem.and~1m.,thet()~~at!lng$
HI
BM, 0.95 226.45 225.50 ~te • l.2~1 • nl;~@.O.7§2.lil. • r~spe¢tj@M·.·.()(ja
rocklh~tistlQtoPlll1e,tMtPdrl;!~qiMl~
1 3.0 223.50
0.p55•• lTl.•• Jh~·.le\l&liS,me{l·remo\lM.ahead,$et
2
TP, 3.13 228.94 0.64
2.3 224.2
225.81
ea
upand•• aroqf dingqt.1.95Z.m· i QbseNed,
the}odsljllbelngh~ld()nlherock,Ttte
*.
3 2.7 226.2 readjllgs • al()h~.th~.PtOfil#.~re.thenrll~lJrn¢d;
4 2.8 226.1 90m.• ftoll'llhebegir,"jl1gofth~ljn~/therod
5 3.1 225.8 reading.ls.1AS$.m.! ·'ZO.rn.• frorn••IHe.beginniog
6 0.5 228.4 of•• tile ·linl;!.tM.·readil19.is • 1AM.I'Il.,•• ~IlCllly • 1(iO
7 0.8 228.1 rn·frornt@p~9InningQfthemnethe@j
TPo 2.16 229.82 1.28 227.66 readfngfs2J9611l. .
8 0.9 228.9
(i). COrnPlJtethEle~vationatJhepQlnt60rn.
9 1.2 228.6
10 1.7 228.1
fr°rn.lhe.t¥9inning•• oflhe.line.
® CompUI~.the.eIeVatiOn.l)f.the.tumjn9.pol{lt
11 2.8 227.0 @ CornPufe lhe difference in &/evation ala
TP~ 0.82 228.27 2.37 227.45 P<Jlflt.·1~0I11;·.ar1d • 81•• lTl..• fTorn.the·\:ieginning
TPA 1.35 226.12 3.50 224.88 oftheHne.
12 3.0 223.1
BMo 1.24 224.88
8.41 9.03
 5·]5

lEVELING

Solution: cD Find thedlff. in elevation belweEm TPl and

STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV TP3' . '.'
@ .. Find the elevation of~.
BM 2.995 15.130 12.135 @ What is the difference in elevation
0 2.625 12.505 between BM 1 and TP2'
30 1.617 13.513
60 0.702 14.428 Solution:
66 1.281 13.849
81 0.762 14.368 STA BS HI FS ELEV
TP 1.952 16.527 0.55~ 14.575 BM 1 9.08 758.14 749.06
90 1.159 15.368 BM 1 9.08 758.14
120 1.434 15.093 TP -L 12.24 766.65 3.73 754.41
150 2.196 14.331 TP 1 -R 10.10 766.64 1.60 756.54
4.947 0.555 TP?-L 11.04 775.48 2.21 764.44
Arithmetic check: TP?-H 9.92 775.48 1.08 765.56
4.947 - 0.555 =4.392 TP1 -L 1.75 767.39 9.84 765.64
16.527 - 12.135 =4.392 TP,·H 0.55 767.41 8.62 766.86
BM? 11.27 756.12
CD Elevation at point 60 m. from the beginning 8M? 11.27 756.14
of the line: 49.62
63.76
=14.428 m.
® Elevation of the tuming point = 14.575 m. Arithmetic check:
63.76 - 49.62 =14.14
GD Difference in elevation at point 150 m. and
81 m. from the beginning of the line: 14~/4 =7.07
= 14.368 -14.331
=O.037m. Ave. elev. of BM2
756.12 + 756.14
2
=756.13
756: 13 - 749.06 =7.07
.Data shown is obtained from a double rodded
line of levels of a certain cross-seclion of the CD Diff. in elevation between TP I and TP3:
proposed ManUa-Bataan Road. :: 754.41 + 756.54
EIev.o f TP I 2
IA. RS. F.S ELEV. Elev. of TP I =755.475
I. 9.08 749.06 - 765.64 + 766.86
9.08 EIev.of TP3 - 2
TP1 -L 12.24 3.73 Elev. of TP3 = 766.250
1 ~n
Diff. in elevation =766.250 - 755.475
TPrL 11.04 Diff. in elevation =10.775 m.
1.08
TP~-l 1.75 9.84 ® Elevation of BMi
K62 I 756.12 + 756.14
11.27 2
11.27 =756.13 m.
S-36

LEVELING

® Difference in elevation betwwen 8M1 and STA. Rise Fall Reduce Level
TP2: 346.75
BM 1
'
E,ev.o f TP - 764.44 + 765.56 1 +0.860 347.61
2- 2
Elev. of TP2 :: 765.00 2 +1.153 348.763
Diff. in elevation:: 765 - 749.06 3 +0.059 348.822
Diff. in elevation:: 15.94 m. 4 -1.046 347.776
BM, +0.672 348.448
2.744 1.046

Rise:: 3.755-2.895
Rise:: 0.860 m.
'l'b~ • fCtI19Wing • • @()w,s•• • fl•• • t<lbtllate(j•• • d~ta • • ()f Rise:: 2.895 -1.742
Rise:: 1.15Jm.
~VE!lil'iS·.r()t~~.#Slng.ri~~.~nd.fall.rnettiod .. Rise:: 1.742 -1.683
Ris~ :: 0.059 m.
Fall:: 1.683 - 2.729
Fall :: 1.046 m.
Rise:: 2.729- 2.057
Rise:: 0.672 m.
Rise at station 2:: 1.153 m.

® Reduced elevation at station 3:

Reduced elevation at station 1
:: 346.75 +0.86
:: 347.61 m.
Reduced elevation at station 2
=347.61 +1.153
=348.763m.
Reduced elevation at station 3
Solution: = 348.763 + 0.059
cD Rise or fall at station 2: =348.822 m.

ROD READINGS ® Reduced Level of BMi .

STA. B.S. I.F.S. F.S. Reduced Level of station 4
BM1 3.755 =348.822 - 1.046
1 2.895 = 347.776 m.
2 1.742 Reduced Level of 8M2
3 1.683 = 347.776 + 0.672
:: 348.448 m.
4 2.729
BM, 2.057 Arithmetic check:
3.755 2.057 IBS· LFS:: 3.755-2.057:: 1.698 (check)
IRise:: 0.860 + 1.153 + 0059 + 0.672
IRise:: 2.744
IFall:: 1.046
IRise· IFall:: 2.744 - 1.046 :: 1.698 (check)
 S-37

lEVELING

8 :: 4.478; 4.476:: 4.477

m

A•• ffi9ipro~I • I~'J~IiDfl • • ·ls?~~~~gacmss • • a· Diff. in elevation between Aand B

~ide.• • W~er<'lQ~ • • ·ll'l~.·.t~C!pr9¢aLI~¥~I • r~~m~9:S :: 3.143 •4.477
W~r~taken[)etWEl~nP9jl'lts~aod~>as =·1.334 m.
fgll?W$,.·•• Wllhlnstrtkoeo{setup.nearA,.the.rod.
rE!a~mgs()nA~f~~.28~~nti?·285rn,Ih~ True difference in elevation Aand B
reRI!lrClC<llleYtllre~~ing()~·thT()Pposlt~~I~()f _ (-1.336) + (·1.334)
lhtlJiVerCltp9iml3ar~~.61a,~·919,~·9?1~M - 2
3.622:m··•• • ·\Nilh.th~jllsWlTlerrtsetupnear • ~; =1.335m.
lh$rad.reaqing$.(jIl••e• <'ire .4A78@d.4·47tl!n···
an9•• trye.rod•• r@~iM$ • ()n • lhe9P1lO$it~ • si~9f @ Elevation of B:
~river·llctpaitlt·A,.lhe.@lrtladln9$·<'irEl~.143,· B= 300 -1.335
M4Qi3.14u~@~.1.:t4ffl.< . . .... . ......
B= 298.665 m.
CD Compute the difference In elevation
. betweeliA and B with the. instrument set
. .• up near A ... •. . ..• . . ..../ ..• .
® What· is the true difference in· elevation
between A and B. . . •• .•. . . •.. . . . :
.~.. If the elevation at A i$~OOm:, whatis.the IO.lev~llngacro$$ • ~.Wi.d~rivE!l'6n·eall'lPa"~a.a
.·elevationofB. . / . WPiPf9cal.lev~lt~~dings • W;E!~I'~~~ .• ·b~W~l'n
p(')iht$§anqR~~$~()Y"nlnth~~~~I~~~6<
Solution:
CD Difference in elevation between A and B
with instrument set up near A:
With instrument near A:
"'1ean rod reading on A.
~ :: 2.283 + 2.285 = 2 284
i m 2 . m. 2.284 . 2~48Q
2.286 2;476
Mean rod reading on B: • 2.283·· ·2.478
B :: 3.618 + 3.619 + 3.621 + 3.622
m 4 I 1.674 3.140 . .
Bm :: 3.62 m. 1.677 3.145
I . :1.6743.142 I .
Diff. in elevation between A and B . 1.6773:1431
=2.284 - 3.62 I 1.678 3.146
::·1.336m

® True dirt. in elevation between A and B: Compute the difference in elevation

(j)
With instrument near B: between Band C with instrument set up
Mean rod reading on A: nearS.
A =3143 +3.140+ 3.146 + 3.144 ® Compute the true difference in elevation
m 4 between 6 and C.
@ If the elevation of 8 is 346.50 m., compute
Am:: 3.143
fhe elevation of C.
Mean rod reading on B:
5-38

LEVEliNG

Solution:
CD Difference in elevation between 8 and C
with instrument set up near B:
Mean rod reading on 8: ~.llne.9ftev~IS.1(lkCll· • • §ng.WE\ft4n()vet~ff.
8 =2.283 +2.284 +2.286 +2.283 ••
9~Otlll~ • • <§Ia,rting•• f~~m ~1 • Wlf~.·.·~I~Y~~An
m 4 .:!f·§<I11Elt~r~·.· • • • • rhe·•• $le~li()n • • Qf•• ~M?·.\y~s
8m =2.284 m. •
tomput~~ • lR••.tl¢•• H.·~~·m·\ It•• wa$•• f()ung9ut
tJQ',Y~Y~r • ttJat•• tIle•• ~Yel.settIEls.5.rl11'!l.b~~n.
fbe•• in~lanf.Af.ey~rt • ba,d($ighf•• r~a.ding,.me.Wd
Mean rod reading on C:
C =1.675 + 1.674 + 1.677 + 1.674 + 1.677 + 1.678
~tlttl~~ •. 2•• mrn••
if•• th~ • • ~c;k~ight.<1nd • • fo(esjghl
d:islanl;ElheveanE\verage100m.< FindJhe
m 6 (x)rte~teJevati6l'ldfaM2·<· .. . .
Cm = 1.676 m.

Diff. in elevation between 8 and C with .~w • •Oet~rrnjne

•.•1.. Find.l~errO(duetO.$MllementW~~I .• •
• the.elT9r•• duet()•• s~tt~Il1El.~tOf
instrument set up near 8 f()(j.\
=2.284 • 1.676 WCpfJ1Pulilthecprrecled elevaticiflpfBMi·<
=+O.60Bm.
Solution:
@ True diff. in elevation between 8 and C: CD Error due to settlement oflevel:
Mean rod reading on C: 10000
C - 2.478 +2.480 +2.476 +2.478 No. of set ups = 100 + 100
m 4 No. ofsetups = 50
Cm =2.478 m.
Error due to settlement oflevel
Mean rod reading on 8: =50(0.005)
8 = 3.143 + 3.140 + 3.145 + 3.142 + 3.143 + 3.146 =O.25m.
m 6
8m =3.143 m. @ Error due to settlement ofrod:
N ft' .t 10000 1
0.0 ummgpoms= 100 + 100·
Diff. in elevation between Band C
=3.143·2.478 No. of turning points = 49
=0.665 m.
Error due to settlement of rod
True difference in elevation
=49(0.002)
0.608+ 0.665 = O.098m.
= 2
=O.6365m. @ Corrected elevation of8Mi
Total error =0.25 + 0.098
® Elevation of C: Total error =0.348 m.
Elevation of C= 346.50 +0.6365
Elevation of C =347.1365 m. Corrected elevation of8M2
= 17.25 - 0.348
= 16.902m.
 5-39

lEVEliNG

® Rod reading on A with iilsflUment near B:

x+ e = 0.549
. e = 0.549 - 0.53
e = 0.019
.' '. ¥ . .•... .,': ..... Rod reading on A=0.938 - 0.019
Rod reading on A = 0.919 m.
I',' .. Instrument . lristrortlenl
. .Sl:}t unearAsetuDnearB @ Error in line ofsight:
= 0.019m.

Rod readlng·1 .'

. on8'" I ;."
-.,7
<D Whaf is the. difference Jnelevatlon
. . between Aand at '. . . In.a.lWoipeglesfOSing.rriqdel\'Vjldf>.lPi2liuI11PY.·
® If the line of sight is not in adjustment, level,the.f9"Q\'!'mgobsepj§tioMw~r~t~~~~i.·.
determire the correct rod reading on AwUh
thernsttument still setup at B. .
® Deterrnlne fhe error in the line of sight

Solution:
CD Diff. in elevation between Aand B:

l.ine ofsif<hr
"- - - - - - - -
-rll----...::lII--' 0 C ~- - - - --I --
{/{)ri:oftwl {iue
CD What is the true difference in elevation
betWeen A and6? ..•.. ..... ...• .... .....'. .... .
x ® With tl)elevel inthe..samepqsiijonat D; to
what rod reading on B shouldJhe Une of
sight be adjusted. • '.' . i ..... '...' .
(3). Whatls the corresponding rod reading on A
for a hotizontalline of sight Withlnsltument
still at D? .

Solution:
CD True diff. in elevation between Aand B:
1.505 + x = 2.054 - e
x+ e:: 0.549·
x + 0.938 - e =1.449 e
x- e =0.511 B O.99lm

x+ e:: 0.549
Ik~"7'I1 x
2x =1.06
x = 0.53 m. (diff. in elevation)
1.103 + e :: 0.991 + e + x
x=O.112m.
5-4Q

lEVElIN~

® Rod reading on B with level at D:
<D•• C()(nplJW.·.tM•• • lfiffet¢nte • • • jry•• • ~leya. I. io.•.•.n
pelwi¥rrAalldEL/
~ • 'Nhat~~ould • ~~.tbecoIT@tJ()(tf'l<:l9Jngon
A.to•• g~tl • • ~ • • leM~I • • line•• of.si9htwth.~e
1I'1$II'\1ltlflllt$~llsiHupat~1
® • Whllt.~hPul~ • h~lYe9~~ • lhtl••rellpln9••pn§
..........ilhJhein$t!'ul'MntatA16 giYe a leVelline
QfsJghtT .

Solution:
CD Diff. in elevation between A and B:
0.568 + e1 =e2 + 0.289 + 0.112
0.568 + e1 =~ +0.401
e2 - e1 = 0.167 Hori:.onwl finf'

..-11--"'1:--.... = 0 d -- -}--- -- e
~-~
12 -72 LlTll' of :nghl

e2 = 6e1
6e1 • e1 =0.167
5e1 =0.167
e1 = 0.0334 m.
~ = 6(0.0334)
_-_~:~_- __ \_O~_­
e2 =0.2004
line Of5ight

Rod reading on B = 0.289 + 0.2004

Rod reading on B = 0.4P94 m.
1.623 + X =C + 2.875
@ Rod reading on A to have a horizontal line
ofsight with instrument still at D:
e + 0.362 + x= 1.622
Rod reading on A =0.568 + e1 x- e =1.252
Rod reading on A =0.568 + 0.0334 x+ e = 1.26
Rod reading on A = 0.6014 m. 2x =2.512
X =1.256 (diff. in elev. bet. A and B)

® Rod reading on A to give a level line of

sight with instrument at B:
RA =e+0.362
@~.t~~ra~hip$Ui\le.YLJM~~kent>Y.Kawa~ x+e=1.26
··sorv·.~rp .• b~te • ~nY • leyeljng•• I$¢QmjUcted. 1.256 + e =1.26
Ifye • Mgllleers··H~u.~lIy • • ch!ck•• wh~lhEm •. lhe e=0.004
engil'le~t~.mY~Hs.lry.PeJ'feCt.~djUSlment. • • AtW() RA =0.004 + 0.362
peg .f@t·is•• use<i • to.j;;ryeck.""hetherfhe.llne•• of RA =O.366m.
$i9hlls.lIlPerfect.~djU$trnentiln(j • t®.fOIlQViing
rqd.W'¥iings.<lre.tilken, ",itfi•• instrument.set.9P @ Rod reading on B with the instrument at A
n~llrA,I:l~¢f<si9hloIlAjst~2~rn;allcl to give a level line of sight:
f()l'esI9ht•• readlllg • on•• B•• l$•• 2.~7S • • m.• • ""llh•• the RB =2.875 +e
instrumentseluPHear.8,backsighIOI'l~is
1.622··m.• and.afo~ght.onA.jsO,3Q2.m.·· RB = 2.875 + 0.004
RB =2.879m.
 5-41

lEVEliNG

x + 1.563 + e1 =ez + 2.140

0.614 + 1.563 + e1 =2.140 + ez
0.037 + e1 =ez
~-~
2.5 -79.27
e1 = 0.0315 ez
0.037 + 0.0315 ez = ez
ez = 0.038 m.
@ Rod reading on B for a horizontal line of
sight with level at P:

kOint••M.l$••~~ldiS~~I.1r6fu.~lh.·.A.1nd.~f.Whil~.
RB =2.140 + ez
RB = 2.140 + 0.038
Pj$f.50%a:w~y JrgfJlAl:lI()ngthe~~flSi()n
Qfllt1~AElaod1~~27m;fr9ma. . ... RB = 2.178m.

•~ • • De!ermjn.~.th!3.true • difference••irlElI:Vatfon
b~WJeen~~ndB><.
·.@.f.)eterlllit1~me~rt't:lt.,n,.~.·r9(j.J'B.a9illgatB
WilhmelJjsfCJJmemsti~alg.< . , '.' .•
~ • • O~in~tpe.~~dlllg·9I).rQ(i~.f9r.a • Attigo®~m4 • 1WElliils~q@«¥I.W.J~re~~
·••··• ··sfIUatP.
• • • no[iiM@lirleof•
. • ~lght.With.the·.im~!ttiment
. .. §urVey.lng.pgmp~1I~y,.ttie:tW9·P91t1t$A.aMB.pt
Cl¢e~inr0ti9h·tert'''ill~ree"chl:lil>tanc:e • 2900
Soluticm: 1TI·•• • frqrtj •.• a••·.miTlt••PQint.Pi • • fr°ITl .• ·.\Yhic:~ •.• th~·
G) Difference in elevation between A and B: .ll)~$~r~d • veijl~!.~~S!G)Ai$.t.~ .•~9'.~nq19.
Bj~f1·~'·ftevM9nClfCjs~t1()'-mlobe
342.pqm.abQ\I~~~lev~kPollltCjsm
b~~rjA~l'ldEl;<" ...' .. ... .

G) .CqmpriJ¢•• • th~ • • (l!ffer~OClr • •ln•• .• ~I~y~ti9r

·• • • ····~~;6·~cjlw~d~fet. •.
P 0.296

effect.Of
2.5'-+----
f-----~79.27-----I
~··qWllPl.lt~thw.pjffer~llp~ in Jllevation
.beweM13 and.q.•• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •·.·•·•·
@ Compuletheel~vatlonmk'"
x + 0.296 + e =0.910 + e
x= 0.910 . 0.296
x= 0.614m. Solution:
CD Diff. in elevation between Aand B:
@ Error in rod reading at B with instrument
still at P:

tL-------
----
S-42

LEVEliNG

tan 3'30' =J!L hCr1 = 0.067 x2

2000
h2 = 122.33 m. hCr2 =0.067 (2)2
h0 =0.067 (2)2 hCr2 = 0.268 m.
h0 =0.268 m. h1 =x tan 18'30'
h 1 =2000 tan 1'30' h1 =0.3346x km.
h1 =52.37 h1 =334.6x m.
hc, = 0.067 (2)2 ~ =2000 tan 8'15'
hc, =0.268 m. f7 =289.99 m.
H + h, + hC1 = ~ + h0 h1 + hCr, = 111.356 + h2 t hCr2
H +52.37 +0.268 = 122.33 +0.268 334.6x + 0.067x2
H= 69.96m. = 111.356+289.99+0.268
x2 + 4994x - 5994.24 =0
@ Difference in elevation between Band C: x= 1.2 km.
=h1+ hC1 x= 1200m.
=52.37 +0.268
= 52.638m. @ Elevation of B:
Elev. of B = Elev. A + h1 t hCr,
@ Elev.ofA: Elav. of B = 200 + 334.6('1.200)
Elev. A = 342.60 + 122.33 +0.268 +0.067(1.2')2
Elev. A = 465.20 m. Elev. of B = 601.62 m.

@ Elevation of C:
Elev. C = Elev. B - 111.:356
Elev. C = 601.62 - 111.2,56
Elev. C = 490.264 m.

l@n$lq¢rlhgt@ • • ~ff~(;~$ • •§f•• Bury~ture • • al1d

ff}fr~pl!og,Jh~ •. q1ff~r~~¢El.inele¥ati9n • of.p()ints
• ~o~id~Ci~$.~~@U~IOa~~ • •~.~~Tf~~hill~O~
··eleVation.of.eal'\d.q.are.t8'SO'.!'f1spl';!(ltively.
(j)•• • lfq.ls2000.rl1·•• fr()I1l.~,ho . .lfari~.~.'fr()m.A?
@ . • If.th(:).~~.Vali9r·()ffJ..i$.~qUal·t(j.2OQm.,.ffod
. . .•.• JMtllEtvatiQnpfB.) . ..
@ • ··Plndal$O·ihe.elevatiOOof.C.
Solution:
CD Distance of B from A:
Ai$i~pointh~vih~@ijl~vatl®l:rr1~.4fil}@
~qove9atMl11lal)dB.:lm:iC~t~pojl'lI~(:)f
unkno\\,I).~leva~i()ni .• aJ$•• jn·•.l1e.tWElen6.a~d¢.
. BY.l11eansof.an•• jl1~trlJm~nt • $~t·1;22lli,.a~O\le
B,V~rl~l~nQle$.~re.9bserVed,.ttl~ttoA.b~irlQ
14'15'andJMtt9Cpeltlg+·~r~2',The
hOrizontaldlstanceABi$5~;r.20anqthe
horizol1tal•• djstance • aqi~ • 923,2;5 • nV•• M?king
due<lllQv.'ancefore~l'th'sc urviitureiil'ld
almosphericrefrl@lon· ... .

®.·•• •Cqmpute•• • • lhe • • difference•• • • jn•• • elevation.

betw~nAandB:.
@ Oetermine • • th~ . •·djffl:lrence .• ·.in•• .• elevallon
betweenB?ndC· .•
® OeterminelheelevatiOnofG.
 S-43

LEVELING

Solution:
CD Oiff. in elevation ot A and 8:

A man's eyes t 75 m. above sea level can

barely see the lop of a lighthouse which is at a
certain distance away from a man.
What. is .th~ elevation of the lop of the
(j)
lighthouse·· above sea level if the
. lighthouse Is 20 km. away from the man~
® How far is the lighthouse from the nian in
meters if the top of the lighthouse 15
14.86 m.above sea level.
tan 14'45' = 54~~20 @ What is the height of the loWer at a
distance 20km, away from the man thaI
h1 = 144.07 m.
will just be visible without the Hne of sight
=
hCl 0.067 K12 approaching nearer than US m. to the
hc, =0.067(0.5472)2 water, .
hC1 =0.02
H= 144.07 -0.02 Solution:
H= 144.05 m.
CD Elevation of the top of the lighthouse:

Oiff. in elevation of A and 8

= 144.05 - 1.22
=142.83m. 1.75m

® Ditt. in elevation between 8 and C: 1.75 = 0.067 K,2

K1 = 5.11 km.
~~ (c h=0.067 Kl
K2 =20 - 5.11
K2 =14.89 km.
h =0.067 (14.89)2
h =14.86 m. above sea level
® Distance from lighthouse from the man:

h =923.25 tan 8'32'

h =138.53
h~ = 0.067(0.92325)2
h~ =0.057 h1 = 0.067 K12
H =138.53 + 0.057 + 1.12 1.75 =0.067 K12
H= 139.81 K1 =5.11
h2 =0.067 Kl
@ Elev.otC: 14.86 =0.067 Ki
Elev. ofC =130.48 + 142.83 + 139.81 K2 =14.89 km.
0= K1 +K2
Elev. of C =413.12 m.
0=5.11+14.89
0= 20km.
S-44

LEVELING

® Height of tower at a distance of 20 km.

away from the man: h = h + fb (h 1 - h2) _0 067 0 0
2 0 1 + D-;, . 1 2

h = 800 + 10 (600 - 800) _0 067 (12)(10)

----.-----------71 h1 h =701.05
12 +10 .

~1 75m 175m
Obstruction = 705 - 701.05
Obstruction = 3.95 m.

® Height of tower at C so that it could be

h1 =0.067 (20)2 visible from A with a 2 m. clearance above
h 1 =26.8 m. hill 8:
H =h1 + 1.75
H =26.8 + 1.75
H = 28.55 meters

Two hUls A and C have elevalkJns of 600 m.

and 800 m, respectively. In between A andC h =h + D-;, (h 1 - h2) _0 067 D 0
is another hill 8 which has an elevation of 2 0 1 + D-;, . 1 2
705 m. and is located at 12 km. from A and
10 km. from C. . 707 = (800 + x) +10 [6~2'1~~ +x)]
- 0.067 (12)(10)
CD Determine the clearance or obstruction of
707 =800 + x - 90.91 - 0.4545x - 8.04
the line of sight at hill 8 if the observer is
at A so that Cwill be visible from A. x =10.91 m.
@ If C is not visible from A, what height of
tower must be constructed at C so that it @ Height of equal towers at A anti Cso that it
could be visible from A with the line of will be intervisible:
~l~ht having a clearance of 2 m. above hill

® Whal height of equal towers at A and C

must be constructed in order that A, Band
C will be inlervisible,

Solution:
CD Obstruction of the line of sight at hill B:
h = h + O2 (h 1 - h2) - 0 067 0 0
2 0 1 + D-;, . 1 2

705 = (800 ) 10 [(600 + x) - (800 + x)]

+x + 12 + 10
- 0,067 (12)(10)
705 =800 + x- 90.91·8.04
x=3.95m.
 5-45

lEVEliNG

@ Equal height of towers at Alpha and

Charlie:
\ ------"-----n--------- -
x : X

h = h. + 0 (h, - hz) • 0067 0 n.

"L 0, + ~ . 1......L

¢PQrrPtltEl • tH.~ • e@,atiOtt9ftl1elj~Qf.~1ght • 649 = (620 +x) + 15 [(6801+2~ ~~620 + x)]

~ts®io~.Bt~Vo.¥llththe.instrtJme.lt.plaqed
• • 1.lt•. $t;;lIIOt"\NPb~·sUchltJ~t •. $t@~(lCnaMj~ ·0.067 (12)(15)
. 'k0uld•• • M•• VlsiblE!.<f~orri·· • •~t~tiClni • ~lpha_ 649 =620 +x +0.556(60) -12.06
{;9n$id~rlrg • Jh~· • ~ff#8 • • 91·.99rv~tute)and x= 7.7m.
tef!'a¢lklncortl3Ctl0n.}
®•• • ASS9lnirygttH~t.$fJ.llloriat~y9Wi(k9~~tl'\lpt @ Height of tower at station Charlie:
.. .··t~E;.IiQEl(lf~j~htJtCJnl$lati9~.AIPhil,·~ile A B
<)b$~lhg$ta!l/)nCharlieaM~4m.J()Yw
.ls••con~!tu9t~d • • ~m • ·t9pQf.~tatI9m~rayCJ'
. . . . . P(lmp~t~ . f!m.·.b~i9hl·9t~qll~!t9VJE!rs.·.Elt
.•·.·• • • • §la~AA • AlpM•• an~ • ~Wioryqh~m~ln • 9@er••
·mat.bQ!tl.• three.$ti!111l0sas·Ob$rvedfrom··
• • •. ~a~on • ~phawlll s~n.l¥lihtr&l~tJlE! .• • • • • .• • • •.
•
.@..•WilMgllt•. (;;9IJstrtJc~ngElnyt<lWl!lr.Elt •. ~t~U9!1 h = h. + 0 (h, - hU _0 067 0 n.
"L 01 +~ . l"'"L
..•••••~r~\j()~ •••• WhElfIW9ht9ftOW~r@ij$~b~ .
.···@nsttu(:t~~ • ~·.$t.aI16~·.ynar1i~SCl·thal.f)()tb.
15
645 = (620 + x) + 12 +15 [(680) - (620 + x)]
. . .. .~ti9m§r~¥(lam:fQMl'lt~W99Id~~\li~tJl~
fromstatl6l1AJpM: •0.067 (12)(15)
645 =620 + x +0.556(60 - x)· 12.06
37.06 = x + 33.36 . 0.556x
Solution: x= 8.33 m.
G) Elevation of line of sight at station Bravo:

Thr~(h!!I~%a,jMPhM~IWM9Mqf
6~nl,,6@5.'W • ~~4 • 600••
m>respe¢ijMelY.•·•• ~• •~
in•• betWeeilAEll'ld··C~nd.·is·10~rit·fJ;9Il1Aa!l<l·
h =0. + 01~~ (h1· hi)·0.067 01~ 12krn·®rn(k·
15
h=620 +12 + 15 (680-620) (1).<Con~ideriJ@ • • tne.• •
effect•• of.curVamrea.riiI·
.·.·.refraction.cotrEl%iorl,.whatisth~·creat~nce .
·0.067 (12)(15) %obstrycti91l.of•. • th.~ .• line • • of•• siQht•• al•• B
h= 641.27m. consldenngtt\alCisvlslblefromA . .
S-46

lEVELING

@)•• • ff.~ • $m,.t@ffltW~.~.~.~tAAm~i.WM~.

. . •.•.•.•. ·Wl:)\:ll~J;lEi.~~~ • M19W¢~~il,tI~@.tlf! •
• .• • • !•• ~f~~~I1~.1~.~.~at.~.~.~~.~
••~.• ,• •.er~et~·.at.CsQll'l~tl3aii'l
vm~ • $®61~.Miti~ij~9ID~~~ft9.~·
• •tWlllbe:
. @ Height of tower at C:

A B

••jht~M$lb~ftClm.A· • • • ·i.···.·>······ ············::···.···••·•·•·•• ·•• ·>·U •

Solution:
~=600+X
CD Clearance orobstrucfion of the line:
h=625
h, =660
h = h. + 0, (h , - ~ _0 067 D n..
"l D, + ~ . ' .....L

625
=600 12[(660) • (600 + xll
+x+ 10+12
, - 0.067 (10)912)
h = h.. + 0, (h • 0) . 0 067 0 n..
"L D, +~ . ,.....L
25 = x+ 12 (60 - x) _8.04
h = 600 12 (660.600).0067 (10)(12) 22
+ 10 + 12 .
33.04 = x + 32.73·0.545 x
h = 624.69 < 625
x= 0.68 m.
Obstruction = 625 -624.69
Obstruction = 0.31 m.

® Equal height of towers at A and C:

fQuthillsA,I3.¢arldq~f$lfisl~i~htline.
tMele\'~tiClnsareA;(~1~m,B::;23~ro}
G.:;'•• ~H • rn.~rld.P • "'.3~~.l1J;.·te~~etlv~Iy. • • Th~
di$lanc~s()fB)Catldqfr6111~~re12k1tl,
4$l@anq§Ol<J"tl·fElsp~lively.¢onsidering
tMElff®f.Of•• (jlJrv!lltirEl • ~M • • tE!ft'a(jtioll•• ()f•• ll1e
h=625+5
MM.
h=630 (j) .p()ll1pute•• th$·t$I~ht • PfM4al•• tPWElf$•• ()n·A
h, = 660 +x $nd{)Josighf()v€r~ilrld8~j~~31T1.
h2 =600+x >c!elll'llnce'......:: .'. ...••.•.• •••••..•.•.••••
h = h + 0, (h , • 0) _0 067 D n.. @•• • ¢dmpute•• th&•• ¢I¢va@Q8t.th~ • lin~ • ot.siSht
2 0 , +~ . ,.....L 13tWWiltlth$inMallaliofl9ttheElQlJal
= 600 . 12 [(660 + x) - (600 + xl) tie@11$9ft9Wet~tA<1l@O; ' ...
630 +x + (10 + 12) ~. .C()rnplJt~ • the • heighl•• qf.lo~r • $t.A·.WlltJ•• a
-0.067 (10)(12) ch.ara[1¢eoC3ri'lCaFP$omafPWlIlbe
30 =x+ 12~0). 0.067 (10)(12) . lf.tM.hei9ptgfIWWat.p.i$
Visibfe.jJ'°lTi.A••
2m. .. . .
x= 5.31 m.
LEVELING

Solution: @ Height oftower at A:

CD Equal heights of tower at Aand 0:

Considering hi/ss A, C and 0 h1 = 247 + x

h1 =247+x hz =396 +2
hz =396+x hz =398
h =314 + 3 h= 314 + 3
h = 317 h= 317
h = h + Dz (h] + f?L 0.067 0 1....n_L h =h. + P2 (h 1 + hz) _0067 0 n.
Z 0 1 +~ "L 01 +~ . 1V Z

= 396 15 [(247 + xl· (396 +x)] 317 = 398 15 [247 +x- 398]
317 +x+ 45 + 15 + 45 + 15
- 0.067 (45)(15) ·0.067 (45)(15)
317 = 396 + x- 37.25 - 45.225 317 =378 + 0.25x - 37.75 - 45.225
x= 3.475m. x= 7.9m.

@ Elevation of line of sight at B:

qonsidElrir.g¢[/tVatureand·re~Oli()(j@ctiol1
aftnE!earth@~.· .. .. '.' ..'

0)" ·Tt@.f,$,rn~~lng • on.·.•ffi~.l'pd~t • P6lht••$• j$:.

1;86rtt••·•• J:h¢~rteClit)hJ9r¢~rv~~~9Ply
iF • 9·Q48.• nk·.I(HJ·•• : : •. g98-,17.Jll.ar~the
h1 =247 + 3.475 r,orrepl~~I~vatj0l'l8fa.~.·f~6,~~m·;o/bat.
h1 =250.475 i~ .• tl1e.G<1[El~t\(inf()rreft~ct!9n()f\1Y?:<>·· .• • • •
hz= 396 + 3.475 ® AIPtlll)tBI.ihE!•• F,§.•• readIQgi$Z.~nt,th£',
hz = 399.475 correctEld • e'~V{lti6n.of8.· • isi114·~ • ·m"
Cons19f!l'ing•• • reffaClIoJl•• and.p~rvaW%.····lf
h = he + ~ (h 1 + hzl. 0.067 0 1....L
n_ HJ. ",117.Q§3m. atldlhe.C(jrrepti 011 fof
L 0 1 + Dz
refraBtlon.is?005••• ~at • j%reCFrreFiol1
~ = 399 475 + 48 (250.475 - 399.475) f!JrcllrvatU~?/
1/. 12+48
@ Considerins.curvalure.aryd • rSifacfion.the
- 0.067 (12)(48) corret;ledelevatian•• ofpoil1t.CiS$lh8$m·
h = 241.633 m. > 236 m. Thef·S.reading.ontherodaIC.is.2J6.m.
TheC9ffecUon·for•• curvature••lsQ.046while
thatforrefi'actiOnis 0.004.· Determine HJ
S-48

LEVE1I1G

Solution: Solution:
CD Correction for CUNature only: CD Oiff. in elevation between Band C:
Corrected F.S. = 238.17 - 236.35
Corrected F.S. = 1.82 m.
Error in F.S. reading = 1.86 - 1.82
Error in F.S. reading = 0.04
CUNature and refraction correction =0.04
CUNature and refraction = curvature - refraction
0.04 = 0.048 • x
L~~·}.A.{8:1·5'
h e & . ""':2600"'-..;
1
x = 0.008 refraction correction .!--
, ,--'"
ElfN.219.42m

® CUNature correction: hc1 = 0.067 (1.2)2

F.S. =147.063 - 144.86
hC1 = 0.09648 m.
F.S. =2.203
CUNatureand refraction correction hc2 = 0.067 (2)2
= 2.23 • 2.203 hC2 =0.268
=0.027 h1 =1200 tan 18'30'
CUNature and refraction = Curvature - refraction h1 =401.51 m.
correction h2 =2000 tan 8'15'
0.027 = CUNature· 0.005 ~ =289.99 m.
Curvature = 0.032 m. H= (h l + hCl)· (h2• h0.)
H = (401.51 + 0.09648)· (289.99 + 0.268)
@ ValueofH.J.
H= 111.348m.
Curvature and refraction correction
=0.046 - 0.004
=0.042 ® Oiff. in elev. between A and C:
Corrected F.S. = 2.16 - 0.042 Oiff. in elev. = h2 + hC2
Corrected F.S. = 2.118 m. Oiff. in elev. = 289.99 + 0.268
H.I. =Elev. + Corrected F.S. Diff. in elev. =290.258 m.
H.I. =311.85+2.118
H.I. =313.968 m. @ Elevation of B:
E1ev. B =' 219.42 + 401.51 ... 0.09648
Elev. B = 621.026 m.

,Frornp(Jit1f.A.ill•• bEltween••Efan(JC,•• the.an~le~.·

ofeleyallon9tBaMqafe18'3Q'and8'15~
r~sPectiMelY .••• A8irtPi~20()Orn·fr9rn.A.al1dl?
is••12,OO.m·•• Jr'°mA, • • e.I#\laflgn•• of.A.is•. 219AZ.Ill.
abo\lt3se<lJilVill· . Ais known to be . 20' and thai of C is +12'.
cD Compute the difference in elevation
betWeen B and C, considering the effect of
fheeartl1s curvature and refraction.
@) CQmpute the difference in elevatiori
between Aand C.
@ Gompute the elevation ofB.
A transit is sef up at point Bwhich is between
Aand B. The Yertical angle obsef\led towards
The honzontaldlstance between A and B is
64~.80m. and that of Band C is 1032.4Q m.
The height of Instrument is 1.5 m.abOY8 8
with A having an elevation of 146.32 m.
Considering the effect of curvature and
refraction correction.
 5-49

lEVELING

®Gornpul~>th~<qff'fElre6Qe in ~HNaliQn
bEltvl~enA,gr9~,> .• •. . • .
i:ID.Pmnput¢•• tf\~.)differEll#¢e '>lnelElYaI160
pel>veenl\~nd8··) Miradorhilhvfth.an. elev9tionofp26rn,iSoll.a
@'.Comput!3c.ftIe·.ElIEl\l()ti()n.of.~i •.
lifle•• ~Elwee8.A~ror() • ~ill • ~hlh$~· .• el~YWipry·.i~
Solution: 660.·m·.9nd•• Q()thedr()lhillna...i'19.<3f1.~IW<:l~!Ofl
Of.60Qtii.·•• • Di~I~n~.()H.-1ir~~orhiUfml'll)\tirQl'll
Dift. in elevation between A and B;
hHljsl0kfl1argdistaryCe8fMir~dorniRfrPm
G)

cathetlral.hi1l.i~ • 14·.km·•• • 9aO$i9~ringP~rY~tQte·

aodrefractioncorrectlOn. . ..... ..

<D CompUte.theQbS!tuciIQtlqMMllM9lsltM
at.• Miragor.mll•• VItlElr·.o~~eiyjq~Q.1ftlEldqll
hlll.fr()Ill~WOl'a.tlill, • • • • • •.• • • • • • • • • • .• / • . ).<...< .
® \foIhaf.would.betheDejghlof.ElqY~lm~rs·
tRe.~reQled.9t.i\uror~.hill.affij·cmhe9ral~IH
$o•• • that.Cal~eqr~I • • hill,lwror~Nll.lln~
Miradorhilj.wil'•• beirtervisi~l~wilh?·.4rfi~
t<>wererected.ft.the.~QP.of.MiW~%blll? •.• •.• >••

® Ifou·. tow~r • wi!I .• b~.eract~d .• atAur()r<3·.hill

artd•• Mirador••hitf,•• ~>twould~e.tbehe~ht
hC1 =0.067 (0.6428W ()f.tower•• tQbEl.e~cIElq •. (ltGlllheQfilllJilI~Q
hC1 =0.028 Ihat.·.Mlrador•• and•• • Sathedral•• hill WiU•• be
' ~ lntervisiblefromA\Jrqrahill, '.' .
tan 20. = 642.80
h1 =233.96 m.
H1 = 233.96 m. - 0.028 Solution:
H1 = 233.932 CD Obstruction of line of sight at Mirador hill:

Dift. in elevation between A and B

=233.932 - 1.55
= 232.382m.

(?) Diff. in elevation between Aand C:

h~ = 0.067 (1.0324)2
hC2 =0.071
h2 =1032.4 tan 12'
h2 = 219.44 m. - (~) (h 1 - hz)- 0.067 Dl~
H2 =219.44 + 0.071 h -?2+ 0 +~ / 1
H2 = 219.511 m. 12(660 - 600) - 0.067 (10)(12)
h=600+ 10+12
Dift. in elevation between A and C
h = 624.69 m.
=H1 +H2
= 233.932 + 219.511
Obstruction =626 - 624.69
=453.443 m. Obstruction = 1.31 m.
. ® Elev. of B:
Elev. of B =146.32 + 233.932 - 1.55
Elev. of B = 378.702 m.
5-50

LEVEliNG

@ Equal heights of towers at Aurora and

Cathedral hills:

A line of levels is run from 8M, to 8M z which

is 12 km long. Elevation of 8M 1was found out
to be 100 m. and that of 8M 2 is 125.382 m.
Backsight and foresight distances were 150 m.
and 100m. respectively.

G) Determine the corrected elevation of 8M 2

considering the effect of curvature and
refraction correction.
(2) If during the leveling process the line of
h =h + QzJ.h1 - hz)· 0.067 °lfh
z 0 1 + fh sight is inclined downward by 0.004 m. in
630=600+x a distance of 10 m, what would be the
+ 12 [(660 +x) - (600 + x))· 0.067 (10)(12) corrected elevation of 8M 2?
@ If the average backsight reading is 3.4 m.
10 + 12
and every time it is taken, the rod is
x= 5.31 m.
inclined to the side from the vertical by 4',
what should be the corrected elevation of
8M2?
@ Height oftower at Cathedral hill:
Solution:
G) Corrected elevation of 8M 2 considering
curvature and refraction correction.
hC1 =0.067 (0.15)z
hc, =0.00151
hC2 = 0.067 (0.100)2
hcz =0.00067

Error per set up = 0.00151 - 0.00067

Error per set up = 0.00084
h =h + Oz (h, - hz)- 0.067 O,D:? 12000
No. of set ups =150 + 100 =48
z 0, + Dz
626 = 600 + x Total error =48(0.00084)
+ 12 [660· (600 =x)]- 0.067(10)(1~ Total error = 0.04032
10 + 12 Corrected elevation of 8M2
. =125.382 - 0.04032
- 12 (60-x) = 125.34168 m.
3404
. -x+ 22
748.88 = 22x + 720 -12x @ Corrected elevation of 8M 2 if the line of
10x= 28.88 sight is inclined downward by 0004 m.
x= 2.89 m. every 10m:
!!L _0.004
150 - 10
h1 = 0.06
J1L _0.004
100 - 10
hi = 004
 S-51

LEVEliNG

Errorper set up =0.06 - 0.04 Solution:

Error per set up =0.02 CD Corrected elevation of 8M 2 due to
Total error = 0.02(48) curvature and refraction correction:
Total error = 0.96 m. hI =0.067 (0.11W
Corrected elev. of 8M2 h1 = 0.0008107
h2 =U.067 (0.070)2
= 125.382 + 0.96
h2 = 00003283
=126.342 m.
Error per set up = 0.0008107 - 0.0003283
® Corrected elev. of 8M2 if the rod is inclined Error per set up = 0.0004824 m.
by 4' from the vertical: 9360
No. of set ups = 110 + 70 =52
Error in reading per set up
=3.4 - 3.4 Cos 4' Total error = 52 (0.0004824)
T(}tal error = 0.0251 m.
=0.0083m.
Corrected elevation of8M2
= 31.388 - 0.0251
Total error =48(0.0083) = 31.3629 m.
Total error = 0.3984 m.
Corrected elev. of 8M2 '.?1 Corrected elev. of 8M 2 due to line of sight
inclined upward by 0.003 m. every 25 m:
= 125.382 - 0.3984
Diff. in distance per set up = 110 -.70
=124.9836 m. Diff. in distance per set up =40 m.
x 0.003
,40=20
x = 0.006 m.
9360
No. of set ups =1Tclt7O =52
A line of levels 9.36 km is run to check the
Total error =52(0.006)
elevation of 8M 2 which has been found to be
31.388 meters, with 8M 1 of elevation at sea Total error = 0.312 m.
level (reference datum). backsight and Corrected elevation of 8M2
foresight distances are consistently 110 m. = 31.388 - 0.312
and 70 m. respectively. =31.076 m.
cD Detemline the corrected elevation of 8M2 @ Corrected elevation of 8M2 due to rod
considering the effect of curvature and settlement·
refraction correction. . . 9360 1 51
@ if the level used is out of adjustment so No. af turnmg pOints = 110 + 70 - =
that when the bubble was centered the line Total error =0.004 (51)
of sight was inclined 0.003 m. upward in a
Total error = 0.204 m.
distance of 20 m. Determine the corrected
elevation of 8M 2, , Corrected elevation of 8M2
'j If at every turning points the rod settles = 31.388 - 0.204
about 0.004 m., determine the corrected = 31.184m.
elevation of BM 2.
S-52

LEVEliNG

P#i~g.M.$llgineers • lfw~l,tMreilqiM.on.arod
8qfu·~WW~S9b$IW"edt(l~~.2·~1t:n·Th~
.\)\;jbble·was••lf)l(el@·.ttlry•. ~·ll·p~~~Qll.·lbe • leVElI
·t\.lbE!aM.thE!rOd•• @Mingihdr$$~Wz.a74rrl.
ii) • D~te®lr@.t® .• ~ngletl1at.tl1~.blJbbl~.()fl.lh13 •
•·.·.·.···lul)¢WM•• qeYiMi!d•• d(je.tO.M.inM~aseln
M~f()(jljl#<ljol!lbYfu9\@9fD~I$I~C()Il~
ijpW~rdin$ec()fld~¢f*c.«· •.. . •.••
·~ • ·.·P13~wjn~.m~.all~@M"~1~9r~11~Sp~Gl3.
i:iflhelubeirlsecondSofar&>
.·&>•.•.• D~teri1ijOO··t@r@iU$Qf • @&afOr$•• 6ftHe
:i~yelt~pejf@@~P;~c~@th~hibei$ @.·.Gprn@~.mll.COlTec~Oll.fbbl:l.~pplied.tq.tb~.
<MOmmlong. . . ~~vatl()nOfBM2-

Solution:
CD Angle the bubble on the tube was deviated
due to an increase in the rod reading:
®.•• ~OIl1P9tethecorrecte9.elElvftiOnofBM2.··.
&:i•• Cornpme.tl1E!.correc!ed.elev<ltionofBM3·····
Solution:
CD Correction to be applied to BMi

~:F=
,
Station Distance -Observed
Ikm) Elevation
R\ iR BM 1 0 1oo.00m.
~8~ BM? 4 121.42 m.
BMo 6 131.64m.
BM 1 10 100.15 m.

Error of closure = 100.15 - 100

S =2.874 - 2.81 =0.064
0.064 Error of closure =0.15 m.
tan8=-- -fL_.!
80
0.15 -10
8" (0.000005) = 0-:4
C1 =0.06 Correction to be applied to 8M2
8" = 160"
® Corrected elevation of BMi
® Angular value of one space:
160 Corrected elevation = 121.42 -0.06
0=-=32" Corrected elevation =121.36 m.
5
® Radius of cUNature:
o S ® Corrected elevation of BM3:
R-L Correction 6
0=0.6(5) 0.15 10
0=3 mm =0.003 m. Correction = 0.09
0.003 _ 0.064 Corrected elev. = 13164 - 0.09
R - 80
Corrected elev. =131.55 m.
R=3.75m.
 5-53

LEVELING

@ Adjusted elevation of B:
Corrected diff. in elev. =475.31 + 12.03
Corrected diff. in e/ev. =487.34 m.
Adjusted elev. of B =1584 +487.34
Adjusted elev. of B =2071.34 m.

The .elevation of the base at station A is

1584m. above sea level. The barome1ric
r~;ldi(ig at station A was 65,53 cm, ofHg.at
thelnst..ml when the barometric reading at Give~below.are.th$ • porfe$p6rKling.b~ro~triS
statlon i B Which Is higher than A was reildir9~.i1lI~o~lVerlplil~ .•••.• T~re¥Vi1ltionAf
M,39 cm~ of Hg. The temp. at the time of
observation at A W3S g'C While 1hat I'll B was
•
·rv1o~mM~wpn ·is.1~9Q/Il'l· • • above.• ~a • le,,~1.
Motlm.~YQn •. is.loWeJ"tI1~n.Mpu~t.J\pIJ .• • • • • • • >•·•·•
22'C. rime of observation on both slatlorl is
10:20 AM.

CD .Compute the barometric reading at MoUnt

Apo at10,30 A.M. ••... ....• . . ...
@Compule IhediffereMe in elevation
between Mount Apo and Mount Mayan.·
® What is the elevation of Mount Apo above
sealevel. .

Solution: Solution:
CD Uncorrected difference in elevation CD Barometric reading at Mount Apo at
belYieen A and B: 10:30 AM:
76 76
z =19122 log h~- 19122 log h Barometric
2
76 76 Station Time Reading Air
z =19122 log 65.53 -1912210g 69.39 .(cmofHq) Temp.
Mt. Arm 9:25 74.73 8.3'C
z =1230.95 - 755,64
z =475.31 m.
Mt. Mayan 10:30 68.96 He
Mt.Apo 10:57 74.57 6.rC

@ Correction for the difference in elevation:

8 + 22
Mean temp. =- 2-

Mean temp. =15'C

Correction for diff. in elevation
=0.0253 (475.31)
92 mn f] ~ 10:57
m;, 7473} ' } 0.16

74.57
= 12.03 m.
5-54

lEVEliNG

Oiff. in time = 10:57·9:25

Diff. in time = 1:32 hrs. = 92 min.
Oiff. in time = 10:30·9:25
Oiff. in time =1:05 hrs. =65 min.
Diff. in reading = 74.73·74.57
Diff. in reading =0.16 em.
By ratio and proportion
65_2...-
92 - 0.16
x=0.11 em.
Barometric reading of Mount Apo at 10:30
=74.73·0.11
= 74.62cm.
TM~re\latiCln°tlM~~perba~eAis37~1l1.
Whll~t~*\l.l)tth6 • lpwerb~~at~,m~~~vallQr
Is•• 1Sq.rn.• • • At.~giM~rt • • jnsta~tt~f¢ealtirn~~er •
re.adirg$ lndiCali~ that lhe i(jiffete.~.~ ••. ·W .
¢l~aliCln • of~n •. lr~~rined~t~p()jll~·.qftpmth~ .
qpp¥P~$~AI~~~m·~I1d;th~dl~~rt~Bem
el#if9tj9Jifrom@!l.·19Yler.b~$tl§ . tOPOl!1t•• q IS.•
2?.. rrl.~in~thElttlJ~~I¢va~9!lpfpolrtCirl
b~tWeeni\~OdEl· .. . . ...
Solution:

® Difference in elevation between Mount Apo

and Mount Mayan:

H = 18336.6 (log h1 • log h2) [1 + T~oT2]

X
h 1 = 74.62 em. (barometric reading of I

Mount Apoat 10:30)

h2 = 68.96 em. (barometric reading of
Mount Mayan at 10:30)
y
T1 = temp. at Mount Apo at 10:30
T2 = temp. at Mount Mayan at 10:30

9:25 } {3'C x=true difference in elevation between

AandC
92 10:30 65 2.2
{ By ratio and proportion:
x 219
10:57 6.1·C 209 = 234
92 _2.2 x = 195.60
65-x
x= 1.6'C Elevation of C= 375 • 195.60
T1 = 8.3 • 1.6 = 6.7'C Elevation of C = 179.40 m.
T2 = 1.1'C y=219-195.60
H = 18336.6 (log 74.62 • log 68.96)
y= 23.40 m.
[1 + (6.7500+ 1.1)]
Elevation of C= 156 + 23.40
H= 637.97m.
Elevation of C = 179.40 m.
® Elevation of Mount Apo:
Elev. = 1200 + 637.97
Elev. =1837.97 m.

COMPASS SURVEYING
Surveyor's .Compass - an instrument for
determining the. horizontal direction of a
line with reference to the direction of the
magnetic needle.
1. Compass box = with a circle graduated
from O· to 90' in both directions from the N.
and S. points and usually having the E and
W points interchanged.
2. Sight Vanes - which defines the line of
sight in the direction of the SN points of the
compass box.
3. Magnetic needle - has the property of
pointing a fixed direction namely, the
magnetic meridian.
1. Pocket compass - which is generally
held in the hand when bearings are
observed; used on reconnaissance or other
rough surveys.
2. Surveyor's compass - which is mounted
usually on a light tripod, or s.ometimes on a
Jacob's staff (a point stick about 1.5 m.
long).
3. Transit compass - a compass box
similar to the surveyor's compass,
mounted on the upper or vernier plate of the
engineer's transit.
8·55
1. Needle bent· if the needle is not perfectly
straight, a constant error is introduced in all
observed bearings. The needle can be
corrected by using pliers.
2. Pivot bent • if the point of the pivot
supporting the needle is not at the center of
the graduated circle, there is introduced a
variable systematic error, the magnitude of
which depends on the direction in which
the compass is sighted. The instrument
can be corrected by bending the pivot until
the end readings of the needle are 180'
apart for any direction of pointing.
3. Plane of sight not vertical or graduated
circle not horizontal.
4. Sluggish
5. Reading the needle
6. Magnetic variations
1. Compass is light and portable and it
requires less time for setting up, sighting
and reading.
2. An error in the direction of one line does
not necessarily affect other lines of the
survey.
3. The compass is especially adopted to
running straight lines through woods and
other places where obstacles are likely to
interfere with the line of sight.
 8-56
COMPASS SURVEYING
1. The compass reading is not very accurate.
2. The needle is unreliable especially with
the presence of local attractions, such as
electric wires, metals, magnets that may
render it practically useless.
Magnetic declination· the angle that a
magnetic meridian makes with the true
meridian.
Magnetic dip. the vertical angle which the
magnetic needle makes with the horizontal
due to uneven magnetic attraction from the
magnetic poles.
Isogonic lines - an imaginary lines passing
through places having the same magnetic
declination:
Isoclinic lines - an imaginary line passing
through points having the same magnetic
dip.
Agonic lines· imaginary line passing through
places having a zero declination.
When the compass traverse forms a
closed figure, the interior angle at each station
is computed from the observed bearings at that
particUlar point, the computed value which is
free from local attraction. The sum of the
interior angles of a closed polygon must be
equal to (n • 2) 180' in which nis the number of
sides of the polygon. Since the error of
observing a bearing is accidental, it is
assumed to be distributed equally at each
interior angle. The bearings are then adjusted
from a line whose observed bearing is to be
correct using the adjusted values of each
interior angle.
Why is the East and West points of a compass
interchanged?
From the figure shows a compass having
a NS and EW calibration. In using a compass,
always sight the object with. the north end of
the compass and the compass needle when
pivoted and brought to rest gives the magnetic
bearing.
Magnerit.Norrh
Let us sayan object on the right side is
observed, sight this object with the north end
of the compass. The needle atthis instant will
point steadily on the magnetic north, so a
reading could now be obtained as shown as
NE.
(J)1'hei ol:i~rVedcomp~5sbearlng of a line in
,1981 W8S$, 37'3:0~S. ~nd the magnetic
',' "detli~tioriQftheplade then W8S lmown to
be 3'10'W. ,'If'has also discovered that
"dUring' the6bserv~ijon local attraction of
" '. the place at that mom~t of 5'Eexisled,
'Fifldthe trueazirnuth aHhe line.
@ 'The ~aring of aline from A to B was
measured as S. 16'3Q'W. It was found
that there-was local attraction at both A
'and a and therefore a forward and a
backward bearing w,ere taken between A
'and apoin! Cat which there was no local
attraction. If the bearing of AC was
8,30'10' E. and that of CA was N. 28'20'
W., What is the corrected bearing of AS?
 5-57

COMPASS SURVEYING

@ ··m•• • •a•• • pattic~IN • • •y¢llr,.ihll·.·lTJa9flellc @ Magnetic bearing of line DE:

d~l;lin~~()l'I·.~.~.·.1··1W • l:~n~I~~m~9neti9
wanngQflill~.peWas~,la'3{)'.W .• ••lfthe
~~cHI<!r'larja,tl(mp~y~aris>3·E.,
cl~tE!fl1'\ire .• ·~ • ~g~ti¢~rtI'lgQftlneOE
!5yearslarer?/ ... ..... . . .

Solution:
<D True azimuth of the line:

True bearing DE =16'30' ·1'10'

True bearing =S 37'30' E-1'50' True bearing DE =N 15'20' W
True bearing = S 35'40' E
True azimuth = 324'20' Magnetic bearing of DE
= 15'20' + 1'25'
® Corrected bearing of AB: =N16'45'W

A field ish; the form ofa tegularpentagol1:

The direction oflha bounding sides were
surveyed wffh an aSSttmed meridian S' to the
right of the true. nOrth and south meridian. As
$urveyed .With an assumed meridian, the
beating Mone side AS ls N. $3'20' W.
Angle at A=16'30' +30'10'
Angle at A = 46'40'
<D Compute the true bealingof tine BC.
@ Compute the true azimuth of line CO.
Bearing of AB =46'40' - 28'20'
Bearing of AB = S 18'20' W @ Compute the true bearing of line AE.
5-58

COMPASS SURVEYING

Solution:
Sum of all interior angles of a closed
polygon.
= =
(n- 2) 180 (5 - 2) 180 540'
Value of each inferior angle = ~O
Value of each inferior angle = 108

TN
MN

N. 73"00' W. . . S. 72'15 E. ..

\DP®lput~fl'le~@l'ing9fljMIilQ.
®¢PmPlJleth~~eanjjg(jfII~¢p.
@ ()QfflPute(!lEl6ij<IDngb1Hh~.DI: .• • •

Solution:

LINES BEARING AZIMUTH

AB N.28'20'W 151'40' A

Be
CD
N.43'40· E
S. 64'20' E
223'40'
295'40'
E~
\~7'Jo,3 '30 B

Aw
DE S.7'40'W 7'40'
AE S.79'4Q'W 79'40'
AB N.28'20'W 151'40' 60'
A

CD True bearing of line BC =N. 43'40' E 7~B

c~
..........
D
® True azimuth of line CD = 295'40'

@ True bearing of line AE =S. 79'40' W

 5-59

COMPASS SURVEYING

Point Interior angles LINES AZIMUTH

A 59'00' + 37"30' =96'30' AS 322'30'
B 180' • (37'30' +43'15') = 99'15' + 81'00'
C 73'00' +44'15' = 117'15' 403'30'
D 180' • (12'45' +72'15') =95'00' (since there is no azimuth
E 120' + 13'15' = 133'15' greater than 360', subtract 360')
541'15'
403'30'
Sum of interior angles - 360'00'
= (n - 2) 180 =(5· 2X180) =540' BC 43'30'
Error = 541'15' - 540'00' + 53'00'
Error = 1'15' (toa big) CO 106'30'
. = 5"
Error per station 75' = 15' + 85'15'
DE 191'45'
45'00'
POINTS CORRECTED EA 238'45'
A 96'15' 83'45'
B 99'00' AE 322'30'
f---
C 117'00' .
0 94'45' CD Bearing ofline BC = S. 43'30' W
E 133'00'
@ Bearing of line CO = N, 73'30' W

INTERIOR ANGLE ® Bearing of line DE =N. 11'45' E

LINES BEARING AZIMUTH

AB S. 37'30' E 322'30'
BC S.43'30'W 43'30' CD Compute the deflection angte at C.
CO N.73'30'W 106'30' CV Compute the bearing of line DE.
DE N.11'45' E 191'45' @ Compute the bearing of line AE.
AB S.3T30'E 322'30'
5-60

COMPASS SURVEYING

Solution:
CD Deflection angle at C:

Solution:
Station Interior Anales
A 180- L
Ar--__ ~~
B
C
180+R
180- L
0 180-L
E 180- L
C =180' - 142'54' F 180- L
C=37'06'R G 180 -L

® Bearing of line DE:

AB =180' - 96'32'
AB =N 83'28' E
CD =142'54' - 83'28'
CD = S 59'26' E
DE::: 180' - 59'26'
DE= 120'34'
DE= 132'18'-120'3'l'
DE =S 11'44' E

® Bearing ofline AE:

Sum ofinterior angles
EA =11'44' + 50'46'
,EA =N 62'30' W
=1080 - LL + 180 + 'LR
=1260-2,L + LR
Sum ofinterior angles = (7 - 2) 180
Sum of interior angles = 900
900 =1260· LL + LR
360=LL-LL
Therefore the difference of the sum of
deflection angles is always 360'

2,L =50'20 +83'32 +63'27

+34'18' +72'56' + 30'45'
2,L =370'18' L
LR= 10'11' R
2,L·LR=360
370'18' ·10'11' =360'07'

CD Total error of the deflection angle:

Error = 360W . 360'
Error = 07' too big
 S-61

COMPASS SURVEYING

® Bearing of line DE:

Points Corrected Reflection Anale

A 85'20'L -01 85'19'l
8 10'32'R +01 10'12'R
C 83'32' L - 01 83'31'L
0 63'2,l -01 63'26'L
E 34'18' L -01 34'1TL
F 72'56' L - 01 72'55'L
G 30'45' L -01 30'44'L
Beanng ofline DE =N. 3"15' E

Check: @ Bearing of line GA = S, 45'19' W

LL =85'10' +93'31' +63'26'
+ 34"1, + 72'55' + 30'44'
L.L = 10'12'
LL -'LR = 370'12' - 10'12' = 360 (check)
An engineers notebook gives the observed
•magnetic bealingsQf tile fOlklWlng traverSe, .
LINES AZIMUTH
AB 320'
BC 320' -10'12' =330'12'
CD 330'12' - 83'31' =246'41'
DE 246'41' - 63'26' = 183'15'
EF 183'15' - 34'1, = 148'58'
FG 148'58' " 72'55' = 76'03'
GA 76'03' - 30'44' = 45'19'
AB 45'19' + 180' +(180 - 85'19')
= 320'00'
CD Compute the local attraction at A
@ Compute the local attraction atB,
LINES BEARING AZIMUTH
@ Compute thetoeali'lttractlon at C,
AS S.40'E 320'00'
Be S. 29'48' E 330'12'
Solution:
CD N. 66'41' E 246'41'
DE N. 3'15' E 183'15'
EF N,3"02'W 148'58'
FG S.76'03'W 76'03'
GA S. 45'19' W 45'19'
AB S,40' E 320'00'

B
S-62

COMPASS SURVEYING

Solution:
D
TN
'MN B
,
,,
,
0'32'

B
A

LINES CORRECTED LOCAL

BEARING ATTRACTION
c
AB S.68'19'E A =0'41' E
BC N. 39'41' E B=1'19'W CD True beanng of AB:
OJ N.S1'OO'W C=09'W Tn/e bearing ofAB =48'45' + 0'52'
DA S. 63'30' N D=O True bearing of AB = N49'37' E

Check: ® Length of AD:

Since the triangle is equilateral, it is also
48'11' + 108' + 83'19' + 120'30' =360'00' eqUiangular.

CD Leal attraction at A: B
Lcal attraction at A= 69' - 68'19'
Leal attraction at A = 0'41' E
® Local attraction at B:
Local attraction at B = 68'19' - 61'
Local attraction at B = 1"19' W
@ Local attraction at C:
A
[Dcal attraction at C= 39'50' - 39'41'
Local attraction at C = 09' W
c
AB=BC= CA
Area = (AB)(AC)
2 S'In 60'
The side A~ of an equilafenilfleld' ABC with' 69280 _ (AB)2 Sin 60'
an ~rea of 692:80 ~q",ri>hasamag1leti:C 2
bearing of N 48:45' Fin>1930 wheil the AB=40m.
magn~lic declination WB$O'52' E. A$sumeB
and C is on. the north eastsidji, . . .. . 1
A1 = 3" (692.80)
CD FInd the true bearing of A6.·••••. '. . A1 =230.93
® .Find the length of AD with pOint Don the A 40 (x) Sin 60'
line Be and makillg the area of thetl'iangle
1 2
ABD one third of the Whole area. . x= 13.3 m.
@ Compute the bearing of line AD. (AD)2 = (40)2 + (13.3)2.2(40)(13.3) Cos 60'
(AD)2 = 1245 .
AD= 36.3m.
 S-63

COMPASS SURVEYING

@ Bearing of line AD: @ Bearing of line 8E:

Sin f1I Sin 50' =90' • 53'0748"
13.3'=36:3 =N 36'52'12" W
f1I = 20'08'
Bearing of AD =49'37' +20'08' @ Bearing of line DA:
Bearing of AD = N 69'45' E = 79'41'44" - 26'33'56"
= S 53'07'48" W

A triangUlar lot has for \Jne of its boundaries a.

In the defiectionaogie trClverse wilh atraO$il
nne 1500 rn, long Which runs due East «pm A- survey data below. Assume deflection T, T2
The eastern boundary is 900 m. long and the
T3 and bearing Tl T2 is correct.
western boundClry 1200 m. long.. Astraight li~e .:.
cuts the western· bqundaiyal the iniddle point
o and meets Ihe easterly boundary E, 6{)O tit
from the Sf. comerR· .
CD Find the bearing af line ED.
@ Find the bearing of line BE
@ Find the bearing of line DA.

Solution:
CD Bearing of line ED:

(1) Find the bearing af line T2 • Ta,

@ Find the beClring of line T3• T4.
@ Find the bearing of line T4 • Tl .
Angle ACB is a right angle having the ratio
of its side as 3:4:5. Solution:
. 900
Sin A = 1500
A = 36'52'12"
B =90' - 36'52'12" = 53'OT48"
300
CotE= 600
E = 63'26'04"
0= 90' - 63'26'04" = 26'33'56"
DE Sin 63'26'04 = 600
DE=670.83
Bearing of line ED
=180' - (36'52'12" + 63'26'04")
=S 79'41'44" W
 S-64

COMP'SS SURVEYING

I Def. < S to the right IDef. <S to the left

R 96'42' IL = 69'16'
R 176'33'
R 156'00'
429'15'
LR=429'15'
LL = 69'16'
359'59' Error 01' too small

Correction is applied only at T-4 =156'01'

156'01 '
Solution:

Line Azimuth Back Bearing Distances

Azimuth
1- 2 225'25' 42'25' N.42'25' E 118.38
2-3 38'58' 218'58' S. 38'58' IA 83.22
3-4 329'42' 149'42' S. 30'18' E 83.44
4-1 125'43' 305'43' N. 54'17' .... 85.26
1-2 222'25' 42'25' N.42'25' E

CD Bearing of line T2 - T3:

=S.38'58'W Interior Ls:
~ Bearing of line T3 - h LB =55'45' +58'40' = 114'25'
= S. 30'18'E LC =180 + 14'30' - 58'30' = 136'08'

:;v Bearing of line T4 - T{

LD =180 -14'00' - 77'10' = 88'50'
=N,54'17'w LE =40'20' + 77'10' = 111'30'
LA =180 -40'15' -55'30' = 84'15'
541'00'
 S-65

COMPASS SURVEYING

CD Error ofmisclosure:
Error ofmisclosure =541' - 540'
Errorofmisclosure =1'00'

® Adjusted interior angle at station C:

Correction per interior angle
= roo' =12'
5

Corrected interior Ls:

LB =114'25' - 0'12' = 114'13'
LC = 136'08' - 0'12' = 135'56'
LD = 88'50' - 0'12' = 88'38'
LE = 117'30' - 0'12' =117'18'
LA =84'15' - 0'12' = 84'03'

Angle at station C = 135'56'

Solution:
@ Adjusted forward bearing ofline CD:

a = 180 - 77'10' - 88'38'

a= 14'12'

Bearing ofline CD = S 14'12' E CD Error of deflection angle:

IR =55'30' + 99'30' + 44'00' + 92'00' +68'55'
LR=359'55'
LL=O
LR- IL =359'55'
LR- IL=360'-

Error = OS' (to be added)

Distribute the error equally at each station

=01'
5-66

COMPASS SURVnlNG

STATION CORRECTED Arithmetical sum ofdepartures

1 55'31' R = 1096 + 1088.84
2 99'31' R = 2185.67
3 44'01' R Correction in latitude:
4 92'01'R ~_ 64:13
5 68'56' R 15.97 -1870.97
C1 = 0.00854 (640.13) = 5.47
~ = 0.00854 (299.05) = 2.55
~ = 0.00854(281.98) = 2.41
C4 = 0.00854 (362.44). = 3.10
Cs = 0.00854 (287.37) = 2.44
, 15.97
Correction in departure:
--.fL =J 12.87
7.99 2185.67
C1 = 0.00366 (112.87) = 0.41
~ = 0.00366 (843.56) = 3.09
~ = 0.00366 (140.40) = 0.51
LINES BEARING AZIMUTH C4 = 0.00366 (796.41) = 2.91
1·2 N 10' E 190'00' Cs = 0.00854 (292.43) = 1.07
2-3 S70'20' E 289'31' 7.99
3-4 S26'28' E 333'32'
(uncorrected) (corrected)
4-5 S65'32'W 65'32'
5-1 N45'30'W 134'30'
Lines LIn DEP LAT DEP
+5.47 - 0.41
'1-2 +640.13 +112.87 +645.60 +112.46
LINES Distance LAT DEP
- 2.55 - 3.09
1-2 650 +640.13 +112.87
2-3 - 239.05 +843.56 - 296.50 +840.47
2-3 895 - 299.05 +843.56
- 2.41 - 0.51
3-4 315 - 281.98 +140.40
3-4 - 281.98 +140.40 - 279.57 +139.89
4-5 872 - 362.44 ·796.41
- 3.10 +2.91
5-1 410 +287.37 - 292.43
4-5 - 362.44 - 786.41 - 359.34 - 799.32
+927.50 +1096.83
+2.44 +1.07
- 943.47 -1088.84
5-1 +287.37 - 292.43 +289.81 - 293.50
• 15.97 + 7.99
@ Linear enor of closure: _ LINE LAT DMD DOUBLE
AREA
Linear error of closure =.yr-(1--'5.'-97-)2-+-(7-.9-9i
1- 2 +645.60 +112.46 +7260418
Linear error of closure = 17,86 - 296.50
2-3 +1065.39 - 315888.14
3-4 - 279.57 +2054:75 - 57193033
@ Area by DMD method:
Balance the traverse using transit rule. 4-5 -359.34 +1386.32 -49816023
Arithmetical sum of latitudes 5-1 +289.81 +293.50 +8505924
=972.50 +343.47 2A -- 1228315.28
;, 1870.97 A =614157.64 m2

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORK
Transit - it is an instrument of designed
primarily for measuring horizontal and
vertical angle.
1. Engineer's transit - a transit provided
with vertical circle and a long level tube on
its telescope.
2. Plain transit: a transit without a vertical
circle and telescope level.
3. City transit - a transit without a compass
and having a U-shaped one piece
standard.
4. Mining transit - a transit provided with an
auxiliary telescope, a reflector for
illuminating the cross hairs and a diagonal
prismatic eyepiece for upward sighting, 60'
above the horizon.
5. Theodolite - a transit designed for
surveying of high precision.
6. Geodimeter - a transit which can measure
distances using the principles of the speed
of light.
Three principal subsidivions of a
transit and parts under each
subd ivision:
1. Upper plate:
a. Telescope and telescope level
b. Telescope standard
c. Telescope clamp and tangent screw
d. Vertical circle and vertical vernier
e. Plate levels, compass box, upper
tangent screw
f. Vernier and inner spindle
5·67
2. Lower plate:
a. Outer plate
b. Lower clamp
c. Outer spindle
3. Leveling plate group:
. a. Lower clamp and tangent screw
b. Leveling screws
c. Leveling head
d. Foot plate
Line of collimation - a line segment joining
the intersection of the cross hairs and the
optical center of the objective~ens when in
proper adjustment.
Line of sight- the line joining the intersection
of the cross hairs and the optical center of
the objective lens, regardless of whether it
is in adjustment or not. When in
adjustment, the line of sight and the line of
collimation can be termed either of the
other.
Focusing - consists in the adjustment of the
eyepiece and the objective so that the
cross hairs and the image can be seen
clearly at the same time.
1. The adjustment of the plate bubble
2. The adjustment of the vertical cross h'air
3. The adjustment of the line of sight
4. The adjustment of the standards
5. The adjustment of the telescope bubble
6. The adjustment of the vertical vernier
Four adjustments of the transit
which is not ordinarii performed:
7. To make the line of sight as defined by the
horizontal hair coincide with the optical
axis.
8. To make the axis of the objective slide
perpendicular to the. horizontal axis.
9 .To center the eyepiece slide.
10. To make the axis of the striding level
parallel to the horizontal axis.
 8-68

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORK

1. Adjustment of the Plate Bubble:

Correction: If the point appears to depart from
Object: To make the axis of the plate level the cross hair, loosen the two
lie in a plane perpendicular to the adjacent capstan screws and rotate
vertical axis. the cross hair ring in the telescope
tube until the point traverses the
Test: Rotate the instrument about the
enUre length of the hair. Tighten the
vertical axis until each level tube is
same screws.
parallel to a pair of opposite
leveling screws. Center the
bubbles fly means of the leveling
screws. Rotate the transit end for
end about the vertical axis. If the
bubble remains on the center, then
the axis of the plate level tube is
perpendicular to the vertical axis.
Correction: I.f the bubbles become displaced,
bnng them halfway back by means
of the adjusting screws. Level the
instrument again and repeat the test
to verify the results.

Point sighted 1sf position

3. Adjustment of the line of sight:

Object: To make the line of sight

perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

Test: Level the instrument. Sight on the

2. Adjustment of the vertical cross hair:
point A about 150 m. away, with the
Object: To make the vertical cross hair in a telescope on the normal position.
plane perpendicular to the With both horizontal motions of the
horizontal axis. instrument clamped, plunge the
telescope and set another point B
Test: Slight the vertical cross hair on a
on the line of sight and about the
well defined point not less than 60
same distance away on the
m. away. With both horizontal
opposite side of the transit.
mo~ions of the instrument clamped,
Unclamp the upper motion, rotate
sWing the telescope through a
the instrument about the vertical
small vertical angle, so that the
axis, and again sight at A with the
point traverses the length of the
telescope inverted, Clamp the
vertical cross hair. If the point
upper motion. Plunge the telescope
appears to move continuously on
as before, if B is on the line of sight,
the hair, then the cross hair is in
adjustment the desired relation exist.
 S-69

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORK

Correction: If the line of sight does not fall on

B set a point C on the line of sight
beside B. Marked a point D, 1/4 of
the distance from Cto B, and adjust
the cross hair ring by means of the
two opposite horizontal screws
until the line of sight passes
through D. The point sighted
should be at the same elevation as
the station occupied by the transit.

Correction: If the line of sight does not fall on

B, set a point C, on the line of sight
beside B. A point D, halfway
between Band C, will lie in the
same vertical plane with the height
point A. Sight on D, elevate the
telescope until the line of sight is
beside A, loosen the crews of the
bearing cap, and raise or lower the
adjustable end of the horizontal
axis until the line of sight is in the
same vertical plane with A.

4. Adjustment of standards: 5. Adjustment of the telescope bubble:

Object: To make the horizontal axis Object: To make the axis of the telescope
perpendicular to t he vertical axis. level parallel to the line of sight.

Test: Set up the transit near a building or

other object on which is some well-
defined point A at a certain vertical
angle. Level the instrument very
carefully thus making the vertical
axis truly vertical. Sight at the high
point A and with the horizontal
motions clamped depress the
telescope and set a point B on the
ground below A. Plunge the
telescope, rotate the instrument end
for end about the vertical axis, and
r
d
--------.----,~_-Ih_

again sight on A. Depress the

telescope as before, it the line of
sight falls on B, then the desired
relation exist.
 S-70

DRDRS IN TRANSIT WORK

Test & Correction: Use the two-Peg Test Test: Level the instrument first by means
method. Select two point A and B of the plate levels and then by
say, 60 m. apart. Set up the transit means of the telescope bubble,
close to A so that when the rod is center the telescope bubble
held upon it, the eyepiece will be carefully and observe if the vernier
about a quarter of an inch from the reads zero. If not proceed as
rod. Look through the telescope follows.
with the wrong end - to at the rod
and find the rod reading at the cross Correction: Slightly loosen the capstan
hair if visible. If not take the screws holding the vernier and shift
reading by means of a pencil point the vernier lightly by tapping lightly
opposite the center of field of view. with a pencil until the zeros
Tum the telescope toward Band coincide.
take a rod reading on it. Subtract
one reading from the other to secure
the apparent difference in elevation
betWeen the two pegs. The transit
is then taken to B and the operation
is repeated. The mean of the two
apparent difference in elevation is
the true difference in elevation
between the two pegs. The rod
reading on A with the instrument
1. Non-adjustment, eccentricity of circle, and
still at B, is then computed. With errors of graduation.
the computed value for the rod 2. Changes due to temperature and wind.
reading at A known, the end of the
telescope bubble tube is raised or 3. Uneven setting of tripod
lowered by means of the adjusting 4. Poor focusing (parallax) ,
screws until the telescope bubble
5. Inaccurate setting over a point
is centered.
6. Irregular refraction of atmosphere
6. Adjustment of the vertical circle and
vernier.
Object: To make the vernier read zero when
the telescope bubble is centered.

1. Reading in the wrong direction from the

index in a double vemier.
W:'mier 2. Reading the vernier opposite the one
which was set.
3. Reading the circle wrongly that is reading
59' to 60'.

Vernier
 5-71

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORI

2. Line of sight deflected to the left of

collimation. Angle measurement
clockwise.
A) Error of line of sight: Line of sight not
perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

x Cos h Sin E = X Sin e

Sin E = Sin e
Cosh
Sin E = Sin 2 Sec h
For small angle, Sin E = E oJ"
Sin e =e /'"
Line ofcollimation ..
E =e Sec h Line of sight ' .....

M- E2 =T - E1
T:: M- E2 +E1
T:: M- (E2 - E1)
T = M- E (sec h2- sec h1)
T=M-E'

1) When h1 = h2,there is no error.

2) When one angle is depression and the

other is angle of elevation having
1. Line of sight deflected to the right of line of numerically equal values, there is no error.
collimation. (clockwise)

B) Error of traverse axis of the telescope is

. . . <." not horizontal or horizontal axis not
Line of collimation perpendicular to the vertical axis.
Line ofsight

~
:clan

e Une of sight
:clan h
Line ofcolIimorion .
... /... y
Line ofsighl

T = true horizontal angle

T- E2 =M- E1
T=M +Er E1 Tan E = X tan htan e
T = M + (e sec h2- e sec h1) Tan E = tan h tan e
T = M + E (sec h2 - sec h1)
E=etanh
T= M + E'
For small angles,
whereE' = e (sec h2 - sec h1)
tan E =E
tane=e
5-72

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORK

1) left end of transverese axis higher. Angle

measurement clocwise.

1
To measure an angle by repetition means
Line of sighl to measure it several times, allowing the
Line ofcoUimatiofl vernier to remain clamped at each time at the
previous reading instead of setting it back at
zero when sighting at the backsight.

The first measurement is made in exactly

the same manner as that described for a single
angle. Then, do not touch the upper clamp or
Line of sjg~t upper tangent screw, but loosen the lower
clamp turn the telescope back to the first
object and set exactly on it by means of the
T- E2 = M- E1 lower clamp and tangent screw. The circle
T= M + Er E1 now reads, not 0', but the first single angle.
T = M+ (e sec hr tan hI) Next loosen the upper clamp, turn the
Tan = M + E' telescope to the second object and set exactly
E' = E2 - E1 on it by the use of the upper clamp and its
tangent screw. The index of the vernier now
points to the double angle on the horizontal
2) Right end of transverse axis higher. circle. Half the angle now read is the improved
value of the required angle. If the process is
repeated and a third angle is mechanically
\
added to the last reading, the circle reading is
\
\
\
divided by three and still more exact values of
\ I
\. .t.--- Line oj collimufion the angle is obtained. Six readings are
usually the greatest number of times taken
with the telescope in one position.

Laying Off An Angle By Repetition:

To layoff an angle of 18'30'20" with a

Line ofcollimation transit to the nearest min. first layoff an angle
of 18'30' by a single setting and establish a
temporary stake. Measure this angle that has
just been laid off by repetition. Assume that
repetition determines 18'29'40" as the value of
the angle to the temporary stake. A new stake
must then be set a short perpendicular
distance called an offset from the temporary
stake, by 40".

ERRORS IN TRUSIT WORK
Consequently if the temporary stake is
600 m. from the transit it would be necessary
to set the final stake.
600(0.0003)(40) - 012 f h
60 -. m. rom t e
temporary stake.
ANGLES BY REPETITION
(As applied to the Adjustment of Bubble Tube)
Let us say that there is an error of the axis
of the bubble tube fro its position by an amount
"e". If the telescope is rotated at 180', the
position of the axis of the bubble tube is now
doubled as shown in the figure, with reference
to its original, position in order to adjust the
bubble just move it at half this value.
Total error from first to second position is
2e. Therefore to place the axis of the bubble
tube to its true position. move by an amount
"e",'
S-73
The transit is set up at B, with the
telescope in normal position and a backsight
at A was taken. Assume that the true position
of the line of sight (line of collimation) is
deflected by an amount "e" as shown. When
the telescope was plunged and point C was
sighted, the line of sight is now deflected by
an amount equal to 2e from the prolongation of
line AB. The telescope is then rotated at 180'
about its vertical axis and point A is again
sighted but this time the telescope is in
inverted position.
Tnu position 0/
f{OfPronrg/ Axis
A -'=~~.
The telescope is again plunged and point
D is established on the ground. Point 0 is
erroneous by an amount 2e from the
prolongation of line AB. The line of sight is
adjusted' by an amount e. backwards that is
determine first the location of E, that is
DE = 1/4 CD.
A
Liue of coli/marion
5-74

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORK

A vernier is a device for measuring the
fractional part of one of the smallest divisions
of a graduated scale more accurately than can
be estimated by eye. The amount by which.
the smallest division on the vemier differs from
the smallest division on the vemier differs from
the smallest division on graduated scale
determines the least count of the vemier.
Least Count:
S Ls = least reading of circle
L=-
N
where L = least count
S = smallest division on scale
N = Number of divisions on the vemier
t@$ln!~letllr@t.vefui~rbftnElhbfifOIl~I<:irA~
:~ • ~~~ffa~~~~I~~~d~~t~.am.~ • •19·4q'·
® ·.Wh~t~lbesJJl~II¢§~diYi$jPn.qfth~Ci~!e? •.
®Ho~ • • rnanY • diVi$iprl$ • • iltElthere.·.bn!b~··
YEirl1iE!t? . ..
Solution:
CD Number ofdivisions on the vernier:
Nv = number of divisions on the vernier
Ns =number of divisions' of the scale
Lv =least count of vemier
L = length of vemier
For retrograde vernier,
Nv= Ns-1

For direct vernier,

Nv=Ns+1
L =19'40' =1180'
1
LV=20"=-
3
1. Direct vernier • is one in which the
smallest division on the vernier is shorter Equation CD
than the smallest division on the scale. L=NsLs
1180 = Ns Ls
2. Retrograde vernier - the division in the
vernier is longer than the division of the Equation ®
scale.
Ls
Lv=-
3. Folded vernier· is a direct vernier' it is Nv
used where a double vemier would b~ too Ls=-
Nv
long as to make it impracticable. 3

From Equation ®
Ls=Ns+1
3

From Equation CD
Ls = 1180
Ns
 S-75

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORI

Solving Equations CD &®

Ns+1_1180
3 - Ns

lia,.
Ns2 + Ns = 3540
Ns- -1 ±...j'(1-?-.4-(-.3540-)
- 2
Ns = 59 divisions
Nv= Ns + 1
Nv=59+1 Solution:
Nv = 60 divisions on the vernier
VERNIER

® Least reading of circle: 10 9 3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0'

Nv IIIIIIIIII~III'IIJ~
Ls--
- 3 I I Ii 1
Co<nad""", 1ST 156' ISS'
60 CIRCLE
LS="3
Ls = 20' smallest division of the circle L=30"
5=60=20'
3
S
L=N
30=20 (60)
N
pesigr.a1q~i!ernjei.bi • ~~ • ~mWilft~.~@t N = 40 divisions on the vernier which is
readinQofaO'(m.th~sCl:lI~ .••.. lll~§t®El~·~lrlg··
of1Q()'3Z30"; '..'. .... .. equivalent to 39 divisions on the
scale.
Solution: Since there are 7 spaces on the vernier,
only 6 spaces on the circle will give us the
r-15Spaces,
coincide reading. Coincide reading on the
scale:: 155'40'
10

II
I.. 5
95,1 ,
96
C""ad",,,
100
0
'I' 5

fj i i '
10
Itlll~ Itl tltI~' tltltltI" ,)tltI 6 (20):: 157'40'.

LI4Spaces

5
L=N
O~n.a~rogradevemi~rf(ll'li • VernWrh~v(OQ
30 =20(60) ale$tteadiOS.Qf.• gQ.~%,aM.~ •. I~ast • ~~(flryg • in
N the .Circle.of • 3Q•• inln•••• lfldicale.a.·re~9hl$ • 9f
N =40 spaces in the vernier 150'34'20... (3lVelher~lngofm~·C()irCi~.jr1
N- 1 =39 spaces in the scale the stelle. > ..'
14 spaces = 14 (20) = 280'
=4'40' Solution:
VERNIER
Reading on scale coincide is
10<Y20' -4'40' = 95'40'

Folded vernier with a reading of 100'32'30"

S-76

ERRORS IN TRANSrr WORK

S
L=-N
20 = 30(60)
N
N = 90 spaces on the vemier which is ·.tJe~igQa·f()@ed.v~rni~r.fClr~d~~Wlth.~ • I~~
equivalent to 91 spaces on the scale. r$adln9pf2{)'~q • U'l£!••~~ .•• ·.1ll~~tr~t~.?.r~Mi~9
flf1()()'~Zillcl()t:kWi$edjr~Glltln.<> . ....
There are 13 spaces on the vernier,
therefore 14 spaoes on the scale must be Solution:
laid out to determine the coincide.
VERNIER
Therefore the reading on scale
= 150'30' - l' = 143'30'
, 14 spaces = T.
; 1 spaces =30 min.

~c.io' 99" 98- 9r 9~'· 95'

l.----14 spaccs~
SCALE

L=§.
N

IJifiiJlli1i
Solution:
30 =20 (60)
N
N = 40 division in the vemier
N- 1 = 39 spaces in the scale
VERNIER
30 15 0 15 30 Oiff. in reading =100'32'30" • 100'20"
Oiff. in reading = 12'30".
12'30"·25 spaces in the vemier,

Start counting from A to S, then from C to

S D. From A to 0 in the vernier there are 15
L=-N
spaces, therefore it is equivalent to 14
_l' (60) spaces in the scale.
L- 12
L=5'
Number of divisions on the SCALE Therefore the reading in the scale for the
Scale or circle is 12 - 1 = 11 division location of the coincidence
Vernier coincidence = 100'20'·4'40' =95'40'.
= ~ = 9 division marks on the vemier 14 spaces on the scale =4'40',

Start counting from A to S, then proceed

from C, the coincidence is at 0 which is 3
divisions from C. Scale coincidence is
112"· 2(1) = 110',
 S-77

ERRORS IN TRANSrr WORK

Divide the corrected 3rd reading by 6

142'01'30" - 23'40'15"
6 -
Sta. Sta. Tel. Repetitions Vernier Mean
O~, O~. W ~
Since the 2nd reading is 83'40' add
BAD 0 0-00 180'01' 00-00-30"
C D 1 83'40' mUltiple of 60', 120', 180',240'
C R 6 142'02' 3;12'03' 142'02'30'
A R 6 0'01' 180'02' 00'01'30" True horizontal angle = 60' +23'40'15"
True horizontal angle =83'40'15"

Determine the true value of angle ABC.

Solution:

Mean values :'::«::::/:::}?/<~:,:<::·:·}"<:\::i·.:)U.?·)])::-:::C) ?J.::::::

. . 00-00 + 00-01 Check on the adjustment of the Instrument
First readmg = 2
reveals the following errors. The line of sight
First reading =00'30" with the telescope on the normal position is
Third reading = 142'02'30" deflected 30" to the .left of its correct position
FOl1lth reading = 00-01'-30" and the horizonlaLaxiS (fight end lower) maKeS
an angle of 15' with the true horizontal. ..
Take the mean of the first and fourth
reading: Compute the correction due to line of sight
(j)
OO..()()..30
not perpendicular to the hanzontalaxlS~ .
00-01-30' ® Compute the correction due to the
horizontal axis no! perpendiCUlar to the
OO-OZ-OO
vertical aXis. ..
Mean = 00-01' (too big) @ Compute the corrected horizontal angle
between Aand B.
Correction of third reading
= 142'02'30" - 00'01'00"
= 142'01'30"
S-78

ERRORS III TRANSIT WORK

Solution:
CD Correction due to line ofsight:

ActyiF~ng@~ard$W.~!todElt~rmltleth$
lltimlJ1~ • (;)fl~Ae;.··Witl1.~ • fransit.at.st<lti()!'lA,.
LUte 0/ ~e.sjQht~ • pqlnt•• ¢.Wfll1:tl;i~.on.the • leff.pO~itfpll.
ofpPlnteandnl~$Yt~dayem9alatlgl$atg
collimation

to·.·~ • • 45'.•••·••·He•• ·ttiE#l•• tum$ • th~ • • jnslru@l~t • In.

c'o"q~$e • qlta#lQqarl9$lghlat•• pgjmtv·.··lm=;
Une ofcollimation
rn~iJlj~redlW~~PnW~Q~I~.·RAf:li~~~·~O'<lIl~ •
·the.V~rt~I • .a.nglr·.·!l@di~~·.at.·.a • l'.la;$·•.90.·.•·.··The.
E = e (sec ~ - sec h1) li~~9f.$jghl.\*Jlt,ti • mel~e~cope9nlhe.nOrm~l.
E =30 (sec 60' - sec 45') PO$tti()fljsdetfficlE!<tQ3\lothElrigl'ltQfjt~
CCirr~tpO~ll/< ". ....
E =20 (2 -1.414)
E =30 (0.586)
E'= 17.58" CD ·R6inpqlalt1~~@r.qu~ • IO••.li;lle•• of~19ht.Mt
p~rpen~iptJt4rt9th~hBtiz9~lalal(is .•. • ;.; •.•. •. . •. •.•
@ Correction due to the horizontal axis: ® Cl)ruPllte.th~·.C#11'~ed .• h6riiont'd.angle
E = e (tan h2 -tan hl )
E: =15 (tan 60' -tan 45')
E' =15 (1.932 -1.0)
@. ···.~e~~El~~~j~~b~ • line • ~c.iS ~~.o.·$6,1·;
comR\-ffi:lth~aZltUuthPflloeAB.·
•• ...'.....
E' =10.98"
SOlution:
@ Corrected horizontal angle: CD Error due to line of sight not perpendicular
Line 0/ sight to the horizontal axis:

Line of
collimation

E =e (sec h2' sec h1)

E = 03' (sec 60' - sec 45')
T- El = M- E2 E= 1.758'
T= M- (E2 + El )
T= M- (Er El )
T=M-E' ® Corrected horizontal angle:
T- E2 =M- El T=M+E
T= M+ Er E1 T=43'30' + 1.758'
T=M+E T=43'31.76'
T =43'31'46"
Correctedhorizontal angle
=80'10'10' -17.58" + 10.98" ® Azimuth of AB:
.=80'10'3.4"
Azimuth of AB = 210'30' + 43'31'46"
Azimuth of AB =254'01'46"
 5-79

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORK

® Angular error in segment CD:

8=30+30
Maladjustment of the. transit is such that the 8 =60"
Hne. of sight with the t~lescope In normal 8 =01'
position. is deflected '~ensec,onds to the leftaf.
its correct position ofnol perpendicular to the ® Offset distance:
horizontal axis•. This causesanerrorof8}9~'
in the measured horizontal angle when the Offset distance =X1 + x2
vertical angle to the firSt point Is 45' and thatpf Offset distance = 50 Sin 30" + 50 Sin 60"
the second point is W.... Offset distance =0.218 m.

of
(j) What is the value "e" in seconds, ..
® If this transit is used to
layout a straight
line by prolonging a line. AS by setting up·
the transit at siJcceedingpolnts A BandC
and plunging the telescope.lftl'le
'Alhat.~ltorwould.~.intro<luce~nthe.m~s~r~~
procedure were such that each. backsighl Mri4ontal.~ggle.lfthr<lllgl1non,adjustm~m ••• th~
were taken with .tha telescope at normal hl)r.izgnl~taxlswer~h'rClinedO~rWlmtM:
position, what would be the angular error in hblitClhlal.
the segment CD, ... ....
@ What is the offset diStance from the true
prolongation of lirl!! AS. from point () .• if
AB=BC",CD= 50m. . .

Solution:
A B Solution:
CD Error with one sight at the same elevation:
E =e (tan h:1- tan h1)
E=0.05 (tan 45' - tan 0')
E= 05'
A B
® Error with both sights are 45',
E=e (tan h2 - tan h1)
E=05 (tan 45' - tan 45')
E=O
D
@ Error with one sight is +45' and the other
is-45':
CD Value of "e": E =05 [tan 45' - tan (-45))
E =e (sec h2 - sec h1) E= 05(1 + 1)
8.79" = e (sec 60' - sec 45') E= 10'
e" == 15"
S-80

ERRORS IN TRANSIT WORK

.~~1$~f:~zd~r~\~~I~.~~~;~~~~.~ffi~P:~~~.
of.elevatiol1.pfll1e~rst.poim·js.4f·~.0'\Yll'[~fh~t.
In•• Pr(ll<lngil1ga•• straigntnl1~lhetraO$ills$et.at
~, • a•~ck$jgm.~.tat<etl.a~A.··~Mt~et~lesg~w,·
.i$'plun~~d.t9 • P,•• 3O(l·I1'l;ir.·~ctv!lr.Cl:I.of.8 . ••. 1fW~
·~~~i:!t~1o~$e~Wd1~'6fWo~i~~~~~~dw~i.· ·V~iB?'a.Xhr.W~fejl1cll~~d.·p·Withth~.tr:Ue
•
yert~!.jn.a vElrticalplan~ • makirlg9W•• WiW.1he
prbba[)l~ln911n~flOn9n~tr~n$VE!r$~~ls;Jt ·~jrectien.of.fhe.fine•• what.y.'0ullL@•• the•• lihe?f
Wa$fouM9Yt~~erm~AAuremel1tl'wme l!rrQl'inthelocaledposltionofQ. . ...
instl'l.lrnent•• h~s .• an • Elrr()fjnltle • •line••. ()f.• ~i~ht.·
WhiChls•• defleqted • tQ•• t~~.~gtrt.9fthe • • llne.pf ill Wb,•• and • Bareat•• th~ • same•• ~evafion, • but
Cplnrnation••by•. an·~mQ9~t .• I3q~<ll • ftl.15·,<.lnt~t;l. thf:l.vel1~al.anglefr°rTl •.~• ~Q9js+1AW . • • .·•• ·•·
·.l?~er .c~se, • sttidingleY$I • v&~.H~.~ • • t(') • • C~~k. ®.. ffA,·.B.~ndC • are.alli'l.ttb~$<lll1e.eleVatl<lnf···
.~ •.• ·li.lhe••Vertlcal.an91.~*9fIl·B.t9·.A..~M.frorn6
~~~~dcJ~~~~6~Wg~eJ@r~~~~~1oa;j~ toCis+1S'? . ..
~n~ottfJ~ltiln$Yer$~~XI$jnJerm$?f Solution:
• ~~idt;jons' .• • TMMQ[Jl<lrY~IIJ~o/rm~~i"i§19ri c

®•• Cornpute•• lhe.·err()f~lIe •.~ • •line • ofsl9ht

.•.•. deflecled.t<lmeOgtit•• ><••.• • • • .• • • • .•.• • • •.• • • • • <•• • • • • • • •.
®C()rTlPlJle the~rrp@1.!~!w~AJnsv~r~a)(ls
Wllh.left~ndhighep«.· • • • • • >i<•• • • i•• • •. • • • • .• •. • .• •. •. .
E

® CornPule.the • • .s9(f~¢f • • hoH~om.~laJl~le

~el.YJeenlhelW<lp()lr\t$; .. . .

Solution: B
CD Error due to line ofsight deflected to the
right: CD Linear error if A and B are at the same
elevation:
E1 = e (sec h2 - sec h1)
E= etan h
E1 =15" (sec 63'58' - sec 42'30') E=01tan15'
E, = 13.83" E= 0.268'
x
@ Eror due to transverse axis with left end tan E= 300
higher: x = 300 tan 0.268'
E2 =e (tan h2 -tan h,) Note: tan l' = 0.0003
e =2 (10) x = 0.024 m. linear offset
e =20" ® Linear error if A, Band C are all at the
E2 =20 (tan 63'58' - tan 42'30') same elevation:
E2 =22.62" = There is no error

@ COlTected horizontal angle:

@ Linear error if the vertical angle from e to A
and from B to cis +15':
T=M+ E1 +E2 The error is doubled
T= 150'20'20" + 13.83" + 22.62" E = 0.268 (2) = 0.536'
T'" 150'20'56.45" x = 300 tan 0.536'
x = 300 (0.0003)(0.536)
x= 0.048 m

ERRORS IN TRANSn WORK
T~~ • • boritontal/~ngle/.peiw~~~twqpQifl~.
mea$wedCIO~KWISfij$17$'20'2o",Jl)~~ngl~
Of.i'lI~ttoIl9ff~e~n·tP9iflt~.42'Aq'whili'ltMt
·.of.• the.$ecqI'l9•• i$6a·~a'· • • TfuJ.II"l~tmment·w~$
th~rt • t$$tedWrerr0r5.ptqollirn<ltjon•• atidf()b111e
pr9bable.lnplill~llon.of •.~ • tran.sver%~axl$ .•••••!g
lpe•• fgnn~r • ~ase • • ttWmsplacem~ht •.• ()t•• t~e
~eSOIl9.B6inf.es!abli~he<l.on. thefnre¥l~@ • ~ide
ofthetr!J~$itl$3cm·totnerigbtotth~mrsl
polllkT~e5epqjntsare1{)qm,fr()fl1lhetrary~t
sta~on-ln}h~latter@$!:!~slrldlngleYeIW~s
\)$eci•• t9.p~eCl<·theJnQlim~ti()n.ot • thetran$¥etse·
a~i~~1l9v.'~sfClul'ldJClWJrthanll1ete~~of
.lhetrMsYer$e}lXl$•• • in .• Jerm$•• Qf••·f.·~IYISlQn$ .•
seC()l'• • ~flg~ICit
Thi'l• ldS. . • • V~lue..• • 9f•. • 9~e •..•tllXiSi(ln•. • • j§ ••. 10·
CD C(jmputethE!err6f()fc~1Ilfl1atl® .•·
®. C9mpUle.th~.el'tQrm.l/1elranSV~r$e.;1l.Xi~, . .•.•.
@. CPrrlPlltEl.·thl:l•• hortzClntal.ansle•• !lEl.tvI~n • Jh~
fWOPOil'l!S. ..
Solution:
CD Error of collimation:
c ThejnstrorT)entVia:s.r~yersed •.• ~ndth~si~l1tina
A B
0.03/4
tane=1OQ
e =15.47"
Error of collimation:
E1 = e (sec h2 - sec h1)
E1 = 15.47 (sec 63'58' - sec 42'30')
E1 = 14,27" (is added if the fine of sight is
to the right of the line of collimation)
S-8!
® Error in the transverse axis:
E2 =e (tan h2 - tan h,)
E2 =20" (tan 63'58'· tan 42'30')
E2 = 22,62" (is added if the left end is
higher than the right end)
@ Horizontal angle:
H =179'20'20" + E1 + E2
H = 179'20'20" + 14.27" +22.62"
H = 179'20'56,89"
TM@jCl~In9.fuea$~tement • • were • • taker • ·tQ
9heCktl1epl~rP!tldiclllafity.ofa.t~p~ril19faBt°lY
chil1'ln~Y • • Qf • cirOUI~rCrOS$cseOIi9n, • • pplm•• ~·
Vias~~ta!)1j~h~~()r1We • • Qf()llnd.. ~9(ll.lt·4R·.·rn;
frQll1W~.b~s~6fth~l:hilllll~Y • ~lldth~~Mrf~~t
dlrnensIQ~tq • Itle··~se.me~$wep.carety11y~n~
fQ~l1<l •. tQ.be.~5·996rrl. • • 'fhe.WsfWrnentVl<lsset
up~t.~ • ~ryd • $ight~dso~~tQ.bi~eClthet(ip9f
fh~Fhimney;.m~ • tele:>C()pe.wa5lhenloW~~ed
and~ • l1Oiot.8~lon • .ll;ie.;¢irC!lmfereOMalthe
!)aSe,'Nhlchwa$JW~JWnhlhetel~%?lm~
repel.lted,ahdll1ejnSlrj,lm~l'It~~if;f~ln
adjU$lrn~n~ •••• tfJ~ • •lil'lfl • ()f~i~ht .•. a~ain • WIl~t.~·
With • lh~ • (ral1~lt.atNI~!:! • anQlel't'as.rnea$lJr~q
from.~to.aIIO~ • t?n~(lnftO • the.·right••~.~e.()f.th~
chitllney.~tth~b~s~.~ndfouhdbYrep~ijti~nfp
be.2'1~2Q·.$jmil~rty;~nglewa5measUrEld
f ro m·.A8fo.lhee)(trt!ll1El·left5ide offheChil'Tln~y
~ndfoundtobe2·$8'40". . ..
(j) • • lNhatls.theradlgsofthechjfl1ney? . .•. . . .
® ···l'iow•• m\JC~.iStfl;l8hlmney.out.()(pl~trIb~t
ttle.top.inadlrectiQ~.atrightangles.~.~? •
@ HowfarjSthe qenter of chimney ITomthe
pointofQbse~tion. . . .
5-82

ERRORS IN TRANsn WORK

Solution:
.(1) Radius of the chimney:

Mean value offhe angle

2'58'40" +2'12'20"
= 2
=2'35'30"

Angle AOS' = 2'35'30" • 2'12'20"

Angle AOB' = 0'23'10"

Sin 2'35'30" = 45.0~ + R

Solution:
R
0.04522 = 45.096+ R
45.096 (0.04522)+ (0.04522) R = R
0.95478 R =45.096 (0.04522)
R= 2.136

® Direction at rightangles to AB:

OB'= (45.096 +2.136) Sin 0'23'10"
OB' =0.318 m.

@ Distance of the center of chimney from the

point of observation:
(1) Elevation of the H.I. of the instrument atA:
AO =46.096 + R
AO = 46.096 +2.136
=261.60 +5
AO =48.232 m.
=266.60
@ Elevation of the H.I. of the instrument at C:
=261.60 +5+2.8
=269.4
 5-83

ERRORS IN TRANSrr WORK

@ Elevation of 8: Solution:
tan 24'25' =2.8 <D Emor in horizontal angle:
x
E = e (tan h2 -Ian h1)
x=6.17m.
200 - x =193.83 m. E =04' [tan 50' • tan (-3D')]
DB 193.83 E= 7'4,6"
Sin 155'35' =Sin 7'56'
DB =580.52 fl. @ Angular error ofline:
h = 580.52 Stin 16'29'
h= 164.71 m. c
Elevation of B = 261.60 t 5 t 164.71
Elevation of B = 431,21 m. A

<!51
B I
I
I
I

1
x=4(0.145)
x= 0.03625
CD The horizontal axis of a· transit was
inclined at 4'wilhthehOlMihilildueto Sin e = tan e =0.03625
250
nOIl"adjuslmeill.. The first5lgh.t.bada
vertical angle Of 50', lhenext had;;' 30'; e =30"
Oetermine the error in themeasur~d
horizontal angle. .
Angular error =2(30'}
@ Atransitis set upatB ;:Inda backsightat Angular error = 60"
A. By daublaraversal twopoiills Cand I)
~.t a distanceequill to 0.145hi,were
established. IfBe =250 m. and BD = 150 @ Magnifying power:
m. (app.), how much is the aiigtilarerrorof 5'15'
the line of sight from true position: . .. . M.P. = 09'

@ In testing fofiM magnifyln9powet ota MP = 315

.. 9
level telescope, a transit is sst up and the
angle between two very far points which MP =35 diameters
are very near each other has been found to
be 5'15'. The level telescope whose,
magnifying power is desired is placed in
front of the transit telescope with its
objective close 10 the objective end of the
transit telescope. Again the same angle is
measured thru the two telescope a.nd found
to be 09', What is the magnifying power of
the level telescope?
 5-84

TRIANGUIiTiON

Triangulation - a method for extending

horizontal control for topographic and
similar surveys which require observations
of triangular figures whose angles are
measured and whose sides are determined
by trigonometric computations.

Four common geometric figures used in

triangulation:
Solution:
1. Chain of single and independent triangles . CD Angle CAD:
2. Chain of quadrilaterals formed with
overlapping triangles. A
3. Chain of polygons or central-point figures.
4. Chain of polygons each with an extra
diagonal.

Approximate method of adjusting the angles

and sides of triangulation systems.
c D

1. Station Adjustment
2. Figure Adjustment Angle CAD = 180' - 49'30' - 33' - 34'30'
Angle CAD = 63'

Two methods of adjustment of Quadrilateral @ Angle BAD:

Consider triangle BCD:
. 1. Angle Condition Equations
2. Side Condition Equations

C~...l-_------'-..hD·

Assume CD = 1
BC 1
1. Sum of angles about a station = 360'
Sin 72' = Sin 75'
2. Sum of three angles in each triangle = 180'
BC= 0.985
BD 1
Sin 33' =Sin 75'
BD= 0.564
 5-85

TRIANGUlaTION

Consider triangle AOC: @ Angle ABC:

C'b-.l.--------L..-"'oD

AC __ 1_ 0.636 0.749
Sin 34'30' - Sin 63' Sin B =Sin 49'30'
AC =0.636 B=40'13'
Angle ABC = 40'13'
Consider triangle ABC:
A

Using Cosine Law:

(AB)2 = (0.636)2 + (0.985)2
- 2 (0.636)(0.985) Cos 49'30'
AB =0.749

Consider triangle ABO:

A

Solution:
CD Distance BC:

84'30'
Using Sine Law:
0.564 0.749 A ~...J...----:;::::-----'-""""'B
Sin A =Sin 37'30'
A = 27'17' BC 500
Angle BAD =27'17' Sin 79'30' Sin 47'30'
BC =666.81 m.
5-86

RIANGUlATION

@ Distance BD: AD 1
BD 500 Sin 80' =Sin 40'
Sin 28'30' =Sin 67' AD = 1.532
·BD = 259.18m.
AB 1
@ Distance CD: Sin 50' =Sin 50'
(CDf =(8<12 + (BDf AB= 1.0
•2(BC)(BD) Cos 31'30'
(CO)2 =(666.81'f +(259.18)2
·2(666.81 )(259.18) Cos 31'30' (BD)2 =(AB)2 + (AD)2 • 2(AB)(AD) Cos 20'
CD = 465.94 m.
(BD)2 = (1)2 + (1.532)2·2(1)(1.532) Cos 20'
BD=0.684
AD BD
Sin (50 + 0) =Sin 20'
1.532 _ 0.684
Sin (50 + 8) - Sin 20'
50 + 8= 130'
8 = 80' (angle CBD)

@ Angle BOA.'

11_lllllil~'llli!jii;
Solution:
CD Angle CBD: BOA = 180 - (20 + 130)
BOA =30'
A

@ Ang/eBDC:

Assume AC = 1.0 C~~---,---...JD

_1__ ~
Sin 50' - Sin 80'
BDC = 180· (30 +80)
BC= 1.2856
CD 1 BDC= 70'
Sin 60' = Sin 40'
CD =1.3473
 5-87

TRIANGlllATlON

<D Distance BC:

~
Two stations A and l:lare 540 in. apart. From
the following triangulation staflansCand Don
opposite sicies of AB, lhe fol19Wing angles
were observet!. " ' . .. '.' . ., '.
..,.
.',' ',.,'._ ,',., ,',
A 540m B
AngleACD=54'12' .'
M9le ace
~ 4fZ4' '. a ~ 180' • 54'12'·49'18'
An9leADg=49'18' ...' .
a~ 76'30'
Angle BOC:: 47'12'
~~ 180' ·41'24'·47'12'
~ ~91'24'
0~54'12'+41'24'
o ~95'36'

Solution: Using Cosine Law

Considering triangle ABC:
(AB)2 :: (BC}2 + (AC)2 •2(BC)(AC) Cos 95'36'
(540)2 = (BCf + (1.062 BC)2
• 2(BCX1.062 BC) Cos 95'36'
BC = 353.38 m.

@ Distance CD:
Using Sine Law
Considering triangle AOC:
CD _ AC
Sin 76'30' - Sin 49'18'
CO= 1283AC
c c
Considering triangle COB:
CD _ BC
sin 91'24' - Sin 47'12'
CD = 1.362 BC
CO = 1.362 (353.38)
CD = 481.30 m.

@ Distance AC:
1.283 AC =1.362 BC
AC= 1.062 BC
AC = 1.062 (353.38)
AC = 375.38 m.
8-88

TRIANGUlaTION

® AngleDAC:
Angle DAC + 42' + 30' + 78' : 180
Angle DAC : 30'

lIi&il;.~~i~1 ® Angle DAB:

Angle DAB: 42' + 30'
Angle DAB: 72'
Allies

OM.. >
cao>
• .~• • • PqmMt~~M~l~.~; • • •i• • • • • • • • • • ·•• • • .• > . T~~.q~~~ljn~ • • AI? • ()f.a.lri@941~I!M • $Y$IMtis
~~lijl_~6~1IJ··< egY~to4()Q • nl·.~~g· • • • §taliptlS.G~r~ • R·~r~
Qthllr.p()inf~.pfth~triMgglation • $Y5@JJ.• • • T~e
al1gles•• ob§erV~dfr<lrtiA.~nd • •~ • ~r~.~sfollAW~.
Solution: Angle.[)/l$.*2r3Q\~ngleGA13·#.78'30·,.an9r~
CD Angle BOA: CBA=:$2'~H~~qgl~1:$C:#~:~Q'.>· .
c

Solution:.
CD Distance CB:
B A

Assume BC: 1.0

~_-1:L
Sin 79' - Sin 42'
AC: 1.467
CD 1
Sin 49' : Sin 52'
CD: 0.958
Using Cosine Law:
(AD)2 : (0.958)2 + (1.467)2
'. (0.958)(1.467) Cos 20'
AD:0.655m. A B
78'30' 82'30'
Using Sine Law:
AC _~ 400 CB
Sin (52 +8) - Sin 20' Sin 49'30' =Sin 78'30'
1.467 0.655 CB: 515.47 m.
Sin (52 +6) : Sin 20'
® Distance DB:
52 + e: 50' or 130' DB 400
52 +8: 130' Sin2T30' =Sin 70'
8: 78' DB: 196.55 m.
Angle BOA: 78'
 5-89

TRIANGULAnON

@ Distance DC: <D Distance AD:

(DCP = (515.47)2 + (196.SSj2 Consider triangleCDA:
- 2(515.47X196.55) Cos 30'30' AD 180
DC = 360,21 m. Sin SO' =Sin 41'
AD =210.18 m.

A:·,I.d.B.are.tw(}.polnt$·IOcaledQll~acn~t1k
ofa.riy~r·13lld.n~rtl1~abut1nElntsllf(ipmp~d
brldg~· • Wd~tflrrnirflltsdi$l?nC~,~~~$~lirfl
CO 180.m.•• 10llQ.W<lSE:lS@bli$l)ed·onp0E:l9~®-.
of\herjVet13r@tl'leJrl3nsltwa$~~II.lPat c
statjl)qs•• C.··iln~·Oandtti~.aZiJ11Utb • w¢rff·.t~kElii··
asfollOws: .. .. . .... .

@ Distance BD:
Considering triangle COB:
Using Sine Law
180 BD
Sin 25' =Sin 80'
BD = 419.45 m,

@ Distance AB:
Consider triangle ABO:
Using Cosine Law
Solution:
(ABf =(210.18j2 + (419.45)2
N
- 2 (210.18)(419.45) Cos 14'
AB =221.43m.

tn a topographic survey, three triangulatiOn

stations A, Band Care sighted from a point P.
The distance between the stations are
AS =500 m., Be =3SO m. and CA =450m.AI
P, the angle sublending AC is 4S'while for Be
is 30'. AC is due North.
5-90

TRIANGUlaTION

Solution: Taking triangle ABC:

CD Distance CD: a=3S0 b=450 c=500
c
Using Cosine Law:
(3S0}2 = (45W + (SOO}2 - 2(450)(SOO} Cos A
A=42.8'

From triangle ACD:

From the triangle ABO: B =42.8' - 3D'
B = 12.8'
~-~.
Sin 45' - Sin 105' Using Cosine Law:
AD = 500 Sin 45' (CD}2 =(450}2 + (366f
Sin 105' - 2(450)(366} Cos 12.8'
AD'=366 m. CD = 123.65 m.
@ Distance PA:
BD 500 c
Sin 30' =Sin 75'
BD =500 Sin 30'
Sin 75'
BD=2S9 m.
c

123.65_ 366
Sin 12.8' - Sin a
. _366 Sin 12.8'
A,&-..I...---~B SIn a - 123.65
c=500
a=41'
 S-91

TRIANGUlaTION

450 PA Solution:
Sin 45' =Sin 41' CD Distance CO:
PA =450 Sin 41'
Sin 45' D

~
PA =417.55 mm
30' B
@ Azimuth of PA:
A C
N

u_~--p
A

~-----~p

Azimuth of AP = 274'
Azimuth ofPA =274' -180'
Azimuth of PA = 94'

Construct a circle passing through A, B

andP.
>-•. . . Considering triangle ABO:
.'.
. ." Using Sine Law
,

~.~ . '
AD 300
....
.,. Sin.15' = Sin 135'
. .
AD = 109.81 m.

Considering triangle ACB:

Using Cosine Law
c c (400)2 = (600f +(300)2·2(600)(300) Cos "
360000 COS" =(600)2 +(300)2 - (400)2
,,= 36.34'
" =36'20'
B
AL-.__.----,7 Aftt!:.~~;:--7~ Considering triangle ACD:
,,
,, ,,
, ,, \
\
Using Cosine Law:
,, ,,,
, I
,, I ,

,,
I ,

\lY.30 e
, ,
\ (CO)2 = (600)2 + (109.81)2
'.....,...,' - 2 (600)(109.81) Cos 6.34'
" , " .I"
\~I
P
- p _.' ." CO = 491.01 m.
5-92

TRIANGUlAnOI

® Distance AP:
c

Using Sine Law

Sin f!, Sin 6.34'
109.81 = 491.01
II = 1.42'
II :: 1'25'
Considering triangle ACP:
Using Sine Law
~_ AP
Sine 15' - Sine 1'25'
AP= 57,45m,
@ Azimuth of BP:

Solution:
CD Angle of intersection FEC:
Angle FEC = 77'10'
p

Considering triangle ABP: ® Distance BC:

Sin B Sin 45'
(BC)2 = (376)2 + (417)2
57.45 =300
B=T47 - 2(376)(417) Cos 138'29'
A = 180' - 45' ·7'47 (BC)2 = 137500 + 16900 + 236000
A = 127'13' BC= 737 m.
BP 300
Sin.e 127'13' =Sin 45'
BP = 337.85 m.
 5-93

TRIANGUlATION

@ Distance EC: Solution:

CD Distance BD:

~
B

Be ~ 737m C

Sin" _ sin 138'29' A

.-;1] - 737
. - 417 Sin 41'31'
SIn" - 737
,,= 21'36'
a +" + 138'29' =180;
a =19'55'
BE 737 A

Sin 53'22' = Sin 102'50' c

BE = 737 Sin 35'22'
Sin 77'10' Consfden'ng tdangle ADC:
BE=435 m. Using Sine Law
CE _ 737 Sin A Sin 140'
Sin 41'48' - Sin 102'50' 1000 = 2355.45
= 737 Sin 41'48' A= 15'50'
CE C = 180' - 140' - 15'50'
Sin 77'10'
CE=505m. C= 24'10'

Considering ABC:
Using Sine Law
AB 2355.45
Sin 30' = Sin 125'
AS = 1437.74 m.
Be 2355.45
Sin 25' = Sin 125'
BC:;; 1215.23m.

Considering triangle ABO:

" = 25' -15'50'
,,= 9'10'
Using Cosine Law
(BD)2 = (150W + (1437.74)2
- 2(1500)(1437.74) Cos 9'10'
BO:;; 242.90 m.
8-94

TRIANGUlAnON

@ Distance AP: Consider triangle APC:

Sin ACP Sin 55'
2829.86 =2355.45
Angle ACP= 79'47
Angle CAP = 180' - 55' • 79'47'
A
Angle CAP = 45'43'

Using Sine Law:

B PC 2355.45
Sin 45'43' = Sin 55'
PC= 2058.66m.
D

A
11_.it
p
lIilllliill:
Using Sine Law
Sin B Sin 9'10'
1500 = 242.90
I:E4i."lli~l,
·@·.·PPttiP@:i~M~~g~······"'······
B =70'47'
Using Cosine Law Solution:
(ACf =(1500f + (1ooW CD Angle ACB:
- 2(1500)(1000) Cos 140'
AC =2355.45 m. B

Consider triangle ABP:

Using Sine Law
AP 1437.74
Sin 79'47' =Sin 30'
AP = 2829.86 m.
@ Distance PC:

c
c

Angle CPB = 360' - 71'30' • 10'30'

p
Angle CPB = 178'
 5-95

TRIANGULATION

Using Sine Law: Solution:

7.46 17560 CD Distance AB:
Sin 0 = Sin 110'30'
B
0=01'22"

7.46 24614
Sin a. = Sin 178'
a = 00' 2.18"
{I, = 180'- 110'30' - 01 '22" 216'43'20"
= 69'31' 22"
{I,
B
0= 180' -178' -0'2.18"
o = 1'59' 57.82" A

Angle ACB =69'31'22" + 1'59' 57.82"

Angle ACB = 71'31' 19,82"
58'12'30" Ecc.A

@ Distance AP:
AP 17560
Sin 69'31' 22" = Sin 110'30' Using Cosine Law:
(AB)2 = (4.50)2 +(18642)2
AP = 17562,61 m.
.- 2(4.50)(18642)Cos 58'12' 30"
AB = 18639.63 m,
@ Distance PB:
PB 24614 @ Angle BA Ecc. A:
Sin 1'59' 57.82" = Sin 178'
B
PB = 24606.55 m.

InatriansUlati06~Il~@ttl§SfatlOJ'\(~cc;Al
IsoCCllpi¢~jl1st~~~()fll)l!tM~~tatj96A;
ObserVationsar~ thenmade·lo • tffie·.staliori.A
amt lostatiooB, T@otJsaNatl<>llareas
f\:flloWs:i> . . ..

Ecc.A
AZIMQTHOlSIAN.GS
158~3mS(l" .4.50fu,<
Using Sine Law:
216'43'20" 18642,OOm;
18642 18639.63
Sin e = Sin 158'12' 30"
<D Find the distance AB. ...
~ Find thEl angle BA Ecc. A . e =121'46'47.6"
@ Compute the aZimuth of AB.
S-96

TRIAIGUlAnOI

® Azimuth AB: Using Cosine Law:

B (AC)2 = (1017)2 + (800.63)2
- 2(1017.22)(800.63) Cos 74'44' 50"
AC = 1116.80 m.

Using Sine Law:

800.63 1116.80.
Sin 8 = Sin 74'44' 50"
e =43'45' 47.25"

Ecc.A

Azimuth AB = 180' + 36'44' 2.32"

Azjmuth AB = 216·44' 2.32" A

Angle BCA = 180' - 43'45' 37.5" - 74'44' 50"

Angle BAC =61'29'32.5"
x + 118'25' 40" + 158'13' 50" + Y
+43'45' 37.5" = 360
x + y =39'34' 52.5"
AP 1017.22
Sin x = Sin 118'25' 40"
p.p = 1156.70 Sin x
AP 116.80
Solution: Sin y = Sin 158'13' 50"
CD Angle PCA: AP =3011.28 Sin y
1156.70 Sin x =3011.28 Sin y
Sin x = 2.603 Sin y
x = 39'34' 52.5" - Y
Sin (39'34' 52.5" - y)= 2.603 Sin y
Sin 39'34' 52.5" Cos Y- Sin y Cos 39'34' 52.5"
= 2.603 Sin y
0.63717 Cos Y- 0.77072 Sin y =2.603 Sin y
c
0.63717 Cos Y= 3.37372 Sin y
 5-97

TRIANGULATION

0.63717 Solution:
tan y =3.37372 CD Angle ABP:
y= 10'41'42.23"
Angle peA = 10'41' 42.23" B

® Azimuth of BP:

e + (J + 257'15' +- 26'35' +44'15' =360'

x + y =39'34' 52.5"
x = 39'34' 52.5" ·10'41' 42.23" e + (J = 31'55'
x =28'53'10.27"
Using Sine Law:
Angle BAP = 180'·28'53' 10.27" ·118'25' 40"
AP _ 6600
Angle BAP = 32'41' 9.73"
Azimuth ofBP = 225'20' 10" + 105'15' 10" Sin e - Sin 26'35'
+45'51' 39.73" AP= 1474.64 Sin e
Azimuth ofBP = 376'26' 59.7"
Azimuth of BP = 16'26' 59.7" Sin AP 6800
Sin r.. =Sin 44'15'
@ Distance BP: AP =9745.05 Sin t:\
'BP 1017.22 .1474.64 Sin e = 9745.05 Sin 8
Sin 32'41' 9.73" = Sin 118'25' 40"
BP =624.66 m. Sin e =0.6607 Sin 8
e = 31'55' • 8
Sin (31'55' • 8) = 0.6607 Sin (J
Sin 31'55' Cos 8· Cos 31'55' Sin (J
= 0.6607 Sin 8
1.50952 Sin (l, = 0.52869 Cos 8
(J=19'18'
e = 31'55' ·19'18'
e =12'37'
Angle ABP =12'37'

@ Angle ACP:
Angle ACP = 8
Angle ACP =19'18'
S-98

TRIANGULATION

® Distance BP: Angle BCA = 180' • 80'27' 35.8" - 54'14' 37.8"

B Angle BCA =45'17' 46.4"
Using Sine Law:
895.86 _ Be
Sin 45'17' 46.4" Sin 80'27' 35.8"
BC = 1243.01 m.

® Distance AC:
TN
p

Angle B4P= 180' ·12'37·26'35'

Angle BAP = 140'48'
BP _ 6600 TN
Sin 140'48' - Sin 26'35'
BP = 9321.57 m.

~
["05'54.2"

.~~~W.$I~~6~S.~Wl~~0~.· • ~~~i6le.~~~~~~~tr~.1
cO(:@nMt~$9t¢QttWA • M~OQtlP.N9rthlOg$ •
~M4QP~Q·§Mlil1Q~,]Q~#~Ii#1AA~@ c
~flWJtb<t@l'iQ¢tthQf·lhe.·.IJ~eAtQ·a.are.
l$~;$§ • m,.<l#d?$$'?Q~ • ~~~ • t~@~¢lw~M"~$· Using Sine Law:
m~~$ijt~~hM~6m~I~MI~$.~f~ah9lW AC 895.86
.. ••
U~#~r:I·'~]i~D'ji ~?·$" • ,~r9i ~?Q.I~ . Sin 54'14' 37.8" =Sin 45'17' 46.4"
AC =1022.86 m.
mq®lP~t~IM~i#lal1¢ij~¢)
®Pl:ll'li,@~~~~~i$l(l~A(;·> ® Coordinates of comer C:
··~ • • • ~r~~'~~~j"cp6rd't@~~Qt¢QrMt • 9••bY·· STA. LINE BEARING DISTANCE
A AB N. 55'20'32" E 895.86
Solution:
CD Distance BC:
B BC S. 1'05'54.2" W. 1243.01
TN

STA. LAT DEP

A 20000.00 20000.00
~ ~
B 20736.90 20509.45
~ - 1242.7~
C 20713.07 19266.67

c Coordinates ofC =20713.07 N., 19266.67 E.

(20000. 200(0)
 5·99

TRIANGUlaTION

A. Angle condition equations.
A"-..I.::.---------.:..L-:.~D
AB Sin L2 CD Sin LS
Sin L7 Sin L8
CD =.:...A=B-=S.::.,:in-=L:..:.1-=S.::.,:in-=L::.:3
Sin L4 Sin L6
AB Sin L2 AB Sin L1 Sin L3 Sin L5
Sin L7 Sin L4 Sin L8 Sin L6
Sin L1 Sin L3 Sin LS Sin L7
=1
Sin L2 Sin L4 Sin L6 Sin L8
Strength of Figure:

1. L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 180' In a triangulation system,. to be able to

adopt the best shaped triangulation network it
2. L3 + L4+ L5 +L6= 180' is necessary to apply a criterion of strength to
3. L1 +L2+L7+L8=180' the different figures that maybe formed such an
4. L5 + L6 + L7 + L8 = 180' index or criterion is known as the strength of
figure and is given in the equation:
5. L1 +L2+L3+L4
+L5 + L6 + L7 + L8 = 180' D-C
R=O I(di +dA~B+di)
6. L1 + L2 = L5 + L6
D-C
7. L3 + L4 =L7 + L8 F=o
B. Side Consition equations. where
R = relative strength of figure
Sin L1 Sin L3 Sin L5 Sin L7 o= number of directions observed (forward
=1
Sin L2 Sin L4 Sin L6 Sin L8 and backward) not including the fixed
or known side of agiven figure.
~=~ C =number of geometric conditions to be
Sin L4 Sin L1
satisfied in a given figure.
ABSin L1 F =a factor for computing the strength of
BC-
SinL4 D-C
figure and is equal to 0
-BC (1J
--- -
Sin L6 Sin L3 dA , dB =tabular difference for 1 second,
expressed in units of the 6th decimal
CO Sin L6 place corresponding to the distance
BC
SinL3 angles A and B of a triangle.
AB Sin L1 CO Sin L6 I (dA 2 + !:lA ~B + ~B2) =summation of
values for particular chain of triangles
Sin L4 - Sin L3 through which computation is carried
-AB--- AD- from the known line to the line
Sin L7 Sin L2 required.
AB Sin L2 C =(n' - s' + 1) + (n - 2s + 3)
Ao---- n' = number of lines observed in both
Sin L7 directions, including the known side of
AD
- - - -(1J- the given figure.
Sin LS Sin.L8 s' =number of occupied stations
n = total number of lines in the figure
CO Sin L5
AD including known line.
SinL8 s =total number of stations
S-IOO

TRIANGULATION

Station B:
Angle 2 = 59'10'05"
Angle 4 = 60'29'10"
Angle 11 = 240'21'00"
360'00'15"
15"
Error=- =05"
3
Adjusted angle 2 = 59'10'00"
Adjusted angle 4 = 60'29'05"
Adjusted angle 11 = 240'20'55"
360'00'00"
Station C:
Angle 3 = 62'25'10"
Angle 5 = 59'25'10"
Angle 8 = 63'10'08"
Angle 14 =174'59'24"
o 359'59'52"
Error = OS"
08'
Correction =- = 02"
4
Adjusted angle 3 = 62'25'12"
Adjusted angle 5 = 59'25'12"
Adjusted angle 8 = 63'10'10"
Adjusted angle 14 =174'59'26"
360'00'00"
Station 0:

11111lIIi181;';';
Angle 6 = 60'05'10"
Angle 7 = 71'40'20"
Angle 12 =22S'14'52"
360'QO'03"
Solution: Error = 03"
CD Corrected value of angle 3: 03"
Correction =3 =01"
Station Adjustment:
Station A:
Adjusted angle 6 = 60'05'09"
58'25'15" + 301'34'49" =360'00'04"
Adjusted angle 7 = 71'40'01"
Error =04'
Adjusted angle 12 =22S'14'50"
04'
Correction ="2 =02' 360'00'00"
Station E:
Adjusted angle: Angle 9 = 45'10'20"
Angle 1 = 58'25'15" - 02" = 58'25'13" Angle 13 =314'49'42"
Angle 10 = 301'34'49" - 02" = 301'34'47" 360'00'02"
360'00'00" Error = 02"
 S-101

TRIANGUlATION

02"
Correction =- =01 "
2
Adjusted angle 9= 45'10'19"
Adjusted angle 13 = 314'49'41" FrOl1lthegivencjl1Clgril~teral.~f!$mTh99s~~re
360'00'00" OC()UPie~• i:l@.. .all.•. Ii~~~ .• ~f~.ql:j~~t¥~~i",·.~~m
qi~tk>ij~t: . , · ":-:<::::;:</:::;:;::.::',:::.>\
Figure Adjustment
Considering triangle ABC
Angle 1 = 58'25'13"
Angle 2 = 59'10'00"
Angle 3 = 62'25'12"
180'00'25"
Error =25"
Adjusted Angle 1 =58'25'05" - 08" =58'25'05"
Adjusted Angle 2 =59'10'00" - 08" =59'09'52"
Adjusted Angle 3 =62'25'12" - 09" = ~
AI::::..-...i:...------:-::-....l~
180'QO'00" Baseline = 1420 m
Corrected value ofangle 3 = 62'25'03"

111.ti'(lli'~~
® Corrected value of angle 6:
Considering triangle BCD
Angle 4 = 60'29'05"
Angle 5 = 59'25'12"
Angle 6 = 60'05'09" Solution:
179'59'26" CD Constant F:
Error = 34" O-C
Constant F = 0
Adjusted angle 4 = 60'29'05" + 12" = 60'29'17" o = 10 (no. of directions observed forward
Adjusted angle 5 =59'25'12" + 11" = 59'25'23" and backward not including Ab)
Adjusted angle 6 =60'05'09" + 11" = ~ C= (n' - s' + 1) + (n - 25 + 3)
180'00'00" n' = no. of lines observed in both
Corrected angle 6 =60'05'20" directions.
n'=6
@ Corrected value of angle 9: s' = no. of occupied stations
Considering triangle COE: s'=4
Angle 7 = 71'40'01" n = total no. of lines in the figure including
Angle 8 = 63'10'10" known lines
Angle 9 = 45'10'19" n=6
180'00'30" s = total no. of stations
Error =30" 5=4
C= (6 -4 + 1) +[6 - 2(4) +3)
. =3
CorrectIOn 30" =10" C=3+1
C=4
Adjusted angle 7 = 71'39'51" D-C
Adjusted angle 8 = 63'10'00" F=O
Adjusted angle 9 = 45'10'09" F= 10-4
180'00'00" 10
F= 0.60
Corrected angle 9 =45'10'09"
S-102

TRIUGUIlTION

@ Strength of figure which gives the

strongest route:
R = (0 hc) L (Ai + AA I.'>.a + I.'>.l)
Consider triangle ABC dand ACD with AC R =0.60(31.979)
as common side. R = 19.19
-AL_~
Sin 42' - Sin 60' Consider triangle ABO and ACD: with AD
AC - AB Sin 42' as common sides.
- Sin 60' AD AB
CD AC Sin 90' = Sin 53'
Sin 41' =Sin 35' =AB Sin 90'
AD Sin 53'
CD=ACSin41'
S;n35' CD AD
CD = AS Sin 42' Sin 41' Sin 40' = Sin 104'
Sin 60' Sin 35' CD =AD Sin 40'
Sin 104'
Distance angles are 42' and 60' for triangle = AB Sin 90' Sin 40'
ABC CD
Sin 53' Sin 104'
log Sine 42'00'00" 9.825510895
Distance angles are 53' and 90' for ABO
log Sine 42'00'00" 9.825513234
2339 log Sin 53'00'00" = 9.902348617
AA =2.339 log Sin 53'00'01" = 9.902350203
1586
log Sine 60'00'00" 9.937530632
AA =1.586
log Sine 60'00'01" 9,937531847
1215 log Sin 90'00'00" = 0
Aa = 1.215 log Sin 90'00'01" =0
Aa=O
(Ai + AA Aa + Art) (Ai + AA Aa + Ai) = (1.586)2 + 0 + 0
=(2.339f + 2.339(1.215) + (1.215)2 (I.'>.i + AA Aa + Ai) = 2.51
+
(6} + AA Aa Art) =9.789
Distance angles are 41' and 104' for
Distance angles for triangle ACD are 41' triangle ACD
and 35'
log Sin 41'00'00" = 9.816942917
log Sin 41'00'00" = 9.816942917 log Sin 41'00'01" = 9.816945339
log Sin 41'00'01" = ~~ 2422
2422 AA = 2.422
log Sin 35'00'00" = 9.758591301 log Sin 104'00'00" = 9.986904119
log Sin 35'00'01" = 9.758594308 log Sin 104'00'01" = 9.986903594
3007 525
I.'>.a = 0.525
AA = 2.422
Aa = 3.007
(Ai + I.'>.A I.'>.a + I.'>.il
(Ai + AA Aa + Ai) =(2.422)2 + 2.422(0.525) + (0.525)2
=(2.422)2 + (2.422)(3.007) + (3.007)2 (Ai + AA I.'>.a + Ail = 7.41
(Ai + AA Aa + Ai) =22.19
L (Ai + AA Aa + Ai) =9.789 + 22.19 L (Ai + I.'>.A Aa + I.'>.i) =2.51 + 7.41
L (~i + AA Aa + Ai) :a: 31.979 L (Ai + AA I.'>.a + Ai) = 9.92
 S-103

TRIANGULATION

D-C)
R= ( C
2 2
L(~A +~A~B+~B) R = (0 ~.~ L (Ill + ~A t1B+ Ili)
R = 0.60(9.92) R =0.60(5.96)
R= 5.952 R=3.58

Considering triangle ABC and BCD with BC Consider triangles ABO and BCD with BD
as common side: as common side.
~-~ BD AB
Jin 78' - Sin 60' Sin 37' = Sin 53'
= AB Sin 78' BD =AB Sin 37'
BC
Sin 60' Sin 53'
CD BC CD BD
Sin 48' = Sin 88' Sin 48' = Sin 44'

- BC Sin 48'
CD - Sin 88'
eo
CD _ Sin 48'
- Sin 44'
= AB Sin 78' Sin 48' =AB Sin 37' Sin 48'
CD CD
Sin 60' Sin 88' Sin 53' Sin 54'

The distance angles are 60' and 78' for Distance angles of triangle ABO are 37'
triangle ABC and 48' and 88' (or BCD and 53' and for triangle BCD are 44' and
48'
log Sin 60'00'00" = 9.937530632
log Sin60'OO'01" = 9.937531847 log Sin 37'00'00" = 9.779463025
1215 log Sin 37'00'01" = 9.779465819
~A = 1.215 2794
log Sin 78'00'00" = 9.990404394
log Sin 78'00'01" = 9.990404842 IlA = 2.794
448 log Sin 53'00'00" = 9.902348617
Il B = 0.448 log Sin 53'00'01" = 9.902350203
(Ili + ~A ~B + Ili) 1586
= (1.215)2 +(1.215)(0.448) + (O.44W
~B=1.586
(Ili + IlA IlB + Ili) = 2.22
log Sin 48'00'00" = 9.871073458 (Ill +IlA ~B + Ili)
log Sin 48'00'01" = 9;871075354 =(2.794)2 + (2.794)(1.586) + (1.586)2
1896 (Ill + IlA IlB + ~i) = 14.75
IlA = 1.896
log Sin 44'00'00"::: 9.841771273
log Sin 88'00'00" = 9.999735359 log Sin 44'00'01" = 9.841773454
log Sin 88'00'01" = 9.999735432 2181
073
Il B = 0.073 IlA =2.181
(Ill + IlA IlB + Ili)
=(t.896)2 + (1.896)(0.073) + (0.073)2 log Sin 48'00'00· = 9.871073458
log Sin 48'00'01" = 9.871075354·
(t1l + IlA Il B+Ili) =3.74
1896
L (Ill + IlA IlB + Ili) = 2.22 + 3.74
Il B=:.896
L (Il/ + IlA IlB +Ili) = 5.96
 5-104

TRIANGUlaTION

(di + dA dB + di) Solution:

=(2.181f + (2.181)(1.896) + (1.896)2 CD Adjusted value of angle 4:
(di + dA dB + di) = 12.49 ADJUST A ADJUST 8 ADJUSTC
L (di + dA dB + di) =14.75 + 12.49 L 1= 23'44' 38" 23'44' 37" 23'44'35"
L (di + dA dB + di) = 27.24 L 2 = 42'19' 09" 42'19' 08" 42'19' 06"
Z. 3 = 44'52' 01" 44 '52' 00" 44'52'00"
R= ( c0- C) L(di+dAdB+di) L 4 = 69'04' 21" 69'04' 20" 69'04' 19"
R =0.60(27.24) L 5 = 39'37' 48" 39'37' 47" 39'37' 49"
R= 16.34
L 6 = 26'25' 51" 26'25' 50" 26'25' 52"
Relative strength of the quadrilateral R L 7 = 75'12' 14" 75'12' 13" 75'12' 13"
= 3,58 (smallest value)
L 8 = 38'44' 06" 38'44' 05" 3.8'44' 06"
@ Length of check base CD: Sum = 360'00' 08" 360'00' 00" 360'00'00
CO =AS Sin 78' Sin 48'
Sin 60' sin SS' Error =8"
CO = 1420 Sin 78' Sin 48'
Sin 60' Sin 88' Correction =§.
CO = 1192.61 m, 8
Correction = 1" (sub)
L1+L2=L5+L6

23'44' 37" 39'37' 47"

42'19' 08" 26'25'50"
66'03' 45" 66'03' 37"
• rfit~~ • foIIOWJdg"•• qM~drllatfjtal • ·.Wlth a Error = 45·37
¢or~~l;ljng·ClnSle~.·.~®lated.~h()wn. Error = 8"
c
Correction =§.
4
Correction = 2" (subtract from L1 and L2
and add to L5 and L6)

L3+ L4 = L7 + L8
44'52' 00" 75'12' 13"
A O'-u....- .-.L.~B

69'04' 20" 38'44' 05"

113'56' 20" 113'56' 18"
d) Compute the adjusted value of angle 4 by
appIyihg the artgleconditioll only. Error = 20 - 18 =2"
® Compute the adjusted value of angle 7 by Correction = Add 1" to La and subtract 1"
. applying the angleconditlon only. from L4
@ Compute the strength of figure factor.
 5-105

TRlAliGUlADON

Check:
L1 23'44' 35" L8 38'44' 06"
L8 38'44' 06" L.7 75'12' 13"
Gtv~nthe~uCidrilateral.shownYJfjichh~~·qeerl
L2 42'19' 06" L.6 26'25' 22" adjU$t~d • u~lng·.IJrgle.C9ndi~()~, • • • ltl$rMUire~
L7 75'12'13" L.8 . 39'37' 49" 1(l.a<lj\l!lI.tl)e•• l3rtglElslJ$ing·tb¢$j~ClQMitil>O, .
180'00'00" 180'00'00"
ZD99mPutelheadju$te~~~glCl-~' ...i
L1 23'44' 35" L.3 44'52' 00" ®i.9omp\lte.ttmadjU!;ted.arl~Ie-.~ .• • • •. ·.· · · · .
@PQmp\.ltetf)eadjllsted.al1gl~6. .
L2 42'19' 06' L4 69'04'19"
L3 44 '52' 00" L.5 39'37' 49"
L.4 69'04'19" L.6 26'25; 52" L.1 =39'3749"
180'00' 00" 180'00'00" L.2 = 26'25' 52"

Angle 4 = 69'04'19"
L3 = 75'12' 13"
L4 = 38'44' 06"
@ Angle 7 = 75'12'13"
L5 =23'44' 35"
@ Strength of figure factor. L6 = 42'19' 06"
D=10 L7 = 44'52' 00"
n'=6
L8 =69'04' 19"
n=6
Sum = 360'00' 00"
s=4
s'=4
C =(n' - s +4) +(n - 2s +3)
C = (6 - 4 + 4) + (6 - 8 + 3)
C=4
F=D-C
o
F= 10 -4
10
F =0,60 (Strength offigure factor) Aif'-o"........................- ..........- -.........:.J..:.~B

Solution:
CD Adjusted angle 3: .
Sin L.2 Sin L4 Sin L6 Sin L8
~~-'-------= 1
Sin L1 Sin L3 Sin L5 Sin L.7

log Sin 26'25' 52" = 9.64847855

log Sin 38'44' 06" = 9.796379535
log Sin 42'19' 06" = 9.82817581
log Sin 69'04'19" = 9.970360677
9.243394570
5-106

TRIANGUlATION

Diff. in 1" Add 2" to all angles in the numerator:

log Sin 26'25' 52" = 9.64847855 4.2 (smaller)
log Sin 26'25' 53" = 9.648482785 Subtract 2" to all angles in the denominator:
log Sin 38'44' 06" = 9.796379535 2.62 (bigger)
log Sin 38'44' 07" = 9.79638216
log Sin 42'19' 06" = 9.82817581 2.31 - L1 = 39'37' 49" • 02" 39'37' 47"
fog Sin 42'19' 07" = 9.828178122 26'25'54"
+L2 26'25' 52" +02"
log Sin 69'04'19" = 9.970360677 0.81
log Sin 69'04' 20" = 9.970361483 __ - L3 = .75'12'13" • 02" 75'12' 11"
9.94 +L4 = 38'44'06i, + 02" 38'44'08"
- L5 = 23'44' 35" - 02" 23'44'33"
log Sin 39'37' 49" = 9.804705675 +L6 = 42'19' 06" + 02" 42'19'08"
log Sin 75'12' 13" = 9.985354379 - L7 = 44'52' 00" - 02" 44'51' 58"
log Sin 23'44' 35" = 9.604912331 +L8 = 69'04' 19" + 02" 69'04' 21"
log Sin 44'52' 00" = 9.848471997 360'00' - 00"
9.243444381
Adjusted angle 3 =75'12' 11'~
Diff. in 1"
log Sin 39'37' 49" = 9.804705675 2.54 @ Adjusted angle 5 = 23'44' 33"
log Sin 39'37' 50" = 9.804708217
log Sin 75'12' 13" = 9.985354379 0.56 @ Adjusted angle 8 =69'04' 21"
log Sin 75'12' 14" = 9,985354935
log Sin 23'44' 35" = 9.604912331 4.79 -----/
log Sin 23'44' 36" = 9.604917117
log Sin 44'52' 00" = 9.848471997 2.12
log Sin 44'52' 01" = 9.848474112 _ _
10.01 ,c
"II1thE!figwe•• ~hpw§ • .~,.qy~drla~~r~IWl!htheit
J ••••
~9q~$Pon(jin9,
deSignated. "....,' ... .. ., ."•.• ','•, m~#$l)r~m~nls
• • • • t*ngUItl.r• .'..'. ,', . . , '
Subtract: 9.243394570 - smaller
9.243444381' bigger
0.000049811

Add: 9.94 + 10.01 = 19.95

Difference =49.81
49.81 '
0=-8-
0=6.23
(J = 19.95
8 (j) WhiCh. of InemilOWing equation dOes not
(J = 2.49 ®ltsfy the figure shown.
. 6.23 a) L2 + L3 =L7 + L6
Correcllon =2,49
b) .L1 + L8 =L4 + L5
Correction = 2.5" say 2" c) L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 180'
d) L1 + L8 + L6 + L7 = 180'
 5·107

TRIANGUlATION

n = total number of lines in figure, including

the known side
Sin L1 Sin L3 Sin L5 Sin L.7 n=6
~ =0
Sin L8 Sin L2 Sin L4 Sin L6
Sin L2 Sin L4 Sin L6 Sin L8
~ =1
Sin L3 Sin L5 Sin L7 Sin L1
Sin L1 Sin L3 Sin L5 Sin L1
c}
Sin L2 Sin L4 Sin L6 Sin L8
Sin L2 Sin L4 Sin L1 Sin L3
d} , = ---=--....:..:...--=.
Sin L6 Sin L8 Sin L5 Sin L7
C----~::---~~~D
@ .·WMt.Will • ~th~#~~Qr..• (.....F)l".~lvihg
. slt~ngtI'l9fflgur~.<
• me
..... . . Values ofn
a} 0.80 c) 0.90
n' =no. of lines observed in both directions
b} 0.60 d} 0040
including the known side
F=D-C n'=6
o
o= no. of direcfions observed (forward and
backwards) not including the fixed or
unknown side of a given figure.
C = no. of geometric conditions to be
satisfied in a given figure.
C= (n' - s' +1) + (n - 2s +3)
n' = no. of lines observed in both
directions, including the fixed or
known side of a given figure.
n = total number of lines in the figure
including fixed or known line. Values of n'
s = total number of stations
No. of directions observed (forward and $ = total no. of stations
backwards) not including the known $=4
side of C=(n'-s!+1} +'(n-2s+3)
0=10 ~ =(6 - 4 + 1) + ,[6 - 2(4) + 3]
C=3+1
. luded in computarion of D
normc, B C=4

F=D-C
. 0
F=10-4
10
F= 0.60

Answer:
G) c
@ b
Values of D @ b
S-108

TRIANGUlATION

@ Fraction F:
F=O-C
o
o =no. of directions observed(forward and
backward) not including the known
D side.
0=24
F0- -C- -24- 9
-
E - 0 - 24
F= 0.625
@ Strength of figure R:
R= F(!::>} + ~A ~B + ~i)
R = 0.625(5.02)
R= 3.14

Solution:
CD Value of C: CD Compute the adjU$tedvalue of angle Aby
n' =no. of lines observed in both directions diWibuting lhespherical excess and the
including known side remalning error equally. .
n'= 13 @ Compute the adjusted value of angle B by
n =total no. of lines in figure unciuding distributing the spherical excess and the
known side remaining error equally. .
n =13 @ Compute the adjusted value of angle Cby
s' =no. of occupied stations distributing the spherical excess and the
s' =7 remaining error equally.
s =total no. of stations
s=7 Solution:
A
C =(n' - s' + 1) + (n - 2s + 3) e=R2 Sin01"
C=(13-7+1) + [13-2(7)+3] A =be Sin A
C=7+2 2
C=9 b 35965.47
Sin 56'10'30" = Sin 62'04'11"
b =33814.89
 5-109

SPHERICAl EXCESS

A = be Sin A
2
33814.89 (35965.47) Sin 61'45'20"
A= 2
The interior angles in triangle ABC are
A = 53568365b.2 m2 A "'. 57'30' 29", B ::: 65'17'27" • and
" A C =57'12' 16". The distance from A to B is
e = R2 Sin 01" equal'to 180,420 m, ASsuming fh~ average
.' 535683650.2 radius Qf curvature is 6400 km. ',
e"= (6372000)2 Sin 01"
[."=2.72" CD Compute the area of fhe triangl~;
@ Compute the second term of the spherical
61'45'20" excess. , '
56'10'30" @ Compute Ihe total spherical eXcess,
62'04'11"
Solution:
180'-00'01" G) Area of triangle:
180'-00'02.72" B
Error =1.72"

1.72
1st Carr. = -3-
1st Corr. =0.573 (added)
A
2.72
2nd Corr. =-3-
2nd Corr. =0.907 (to be subtracted) ~--~ .... c
Using Sine Law:
61'45'20" + 0.573" - 0.907 = 61'45' 19.676" b 180420
56'10'30" t 0.573" ·0.907 = 56'10' 29.676" Sin 65'17' 27" = Sin 57'12' 16"
62'04'11" t 0.573" - 0.907 = 62'04' 10.676" b =194978.94 m.
180'00' 00" A bcSin A
rea=-Z-
B A 194978.94 (180420) Sin 57'30' 29"
rea 2
6
Area = 14836 x 10 rrf

® Second term of the spherical excess:

A
When the sides ofthe triangle are over 100
miles (160,000 m.) use the accurate
formula for spherical excess.
......... c
c2]
~-_

Area [ a2t b2t

e" =R2 Sin 01" 1 t 24 R2
el) Adjusted value of angle A = 61'45'19.676"
The second term is
c;" Adjusted value of angle B =56'10'29.676"
Adjusted value of angle C =62'04'10.676"
Area
2 2
(a + b t c2)
(;'t R2 Sin 01" 24 R2
S-J10

SPIIIBICIl EXCESS

a
=
180420 (j)()omPOle • the.adjlJ~tedvalue • ofMgle.A.PY
Sin 57'30' 29" Sin 57'12' 16" 91~WputingmemmericaL~X(\{Jssandthe
a =181033.49 m. ~i:lrnlng:e@tequ~:"IY,>
·®·.Cp!l'lp~t~ • • the.9djl.lste9Wlue•• ofan~le~ • W•
Second tent . . . . .•··.·.4iS1riblJti/lg • lhe.spherj"al•• til)(ee$$~l'ld • • m~·
a2 =32773 x 1tl6 ••.•..•..• @l)airyins~tI"QreqUEln}" '. .
b2 =38017 x 106 • ~• • • Gompute•• t/)e.adJustedv~J~~Qf.~r~J~Cby .
••.•.•.•. •. . g~trll?~ljlls • . th~ • $P~~ig~I.·~~e;;san~ • the
c?- =32551 x 106 tElll'lafl'ling error eqU(lny. '. .. ..... .'
W- =40960000 x 106
Area = 14836 x 106 Solution:
B
Area
2nd term = R2 Sin 01" .24W-
(a2
+ ~ + c?-)

14836 x 106
2nd term =40960000x1 06 Sin 01"
A
(32773+38017+32551)106]
[ 24(4096‫סס‬OO)106
·~-_ ....... c
, ( 103341 )
2nd tenn = 74.7106" 24(40900000)
C 5260
2nd term = 0.00785" =
Sin 52'03'17" Sin 88'33'05"
C = 4149.3$ m.
® Total spherical excess: log m = 1.40658 ·10
m = 2.55023 x10-9
Area [ a2+~+c2] e"=mbc Sin A
e" =W- Sin 01" 1 + 24 W-
e' = 2.55023 x 10,9 (5260)(4149.35) Sin 39'23'40
e" =74.7106 + 0.OD7e5 e"= 0.035"
d' =74.71845" A = 39'23'40"
B = 88'33'05"
C = 52'03'17"
180'· 00'02"
180',00,00.035"
Error= 1.965
First Correction: 1,~5 ::; 0.655"

Second Correction: 0,~35 =0,012

39'23'40" • 0.655" • 0,012" = 39'23' 39.333"
88'33'05"·0.655"·0.012" = 88'33' 4.333'.'
52'03'17"·0.655·0,012" = 52'03' 16,333"
180'00' 00"
CD Adjusted value of angle A ::; 39'23'39,333"
@ Adjusted value of angle B =88'33' 4,333"
@ Adjusted value of angle C =52'03'16.333"
 S·lJl

SPHERICAl EXCESS

m = 2.536 x 10.9
log m =1.40415·10
_b c_
Sin B - Sin C
b 3012
Sin 63'44'59" = Sin 79'59'57"
b = 2743.05 m.
o e" = 2 A
R Sin 01"
.I'fR'IS known.

@ e" = m bc Sin A if no radius is given

1
m- 2 R NArc 1"
" 1t
Arc 1 = 180(3600)
N = 6376032 m.
CD Compute the adjusted value of aogle Eby
.' ," 'distnbutingthe spherical excess and the At a given latitude
remaining error equally. ,, e"=mbcSinA
@ ,Compute ,the adjusted value of angle Nby
e" =2.536 x 10.9 (2743.05)(3012) Sin 36'15'07"
, distributing the spherical excess and the e"= 0.012" (spherical excess)
remaining ~rror equally. , ' ,'. ,
® Cbmputeth,e adjusted value of angle L by 79'59'27"
distributing the spherical excess and the 63'44'59"
remaining error equally. 36'15'07"
180',00'- 03"
Solution: 180'- 00'· 0 012"
N
Error = 2.988" (error of spherical triangle)
Correction for each angle
2.988
=-3-
= 0.966" (First Correction)
L

Second Correction
~--""""-E 0.012
=-3-
A = 0.004" (spherical excess,subtracted
e"= R2 Sin 01" from each angle)
Arc 1" =180 ~600) 79'59'57" ' 0.996" • 0.004" =79'59'56"
bcSin A , 63'44'59",0.996" - 0.004" =63'44'58"
A = - 2 - (area oftnangle) 36'15'07"·0.995",0.004" =~
180'00' 00"
e =m bcSin A
1
m= 2RNArc1" CD Adjusted value of angle E = 79'59'56"
1 ® Adjusted value ofangle N = 63'44'58"
m= 1t
2(6378160)(6376032) 180(3600) @ Adjusted value of angle L =36'15'06"
5-112

AREA Of ClOSED TIIAIERSE

AREA OF CLOSED
TRAVERSE
In any closed traversed, there is always an
error. No survey is geometrically perfect, until
proper adjustment are made. For a closed
traversed, the sum of the north and south
latitudes should always be zero.

Latitude of any line - is the projection on a
north and south lines. It may be called as
north or positive latitude and south or
negative latitude.
Departure of any line - is the projection on
the east and west line. West departure is
sometimes called negative departure and
East departure is sometimes called
positive departure.
C DEPARTURE B latitudes or departures in the traverse
BALANCING A SURVEY
1. Compass rule - the correction to be
applied to the latitude or departure of any
course is to the total correction in latitude
or departure as the length of the course is
to the length of the traverse.
2. Transit rule - the correction to be applied
to the latitude or departure of any course is
to the total correction in latitude or
departure as the latitude or departure of that
coUrse is to the arithmetical sum of all the
without regards to sign.

Error of closure = ."j LL2 + L02

RIf Error of closure
eaIve error = Perimeter of all courses

LL =error in latitude
LO =error in departure
A

Line AB has its latitude AC and departure BC.

The angle 0 is the bearing of the line AB.
BC =AB.Sin 0 .
1 Area by Triangle Method 0

Departure = Distance x Sin Bearing

AC =AB Cos 0

Latitude = Oistance x Cos Bearing

Dist = Latitud~ .
Cos Bearrng
O' t _ Departure
IS - Sin Bearing
 5-113

AREA OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

A=A1+A2+A3 or
d1d2 Sin a
A1 = 2
·A - d3d4Sin {!,
2- 2
- dsd s Sin l2I
A3 - 2
4 Area by Double Meridian Distance
2 Area by Rule of Thumb Method Double Meridian Distance of line BC is the
sum of meridian distances of the two
2A = [Y1 (X1 - X2) + Y2 (X1 - X3) + Y3 (X2 - ~) extremeties.
+ Y4 (X3 - Xs) + Ys(~ - X1)]

3 Area by coordinates

Area ABCDE =Area BCEF + Area CDIF

- Area EDIH • Area AEGH •Area ABGE

~ .'...x j....A~· c
D.M.D. of BC = EB + FC
H······:':$·f,····
Latitude of BC = EF

, !""I('»,. Area of BCFE:

_ (EB + FC) EF
A- 2
- (X2 + x 3) (Y2 - Y3) + (X3 + X4) (Y3 - Y4) 2A = (EB + FC) EF
A- 2 2 2A = (D.M.D.)tatitude
(X4 + xs) (Ys • Y4) (xs + X1) (Y1 - Ys) Double Area = Double Meridian Distance
2 - 2 x Latitude
(1'1 + X2) (Y2 • Y1)
2

Simplifying 'this relation:

CD 2A = • [Y1 (xs - X2) + Y2(X1 - X3)
+Y3 (X2 • X4) + Y4 (X4 - Xs) + Ys (~ • X1)]
or
@ 2A = Yt X1+ Y3Y2 + X4Y3 + XSY4 + X1YS
• XtY2 • X2Y3 - Y3Y4 . X4YS· XSY1
1. D.M.D. of the first course is equal to
the departure of that course.
2. D.MD. of any other course is equal to
the DMD of the preceding course, plus
the departure of the preceding course
plus the departure of the course itself:
3. D.M.D. of the last course IS
numerically equal to the departure of
the last course but opposite in sign.
5-114

AREA OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

Computing Area by D.M.D. Method: Example:

1. Compute the latitudes and departures

of all courses. Area by Double Meridian Distance
2. Compute the error of closure in
latitudes and departures. Lines LAT. DEP. DMD Double
Area
3. Balance the latitudes and departures
by applying either transit rule or 1-2 +60 -30 -30 ·30160\ =-1800
compass rule. 2-3 -20 +20 -40 ·401- 20) =+800
4. Compute for the D.M.D. of all courses. 3-4 -80 +60 +40 +40(. 80\ =-3200
4-1 +40 -SO +SO +SOI4O\- +2000
5. Compute the double areas by
mUltiplying each D.M.D. by the 2A =- 2200
corresponding latitude. A=-1100m2
6. Determine the algebraic sum of the
double areas.
Area by Double Parallel Distance
7. Divide the algebraic sum of the double
area to obtain the area of the whole
tract. Lines LAT. DEP. DPD Double
Area
Double Area =D.M.D. x Latitude 1-2 +60 - 30 +60 601- 30\ =- 1800
2-3 -20 +20 +100 100120\ = +2000
3-4 - 80 +60 0 d(6Q) = 0
5 Area by: Double Parallel Distance 4-1 +40 -SO -40 -401- SO\ = +2000
2A 2200 =-
A=1100m 2

1. D.P.D. of the first course is equal to

the latitude of that course.
2. D.P.D. of any other course is equal to
the D.P.D. of the preceding course,
plus the latitude of the preceding
course, pius the latitude of the course
itself. •..••••..<•• • 4OQ·,OQitJ.·.·>···
3. D.P.D. of the last course is .·llOll,OOffi)
numerically equal to the latitude of the 700.00fft·· ..
last course but opposite in sign. 600.00trl.
Double Area =Double Parallel Distance
x Departure CD Compute the correction <i1latitudeotlline
CO using transit rule, ...• .. ...
@ Compute the linear error of closure.
® Compute the relative error or precision. .
 S-115

AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

Solution: Solution:
Lines Bearina Distances LAT DEP CD Error of closure:
AB Due North 400.00m !+400. 0
BC N45' E 800.00m +565. +565.69 Distances LAT DEP
Lines Bearinll
CD 860' E 700.00m 3SO. +606.22
AB N.53'3TE. 59.82m +35.62 +48.06 '
DE S2Q'W 600.00m 563.8 -205.21
BC S.66'54'E. 70.38 m - 27.61 +64.74
EA S86'S9'W 966.34m - SO.86 -965.00 -37.30
CD S.29'Oaw. 76.62m. -66.93
Penmeter -- 3466.34 +1.01 +1.7
DA N.S2'OOW. 9S.75m +58.95 - 7S.45
400 + 565.69 +3S0 + 563.82 + SO.86 = 1930.37
302.57 +94.S7 +112.aO
ill Correction of latitude on line CD using - 94.54 - 112.75
transit rule: +0.03 +O.OS
fm_ 3SO.00
1.01 - 1930.37
Ceo =0.18 Error ofclosure = -V (0.03)2 +(0.05)2
error of closure = 0.0583
@ Linear error ofclosure:
LEG = -V (1.01~ +(1.7)2 ® Precesion of linear measurement:
LEG = 1.97740
.. 0.0583
PrecIsion =302.S7
@ Relative error or precision:
• 1.97740 1
Relative error =3466.34 Precision =5190
. 1 Precision = 1:5190
RelatIVe error = 1753

@ Area in acres:

LAT DEP DIv1D DOUBLE

AREA

•~~i~I.~~;t$h:~d~~~~~~~ijjjti~.lf~~~.
!ljid$s.$reshOW!l: '. >.•• • • • • •.• • .•.
... . . . •. . . . •••.. •. •••••• ~
+3S.61
- 27.61
- 66.94
+48.0S
+64.73
- 37.31
+48.0S
+160.83
+188.25
+1711.06
-4440.46
-12601.46
+58.94 - 75.47 +75,47 +4448.20
o 0 2A --10882.72
A =5441.36 m2

Note: 1acre = 4047 sq.m.

, . 5441.36 .
Area = 4047
ill ~:~S~~h~~:err9r.·Of• • cIO$~re • • • fOt•• • ~e. Area = 1.34 acres
® What is the" pre<:e~Jon cif linear
measurement of this tl'averse. '. . .
What is the lotal area'locliJdedwlthlJi the
traverse inacfes.
S-1I6

AREA OF ClOSED TRaVERSE

Corrected Latitude:
..f-_ 249.40
0.68 -1868.94

'~liiiii~1
C=O.09
Corrected lat =249.40 •0.09
Corrected lat = 249.31

• H•HW?~;~r:W~M~P<!~~&§;~pg;p~@]jjn~
• ·••·•• ·.t~~.¢~tt~~J~m~p~ll.h~9~rmrt~@9f~.
·.·.bYAAmM~~rn@>····

@AgW@ij#~yijr~$1lj~~llj~@I~W4M<
.• • •·•• • •i$t.lI~W>·.·i·...···.//·>.·./ •. H: • · •·•·• • • •.•.• • .•. . . .

;!lll:t~'Jl'
•·• • • • •~~'~il~l~eEl~.~ll~0te
Solution: \'\-1"1,
CD Correction of latitude and departure AB:
Corrected Latitude:
_C__ 483.52
(+) 0.44 - 2915.80
C=+0.07 Solution:
Corrected lat =326.87 +0.07 CD Corrected latitude of DE by comp~ss rule:
Corrected lat =326.94 -.L._ 518.40 .... .. . .
/0.56 - 2628.5
Corrected Departure: "",
E = +0.11
C 483.53 ll-?t
0.37 =2915.80
C=O.06 Corrected latitude of DE =259.2 + 0.11
Corrected dep = 356.30 +0.06 Corrected latitude of DE =259.31
Corrected dep = 356.36
® Correctedlatitude of DE by transit rule:
® Correction of departure and latitude BC: E 259.2
Corrected Departure: .. ;KJ.56 = 1726.8
C 364.20 E=+0.08
- 0.42 =1842.64
C=-O.08 Corrected latitude of DE =259.2 + 0.08.
Corrected dep =364.20·0.08 Corrected latitude of DE =259.28
90rrected dep =364.12
 S-l17

AREA OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

@ Corrected departure of DE by compass (j) Relative error:

rule:
~_518.4 Error of closure =--J (1.01)2 + (1.7)2
- 0.34 - 2628.5 Error of closure =1.977
E=- 0.07 . 1.977
RelatIVe error =3466.34
Corrected departure =448.9 - 0.07
Corrected departure =448.83 Relative error = 175~.33
® Adjusted distance of EA using
'f: Transit Rule:
For A- B: (latitude)
..fL_~
F"9t1)fhe1ieldnOtesOfa\cl~sed{trav~r~e< . t1.01 - 1930.37
sh~mtleIoW,<ldjlJl3~.m~.tr<av~rs~.lIl3il'lg
.... C1 = 0.00052 (400)
C1 =0.21 ." " .
Q!¢()fuP~W·l!J~r~~pv~~rr8rOf.pl()~re. • • /\•• •·••.•· "-f\1
®.····Cw.nput~ • th~··~4jll~t~~Ai~t~I'l~()t .• litl~eA
lJ~it'9Trcllisit~~lEl, Total distance =3466.34
@qomputethei~dJlJ§ted~a.ringOfliIW)CO
using Compa$$Rllle:< ... . . ..
LINES CORRECTION FOR LATITUDE
A-B C1 = 0.000523 (400) =+0.21
STA. STA. Bearings Distances B-C ~ = 0.000523 (565.69) =W·30
OCC. OBS. CoD CJ 0.000523 (350.00) =\0.18
A B Due North 400.00m. D-E C4 = 0.000523 (563.82) =>\{).29
B C N45' E 800.00m. E-A C5 = 0.000523 (50.86) =J{).Q3
C D S60' E lOO.OOm.
S20'W 1.01
0 E 600.00m.
E A S86'59'W 9OO.34m. Correction for Departure:
For line A - B:
Solution:
..fL __0_
Line Bearinas Distance LAT DEP 1.70 - 2342.12
A-S Due North 400.00 +400.00 0 C1 = 0.0007258 (0)
S-C N45'E 800.00 +565.69 +565.69 C1 =0 (., \.•...•.... J

CoD 860' E 700.00 ·350.00 +606.22

D-E 820'W 600.00 - 563.82 - 205.21 LINES CORRECTION FOR DEPARTURE
E-A S86'59'W 966.34 -50.86 -965.00 A-S C1 0.0007258 (0) = 0
965.69 1171.91 +965.69 +1171.91 S-C ~ = 0.0007258 (565.69) = 0.41
~ 11lQ2.1 ~ :..11ZQ21 CoD ~ = 0.0007258 (606.22) = 0.44
1930.37 2342.12 + 1.01 + 1.70 D-E C4 0.0007258 (205.21) = 0.15
;~(:t~~ E-A C5 = 0.0007258 (965) = 0.70
Total distance = 3466.34
Error in latitude = 1.01 1.70
Error in departure = 1.70
S-118

AREA OF ClOSED TUVERSE

ADJUSTED LATITUDES AND DEPARTURE Correction for departure:

(uncorrected) (corrected) LineA -B:
.ft_~
Lines LAT DEP LAT DEP 1.7 - 3466.34
GO.21 C1 =0.00049043 (400)
.., C1 =0.20
~·B '1'400 I ·
A-B +400.00 0 +399.79 0
LINES CORRECTION FOR DEPARTURE
-0.30 - 0.41 A- B C1 = 0.00049043 (400) = 0.20
B-C +565.69 +565.69 +565.39 +565.28 B-C C:1 = 0.00049043 (800) = 0.40
-0.18 -0.44 C-D ~ = 0.00049043 (700) = 0.34
CoD - 350.00 +606.22 - 350.18 +605.78 D- E C4 = 0.00049043 (600) = 0.29
-0.29 +0.15 E-A Cs = 0.00049043 (966.34) = 0.47
D-E - 563.82 - 205.21 - 564.11 -205.36
1.70
-0.03 +0.70
E-A ~ 50.86 -965.00 -50.89 -965.70 ADJUSTED LATITUDES AND DEPARTURE
o o (uncorrected) (corrected)

Adjusted bearing ofEA: Lines LAT DEP LAT DEP

tan bearing =q;; )

A-B - 0.12
+400.00
-0.20
0 +399.88 -0.20
· - 965.70 -0.24 -0.40
tan beanng = _50.89 B-C +565.69 +565.69 +565.45 +565.29
Bearing =S. 86'59' W. -0.20 -0.34
CoD - 350.00 +606.22 -350.20 +605.88
Adjusted distance of EA: - -1'0.17 +0.29
D-E - 563.82 - 205.21 -563.99 - 205.50
·t
DIS 965.70
ance =Sin 86'59' - lO.28 +0.47
Distance =967,04 m. E-A -50.86 -965.00 - 51.14 - 965.47
o 0
® Adjusted bearing of CD using . 605.88
Compass Rule: tan beanng = 350.20
Correction for latitude: Bearing = S. 59'58' E
LIneA -B:
~-~
f 1.01 - 3466.34
C1 =0.000291374 (400)
C1 =0.12

LINES CORRECTION FOR LATITUDE

A- B C1 = 0.000291374 (400) = 0.12
B - C C:1 = 0.000291374 (800) = 0.24
C- D ~ = 0.000291374 (700) = 0.20
D-E C4 = 0.000291374(600) = 0.17
E-A Cs = 0.000291374(966.34) =~ (j) compute the be~ of line 2- 3... •
1.01 @ Compute the dls~nce ofline 4 , 1.
® Determine the area of the lot using DMD.
 5-119

AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

Solution: For line 3-4:

. 800
Since the property line intersect each other, tan Beanng :: 800
then we could only apply DMD, if we divide it
Bearing:: N4S' E
into areas where no property lines will
intersect. Distance :: S~S'
Line~ LAT DEP Bearing Distance Distance = 1131.37
1- 2 -1200 +400 S 18'26' E
1265.02
2-3 +200 -400 N63'2f>W 447.23 For line 4 -1:
3-4 +800 +800 N4S'E 1131.37 . 800
tan Beanng :: 200
4·1 +200 -800 N7S'58'W 824.63
Bearing:: N7S'58' N
CD Bearing ofline 2 • 3: ·t
DIS 800
ance - Sin 7S'S8
Distance:: 824,03

@ Area by DMD:'''<i
Using Sine Law:~ ,: ,.,
X 824.63
Sin S7'32' = Sin 63'26'
X= 777.88
Y 824.63
Sin 59'02':: Sin 63'26'
Y=790.56 .f:. 'Y)
a= 1265.02 - 790.56
a=474.46
b=1131.37-777.88 ~ ("7"
Farline 1- 2: b::: 353.49 J/
r'
· 400 (,

tan Beanng:: 1200

Far Lot A:
Bearing:: S 18'26' E
400 ' Lines Bearina DEP
Distance:: Sin 18'26'· Distance LAT
1-4 S7S'58' E 824.63 -200 +800
Distance:: 1265.02 4-S S4S'W 777.88 -S5O -550
5-1 N18'66'W 790.56 +750 -2S0
For line 2- 3:
. 400
tan Beanng:: 200 LINES DMD DOUBLE AREA
Bearing:: N 63'26' W 1· 4 +800 -160000
4-5 +1050 ·577500
. '; 5·1 +250 +187500
@ Distance of line 4- 1....
D' tance:: Sin400 2A:: 550000
63'26~
IS
A = 275000 m2
Distance:: 447.23
 5-120

ARU OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

For Lot B: To compute the DMD:

Linel Bearina Distance LAT DEP Lines DMD Double
5-2 S18'26' E 474.46 -450 +150 Area
2-3 N63'26'W 447.23 +200 -400' 1-2 -11.77 +219.275
3-5 N45'E 353.49 -250 +250 2-3 -11.77-11.77-5.96= -29.50 -236.885
3-4 - 29.50 - 5.96 -1.36 = -36.82 -1n.104
LINES DMD DOUBLE AREA 4-1 -36.82-1.36-19.09= +19.09 -110.531
5-2 +150 ·67500
2-3 -100 -20000 To compute for double area =DMD xlatitude
3-5 -250 62500
2A= 150000 Lines Double Area
A=75000 m2 1-2 -11.77 (-18.63) = 219.275
2-3 - 29.50 (8.03) = -236.885
Total area = 275000 +75000 3-4 - 36.82 (4.81) = -1n.104
Total area = 350000 m2 4-1 -19.09 (5.79) = -110.531

Negative double areas

=236.885 +1n.104 + 110.531
= 524.520 sq.m.

Positive double area = 219.275

524.5b - 219.275
Area= 2
Area = 152.622 sq.m.

@ DPD offine 3 - 4:

Line's LAT DEP DPD Double

Area
G) flndthea~ea()Nhelqtby.DMt>rnf!lhod,······ 1-2 -18.63 -11.77 -18.63 +219.275
@)findtMPAt>9ffi®3,A. iii.· . 2-3 8.03 -5.96 -29.23 +174.211
@ Finq.thearea.ofk:llbyDpo·rnethgd.•
3-4 4.81 -1.36 -16.39 +22.290
Solution: 4-1 5.79 +19.09 -5.79 +110.531
(!) Area by DMD method:
Departure = distance x sin bearing DPD offine 3 - 4 =-16.39
Latitude = distance x cos bearing
u ';, <'~ . .",
@ Area by DPD method:
Line BearinQs Dist LAT DEP DMD Double Area =219.275 + 174.211
+ 22.290 - 110.531
1- 2 S32'17W 22.04 -18.63 -11.77 -17.77
Double area = 305.245
2-3 N36'25W 10.00 +8.03 -5.96 -29.50
Area - 305.245
3-4 N15'47W 5.00 +4.81 -1.36 -36.82 - 2
4·1 N73'07'E 19.95 +5.79 -19.09 +19.0E Area = 152.622 sq.m.
 S-120-A

IREA Of ClOSED TRAVERSE

Line BC:
Latitude Departure
From the given technical description of a lot. .£L_ 30.98 .£L_ 591.19
20.5 -1357.44 3.93 - 2126.25
LINES BEARINGS DISTANCES C2 = 0.47 C2 = 1.09
AB N.48'20'E. 529.60 m.
BC N.87"OO'E. 592.00 m.
CD S.7'59'E. 563.60 m. Line CD:
DE S.80'OO'W. 753.40 m. Latitude Departure
EA N.48'12'W. 428.20 m. ~_ 558.14 ~_ 78.28
20.5 -1357.44 3.93 - 2126.25
CD Find thE! corrected bearing of line BC using C3 =8.42 C3 =0.15
transit rule.
@ Find the corrected bearing of line DE using
transit rule. Line DE:
@ Find the corrected distance of line EA Latitude Departure
using transit rule. ~_ 130.83 ~_ 74.95
20.5 -1357.44 3.93 - 2126.25
C4 = 1.98 C4 = 1.37
Solution:
CD Corrected bearing of line BC using transit
rule: Line EA:
Latitude Departure
Lines Bearina Distance LAT DEP ~_ 285.41 ~_ 319.21
AB N.48'20'E. 529.60 +352.08 +395.62 20.5 -1357.44 3.93 - 2126.25
BC N.8TOO'E. 592.00 +30.98 +591.19 Cs = 4.31 Cs = 0.59
CD S.7'59'E. 563.60 -558.14 +78.28
DE S.80'OO'W 753.40 -130.83 -741.95
EA N.48'12'W. 428.20 +285.41 -319.21 LINES CORRECTED LATITUDES
+668.47 +1065.09 AS \ 352.08 + 5.32 = + 357.40
-688.97 -1061.16 BC r 30.98 + 0.47 = + 31.45
Error = ('20.5 +.3.93 CD .- 558.1#-8.42 =- 549.72
DE 130.83+1.98 = -128.85
i-f" 668.47 1065.09;\,<· /I"",
EA T 285.41 + 4.31 = + 289,72
688.97 .1Q2.1.12
1357.44 2126.25 o
LINES CORRECTED DEPARTURES
Corrections using transit rule: AB I. 395.62 - 0.73 = + 394.89

LineAB: BC .j., 591.19 -1.09 = + 590.10

Latitude Departure CD 78.28 - 0.15 = + 78.13

DE -741.95~1.37 =- 743.32
-fL _ 352.08 ~_ 395.62
20.5 -1357.44 3.93 - 2126.25 EA .. 319.21 f 0.59 = - 319.80
C1 = 5.32 C1 =0,73
o
5-120-B

AREI OF CLOSED lUVERSE

Corrected bearing of line BC:

tan bearing = Dep.

Lat. Using the given data in the traverse shown:
. BC 590.10
ta n beanng = 31.45 POINTS NORTHINGS EASTINGS
A 75m. . 250 m.
Corrected Bearing BC = N. 86'57' E
B 425m. 150 m.
C 675m. 450m.
@ Corrected bearing of line DE: 0 675m. 675 m.
E 425m. 700 m.
tan bearing = Dep. F 175m. 550m.
Lat.
t be' DE - 743.32 CD Compute the bearing of line BC.
an anng =_128.85 @ Compute the distance of line FA.
@ Compute the area enclosed by the straight
Corrected bearing DE = S. 80'10' W.
line bounded by the points ABCDEFA.

@ Corrected distance ofline EA: Solution:

· Dep. CD Bearing ofline BC:
ta n beanng =
Lat.
LINES LATITUDES DEPARTURE
t be' EA - 319.80
an anng =+ 289.72 AB 425 - 75 = +350 150 - 250 =-100
BC 675 - 425 = +250 450 -150 = +300
Corrected bearing EA= N. 4T50'W.
CD 675 - 675 =0 675 - 450 = +225
DE 425 - 675 =-250 700 - 675 = +25
D' t - Dep. EF 175 - 425 =-250 550 - 700 =-150
IS ance - Sin bearing FA 75-175=-100 250 - 550 =-300
r'\" 319.80
ulstance = Sin 47'50' Bearing of line BC:
Distance =431.52 m. · Den.
tan beanng =-=
Lat.
. +300
Check: tan beanng =+250

Distance =..J (Latf+ (Dep~ Bearing BC = N. 50'12' E.

Distance =..J (289.72)2 + (319.80~

Distance = 431.52 m. @ Distance offine FA:
FA = ..J (Dep)2 + (Lat)2

FA=..J (- 30W + (-10W

FA =316.23 m.
 S-120-C

AREA OF ClOSED 'IIVERSE

@ Area bounded the straight lines:

)( \,\ 107.28 131.70
Lines LAT. DEP D~D Double Area JM.5.3. lli..ZQ
AB +350 -100 -100 -100(350) = -35000 211.81 273.40
BC +250 +300 +100 100250 = + 25000
CD 0 +225 +625 625 0) = O.
DE -250 +25 +875 8751-250 = -21875( Corrections using transit rule:
EF -250 -150 +750 7501 -250 = -18750(
LineAB:
FA -100 -300 +300 300 -100) =-30000
2A= -446250 Latitude Departure
.n f' _<.f, ~ It~
, A=223125.r ~_ 36.13 ~_ 25.77
2.75 - 211.81 10 - 273.40
C1 = 0.47 C1 =0.94

Line BC:
In the traverse table below shows the Latitude Departure
Latitudes and Departures of the closed
traverse. ~_ 74.56 f2. _115.93
2.75 - 211.81 10 - 273.40
LINES LAT. DEP. C2 = 0.97 C2 =4.24
AB - 36.13 -25.77
BC + 74.56 -115.93
CD + 12.82 +0.39 Line CD:
DE + 19.90 +61.74 LatitUde Departure
EA - 68.40 +69.57 ~_ 12.82 f.a. _ 0.39
2.75 - 211.81 10 - 273.40
CD Compute the corrected bearing of line BC
using transit rule. C3 = 0.16 C3 = 0.01
@ Comp.ute the corrected distance of line EA
using transit rule. . Line DE:
@ Compute the area of the traverse by
balancing the traverse by transit rule. Latitude Departure
~_ 19.90 ~_ 61.74
Solution: 2.75 - 211.81 10 - 273.40
CD Corrected bearing of line Be using transit C4 =0.26 C4 = 2.26
rule:
LINES LAT. DEP.
-36.13 . Line EA:
AB - 25.77
BC + 74.56 -115.93 Latitude Departure
CD + 12.82 + 0.39 ~_ 68.40 ~_ 69.57
DE + 19.90 +61.74 2.75 - 211.81 10 - 273.40
EA - 68.40 +69.57 Cs = 0.89 Cs =2.55
+ 107.28 + 131.70
~ -141.70
+ 2.75 -10.00
S-120-D

.IEI OF ClOSED TIAVElSE

LINES CORRECTED LATITUDES CORRECTEO DEPARTURES

AB - 36.13 + 0.47 =- 36.6 - 25.77 - 0.94 =- 24.83
.BC + 74.56 - 0.97 = + 73.59 -115.~3 - 4.24 =-111.69
c

CD + 12.82 - 0.16= + 12.66 +0.39 +0.01 = + 0.40

DE + 19.90 - 0.26 = +.19,.64' +61.74 +2.26 = +64.00
. EA .- 68.40 + 0.89 =- 69.29 + 69.57 +'2.55 = + 72.12

Corrected beanng of BC:

. .Qep.
tan be anng = Lat.

. BC - 111.69
tan beanng = + 73.59
.. ~ '-'

Bearing BC = NS6'37' W

,
@ . Corrected distance Qf line EA:

. AE'= 4(Dep)2 + (Latf

AE =...j (72.12)2 + (- 69.29)2
AE = 100.01 m.

@ Area of the traverse:

LINES LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DOUSLEAREA

AS - 36.6 - 24.83 - 24.83 - 24.83(- 36.6) = + 908.78
BC + 73.59 - 111.69 - 161.35 -161.35(73.59) = -11873.75
CD + 12.66 + 0.40 - 272.64 - 272.64(12.66) =- 3451.62
DE + 19.64 + 64.00 - 208.24 - 208.24(19.64) =- 4089.83
EA - 69.29 + 72.12 - 72.12 - 72.12(- 69.29) = + 4997.19
2A =-13509.23
A= 6754.62 m2
 S-120-E
AREA OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

Correction for Departure:

C1 368.76
13.35 ;.; 2075
From the given data of aclosed traverse 13.35
C1 = 2075 (368.76) = 2.37
LINES DISTANCE BEARING
13.35
AB 368.76 m. N.15'18'E. C2 = 2075 (645.38) =4.15
BC 645.38 m. S.85'46'E.
CD 467.86 m. S.18'30W 13.35
C3 = 2075 (467.86) = 3.01
DA 593.00 m. N.7T35W
13.35
Using compass rule of balancing atraverse. C4 = 2075 (593) = 3.82
13.35
(j) Determine the corrected bearing of BC.
@ Determine the corrected bearing of CD. LINES Corrected La!. Corrected Dep.
@ Determine the adjusted distance of BC.
I +1.441 1-2.37]
AB +355.69 +97,31
Solution:
(j) Corrected bearing of BC: = +357.13 = +94,94
LINE BEARING DISTANCE LAT. DEP.
AB N:15·18'E. 368.76 m +355.69 +97.31
1-2.531 1-4.151
-47.64
BC -47.64 +643.62
BC S.85·46'E. 645.38 m. +643.62
CD S.18·30'W 467.86 m. -443.68 -148.45 =-45.11 =+639.47
DA N.7T35'W 59300 m. +127.51 -579.13
1-1.831 1+3.011
207500 +483.20 +740.93
CD -443.68 -148.45
-491.32 -727.58
Error = -8.12 +13.35 =-441.85 =-151.46

Total distance = 2075.00 m. 1+2.321 1+3.821

DA +127.51 -579.13
= +129,83 =-582.95
Using compass rule of balancing: =0 =0
.Correction for Latitude: Corrected bearing of line BC:
· Dep. + 63947
C1 368.76 tan beanng = La!. =--=45.1T'
8.12 =2575 Bearing =S.SS'SS'E.
C1 = ~O~~ (368.76) = 1.44
@ Corrected bearing of CD:
t b' Dep, -151.46
an eanng = La!. = - 441.85
812
C2 = 2675 (645.38) = 2.53 Bearing = S.1S'SSW

812 @ Adjusted distance of BC:

C3 = 2075 (467.86) = 1.83 S' b ' - Dep.
In eanng - Dis!.

8.12 0' t - Dep, 639.47

C4 = 2075 (593) = 232 IS - Sin bearing = Sin 8558'
8.12 Dist =641.06 m.
S~120-F

AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

tAT DEP
AB 843.58
A closed ·traverse has the following data: ~=~ -=--
15.73 1870.57 7.79 2184.89
AB =299(0.0084092) AB =843.58(0.0035654)
LINES DISTANCE BEARING
AB =-2:51 (to be subtracted AB =3.01 (to be subtracted)
AB 895 S. 70'29' E.
BC S. 26'28' E. BC =281.99(0.0084092) . BC = 140.39(0.0035654)
315
CD 875 S. 65'33' W. BC =-2.37 (subtracted) BC =0.50 (subtracted)
DE 410 N.45'31' W. CD =362.16(0.0084092) CD =796.53(0.0035654)
EA 650 N. 10'00' E. CD =-3.05 (subtracted) CD =2.84 (added)
DE =287.29(0.0084092) DE =292.52(0.0035654)
<D Find the· corrected bearing of line BC by DE =+2.42 (added) DE = 1.04 (added)
using Transit Rule. EA =640.13(0.0084092) EA:: 112.87(0.0035654)
® Find the corrected bearing of line CD by EA =+5.38 (added) EA =0.40 (subtracted)
using Transit Rule. 15.73 7.79
@ Find the corrected bearing of line EA by
using Transit Rule.

Corrected bearing for line BC:

Solution:
tan bearing = dep
<D Corrected bearing of line BC using Transit lat
Rule:
· + 139.89
tan beanng= - - -
- 279.62
LINES BEARING DISTANCE Bearing = S. 26' 34' 42" Eo
AB S. 70'29' E. 895
BC S. 26'28' E. 315
CD S. 65'33' W. 875 ® Corrected bearing for line CD:
DE N. 45'31' W. 410 ta be . - - 799.37
EA N.10'OO' E. n anng - _359.11
650
Bearing = S. 65' 48' 30" W.

CORRECTED
Lines LAT DEP LAT DEP @ Corrected bearing for line EA:
AB - 299 +843.58 -296.49 +840.57 ta be' +112.47
BC -281.99 +140.39 -279.62 +13989 n anng = + 645.51
CD -362.16 -796.53 -359.11 -799.37
Bearing = N. 9' 53' 01" E
DE +287.29 -292.52 +289.71 -293.56
EA +640.13 +112.87 +645.51 +112.47
-943.15 -1089.05
+927.42 +1096.84
1870.57 2184.89 Sum of lat & dep.
: 15.73 +7.79 Error
 S-12]

ABU OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

@ Area enclosed by the traverse:

3

i$Cpmputelhe b~arinsqfline4.t.
·~· •. ··.ColTlPu~ .•thE!.dlstal'l~9f •~l®.4 ••• 1.••••
tID9Wl1PW
t$vetse.e ·the51t~~WWI(l~~9l)}'
... . ... . fhe B

Solution:
A'
The sketch shows that the traverse lines 1 - 2
and 3 - 4 crossed each other, hence we could From Plane Trigonometry: 74.85
not adopt the DMD method of determining its
area. Area of triangle ABC =~ a c sin B

Lines Bearina Distance LAT DEP Using the Law of Sine:

1-2 N48'30'W 81.00 +53.70 -60.70 _c a_
2-3 N77'00' E 66.00 +14.85 +64.30 Sin C-SinA
3-4 S55'OO'W 94.00 - 53.90 -77.00 a Sin C
+14.65 -73.40
c= Sin A
4-1
~ (a) (a) Sin CSin B
(j) Bearing ofline 4 - 1: Area = Sin A
.~ - a2 Sin BSin C
tan beanng = lat Area - 2 Sin A
. 73.40
tan beanng = 14.65 Considering triangle 230:
Bearing = S 78'42' E A _(66)2 Sin 22' Sin 54'30'
1- 2 Sin 103'20'
Al = 683 sq.m.
@ Distance of side 4 - 1:
. _ Departure Considering triangle 014:
Distance - Sin bearing A - (74.85)2 Sin 46'18' Sin 30'12'
. 73.40 2- 2 Sin 103'30'
Distance = Sin 78'42' A2 =1046 sq.m.
Distance (4 -1) = 74.85 m. Total area =Al +A2
A=683 + 1046
A = 1729 sq.m,
S-122

AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

G
r. . .

~
Ind 5 ". 2
B

LINES BEARING DISTANCES

1-2 S 10'00' E 485.00
.4 c
2-3 N 56'00' E 780.00
3-4 N63'OOW 975.00
4-5 ........ ........
. ( ) 622.59
5-1 S33'OO'W 890.00 tan Beanng 4 - 5 =345.24
Bearing (4 - 5) =N 60'59' E
Solution:
@ Distance of line 4 - 5:
. . 622.59
D/stance (4 - 5) =Sin 60'59'
Distance (4 - 5) =711,90 m.

@ Area enclosed by the line 3 - 4, 4 - 5 and

5" 1:
A = bc Sin A
2
2 c b
Sin C~ Sin B
CD Bearing of line 4 - 5:
bSin C
c= Sin B
Lines Bearina Distances LAT DEP
5-1 S33'W 890 - 746.42 - 484.73 A _ b2 Sin A Sin C
1- 2 S 10' E 485 - 477.63 +84.22 2 Sin B
2-3 N56' E 780 +436.17 +646.65
3-4 N63'W 575 +442.64 - 868.73 Area of shaded section
+345.84 +622.59 =(711.90}2 Sin 56'01' Sin 27' 59
+878.81 +730.87 A
2 Sin 96'
- 1224.05 - 1353.46
A =99169.28 m2
- 345.24 - 622.59
 5-123

AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

@ Distance of line 5 - 1:
53.51
Distance (5 - 1) Sin 54'20'
A Civil Engineer, in his haste, forgot to record Distance (5 -1):: 65,86 m,
the data of the closing line of his traverse, the
field noles of which reflects the following @ Area enclosed by the traverse:
record. A _ (65.86)2 Sin 16' Sin 80:40'
1- 2Sin 83'20'
A1 :: 593.91 sq.m.
Using Sine Law:

5
(j) Compute the bearing of line 5- 1.
@ Compute the distance oHine 5 -1. .
@ Compute the area enclosed by the
traverse.
Solution:
Sketch the traverse and nnd out if the lines do
not intersect each other, if so, then application
of DMD in determining the area will not suffice.

5
x _ 65.86
Sin 80'40' - Sin 83'20'
4 x:: 65.43
y 65.86
Sin 16' :: Sin 83'20'
Y:: 18.28 m.

3
Distance 4 to 0:: 108.64 - 18.28
Distance 4to 0:: 90.36
I (j) Bearing of line 5 - 1: Distance 2 to 0:: 140.25 - 65.43
Distance 2 to 0:: 74.82
Lines Bearinq Distance LAT DEP
- 90.36 (74.82) Sin 83'20'
1- 2 S 30'20' E 140.25 -110.02 +86.99 Ar 2
2-3 S51'57' W 77.52 -47.78 - 61.04 A2 :: 3357.49 sq.m.
3-4 N49'10'W 65.10 +42.57 -~.26 - 65.10(77.52)Sio 101'07'
4-5 N45'00' E 108.64 +76.82 +76.82 A3- 2
5-1 +38.41 53.51 A3 =2475.90 sq.m.
53.51 Total A:: A1 + A2 + A3
tan bearing (5 -1):: 38.41
A:: 593.91 +3357.49 + 2475.90
Bearing (5 -1):: N 54'20' W A :: 6427.30 sq.m.
8-124

AREA OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

Solution:
cD Location of the point of intersection of the
overlapping areas from corner 4 of lot
PSU-171211:
AC 33.86
Sin 87'18' =Sin 53'30'
AC=42.08
The point of intersection from comer 4
= 56.65 ·42.08
= 14.57

® •Location of the point of intersection of the

overlapping areas from corner 5 of lot
PStJ-187773:
BC 33.86
Sin 39'12':;: Sin 53'30'
BC= 26.62
Point of intersection from comer 5
= 37.74·26.62
= 11.12

® Area of the overlapping portion:

A =33.86 (42.08) Sin 39'12'
2
A =450.20 sq.m.

B
li.lilill1ll
~CteS.···· ».. .
1

('
 S-12~

AREA OF CLOSED TRf"VERSE

Solution:
CD DMD afline 3 - 4:

LINES DEP DMD

1-2 - 40.12 - 40.12
2-3 - 36.82 -117.06
3-4 + 50.42 -103.46
4-5 + 30.36 - 22.68
5-6 - 52.34 - 44.66
6-1 +48.50 ·48.50

DMD afline 3 - 4 = • 103.46

@ DPDafline4- 5:

LINES LAT DPO

1-2 + 80.16 +80.16
2-3 - 40.13 + 120.19
3-4 + 70.18 + 150.24
4-5 - 30.14 + 190.28 Solution:
5-6 +60.20 +220.34 CD BeiJring ofline FA:
6-1 -140.27 +140.27
Lines Bearina Distance LAT. DEP.
DPD ofline 4 - 5 = + 1190.28 AB N. 20' E. 17.42 +16.37 +5.96
Be N.68' E. 18.46 +6.92 +17.12
@ Area of Jot: CD S. 22' E. 22.40 -20.n +8.39
DE S.40·W. 12.60 - 9.65 -8.10
LINES LAT OM) DOUBLE AREA
EF S.62'W. 10.20 -4:79 - 9.01
(LATxDMD)
1-2 +80.16 - 40.12 - 3216.02
FA - - +11.92 -14.36
2·3' -40.13 -117.06 +4697.62
3-4
4-5
+70.18
-30.14
-103.46
- 22.68
- 7260.82
+683.58
tan bearing = f!i
5-6 +60.20 - 44.66 - 2688.53 · 14.36
tan beanng = 11.92
6-1 -140.27 -48.50 +6803.10
- 13165.37 Bearing FA = NSO'18' W
+ 12184.30
2A =-981.07
@ Distance FA:
A= 490.54
A= 490.54 O' t - Dep
IS ance - Sin bearing
4047
A= 0.121 acres 'D' t 14.36
Isance::: Sin 50'18'
Distance::: 18.66 m.
S-126

AREA OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

® Area of closed traverse: . 10.79

tangent beanng =53.47
Lines LAT. DEP. D\1D Double
Area tangent bearing = S. 11'24' W
AB +16.37 +5.96 +5.96 +97.51
BC +6.92 +17.12 +29.04 +200.96 ® Distance DA:
CD -20.n +8.39 +54.55 -1133.00 .t 10.79
DE -9.65 -8.10 +54.84 - 529.21 DIS ance =Sin 11'24'
EF -4.79 - 9.01 +37.73 -180.73 Distance =54.55 m.
FA +11.92 -14.36 +14.36 +171.17
=-
2A 373.24 @ Area:
A = 186.62
_ 3745.01 m2
A = 186.62 Area - 4047
4047
A=0.046 acres Area = 0.925 acres

Solution:
I!rll.ill~
CD Bearing DA: Solution:
CD Bearing of line 4. - 1:
LINES BEARING DISTANCES
AB S.8'S1'W. 126.90 m. Line: LAT DEP O'v1D Double
BC N.1S'S1'W. 90.20 m. Area
CD N. 32'27' E. 110.80 m. 1-2 +104.1( +60.10 +60.10 3760102.4
DA - - 2-3 + 18.75 +88.23 +208.43 +3908.06
3-4 - 74.97 +46.84 +343.5 -25752.20
Line LAT DEP lJv1D 2A
4 -1 -47.88 -195.17 +195.17 - 9344.74
AB -125.3£ -19.52 -19.52 +2447.61 2A = 3728913.53
BC +8S.36 - 29.14 - 68.18 - 5819.84
CD +93.50 - 59.45 - 37.87 - 3540.85 ' 195.17
DE - 53.47 -10.79 +10.79 - 576.94 tangentbeanng = 47.88
2A = 7490.02 tangent bearing =S. 76'13' W
A = 3745.01 m2
 5-127

AREA OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

@ Distance 4 - 1: @ Area oflot in acres:

195.17 Area = 4800 m2 .
=
Sin 76'13' 4800
= 200,96 Area =4047
Area = 1.186 acres
@ DMD ofline 3-4 =+ 3434,5

® Area = 1,864,456.77
Area = 186.45 hectares

fr9mth~~Wem~~#9fl~ry9<h~ymSIM
fplloWil'lgr.lB1a ,C()fJ1Pule'fhejfq1IriWing(> ..

tiNES l. tAl1WP/l'· DI1J'Af\r~

... ,
o.;;}\ <90<· ······>+50 .
CD 09Ublemeridtandist~~{)fllheC8' .
® j)oup~par<llfeldist~%~.oflillElGP' .
@ Ateaoftracl()flan¢il'la¢res. ... .. Solution:
CD Bearing of CD:
Solution: Double area = Lat x DMD
CD DMD ofline CD: - 8108.71 = Y(189.50)
y=-42.79
LAT DEP DMD 2A Lat. CD =- 42.79
+40 -80 - 80 - 3200 Dep. CD = +13.36
+80
- 30
-40
+70
-200
-170
-16000
+ 5100
tan bearing =f!i
-90 +50 -50 + 4500 t b . 13.36
2A = - 9600 an eanng = 42.79
A= 4800ml Bearing = S 17'20' E
DMD of/ine CD =. 170
® OMD of/ine DE:
@ DPD ofline CD: + 16.03
+72.04
LAT DEP DPD + 13.36
+40 - 80 +40 +101.43
+80 -40 +160 - 48.18
- 30 +70 +210
- 53.25
- 90 +50 +90 Dep. ofDE =. 53.25
OPO ofline CD = + 210
5-128

AREA OF ClOSED TRAVERSE

® Area of the 5 sided lot in acres. Solution:

CD Bearing ofline 3 - 4:
Lines LAT DEP. ()\1() Double LAT(DMD) = Double area
Area Lat (186) =- 5580
AB +57.81 + 16.03 + 16.03 +926.69 Lat=- 30
Be - 9.63 +72.04 +104.10 -1002.48
OJ - 42.79 + 13.36 +189.50 - 8108.71 tan bearing =~
DE - 18.75 - 53.25 +149.61 - 2805.19
·
EA + 13.36 - 48.18 +48.18 +643.68 tan beanng =_1430
2A = 10346.01 Bearing = S 25'01' E
A =5173.005 m2
® DMD ofline 4-5:
I+LAT I-LAT
+57.81 -42.79 Course La! OeD ()\1()
+ 13.36 -18.75 1- 2 +60 +16 +16
+ 71.17 -61.54 2-3 -14 +70 +102
3-4 - 30 +14 +186
x = 71.17 - 61.54 4-5 -28 -54 +146
x=-9.63 5-1 +12 -46 +46
A = 5173.005 m2
Latof2-3:
A = 5173.005
4047 60 +12-30-28= 14
A =1.278 acres Depof4-5:
16 + 70 + 14 - 46 =54
DMD ofline 4 -5 =+146

® Area oflot:

Lines LAT DEP DMD Double

Area
1- 2 +60 +16 +16 +960
2-3 -14 +70 +102 -1428
3-4 -30 +14 +186 -5580
4-5 -28 -54 +146 -4088
5-1 +12 -46 +46 +552
2A =9584
A =4792 m2
4792
Area =4047
Area = 1.184 acres
 5-129

.AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

® Area of whole lot:

LINES LAT DMD DOUBLE
We.fOIlO\'ii.,~ • • cl<ita9f.~.relq~tionsurveyof
AREA
QOn•• Marian().E.sClJtIElr().i~Jo~·.rec()nstl\lot~; AB - 310.95 +469.84 -146096.75
Be - 640.21 +1052.55 -673853.04
CD +28.80 +65.8 +1895.04
IUne: I I ~ ~'. . Double DE +576.94 -1055.68 - 609064.02
.... .hea
AS .31().95+469J~4·. <.:.:.: I··· < •.....
EA +345.42 - 538.77 -186101.93
2A =1613220.70
BG-':':;' • • ·+112,87 1"+':·l!)7~1p.93
A = 806610.35 m2
··a)"·~·'··109M2 +es.a0+1895;04
DE +576.94 >\-_.: .
EN +345.42+538>77>

An englnee; sets upa lTaJiSil at apoint inside a

triangular lot and observes' the bearinfjS and
distances of the corners A, Band C ofthelbt
Solution: as follows:
CD Bearing of line CD:
. CORNERS BEARING
Double area = Lat xDMD
1895.04 = Lat (65.80)
Lat= +28.80

tan bearing =~ ill Compute the area of the triangUlar lot.

@) .Compute the perimeter of the lot.
. -1099.62 ® • If the bearing from C to thepolnl instdethe
tan beanng = +28.80
. . trian.gular lot is due north. compute lhe
bearing = N. 88'30' W beanng of CB. ...

Solution:
® DMD of line DE: CD Area of the triangular lot:

LINES DEP DMD A

AB +469.84 +469.84 B
Be +112.87 +1052.55
CD -1099.62 +65.8
DE - 21.86 -1055.68
EA +538.77 - 538.77

DMD ofline DE =• 1055.68

c
5-130

AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

- 17(22) Sin 105'

A1- 2
A, =180.63
- 22(32) Sin 110'
A2- 2
A2=330.77
- 32(17) Sin 145'
Ar 2
A3 =156.01

A=A, +A 2 +A 3
A =667.41 m2

CV Perimeter of the lot:

(AB)2 = (17)2 +(22)2 - 2(17)(22) Cos 105'
AB = 31.09 m.
(BCf =(22)2 + (32)2 - 2(22)(32) Cos 110'
BC=44.60m.
(AC)2 =(17)2 + (32)2 - 2(17)(32) Cos 145'
AC=46.95 m.
CD¢omPOI~tI'\ebMtltl9()tlioeDE.
@QQflJ@l~tt1El~@MOfllne EA·
@CarnpLJiEnft$ar~()fthel()t
Solution:
Line~BearinQ Distance LAT DEP
AB S 35'30'W 44.37 - 36.12 -25.77
BC N5T15'W 137.84 +74.57 -115.93
CD N 1'45' E 12.83 +1282 +0.39
DE .. --- --- - 51.27 +14131
~

Perimeter = 31.09 + 44.60 +46.95

E
Perimeter =122.64 m.

@ Bearing of CB:
22 44.60
Sin 8 =Sin 110'
c
8 =27'37'
B

Bearing of CB = N. 27'37' E.

D
 5-131

MISSING DATA

CD Bearing of line DE:

Bearing and distance of line DA:
. 141.31
tan beanng = 51.27
Bearing (DA) = S 70'04' E.
141.31
Distance (DA) =Sin 70'04' =150.31 m.

Considering triangle DCA:

Using Cosine Law:
(64.86)2 = (106.72f + (150.31)2
·2(150.31)(106.72) Cos .,
., =21'52"
<D Compute the bearing of Hne BC.
Using Sine Law: ® Compute the distance of line DE..
Sin B Sin 21'52 ® Compute the area of the lot. .
106.72 - 64.86
B=37'48' Solution:
Sin 21'52' _ Sin a Line~
Bearina Distance LAT DEP
64.86 - 150.31 OE S 8'51' W 126.9 125.39 -19.52
Ct =120'20' EA N 18'51' W 90.2 +85.42 - 28.96
AB N 32'21E 110.8 +93.50 +59.45
?earing ofline DE = N, 72'08' E. BO - 53.53 -10.97
® Bearing of line EA: Note: OE is equal and parallel to CD, likewise
Bearing ofline EA =70'04' - 21'52' CO is equal and parallel to line DE.
Bearing of line EA =S. 48'12' E.

@ Area of the lot:

A

Line~ Bearina Distance LAT DI;:P

AB S 35'30'W 44.36 - 36.13 -25.77
BC N 57'15'W 137.84 +74.56 115.93
CD N 1'45' E 12.83 +12.82 +0.39
DE N 72'08' E 64.86 +19.90 +61.74
EA S. 48'12' E 106.72 - 71.15 +79.57 E

Bearing and distance of line (BO)

Lines DIv1D 2A . 10.97
tan beanng =53.53
AB - 25.77 + 931.07
BC -167.47 - 12486.56 Bearing of (BO) =S 11 '35' W
CD - 283.01 - 3628.19 ·
DIstance (BO) 10.97
= Sin 1-1' 35'
DE -220.88 ·4395.51
Distance (BO) =54.65 m.
EA ·79.57 + 5661.41
B
2A = 13917.78
A = 6958.89

Area of the lot = 6958.89

o~----:;;L.~C
5-132

MISSING DATA

Consider the triangle BOC

Angle BOC = 73'31' - 11'35'
Angle BOC = 61'56'
Sin '" Sin 61'56'
54.65 = 83.6
'" = 35'14'

CD Bearing ofline BC:

<D G®JpqtElth~fJil§singsi(jEl~P­
~QomPllt<ltherllis$l@sideQA .. ",., ,,'•• ',.,
~ • • C®@t~.tfIe.~r~a.of.tfIe • (()~itlMre$ .•,

B =180 - 61'56' - 35'14' Solution:

B =180 - 90'10' CD SideBC:
B=82'5O'
B
Bearing of line BC = S 71'15' E

~ DIstance of line DE:

OC _ 83.6
Sin 62'50' - Sin 61'56'
OC= 94.00 m.
OC=DE
Distance of line DE =94,00 m.

@ Area of the lot: BC 73.2

Sin 60' = Sin 45
Line~Bearinq Distance LAT DEP BC= 89.65m.
AB N32'2TE 110.8 +93.50 +59.45
BC S 71'15' E 83.60 ·26.87 +79.16 ® SideCA:
CD S8'51'W 126.90 125.39 -19.52 CA 73.2
DE S 73'31'W 94.00 -26.66 - 90.13 Sin 75' = Sin 45'
EA N 18'44'W 90.20 +85.42 - 28.96 CA = 99.99m.

Lines LAT Drv'ID 2A @ Area ofABC:

AB +93.50 +59.45 +5558.58 A = (73.2)(99.99) Sin 60'
BC - 26.87 +198.06 - 5321.87 2
CD -125.39 +257.70 -32313.00 A = 3169.34 m2
DE - 26.66 +148.05 - 3947.01 A = 3169.34
+28.96 4047
EA +85.42 +2473.76
A = 0.783 acres
2A = 33549.54
A = 16774.77
Note: 4047 m2 =1 acre
Area of the lot =16774.77 sq.m.
 S-l32-A
MISSING DATA

Using Cosine Law:

(64.86)2 = (150;32)2 +(107.72)2
- 2(150.32)(1()7.72) Cos e
The technical description of a closed traverse
is as follows. e = 22' 09'
LINE DISTANCE(m) BEARING 107.72 = 64.86
1-2 64.86 ?
Sin B Sin 22' 09'
2-3 107.72 ?
B = 38' 47' .
3-4 44.37 S. 35' 30'W.
4-5 137.84 N. 57' 15' W. AzilTl.uth of line 1 to 3 = 360' - 70' 03'
12.83 N. l' 45' E. Azimuth of line 1 to 3 = 289' 57'
5- 1
Find the bearing of line 1- 2.
(j) Azimuth of line 1- 2 = 289'57' - 38'47'
® Find the bearing of line 2- 3. Azimuth of line 1- 2 = 251' 10'
@ Find the area of the closed traverse. Bearing of line 1- 2 =N. 71'10' E.

Solution: ® Bearing of line 2 - 3:

(j) Bearing of line 1 - 2: Azimuth of line 2 - 3 = 289' 57' - 22' 09'
Azimuth of line 2 - 3 = 312' 06'
Bearing of line 2 - 3 =S 47~ 54' E.

@ Area of closed traverse:

Line Bearina Dist LAT

1-2 N.71'10'E 64.86 +20.94
2-3 S.47'54'E 107.72 - 72.21
3-4 S.35·30'W 44.37 - 36.12
4-5 N.5T15'W 137.84 +74.57
5-1 N.1'45'E 12.83 +12.82
4
+108.33
-108.33
Lines Bearin!l Distance LAT DEP
3-4 S.35·30'W 44.37 -36.12 -25.77
4·5 N.57'15'W 137.84 +74.57 -115.93
5 -1 +12.82 Line DEP DMD Double
N."45'E 12.83 +0.39
1-5 -51.27 +141.31
Area
1-2 +61.39 +61.39 +1285.51
Bearing afline 1-3: 2-3 +79.92 +202.70 -14636.97
3-4 - 25.77 +256.85 - 9277.42
· 141.31 -115.93 +8586.74
ta n beanng=-- 4-5 +115.15
51.27 5-1 + 0.39 -0.39 -'5.00
Bearing of line 1-3 =S. 70' 03' E. +141.70 2A=-14047.14
- 141.70 A=-7023.57

Distance = 141.31 Area = 7023.57 m2

Sin 70' 03'
Distance =150.32 m.
S-l32-B
MISSING DATA

A closed traversed shows tabulated values of

latitudes and departures. Given the following descriptions of a four sided
lot.
LINES LATITUDE DEPARTURE
1- 2 + 84.60 --- LINE BEARING DISTANCE
2-3 + 95.32 c 56.11 AB N 30'30' E. 56.5m.
3-4 + 62.66 - 57.52 BC N75'30'W 46.5m.
4-5 ·48.16 - 31.40 CD S45'30'W 87.5 m.
5-6 -43.04 + 59.70 DA ... ---
6 -1 - -- +47.63
<D What is the length of line DA?
<D Compute the DMD ofline 3 - 4. @ What is the bearing of line DA?
@ Compute the length of line 6 to 1. @ Compute the area of the enclosed
@ Compute the bearing of line 6 to 1. traverse.
Solution:
<D DMD of line 3 - 4. Solution:
Latitude of (6 - 1) <D Length of line DA:
~(Iatitude) = 0 LINE LAT DEP
84.60 + 95.32 + 62.66 ·48.16 - 43.04 - Y= 0 AB +48.68 + 28.68
y= -151.38 BC + 11.64 - 45.09
Departure of (1 - 2) CD . -61.33 - 62.41
L(departure) = 0 DA + 1.01 + 78.82
x- 56.11- 57.52 - 31.40+59.70+47.63 =0
x = 37.70
Distance DA =..J(+ 1.01)2 + (78.82)2
LINES LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD Distance DA = 78.83 m.
1- 2 +84.60 +37.70 37.70
2-3 +95.32 -56.11 19.29
3-4 +62.66 - 57.52 - 94.34 @ Bearing of line DA:
4-5 - 48.16 - 31.40 -183.26 78.82
5-6 - 43.04 +59.70 -154.96 tan 11 = "'1.ii1
6-1 -151.38 +47.63 - 47.63
11 = 78'02'
DMD of line 3 - 4 = • 94.34 Bearing ofDA =N 78'02' E.
@ Length of line 6 to 1.
(Dislance)2 =(latitude)2 + (departuref
(0 6 _1)2 = (- 151.38)2 + (47.63)2 1.
@ Area of the enclosed traverse:
0 6 _1 =158.70 m. w- - I
LINE tAT OEP OMO POA
@ Bearing of line 6 10 1. AB + 48.68 + 28.68 +28.68 +1396.14
43.63 BC + 11.64 - 45.09 + 12.27 + 142.82
tan e =151.38 ·151.38 CD - 61 .33 - 62.41 - 95.23 + 5840.46
8 = 11' 29' DA + 1.01 + 78.82 2A= 7299.81
:. Bearing is S 17" 29' E A=3,649.91 m2
s
 5-133

MISSING DATA

Using Sine Law:

30.17 24.22
Sin 95'13' - Sin f3
f3 =53'05'

Bearing CA =69'11' - 53'05'

Bearing CA =N 16'06' W

Using Sine Law:

0) FindlhedisfahooDAinmeters,
@ • • FilldthedistandeCtlinr1lefers:
@FiodtM<ilreM6sQ,m,
Solution:
CD Distance DA in meters,'
,,=180- (15'36' +69'11')
,,=95'13' c
Using Cosine Law,' DA _ 30,17
(AC)2 = (2422)2 + (15.92)2 Sin 74'04' - Sin 22'45'
- 2(24.22)(15.92) Cos 95'13' DA= 75.02m.
AC =30.17
® Distance CD in meters:
30.17 CD
Sin 22'45' =Sin 83'11'
CD= 77.47

@ Area in sq.m:

LINES BEARING DISTANCES

AB S. 15'36' W. 24.22 m.
BC S. 69'11' E. 15.92 m.
CD N. 57'58' E. 77.47 m.
DA S. 80'43' W. 75.02 m.
A
Lines LAT DEP DMD 2A
AB - 23.33 -6.51 - 6.51 +151.88
BC - 5.66 +14.88 +1.86 - 10.53
CD +41.09 +65.67 +82.41 +3386.23
DA -12.10 -7404 +74.04 - 895.88
2A - 2631.7
A =1315.85 m2
c
S-134

MISSING DATA

0). Q()/1'\plJt~ffl¢loW~09!tll)tttiet~~;
@ .QptlJp~te:thei)~n1~thQflitj~.9A' • • • • "•• • '• ".
@~llte:tl'w!!lreai:lftl'w!klOOllcre$. .
Solution:
<D Total length of traverse:
Solution:
N

(AC)2 = (1200)2 + (1400)2

- 2(1200)(1400) Cos 59'
<D Distance AB: AC = 1292.08 m.
AB 129.86
Sin 58' = Sin 60' Total length of traverse
AB = 127,16 m, = 1200 + 1400 +1292.08
=3892.08 m.
® Distance CD:
x 129.86 ® Azimuth of line CA:
Sin 62' =Sin 60' Sin 8 _ Sin 59'
x = 132.40rn. 1200 -1292.08
CD= 132AOm. e = 52'45'
Bearing =N. 66'45' W.
@ Area of lot:
Azimuth of CA =113'15'
A= t? - b,2
2 (Cot e + Cot ~) @ Area of lot:
A = (380.48)2 - (250.62)2 A 1200 (1400) Sin 59'
2 (Cot 62' + Cot 58') 2
A = 34084.72 A = 720020.53 m3
A = 34084.12 A =720020.53
4047 4047
A= 8,42 acres A =177.91 acres
 S-BS

MISSING DATA

(j) • • • COlTll?ute.~.~te~.(lf.~k)tirlacre$·
~q()mput~th~mi$Sing~l$~np~9:tM~1.g.
@GqnlPu!$JhemlssiQ99~f1jnpe(1f1jnl'l4<t ®ql>l'fJPlJlE!fh~affl~Qf:~MA9tj~SQQ~r~
Solution:
CD Area of the lot:
.®.. ¢Bi'le.IDe.djstahce.6flin~.~
• .• 3,•• • • • • • • ·•
@ . COll1putE!!tlE!~i$~o®mll~~3"4·

Solution:
CD Area of lot in square meters:

4
A 216.60(116.40) Sin 34'
rea = 2
216.60(174.40) Sin 24'
+ 2 4
Area = 14731.50 m2
A - 14731.50 - 142(260) Sin 36' 260(240) Sin 62'
rea - 4047 Area - 2 + 2
Area = 3.64 acres Area =38,398.48 sq.m. ".
® Distance 1 - 2:
(1 - 2)2 =(216.60)2 + (116.40)2 ® Distance 2 - 3:
·2(216.60)(116.40) Cos 34' (2 - 3)2 =(142)2 + (26W - 2(142)(260) Cos 36'
Distance 1- 2 =136.60 m, Une (2 - 3) =167.41 m.

® Distance 4 - 1: ® Distance 3 - 4.
(4-'1)2 =(174.40)2 +(216.60)2 (3 - 4)2 = (260)2 +(24W - 2(260)(240) Cos 62'
- 2(174.40)(216.60) Cos 24' Une (3 - 4) =258.09 m.
Distance 4 - 1 =91,17 m.
S-136

MISSING DATA

~~'eI!ijt~I~I~~tlS~b~!hiClbS0~
·1·.··.~I~:I·~~.a;I~~8.10t .• • •. . .
Solution:
Solution: CD Area of closed traversed:
CD Area of lot:

- (120)(220) Sin 34' 220 (180) Sin 24'

Area- 2 + 2 Area = 1400(1800) Sin 57'
Area =15434.73 2
15434.73 Area = 1056724.92 m2
Area=400- - 1056724.92
Area - 4047
Area =3.81 acres
Area =261.11 acres
® Distance AB:
(AB)2 =(120)2 + (220)2 - 2(120)(220) Cos 34' ® Total perimeter of lot:
AB = 137.94 m. .;. = (1400)2 + (1800)2.2(1400)(1800) Cos 57'
x = 1566.85 m.
@ Distance DA:
(DA)2 = (180}2 + (220f - 2(180)(220) Cos 24' Totalperimeter= 1400 + 1800 + 1566.85
DA =91.91 m. Total perimeter =4766.85 m.
 5-137

MISSING DATA

® Bearing of 3-1: ® Side AD:

B
1800 1566.85
Sin e = Sin 57' c

e = 74' 28'
11 = 180·45' • 74'28' A
11 = 60'32'
Bearing of 3-1 is N 60'32' W

D
AD=BE
BE 100
Sin 77' =Sin 41'
BE = 148.52 m.
® Areaoflot:
_ (25Of· (150)2
A - 2 (cot 77' + cot 62')
A =26,226.84 sq.m.

.(!).. . yM}put~fM~l$$m~$l~~~p .• • • • • • • • • • •·•· . FfQlllfh~giYMJfl~h~'~~I~~~pt~~.Clf~@t.

•1••6~~ill1.i~~rl~~ldt6t~~·.··············· I..JNES> ·BSARIN~S<DISTANCE;S

.N4a'20·/E·.·.····. .·•·•·••·.·.S29,6QIrL..
. 592mOrtl/
Solution: S63.60m.
CD Side BC:

Q) GClmpllte thebeal"ihg (jfline DE..

® ComputetIJ$beanr19oflineBC.
® ComputelhearaaofthelOt
Solution:
Draw a line BO parallel to CD at B:
B

BC 100
Sin 62' =Sin 41'
BC = 134.58 m.
E
Closing Line
S-138

MISSING DATA

CD Bearing ofline DE: @ Area of/of:

Line Bearinas Distances LAT DEP LINES BEARING DISTANCES

EA N48'12'W 428.20 +285.41 - 319.21 AB N.48'20' E. 529.60
AB N48'20'E 529.60 +352.10 +395.60 BC N. 87'33' E. 592.00
BO S70'59' E 563.60 - 558.14 +78.24 a> S. 7'59' E. 563.60
- 79.37 -154.63 DE S.82'01'W. 753.40
EA N.48'12'W. 428.20
. (DE) 154.63
tan Beanng. = 79.37
Lines LAT DEP DMD 2A
Bearing (DE) =S 62'50' W AB +352.01 +395.60 +395.60 +139278.89
BC +25.31 +591.44 +1382.64 +34994.62
0 IS, tance (DE) = Sin-62'80'
154.63
+2052.36 - 1145524.73
CD - 558.1' +78.28
OE= 173.81 m. DE -104.64 - 746.12 +1384.52 -144876.17
AE +285.41 - 319.20 +319.20 +91102.87
2A =- 1025024.52
Consider triangle ODE: A= 512,512,26 m2

Using Cosine Law:

(592)2 = (193.81~ + (753.40~
- 2(173.81)(753.40) Cos '"
0=19'11'
Bearing (ED) =62'SO' +19'11'
cD Pl)rop@~tM~j:lian®6(; .•.•. .•.
® C()lttplJt¢tbedi~~A13.<
Bearing (ED) =N82'01' E @ CotnputelheareabYOMOmelhod.
Bearing ofDE =S 82'01' W
Solution:
® Bearing of/ine BC:
Sin a _ Sin 19'11'
173.81 - 592.00
a =5'32'
Bearing DO =82'01' +5'32'
Bearing DO =S87'33' W
OO=BC
Bearing BC = N 87'33' E
 S-139

MISSING DATA

CD Distance BC:
Using Cosine Law:
(AC)2 = (75~ + (77.45~ - 2(75)(77.45) Cos 22'45'
In.!he•• surveY•• ofl3..()~$~d§t • willl·.flve.@dll$,
AC=30.16 m. ~M • f~lIE)wi~g • ~~til~r~.gliJe9.Wher~ • I(l•• all·•• m~
Sin" Sin 22'45' ~~ril1~.llf'ldAlstM~ciflillsjq~8"X'cllJ:l1th8"
T = 30.16 I~Q~~$()f~~~s;4f§~n95+.t~.mnittecl· • • • • •·
" =74'05'
74'05' - 57'58' = 16'Or
l..lNSS> . ElEARlNG<
1)2 ···S73'21'E<
Bearing (AC)= S 16'07' E •·· · • ·•• S4l))1Q\E·.·•. • • ·
Angle B4C = 16'07' + 15'36' · · • S2ef4ZW)·
Angle BAC =31'43' • ·•· • • ·N14'20~W)··
Angle BCA =69'11' -16'07'
Angle BCA =53'04'
ill ¢0mPute.tI'l~.qi$¥tn®pfll~.e.4." • 1,
® qolTIpQle.tI1~di~t~Il(;eQHllle4 • • ~.
Using Sine Law, @" ()ornplit~·tfu!·l.li~~~otline$.· • 1•.
Considering triangle ABC:
30.16 BC
Sin 95'13' =Sin 31'43'
BC= 15,92m.

@ Distance AB:
30.16 AB 4
Sin 95'13' = Sin 53'04'
AB= 24.21 m. Solution:
CD Distance of line 4 . 1:
® Area by DMD method:
Linel Bearina Distance LAT DEP
1-2 S 73'21' E 247.20 -70.83 +236.83
Line Bearinas Distances LAT DEP 2-3 S40'10' E 154.30 -117.91 +99.53
AB S 15'36'W 24.21 m -23.32 - 6.51 3-4 S26'42' W 611.90 -546.65 -274.94
BC S69'11' E 15.92 m ·5.66 +14.88
CD N57'58' E 75.45 m -41.07 +65.66
DA S80'43'W 75.00m -12.00 - 74.03 tan bearing = o/J
. 61.42
Line~ LAT DEP DMD Double tan beanng= 735.39
Alea Bearing (4 -1) =N4'47' W
AB -23.32 -6.51 -6.51 +151.81
Be - 5.66 +14.88 -1.86 -10.53 Distance (4 -1) = Si~~47'
CD +41.07 +65.66 +82:40 +3384.17 ·t 61.42
DIS ance =Sin 4'47'
DA -12.09 -74.03 +74.03 -895.02
2A =630.43 Distance =746.53 m.
A=1315.22 rTf
 5-140

MISSING DATA

@ Distance of line 4• 5:
Consider triangle 1- 4 - 5:

r~~
[
100

,,= 14'20' ·4'47 --"

,,=9'33'
a. = 12'20' +4'47 AC==:;;;==::jD
0.= 17'07
f!, =180·9'33' • 17'07
f!, =153'20'

Using Sine Law:

736.54 _ (4 - 5)
Sin 153'20' - Sin 17'07 Solution:·
CD Distance of CD:
Distance (4 - 5) = 483.02 m. CD =--J (100)2 + (60)2
CD = 116.62 m.
@ Distance of line 5- 1:
. 736.54 _ J§.:1L @ Bearing of CD:
Sin 153'20' - Sin 9'33' 50'
tan 8 = 100
Distance (5 -1) = 272.88 m.
8=30'58'

Bearing CD = S. 30'58' E.

@ Floor area of the builidng:

Atrapei4jd~lll*tabc~~astrefbH(lwiM
.~niqElld~p~fln~ho~~.be'9V1· • • A6~tBrey
cqncrele.~4I1diry9j$tq~~¢pn~tru!!Ie4Prl • fhe
·.slladedporli()f1.a$ • • shO/,ni•• • \¥h~rei~ •••••• th~
.9(Jlller$tQne··f".@n•• be'p~~~(j.~y • ~JI$Unng
•. 45.nt.ftpl'l1Clllo~gCI) • t~en.3p·m . .·frol1l..C[).
[hebliildlng?lIMHKfallsaJonglhe
$UPdlVl$io?lIn~.m~l.mVtd~$.Wfflr~p~oldal • tPt
.• into.tWb.• equal.afl!as..•• ·GKis·par~llel.toC[}.and
is5fu.#omit. .... . ....
Lf----_~
A - 8 0 - - - - -..- - 0
 5-141

MISSING DATA

LM=~mbi+nb12
m+n
LM= 1(80)2+1(20)2
1+1
LM=58.3Om.
x= 80- 58.30
x=21.70
x 60
y= 100
_ 100 (21.70)
y- 60
y=36.17

.
Triangle FGI is similar to MCD

Area ofshaded section:

A=(45.32 + 29.15) (26.96)
2
A =1003.86 sq.m.

Total floor area ofbuilding

=6(1003.86)
= 6023.16 sq.m.

25 _36.17
a -21.70
a=15m.
fi2 = (25f + (15)2
b = 29.15 m.

Triangle COP is similar to MED

5 36.17
e= 21.70
e=3m.
f 36.17
42 =42.18
f= 36.87 m.
b = 100·36.17
b =63.83 m. <J) • • qompule.the.• dl$lan~()tlihe • ~@ • •
FH =63.83 - 36.07 \IDqoIl1JluleWe<lreaofWE!lotin~qres'<
FH =26.96 m. ®pQmputethel~ngthoflhetliVkJim;rHM
26.96 ~ 36.17 W'hich • • js•• p<lr<l"el•• IQ • lir~ • • t\~ • • ~llCh.ttl<lt • • it
d - 21.70 cliVides.th~ • lot•• jnt°tvm~ls • havi,w.a.rali6
Of .t;2,.theblgger.lot.adjacent.lo.line.CD,
d = 16.17 m.
HK=45.32 m.
 S-142

MISSING DATA

Solution: @ Length of dividing line:

G) Distance BC;

--V
x-
mp 12 +nbl
m+n

--V
x-
2{4(0)2 + (1)(200f
2+1
x=346.41 m.

DE=BC
BC 200
Sin 56' =Sin 60'
BC = 191.46 m,

@ Area:
Area =(PI + ~) h
2
h =191.46 Sin 64'
h =172.08 m. (j) ·Find.o~ijp®~ib@l¢fI9t1l.pt.~ .•••
@)' Andtlnepq~$lblEl)bearing.ofDS .•
A= (200 + 4ooX172.08) ~•.' 8@.,:)notnEl(P()~$ibl~.bllatlrtg • QfD,E.
2
A= 51625 sq.m. Solution:
CD .One possible length of EA:
A =51625
4047 Lines Bearing Distance LAT DEP
A= 12.76 acres AB S30'W 500 -433.01 '-250
Be S 5'04' E 720 - 717.19 +63.59
CD Due west 592 - 592.00
DA ~ .... - .. --- +1150.2 +778.41
 5-143

MISSING DATA

First Possible
Position
.B

.,.::..__--,~-i',-...,c
,, "
,, ""
, ""
'\ "
\ " /
-fl.' ',t'
'b\, ! ;'
\ : ,If
, ' ,
\~/ Second Possible
,E Position
,,
I

. 778.41
tan beanng DA = 1150.2
tan bearing DA = N34'05' E
. 778.41
Distance DA = Sin 34'05'
Distance DA = 1389.03
Considering triangle AED:
Sin" Sin 14'05'
1389.03 = 800
" =25'
a = 180 - 14'05 - 25'
a= 140'55'
AE 800
Sin 140'55 =Sin 14'05 Comers 1 and 4 can be divided on ·tflElgr6und;
AE =2072.72 m. The engineer is to reset comers ~ alld3where
they were originally and determine the titie
® One possible bearing of DE: bearings of all the courses. Dalenf survey
2072.72 800 unknown. Upon runnhiS araJidom line, the
~ = Sin 14'05' random line missed the !iue comer by 1.5 m.
f!,= 39'05' The bearing from the end of the random line to
Bearing DE =34 '05' +39'05' comer 4 was S62'30' E.
Bearing. DE =N. 73'10' E.
Compute the bearing of line. 4 - 1.
(j)
® Second possible bearing of DE @ Compute the distance ofline 4 • 1.
= S. 5' E. @ What was the magnetic declination at the
time of the original survey?
5-144

MISSING DATA

Solution:

SUBDMSION OF AREAS

a) To cut off an area from a given point.

let us say, that the entire area of the

lot is 10,000 sq.m. It is reqUired to divide
the lot into two equal parts such that the
division line shall pass thru comer one of
the lot concern. Bearings and distances of
all courses are known.

CD Bearing ofline 4 - 1:

Lines BearinQ Distance lAT DEP

1- 2 N 16'30' E 105.30 +100.96 +29.91
2-3 N 15'15' E 33.50 +32.32 +8.80
3-4 NT10'W 15.20 +15.08 -1.90
4-1 ........... ....... - -148.36 - 36.82

36.82
tan bearing (4 - ~) = 148.36
Bearing (4 -1) =S 13'56' W
@ Distance of line 4· 1:
36.82
Distance (4 -1) =Sin 13'56
Distance (4 -1) =152.91 m.
@ Magnetic declination:
f12 =(1.5)2 +(152.91 'f
- 2(1.5)(152.91) Cos 103'34'
h = 153.27 m.
Sin 103'34' _ Sin '"
153.27 - 1.5
'" =0'33'
Since the random line is supposed to be the
true position of 1 - 4 based on true bearing,
then the magnetic declination during the
survey is 0'33' E.
Division line
Since it is difficult to approximate the
actual position of the subdivision line, it is
therefore advisable to solve for the bearing
and distance of line 3 to 1. Knowing the
bearing of the line 3-1 and 3-4, '" could be
computed. let us say A1 =2000 sq.m.
only, so we still have 3000 sq.m. more to
be added in order to obtain the required
area. A2 therefore would be equal to
5000 - 2000 =3000 sq.m. Knowing the
distance "a" and the angle "', we could
compute the distance "b" from the relation.
abSin '"
A2 =-2-
A, + A2 =5000 sq.m.
(the required area to be cut off!
 5-145

SDlomSION
)
/
b) To cut off an area by a line whose
direction is given.

This requires a longer computation in

the sense that it would be difficult to
assume the position of the subdivision
line. Let us sayan area of 12,000 sq.m. is
to be segregated from the whole area, the
direction of hte dividing line known (see
sketch below). The total area of the lot is ~ :: h1 - d cot '" - d cot a
40,000 sq.m. and the area to be segregated
is adjacent to the line 2-3. ~ :: h1 - d (cot", + cot a)

2 3
Given values:

A1, h1, '" and a

_(h1 +~)d
A1- 2
r

A1 =[h 1 +h1 - d (cot", + cot a)]

6 5 We could solve for the value of "d"

d=ABSin '"
Thru the comer that seems likely to be
the nearest line cUlling the required area, a d
4c=--
trial. line AD is drawn whose direction is Sin a
given. Distances AD and A2 could be
computed by using trigonometric d
AB=-.-
principles. Considering lines A2, 2-3, 3-4 Sin '"
and 4-A to be closed polygon, its area 2B=2A-AB
could be determined by using D.M.D.
method. Let us say the area of lines A 234 3C=3-4-4C
A is 20,000 sq.m., so there is an excess
area A1 :: 20,000 - 12,000 :: 8,000 sq.m.
Points Band C is now the tru\! position of
The values of '" and a could be the dividing line.
determined cause the bearings of lines A2,
3-4 and 4-A is known, length of line 4-A is
known.
5-146

SUBDIVISION

@ Bearing of dividing line:

c.

~lfh~.~ra~l~a~lj~Q~.~j $esr~~iea • •
541.71 714.68
(j).·..·.•m~~I~iA~e~t~~aio~th~h~@1¢~··· Sin e = Sin 60'
fu~~~~~q.> e =41'02'
•
®....••~tj• t~0 ~~~jS ~~j ~lM'dl:~IT· • li~~.·
• Gf•• • Bearing of diving line BD = S. 78'58' E
@ ·PomI'MElth~t~f\9tfjPfthEl~jViqifflJlil'l~W··············

Solution:
(1) Distance CD:
c ,4.let~b@lIge~b~3~ttfMsht$m~sri~rn~y,
Aa,'N;4S·~,169m,IQng,~q~mt9~M9Qm.

il$!;lilli.
APEisIObe2l~oMhelotal~rfta9flh~~r
Thet6titf!3r~of@l/(Jfi$.11,~~,&~nW.··· ... ..
$·~~¥ml~~lhe~i~~rGElffqmg@A.Y • •.•·•
@q9ImW~lt\~beactr~pO!O~AP'
~¢Ol'YlPllt&thedjs1anceOE. . . ..
.

A Solution:
CD Distance OA:
A= 81g x Sin.60'
190000 180 ~n 60' x
x= 541.71 m.

® Length of dividing line:

(BO)2 =(541.71)2 +(81of
- 2 (541.71)(810) Cos 60'
BO = 741.68 m.
c
 S-147

SUBDIVISION

100 (DA) Sin e _2 (160)(190) Sin e b 2_b}

A = ~---_._--
2 -5 2 2 (cot e + cot (3)
DA= 121.60 _ (3aW· (200)2
A - 2 (cot 70' + cot 58)
® Bearing of/ine AD:
A == 25,282.16 sq.m.
160 (190) Sin e
A= 2 ® Length of dividing line:
A =11,643.88 mb 12 +0d.
e = SO' x= m+n
Bearing ofAD = S. 85' E.
.L~~CJQi
x= 1 +2
@ Distance DE:
(DE)2 = (10W +(121.6)2 - 2(100)(121.6) Cos SO' x= 254.95m.
DE= 95.68 m. ® Distance AE:
a'" 300 - 254.95
a=45.05
~~_ 45.05_
Sin 58' - Sin 52'
AE==48A8 m.

A lot is bounded by 3 straight sides A, 8, C.

cD•• Fihdthe area of the lot in m2 .
i])FincUhe length ofthedivldlng line (EF)
that is parallel to line OA which will divide
thelotinto two equal areas, ..
@i Oetermine the location of arieendof the
dividingllne Efrom comer A along line AB.
AS is N. 45' E. 95 m.long and AC is due East,
88 m. long. From point D, 43 m. from A on
side AB, a dividing line runs to E whiclt is on
side CA. The area ADE is to be 1/7 of the
total area of the lot.
(j) Determine the distance DE.
i]) Determine the bearing of side BC.
@ Determine the distance AE.

Solution: Solution:
CD Area of/of: (j) Distance DE:
S-148

SUBDIVISION

Solution:
cD Area of AFE:
(AE)(43) Sin 45' = .!(95)(88) Sin 45'
272 A _-- -7-_...."
AE = 27.77 m.

Using Cosine law:

(DE)2 = (43)2+(27.77)2 - 2(43)(27.77) Cos45'
DE= 30,52m.

® Bearing of line BC:

(BC)2 = (95)2 + (88)2 - 2(95)(88) Cos 45'
Be = 70.33 m. G K
1

Using Sine Law: AC =~ 'J'2 (60)

~ = 70.33 AC=42.43m.
Sin () Sin 45' 1
Area of AGH= '2 (60)(60) = A1
e = 72'46'
a':: 90' - 72' 46'
. A1 =1800 m2
Area of AEF - 60(60) - 1200
a= 17'14' - 2
Bearing of BC =S, 17'14' E, A2 = 1200trf
® Width of the road:
@ Distance AE: &_(AC)2
AE= 27,77 m. A2 - (AB)2
1800 _ (42.43? .
1200 - (AB)2
AB=34.64
BC =42.43 • 34.64
BC= 7.79m.
BO=2(7.79)
BO = 15.58 m. (width of road)
A_-_----.;.....:.:.;.;,:..."
.The centerline of apfoposed rOadbaving' a.
bearing eIN. 45' E.· passesttm.lug'h the
diagonal of a square lot AHIO having sIdes of'
60 rnx 60 m. !flhe area oCcupied by the
propoSed road Is equal to 1200 sq.l'li· .
CD Compute the area of section AFE, where
Eft IS parallel 10 the dragonal of Ihe square
lot. . ..
® . Compute the widthaf the road. .
@ Qompute Ihe total. perimeter of the
proposed road inside the lot. k:..:1.~,,:,L--------II
 S-149

SUBDIVISION

@ Total perimeter: x (960.22) Sin 40' = 210000

E,c= GH- 7.79(2) 2
x= 680.47
EF =60 -{2 -15.58
EF=69.27m. ® Length of dividing line:
(y)2 = (680.47? '+ (960.22)2
p= 69.27 + 11.02 + 11.02 + 69.27 - 2(680.47)(960.22) Cos 40'
+ 11.02 + 11.02 y= 619.67m.
p= 182.62m.
® Bearing of dividing line:
680.47 _ 619.67
Sin 8 - Sin 40'
8=44'54'
Bearing = S. 84'54' W.
Azimuth = 84'54'

' .
G?tl1ElIO(i$t6@divideasuchlhaftM
M¢~.ottH~$()uthem®~lohW:Rul~be
•. • •· • • •·41q,QPQ.lll{.•·•• GQl'tlPlJtflJf1~P9~~i<l~.9fth~·
i')tb~r~tl~()N~l'ldIJtldit\gliri~jfth~Jine
·iltaHs~ICgm¢rapft@lol·t1<~r&$$the
;ig:..::1'l~w
·•~• • ~:8¥tl.~medf1he • div~,og •
·q}J<Pomp~~.tbl'l.~i1numQfthedividing.iine·
ljrie? • • .• •
ill
'O\lM®rth
QOmpytettle•• ril@;ing•• dlstance•• @C•• is•• the
ar~.Qf.tl1¢IQtls·43560$gm.
Solution: @ CQIllPEJtMMtli$@'l~qfCD.
CD Location ofx from corner 1: ® @rnptJteihebeiilirigCO.
2
Solution:
CD Distance Be:
S-150

SUBDIVISION

200
tan =-
lil
300
lil = 33.69'
Ll = 45' . 33.69' .S4bdi\lide•• the.r()t•• ha'liri~ • • thEl9ivllrttecMiC<l1
Ll = 11.31' de~MPtjon>l/)t() . • MO·.~qW!I • • llrt1JM.·.'oY • ~•. ·lir~·
paralleltQthe sideA6' .... '.' ....''.' .
. =200
Sin 3369' x
x= 360.56 m.
_200(300}
A1- 2
A1 = 30,000
A2 = 43560 • 30000
A2 =13,560 m2
A2 = x (BC) Sin f3 .(1) CO/llPu~the.area9fthe~hQleWtirl~C~$?
2 ~ • C()l'llPtJtTtn~.leJ'l9!hpftbe ~lyi~#rig~h~ . • • • /.·.
13560 = 360.56 (Be) Sin 11.31' ®CoiJJPl.Jtelhem~jng$ideBCL«> .
2
BC = 383,53 m.
Solution:
@ Distance of CD: (j) Area of whole lot:
(CD)2 =(360.56)2 + (383.53)2
- 2(360.56}(383.53) Cos 11.31'
CD= 76.80m

@ Beating of CD:
383.53. _ 76.80
Sina -Sin 11.31'
u = 78'21'
Bearing BD =45' + 11'19'
Bearing BD =56'19' ~ -.
Bearing BD =S.56'19' W.
Bearing DB = N. 56'19' E.

A~ --",B
b-}.b 2
A= 1
2 (cot e + cot ~)
_ (200)2 - (100)2
A - 2 (cot 62' + cot 70')
A = 16747.06 m2
4047
c
A=4.14 acres
Bearing CD =N. 45'20' W.
 5-151

SUBDIVISION

® Length of dividing line: Solution:

CD Location of the dividing line from comer 2 if
the dividing line starts from comer 1:

10·

_ (1000)2 Sin 70' Sin 80'

--V nb mb-}
x-
2
1 +
m+n
A- 2 Sin 30'
A= 925416.58 m2

--V 1(200f1 11(100f

x-
+
+
2
Al ='3 (925416.58)
x= 158.11 m. Al = 616944.39 m2
- 1000 (y) Sin 80'
@ SideBC: A1 - 2 \
BC 100
Sin 62' = Sin 48' 616944.39 = Sin 80'J1000) y
BC = 118.81 m.
y= 1252.92m.

® Length of the dividing line:

.;. = (1000)2 + (1252.92)2
·2 (1000)(1252.92) Cos 80'
x =1461.05 m.

@ Bearing of the dividing line from comer 1:

-L=_x_
Sin II Sin 80'

1252.92 1461.05
Sfn II = Sin 80'
II =57'37
\D qomputetH~16catj§n • • ()ttM•• ~iVidWIUn~
·fr()lTIcorner2.jfthe~ividingline~tarls.fr0f11 Bearing of dividing line: (ll + 30')
comer 1. > =N 87'37' E from corner 1
@ ColtlPute.th~.leryslh()fthedjyjdlpgljne ••••••••••••
@ CQl'l'lPtlt~.·We • b~rlng • Of•• the•• diViding•. nn¢
frorncotrlei't. .. .
5-152

SUBDIVISION

Using Sine Law:

4-1 150
Sin 64' = Sin 48'
4 -1 = 181.42 m.

® Area of the Jot:

2
A= b-/-b1
DISfllNOl;) 2 (cot e + cot 11)
· • •.·OOOrlk»··· _ (300f - (15Of
A - 2 (Cot 64' + Cot 68')
A = 37846.56 m2
A =37846.56
4047
A = 9,35 acres

@ Length of dividing line:

Solution:
CD Side 4 -1:

x-
_..y nb 2
1 + mt>i
m+n

x-
--V 3(300}2 + 2(150)2
3+2
x= 251 m.

Anequilater~tl:1'iangufarlrack Of land has a

length of one '(jfits sides equal to 3600 m.
Iori9' ·111$ requited to dIVide the lot into 3 equal
.sharesoy aline parallel to one of Ihe 3sides.

CD COmpulethe whole area of Ihe lot jfl-£lCf8S.

® Compute the iength {If lhedivlding line on
the portion near the vertex. .
@ Compute the length of the dividing line on
the se<:ond lot.
 5-153

SUBDIVISION

Solution: Solution:
G) Area of whole Jof: G) Distance of dividing line from comer B:

N
B

3600

A :;: (3600)2 Sin 60'

2
A:;: 5611844.62
4047
A:;: 1386.67
c
G) Length of DE:
A :;: ~ (5611844.62) 000 (xl Sin SO' :;: 200000
2
A:;: 1870614.87 x:;: 530.18 m.
2
1840614.87 :;: x s~n 60'
® Length of dividing line:
x:;: 2078.46 m. (AD)2 :;: (900j2 +(580.18)2
·2(900)(580.18) Cos SO'
® Length of dividing line y:
AD :;: 672. 70 m.
A :;: ~ (5611844.62)
® Bearing of dividing line:
~ (5611844.62) :;: t s~n 60'
N
y:;: 2939.39 m.

¢-+----~D
An area of 200()OO rnZ ls to be $egregatedfr~m
the northern portion of triangUlar 101 ABC. fr~m
camerA bearing and distancieot AS is
N. 50' E., 900 m., Be is due South and CA Is
N.42'E. . 580.18 672.70
ill Compute Ihe distance of the dividing line Sin e :;: Sin SO'
from comer 8 along~ne BC. .. e:;: 41'21'
@ Compute the length of the dMdingljne~ SO' + 41'21':;: 91'21'
® Compute the bearing of the dividing line Bearing:;: S, 88'39' E.
from comer A.
S-154

SUBDIVISION

;.. <:>:::,:":":::::::::>::::::

UNks{ ··AZ1MUlH ..• . D,S1'ANCE

. . 1 · 2 ' 187'00'27.90 m.
2·~
••.•. .• .. 268'4T<34;12m, W __ ~j...----4

.... 3~4 .·>.358'33' 21.72m.

. 4; 1 aa~57' . 38:.21m.

G>ComPlltetl1~ .Ienglh: Oflhe dividing'line;

is
® HoW far the lntefSe<;ti6opolntof the·
. diViding line on the northempart of the lot
from 2? comer . .
800 =(27.90 +0.003 h) h + 27.90 h
® How far is the inlersectidnpoint of the
dividing line on the southern part of the lot 800 =55.80 h +0.003 rf
. from comer 1 of the boundary. rf + 18600'h - 266666.67 =0
h = -18600 + 18628.65
Solution: 2
CD Length of dividing line: h= 14.33 m.
A =bh + 27.90h b = 27.90 + 0.003 (14.33)
"1 2 2 b = 27.94 m. (length of diViding line)
400 = bh + 27.90 h
2 . 2 @ Distance of Afrom comer 2:
800 = bh + 27.90 h
Sin 81'47' = ~
A-2
tan 81'4T =!.!
y 14.33
y= 0.1444 h A- 2 = Sin 81'47'
A- 2 = 14.48 m.
tan 8'03' =~
h
x=0.1414h ® Distance of B from comer 1:
Cos 8'03' = _h_
b=27.90-x+y B-1
b = 27.90·0.1414 h + 0.1444 h 14.33
b := 27.90 + 0.003 h B-1 = Cos 8'03'
B-1 = 14.47 m.
 5-155

SUBDIVISION

@ Ama on the eastem part:

- 32.61 (27.67) Sin 31'33'
A2 - 2
A parcel of land has a technical description as A2 = 236.07 m2
shown in the tabulated data. - 17.06 (27,72) Sin 90'14'
A,- 2
LINES .. Bf:ARING . . DISTANCE. A, = 236.45 m2
1-2 5.01'27£,·· 27.72m.
2-3 . S. BB+S7'W. 38.21m····· Total ama =A1 + A2
3·4 N.OrOO'E. 27.90m.. Total ama = 236.45 + 236,07
4-1 . N.88'4TE. 34;12m. Total ama =472.52 m2

The area of the lotis moreor lessHlOO sq.m; @ Distance of other end of dividing line from
If !he lot Is to be subdivided into two parts comer 2:
such thaUhedivldltig li/remuSlslM atthemld Using Sine Law:
point of line 4- 1 and must be parallel to line to a _ 32.61
1·2 oftheboundary. ... . Sin 31'33' - Sin 90'24'
a= 17,06m,
CD What is the diS1ance of the subdividing
line? . . ....
@ What is the area of the lot subdivided on
the eastern part? .
® What is the dIstance of the other end of the
dividing line from comer 2 of the lot? .
89'36'
Solution:
CD Distance of dividing line:
Using Cosine Law:
y2 =(17.06)2 + (27.72)2 • 2(17.06)(27.72)
Cos 90'14'
y= 32.61 m.

Using Sine Law:

17.06 32.61
Sin e - Sin 90'14'
e = 31'33'
(J. =89'36' • 31'33'

a =58'03'
fJ = 180' - 89'36'
fJ =90'24'
a = 180' - 90'24' - 58'03'
ct =31'33'

Using Sine Law:

3261 AB
Sin 90'24' =Sin 58'03'
AB =27.67 m.
5-156

SUBDIVISION
---------------------_.... ~,;;~ ,

.li.~ill~ii~8~~4,e~
Length of dividing line
Using Cosine Law:
(abj2 =(32.61}2 + (26.28)2
- 2(32.61 }(26.28) Cos 58'03'23"
W<¢rw@~~et~~I~gmpttl}¢~q~l~~IM@~J ab= 29,11 m.

[~~.II'J
® Bearing of dividing line from mid· point of
line 2 - 3:

Solution:
CD Length of dividing line:

89'36'
4

89'36'
4

32.61 _ 29.11
Sin a - Sin 58'03'23"
a= 71'55'
- 17.06 (27.72) Sin 90'14'
A1- 2 AZimuth of ba:: 268'57'
A1 :: 236.45 m2 ~
Az :: 600 - 236.45 AZimuth of ba:: 19T02'
A2 :: 363.55 m2
Bearing ab :: S 7'02' W
Using Cosine Law:
(4· a}2 :: (17.06)2 + (27.72)2 @ Bearing and distance from T - 1 to comer
• 2(17.06)(27.72) Cos 90'14' "b":
, 4 - a :: 32.61 m.
LINES BEARING DISTANCE
Using Sine Law: 1 NTOO'E 27,89
17.06 _ 32.61
Sin e - Sin 90'14' 2
e == 31'32'37" 2 N88'47' E 34.12
3
- 32.61 (x) Sin 58'03'23" 3 S 1'27' E 27.72
A2 - 2 4
4 S88'57'W 38.22
363.55 :: x (32.61) s~n 58'03'23"
1
x== 26.28 m.
 S-157

SUBDIVISION

LINES NorthinCls Eastinas

1 21412.63 17424.86
.:t....2L2a :!:-.MQ
2 21440.32 19428.26
2 ±...Jill .±....M..1.1
3 21441.04 19462.37
3 =-.2Z.Z1. ±-.Q.lQ
4 21413.33 19463.07
4 .:.-QJQ ~
1 21412.63 19424.86

LINES BEARING DISTANCE

T -1 N66'27E 18.60

LINES
T -1
3

NorthinCls
21433.61
LIM
EastinQS
19445.32
~
itilA.Vi
SU~~IVii~6~I~ilnj~~(2)~U~l~~rts;
3 21441.04 19462.37 pmvtel~d!.flj~t• ~.$qpdiYjding.·!l9~·.rnu$t.Staff·<lt
th~cMWlj/'l~9n!@~M()1Mu®~rYljn~; .....
Coordinates ofb:

4 21413.33 19463.07
~ ~
b 21412.85 19436.79 Solution:
CD Distance of the subdividing line:

T -1 21433.65 19445.32
21412.85 ~
b - 20.76 - 8.53
. 8.53
tan beanng = 20.76
Bearing (T - 1to b) = S. 22'20' W.

Distance =Sin82;~20' =22.45 m.

Bearing and distance from T· 1 to dividing e = 88'4.7 + 1"27'
point on the southern portion is e =90'14'
S. 22'20' w.. 22.45 m. f3 =180' - 88'47' + T
f3 =98'13'
8-158

SUBDIVISION

Distance of subdividing line AB: BEARING DISTANCE

Cor. 3 S. 01'27' E. 13.86

Northinas Eastinas
Cor. 3 42935.27 34584.29
~ ~
A 42921.41 34584.64

Bearing and distance from 2 to A:

- 34.12 (13.86) Sin 90'14' Cor. 2 42934.55 34550.18
A1- 2
A 42921.41 ~
A, = 236.45 m2 . • 13.14 + 34.46
A2 = 500·236.45
A2 =263.55 m2 . 34.46
tan beanng= 13.14
Bearing =S. 69'08' E.
BEARING DISTANCE
BBM#1 S.37'33'W. 237.32 .t 34.46
DIS ance = Sin 69'08'
1 Distance =36.88 m.
1 N. 07'00' E. 27.89
2
2 N. 88'4r E. 34.12
3
3 S. 01'27' E. 27.72
4
4 S.88'57'W. 38.22
1

Northinas Eastinas
BBM#1 43095.02 34691.42
~ - 144.64 IJ =69'08' +7'
1 42906.87 34546.78 IJ =76'08'
1 :t....2L.§.8. LMQ - (x)(36.88) Sin 76'Q8'
Ar 2
2 42934.55 34550.18
2 .:t......D..ZZ .t...M..11 263.55 = x (36.88);in 76'08'
3 42935.27 34584.29
3 :JJ..J..Q .t.-QlQ x= 14.72 m.
4 42907.57 34584.99
4 =--.Q1Q - 38.21 Using Cosine Law:
1 42906.87 34546.78 (AB}2 = (14. 72f + (36.88)2
- 2(14.72)(36.88) Cos 76'08'
AB= 36.28 m.
 5-159

SUBDIVISION

@ Bearing of subdividing line: Solution:

Using Sine Law: CD Distance ofsubdividrrg line:
36.28 _36.88 3 S1 '2TE
Sin 76'08' - Sin a N88'47' E -y..l'l
e -;;,
a =80'43' 2
--.._------- @ . ""
.'"
S07'OO~ 36.88------

or -;;,
<X
Bearing of subdividing line ~
B N 88'47' E
=80'43' +7' 4

=N.8T43'E
I

® Distance to be laid out from comer 2 of the

boundary to subdividing line: e = 88'47' + 1'27'
= 14.72m. e= 90'14'

BEARING DISTANCE
BBM#20 S. 37'33' W. 237.32

···l~~~~I.o~~.I#I~~i.~~~P\iM m.lqt • 1

2
2
N, 07'00' E.

N. 88'47' E.
27.89

34.12
···a~IN~·.··.·.· 3
'N:Q7'QQ\~,> 3 S. 01'27' E. 27.72
·······N:ea~4nlS'·· 4
4 S,88'57' W. 38.22
"'S,Q1T2ne:
1
.1.· . j.:

Northinos Eastinqs
BBM#20 43095,02 34691.42
~ ~
1 42906.87 34546.78
1 42906.87 34546.78
2 .:!:-.2ZM ±.-..MQ
2 42934.55 34550.18
3 :t......Q.ll :!:...M..11
3 42935.27 34584.29
4 :....11J!1 2:..-JUQ
4 42907.57 34584.99
1 =-...QlQ ::..-Ja21
42906.87 34546.78
5-160

SUBDIVISION

BEARING DISTANCE ® A1aa oflot to be subdivided on the northem

Cor. 3 S. 01'27' E. 13.86 part.
_(34.12)(13.86) Sin 90'14'
A1- ·2
A
A1 =2:36.45~
Northings EastinQs ~ =(36.88)(36.18) Sin 22'05'
Cor. 3 42935.27 34584.29 2
~=250.82m2
~ .~
A 42921.41 34584.64
Total area = 236.45 + 250.82
Total area = 487. 27 rrI
Bearing and distance from 2to A
@ Coordinates of the subdiViding point on the
Cor. 2 42934.55 34550.18 Eastern part:
A ~ 34584. 64 Coordinates ofA = 42921.41 N" 34584,64 E.
- 13.14 + 34.46

. 34.46
tan beanng =13.14
Bearing = S. 69'08' E.

~a.!·n~.: I·.:'~.ti.•·f~•..~ t.\.:.'.I.;.~.ilil

·t
DI§ 34.46
ance =Sin 69'08
Distance = 36.88 m.
•. .. .• . I.• ,.l.•·.:.·.&.·.•.•.••.
p•..!.i:
r.•.. o o . ·

.l}'iA,iI. . ::(>:::::::::::::::::
fJ =69'OS' + 7'

1~I!JtBII'I11
fJ = 76'08'

:@•• • P~rmiil~:~l'lEl • at~~ • ()f.t!J~ .• @ilpiry9••n~~t.w.

m~$i~l:!qP@lt!$~lijg.¢iWPff~YtM
@0(jinglil'l@<········································· .

LINES BEARINGS DISTANCES

AS Due north 20.00 m.
Be N61'E 114.30m.
Q) Due south 75.30 m.
DA Due west 98.00 m.
AB 36.88
Sin 76'08' =Sin 81'47'
AB= 36.18m.
 S-161

SUBDmSIOI

Solution: (20 + 55.09) (98 • Yi _(55.09 + 75.3) Y

CD Length of this dividing line: 2 - 2
130.39y = 75.09 (98) • 75.09y
205.48y =7358.82
y= 35.81 m.
h=58·y
h= 58·35.81
h= 22.19

A, =A2 Area ofbuilding cut offnear the line AB

n=m = 10(22.19)
n=1
m=1 = 221.90m2
_.... /nbl + mb12
x- 'I m+n ® Area ofbUilding cut offnear CD:
A = 10 (33·22.19)
_
1(75.3)2 + 1(20)2
x- 1+ 1 A = 10B.10m2
\ X=55.09m.

@ Area ofbuilding cut offnear the line AB

98-]--1----,

·piVenbe,()wl$.fb~tecnni()aLde$¢@fi~nofa
m•
IBh·.~aVi~g • •~l'l· • • an~a • • ·6~Q·~?$9m< • J li$
f~q4ir~tQ~p~qiVipethl~1?tiht()lVm~qH~
1
20 are~s.siJcbthat·.th~Y·?"ill~~veElql!~lf'B~I~gEl
l. -4-0--+\-3.... ~1(l1l~lMUr~q,P'@lph~jQ~$~~~~{.<
!-I 3 ---f.........-4~
IJNES·· .. l:lEARINGi .
• • N7~·2~'g,·········
·$39'$1'1:'
I
I
·S4$T4e'W/
I
• • • ·N3~r52W
~;'j:l;]ll~ I}o
I ' I
N1&~50'W····

I I I
(j) Compute the distance of the ofher end(jf
~-hl
58-------001
I the dividing line from COtner B..
® Compute the distance of the <lMdll1g line.
® Compute the bearing of the dividing Hne.
- (20 + x)(98 - y)
A,-. 2
- (x + 75.3) Y
Ar 2
A1 =A2
5-162

SUBDMSION

Solution: ® Distance of dividing line:

<D Distance of the end of dividing line from B: Using Cosine Law:
(FG)2 = (25.36~ + (22.63)2
·2(25.36)(22.63) Cos 53'2T
FG= 21.72m.
@ Bearing of diViding line:
Using Sine Law:
JJJ"V·fN7J·V'X)
E

E
- 19.625 (9.21) Sin 00'43'
A1- 2
A1 =89.75 m2
A2 = ~.56 • 89.75
22.63 21.72
A2 = 230.53 m3 Sin a =Sin 53'2T
a= 56'49'
(BG)2 = (9.625}2 + (9.21}2
·2(19.625)(9.21) Cos 00'43' Azimuth of FG = 253'23' + 56'49'
BG =22.63 m. Azimuth of FG = 310'12'

Using Sine Law: Bearing of FG = S. 49'48' E.

19.625 22.63
Sin e =Sin 96'43'
8 =59'2T
/!, = 112'54'·59'27
/!, =53'2T
A - {FB) (22.63) Sin 53'2T
2- 2 <D Compute the area at thetdt. ", ',.
230.53 = (FB) (22.63J Sin 53'2T @ In, the same lot; a dividing line is drawn
from comer 5 to the midpOint of line 2 • 3.
FB= 25,36m. Rnd lheazitnuthof the divk:iing line.
@ Find the distance of the diViding line.
 5-163

SUBDIVISION

Solution:· ® Azimuth of dividing line:

CD Area oflot: For/ot 1

Comer LAT DEP Northines Eastinas

2-3 19955.95 20081.7
-43.20 +23.23 - 43.20 +23.2
1 19912.75 20104.9
49.045
BLLM 1 20000.00 20000.00
Line Bearine Distance LAT DEP 1 19912.75 20104.95
1-1 S52'14 E 198.66 -121.67 +157.04 2 19955.95 20081.72
1-2 S4T49'W 30.48 -20.47 - 22.59 3 19961.33 20110.31
2-3 N28'16'W 111.37 +98.09 - 52.73 4 19934.64 20163.69
3-4 N79'21'E 29.09 +5.38 +28.59 1 19912.75 20104.95
4-5 S63'26' E 56.68 -26.69 +53.38
5-1 S6'44'W 56.70 - 56.31 -6.65 Comer LAT DMO DEP DOUBLE
AREA
Comers LAT DEP COORDINATES 1-2 +43.20 -23.23 - 23.23 -1003.54
BLLM 1 121.67 +157~ 20000.00 20000.00 2-3 +5.38 -17.87 -28.59 - 96.14
-121.67 +157.04 3-4 - 26.69 +64.10 +53.38 -1710.83
1 19878.33 20157.04 4-1 -21.89 +58.74 - 58.74 -1285.82
- 20.47 - 22.59 -20.47 - 22.59 2A =4096.33
2 19857.86 20134.45 A=2048.17m2
+98.09 - 52.73 +98.09 - 52.73
3 19955.95 20081.72 CORNERS BEARING DISTANCE
+5.38 +23.59 +5.38 +28.59 1-2 . N28'16'W 49.05 m.
4 19961.33 20110.31 2-3 N79'21' E 29.09 m.
-26.69 +53.38 - 26.69 +53.38 3-4 S63'26' E 59.68 m.
5 19934.64 20163.69 4-1 S69'34'W 62.69 m.
+56.31 -6.65 ·56.31 ·6.65
1 19878.33 20157.04
Line 4 - 1 (Dividing line)
. 58.74
LINE LAT DMD DEP DOUBLE tan beanng= 21.89
AREA
bearing = S69'34' W
1- 2 -20.47 - 22.59 - 22.59 +462.42 azimuth = 69'34'
2-3 +98.09 - 97.91 - 52.73 - 9603.99
3-4 +5.38 -122.05 +28.59 - 656.63 @ Distance of dividing line:
4-5 - 26.69 - 40.08 +53.38 +1069.74 D· t 58.74
5-1 - 56.31 +6.65 -6.65 - 374.46 IS ance = Sin
69'34'
-
2A -9102.92 Distance =62.69 m.
A =4551.46 m2
 S-164

SUBDIVISION

Lines LAT DEP DMD DOUBLE

AREA
AB +57.81 +16.03 +16.03 +926.09
BC -9.63 +72.04 -104.10 -1002.48
m - 42.79 +13.36 -189.50 - 8108.71
DE -18.75 - 53.25 +149.61 ·2805.19
EA +13.36 -48.18 +48.18 +643.68
2A = 10346.01
A =5173.005 m2
A _ 5173.005
c.~. 6O:00fu.N1S'$'E . 2
A = 2586.50 sq.m.
JBC7 >··.·.···.. ·72~tl9@<·.····
••·.<.·Sa2~23r·E • • • · · ·
..... 44.$3m: ... ·······S1TW·e.··
. nJ; @ Distance of dividing line:
Considering triangle ABF:
·•• • S(tOOfu,>.·.··.··· • • • • • • N.V4tatrW·•• ·• •·

mfJn911'l~C1l~9f~chl<lh A - 60(25)
1- 2
. ~..•..Fln~tIl~ •. ~j~I~~pfm~d!@llnQ.ljn~,·······
@. ·Fi~~@!ltl~~ijg.tJfthEl.djyiding.line.· A, = 750 sq.m.
A2 =2586.50 - 750
A2 =1836.50 sq.m.
Solution: 60
G) Area ofeach lot: tan 0=-
25
0=67'23'
LINES BEARING DISTANCES AF= FB cos 0
AS N 15'30' E 60.00 25 .
BC S82'23' E 72.69 FB = cos 67'23'
m S 1T20'E 44.83 FB = 65.01 m.
DE S70'36'W 56.45 Considering triangle BFG:
EA N74'30'W 50.00 Bearing of FB: NTOT W
- 65.01 (BG) Sin 75'16'
A2 - 2
__.1l!?36.50)
BG - 65.01 Sin 75'16'
BG =58.42 m.
 5-165

SUBDIVISION

Using Cosine Law: ill Compute the Iengthofthe centerline of the

(FG't =(65.01}2 + (58.42)2 road that traverses along the lot. .
- 2(65.01)(58.42) Cos 75'16' @ How far is the other end of the center Une
FG = 75,55 m. (distance of dividing line) "" :::~irJgtheproperty boundary from
® Bearing of dividing line: \Wlf the property is located at·Barangay Puflla.
Using Sine Law: Princesa;whete .cost of land is P2000:QO
Sin a. Sin 75'16' per square Meter. eSUmate thecostoHhe '
BG= FG property to be expropriated for the service
road, .
.S' - 58.42 Sin 75'16'
In a. - 75.55
Soltition:
a. =48'24' CD Length of the center line:
Bearing ofdividing line FG = N 41"17' E

A proposed 10 m.~ervice road crosses the

property. Of JFN Holdings whose technical
descriptions are as follows.

lll'ilESA21MUTH .··QISTANCI;
••••••••••. •· • • • •··zn:r •> Using Cosine Law:
>? = (9.55)2 + (14.02}2
- 2(9.55)(14.02) Cos 71'40'
x= 14.27 m.
The centerline of the' proposed service roM
cro~es at 9.55 m. from corner 4 along the line Using Sine Law:
3·4 and runs in adirection afN3'45' E. 14.02 14.27
Sin", =Sin 71'40'
1 0=68'5"
f3 = 180' - 71'40'·68'51'
f!,=39'29'
AB 14.27
Sin 50'31' = Sin 88'06'
AB::: 11.02m.

@ Distance of other end of center line of

proposed road from comer 1;
AB B-1
Sin 50'31' = Sin 41'23'
S7J'Ji'W
B-1 =11.02 Sin 41'23'
Sin 50'31'
B-1=9.44m.
 S-166

SUBDIVISIOI

@ Cost ofproperly to be expropriated:

tan 88'00' =~
X2
X2 =0.17
5
X1 = tan 88'06'
X1 = 0.17
tan 20'14' =~
X4 = 1.84 m.
Xs = 1.84 m.
CD =AB- x2 + X4 Line! Bearinas Distance LAT DEP
CD = 11.02 - 0.17 + 1.84 1- 2 N61'57' E 74.18 +34.88 +65.47
CD=12.69 ........ --_ .. - ........
2-3 .......
EF = 11.02 -1.84 +0.17
3·4 S9'03'W 54.13 ·53.46 -8.51
EF=9.35
4-5 N68'21'W 55.43 +20.45 - 51.52
A =A 1 +A2 5-1 N13'56'W 58.85 +57.12 -14.17
A1 = (12.69 +211.02) 5 = 59.275 m2 +112.45 +65.47
::.lli2 :.l!2.Q
A = (11.02 ; 9.35) 5 = 50.925 +58.99 - 8.73
2
A = 59.275 + 50925
CD Length of (he boundary of the proposed
A = 110.20 m2 road on the sou/hem portion of the lot:
Total Cost =110.2 (2000) Fortine 2- 3:
Total Cost = P220400,OO
tangent bearing =~
. 8.73
tangent beanng =58.99
bearing = S 8'25' E
h,!•• Vi~W • •9t•• lh~~@ffi • ·%.tll~9PY~mm@lJp D' t dep
IS ance = Sin bearing
relleyepet~~riial~ht¢ulararyqp~e~W~I1·
·.ttiif1ipcRmi~~ti(1~pf:a.city,a.dead.endrqligl~· . 8.73
.to•• b¢•• eXf~nded • arid·.coQ~tfUeted • .\Vl.th.~rroM Distance = Sin 8'25'
r1ghtqfw~YClf:2qgL • whi9h.iOter~s • ~.eYe~.1 Distance = 59.64 m.
Pl'jvat~IY • ()Wf\~dprpP~rtlM ..•• Qoe.• of·.ltieSe··lot
ha$tMfQlIOWI09f1e.I~Mttl~k
.:-:.:-:-:-:'.-:'"-:.:.', .• '.-.-.-.:-:.'.:.»:.'.",'.','.'.' .....:.:.:.:-,.:-:",-- ....
.
Complete Field Notes
LINES·· SEARING .·····blStANCS···
/. N6flm.s lA
LINES BEARING DISTANCE
1- 2 N61'57' E 74.18 m.
2-3 SS'25' E 59.64 m.
3-4 S9'03'W 54.13 m.
4-5 N68'2fW 55.43 m.
5-1 N13'56'W 58.85 m.
 S-167

SUBDIVISION

X 68.50
2 Sin 0'45' = Sin 104'07'
X=0.92m.
y 68.50
Sin 75'08' =Sin 104'Or
Y=68.27
h1 =0.92 Sin 75'53'
h1 =0.89m.
~ =10- 0.89
~=9.11 m.

tan 52'54' =!!.l

a
0.89
a=tan 52'54'
4
a=0.67m.
Line~Bearinqs Distance LAT DE? tan 52'54' = &
d
3-4 S9'03'W 54.13 -53.46 - 8.51 d 9.11
4-5 N68'21' W 55.43 +20.45 - 51.52 =tan 52'54'
5··1 . -... ........ .... - .. .. ......
d=6.89m.
- 33.01 - 60.03
tan 75'53' = 10
e
e= 2.51 m.
tan 70'2Z = 10
f
f= 3.57 m.

Distance ofline F - 5:
2

4
' 60.03
tangentb eanng =33.01
F - 5 =68.27· 0.67 +0.22
Bearing =N61'1 Z E F- 5 =67.82 m.
. . 60.03
Distance =Sin 61'12' Distance DE:
Distance = 68.50 m. DE =67.82 - 7.86·6.89
DE=53.07
5-168

SUBDIVISION

@ Lenght ofthe boundary ofhte proposal road

on the northern portion of the lot:
Distance AB:
arotlljjrsABlldBare~Q'lhef:jtare.$idjjl1tiali()t
Whl~6·~h~II• • ~• dl~ed~llaIlY.lh~area • • ao~
A~_--n~
•
.m~ lEl~liI\l'l.·~tl~,.Jt9~l~~.9butti99··~ • Nl1lipn<:ll
R()~ll;~~~QWl:l •• ·.·.AS.·Plilt·AAIl!~gQtd@:lIlCl!'·Il.·.
Wi9¢Ji.ing·ClfrP~6JdghlQt~~yqf6 •. meter§
·~M~9rl··.P9lb·.$i(l~\If~I~~ • i$.·.fElq~ir~~, • • ·l.J!liog·
DMP~(·(············· .

68.27

sCl------,g
5Z054'

"L.----jE
D
Proposed Road Right of ffily

AB =68.27 - 2.51 + 3.57

ill • • PQlllP#t~m~ • beadog • a@dl$tatlCept.lir~
AB= 69.33m.
~G'(})
@ .·G9mMtelffi.at~Mll.ff~rr9M.WldE!lli@}fdr •.
@ Area of the proposed road to be each Ofthebrothef.
expropriated from the property: @·.CQrtipijt~.~ • q~rillga@di~l8.rlge()f.~tl~
A - (69.33 + 68.2D (10)
·¢Qmri:i6$idJ~sqM6thlotS{· ... .....'.' . .
1- 2
A1 =688 sq.m. Solution:
- (68.27 +67.82) (0.89)
Ar 2
A2 =60.56 sq.m.
- (67.82 + 53.07) (9.11)
A3- 2
A3 =550.65 sq.m.

A=A1 +A2 +A 3
A=688 +60.56 + 550.65
A =1299.21 sq.m.
A
 5·169

SUBDIVISION

CD Bearing and distance ofEC:

BF =31.91 - 28.52
LINES BEARING DISTANCE BF=3.39 m.
AB N 30E. 48m. . (FE'f =(28.52)2 +(21.63)2
BC ......... ---- - 2(28.52)(21.63) Cos 101'36'
Due South 12m. FE=39.11 m.
CD
DA Due West 36m. Sin a. Sin 101'36'
21.63 = 39.11
Lines LAT DEP D\1D Double a. = 32'48'
Area
AB +41.57 +24 +24 +997.68 Bearing ofFE =32'48' - 22'05'
BC - 29.57 +12 +60 -1174.20 . BearingofFE=S 10'43'W.
CD -12.00 0 +72 -864.00
DA 0 -36 +36 . 0
-
2A -1640.52
A = 820.26
ForlineBC:
. -~
tan beanng - Latitude
12
tan bearing =29.57 x = 6.93 Cos 60'
Bearing = S22'05' E. x= 3.47 m.
12 y= 6.11 Cos 79'17'
Distance =Sin 22'05' y= 1.14m.
Distance = 31.91 m. ME= 18 - 3.47
ME= 14.53 m.
Bearing and distance ofEC:
GH =14.53 + 1.14
Bearing = S 22'05' E.
GH= 15.67 m.
Distance =31,91 m,
HL =18 +14.53 -15.67
HL = 16.86m.
@ Areas for each brother after widening:
BG=48-6.93
18 BG=41.07m.
tan l!l = 12
FH =39.11 - 6.11
l!l =56'19' FH=33m.
820.26 CL=6m.
Area required =-2- =410.13 sq.m.
- 18 (12)
A1- 2
Aj =108 sq.m.
A2 =410.13 -108.00
A2 =302.13 sq.m.
.y
EC = (18)2 + (12)2
EC=21.63 m.
_(FC) (Ee) Sin 101'36'
Ar 2
(Fe) (21.63) Sin 101'36'
302.13 = 2
FC=28.52m.
, 5-170

SUBOIVISIOI

LOTA:

LINES BEARING DISTANCE

HG DueWesl 15.67
N30' E. 41.07
.frolll•• • t~e • giveht~c/1nisal •.• de$cription·.ltis
GB
3.39
·re91lIt¢<l • • l().• de~~tmin~ the•• • l09~ti91'101 • • tt)e
EF S 22'05' E. ~iviqil'lg!if1~that'/fUllnt~rseytJh~line$r§q
FH S 10'43'W. 33.00 And,pA·~Wha~yt~atJ~ • WiUe~%~.1htP~h •
p()irlt()d~~jifetMk)k~hichi~9~e~~tot
Lines LAT DEP DMO Double comerAandadistance'.Pf.703,80ro·i.··.·.Tnl$
Plea .•~jYidlng.H~·.~n' • .·dj\lidefhe·.Wl1()!¢•• '(it.·jnto.. tW.o••
-15.67 -15.67 0 ~QJ¥II~~~,/", '. .'. ."
HG 0
GB +35.56 +20.54 -10.80 -384.05 lINES> ..... 13l:ARING
EF - 3.14 +1.27 +11.01 - 34.57
FH - 32.42 -6.14' +6.14 -199.06
2A = 617.68
···········1.492A71'tl(.···
A =308.84m2
S9-Mtltl..
LOTB:

LINES BEARING DISTANCE

LH Due West 16.86
HF N 10'43' E. 33.00
FC S 22'05 E. 28.52
CL Due South 6.00

Line LAT DEP DMD Double

Plea
LH 0 -16.86 -16.86 0
HF 32.42 +6.14 -27.58 - 894.14
FC - 26.42 +10.72 -10.72 +283.22
D
a. -6.00 0 0 0
2A = 610.92 CD Compute the area of the whole lot.
A =305.46 m2 ® Compute the location of diViding line from'
C()rtlerA alOOg the line AD. . .... . '.
Areas for each brother after Widening: ® Compute the location of lhedividinglihe
from coiner Balong line Be.
Al = 308.84 m2
Solution:
A2 = 305.46 m2
ill Area of whole lot:
Lines LAT DEP DMD
Double
@ Bearing and distance of common sides of
both lots (line FE): Area
A-B +699.4~ +1068.26 +1068.26 +747237.19
Bearing =S 10'43' W. B-C - 1428.1 -433.45 +1703.07 -2432222.3f
Distance =33.00 m. CoD - 164.7t - 634.81 +634.81 ·104591.30
D-A +893.41 0 0 0
2A =1789596.50
A =894788.25
 5-171

SUBDIVISION

@ Location of dividing line from comer A: Area offriangle ABG:

Using Sine Law: - 1276.90 Y
AG 1276.90 Ar 2
Sin 39'54' = Sin 106'53' - 1276.00 (468.9)
AG = 855.96 A2- 2
OG = 855.96 - 703.90 A2 = 299369.21
OG = 152.16
Area of triangle OFG:
1 - 152.16 x
Area ofABFE ="2 (894788.25) A3- 2
Area ofABFE = 447394.125 x = FG Sin 73'07'
FG 152.16
Area oftriangJe AOE: Sin", = Sin 13
IJ = 180 - ('" + 106'531
IJ =73'07· '"
FG _ 152.16
Sin", - Sin (73'07' - "')
FG = 152.16 Sin '"
Sin 73'07' COS" - Sin", Cos 73'07'
152.16 Sin", Sin 73'07'
x =Sin 73'07' COS" - Sin", Cos 73'07'
152.16 Sin 73'07'
x = Sin 73'07' Cot ~ - Cos 73'07'
145.60
x =0.96 cot ~. 0.29
A _152.16 (145.60)
3 - 2 (0.96 col", - 0.29)
11077.25
As = 0.96 cot '" - 0.29
A =A 1 + A2 -As
447394.125 =247667.22 tan" +299369.21
11077.25
0.96 col '" - 0.29
148024.92 =247676.22 tan '"
11077.25
0.96 cot", - 0.29
142103.92 cot '" - 42927.23
= 237760.53· 71823.49 tan" -11077.25
142103.92 cot" + 71823.49 Ian ,,= 269610.51
703.80 (h) 1.98 cot", + tan" - 3.75 = 0
A, = 2 tan2 '" - 3.75 Ian"+ 1.98 = 0
h tan" = 3.75 + ~ (3.75)2.4 (1. 982
tan ~ =703.80 2
703.80 (703.80) Ian '" t 3.75 + 2.48
A, = 2 an", = 2
A, =247667.22 tan '" '" = 32'25'
y= 855.96 Sin 33'13' h =703.80 tan 32'25'
y=468.90 h= 446.93 m.
5-172

SUBDIVISION

® Location of dividing line from B:

STRAIGHTENING ABOUNDARY

The figure below shows an irregular

boundary ABeD and is to be replaced by a
single line AE. The general procedure is to
solve for the choosing line AD and compute for
the values of AI and A2. When AI is greater
than A2 move the new property line towards
the bigger area at A1 but if A2 is greater than
A1, move the property line towards A2.
A

o
FG 152.16
Sin 32'25' ::: Sin 40'41
FG::: 125.09 m.
BG 855.96 p
Sin 33'13'::: Sin 39'54'
BG::: 731.00 D

BF =731 -125.09
BF= 605.91
Since A2 is greater than A1 move the new·
The dividing line is 446.93 m. from corner property line to A2.
A along the line AD and 605.91 m. from
corner B along the line Be. A

I
E 1
A:::Ar A1
~
Z A::: ab Sin 0
2
D
 5-173

STRAlGHnllNG OF IRREGUlAR BOUNDARIES

When Al is greater than A2• move towards AI' @ . . Pjndlhe•• dislan(;~.~I1(~long·Web()\JM;irY

....fF)•• such•• tb<ltth~ • • $!r<'iljg~t • • line.t\I+.Vtin
A
A
• pmYjMtfle$am.e.~ipt~~propert~ •.?f·
><MLPetez anqMr. $i#I~za~~st~case
• • • • ••• V!ljelllh~.~9~ndary.~·%'rve·
®•·•• qomtM~ttjEl~~glhmfll1iJ.AH··.
@ COll'lPlItelhElMaringoflineAH.
Solution:
c G) Distance BH:
Al =a + c+e
A1 = 3040 + 2384 +68
D a Al =5492 sq.m.
A2 = b+d
A2 = 926 + 1592
A2 = 2518 sq.m.

A =A I -A2
A =5492 - 2518
A = 2974 sq.m.

Therefore, the dividing line should be

moved towards the property of Mr. Perez..
F
Mr. Parezano Suarez own pieces of land
Whlchareadjacentlo each other. The curve
·Iirie in the figure fE':!pi'esentsastreamforming a·
•boundary between the two· pieces of propertY.·
It is proposed to place this stream in a storm
dtaiilandto straigtiteri the boundary. Starling
at poihl A, iti'andonfline AS was run and the
area "a", "~"/'d" and '!e" were detelTllinedfrwn c E
offset measurements using SImpson's RUletd
be 3040, 926, 2384, 15B2 and 68 sq.m, " = 77'40' - 15'30'
resPl¥tively. .. . . . . . . ,,= 62'10'
AS =<375 m: and has a bearing of S. 77'4fY E. A _ 375 (x) Sin 62'10'
CO:::EF . . ... - 2
Bearing of CO '" N.15'30' W. _2(2974)
X - 375 Sin 62'10'
D F X= 17.93m.

® Length of line AH:

Sin 62'10' = 1~~3

H/= 15.86 m.
B/ = 17.93 Cos 62'10'
c S 77"40' E E B/= 8.37 m.
 5-174

STRAIGHTENING OF IRREGUlAR BOUNDARIES

N Solution:
G) Distance EB:
Solve for the line EB:

LINES LAT
BC 100.27 Cos 13'10' = +97.86
B CD 91.26 Cos 0'11' = +91.26
DE 112.48 Cos 27'39' = +97.59
+28.71
.AI = 375 - 8.37
AI=366,63
15.86 LINES DEP
tan a = 366.63
BC 100,27 Sin 13'10' = - 22.84
0.=2'29' CD 91.26 Sin 0'11' = -0.25
366.63 DE 112,48 Sin 27'39' = +52.20
AH = Cos2'2fJ
AH = 366,97 m, 25.07

@ Bearing of line AH:

Bearing AH =77'40' +2'2fJ F
Bearing AH= S 80'09' E
BI= 8.37 m.

c
T~~ • foll()wm~I$.~ • • $ef9f.n()t~$l}fahl%®9~(
l>9Ql1dary.of.apl~·.9f.IaM ..·.··lt•• ls~e$~ • lQ••
str<ti9ht~n • • jhi$ • crBglMI•• • bp~nd~ry>II~~ • • ~Y • A
~~~~~Mlqsa.$tralght.llr)~l"\jnhil19ft@l~·.t9tfl~
. .lihe/:F. . .•.

n<f}
<D Find the distanceEB. .
® Find the distance along EF frompo!ntE to
the point where the new Une cuts EF, .. .
ti>,
B
B

@ Fin9 the bearing of the new boundary line

BX .
 5-175

STRAIGHTENING OF IRREGUlAR BOUNDARIES

@ Bearing ofBX:
. 29.07
tan beanng (EB) = 286.71 Using Cosine Law:
Bearing (EB) =S 5'55' W (BX)2 = (6322)2 + (288.25)2
• 2(63.22)(288.25) Cos 102'
286.71 (BX? = 3996.77 + 83088.06 + 7577.56
Distance (EB) = Cos 5'55'
(BX)2 = 94662.39
Distance (EB) = 288.25 m.
BX=307.67

Using Sine Law:

® Distance along EF from point E to the point
where the new line cuts EF:

From Plane Trigonometry:

A - c?- Sin A Sin B
- 2 Sin C
- (100.2D 2 Sin 7'15' Sin 166'39'
A1 - 2 Sin 6'06'
B
A, = 1378.42 sq.m.

(112.48)2 Sin 21'44' Sin 152'10'

A2 2 Sin 6'06' 307.67 _63.22
Sin 102' -Sin Il
A2= 10291.43 s~.m.
. - 63.22 Sin 78'
SIn Il - 307.67
A=A 2 -A 1· Il = 11'36'
A= 1D291.43 - 1378.42
A = 8913.01 sq.m. Bearing ofBX = 11'36'·5'55' =5'41'
A = (EX) 288.25 Sin 102' Bearing of BX = N5'41' W
2

EX = 17826.02 esc 102'

288.25
EX= 63.22m.
5-176

ARUS OF IRREGUlAR BOUNDARIES

b) Simpson's One Third Rule: (Applicable

only to even inteNals or odd offsets)

hs
Methods of computlnq Areas of IrreqUli1r
Boundaries at Re ular Intervals
A d d B d d C
a} Trapezoidal Rule

d = common interval
h1 =first offset
hn = last offset

d d d d

A =A, +A2 +A3 + ~

d
. A = 2[(h 1 +h2) + (h2 +h3) + (h3 +h4) + (h4 +h,J]
d
A = 2(h, +2h 2 +2h3 +2h4 + hnl

h1 + hn ]
A = d [ 2 + h2 +h3 +h4 For the next two inteNal
d
A2 =3[h 3 +hs +4h 41
A=d [h hn +I,h]
1
;
hs = last offset
h1 = first offset
I,h=h2 +h3 +h 4 h2 and h4 = even offset
h3 = odd offset
I,h = sum of intermediate offsets.
d
A = 3 [(h , +hn) +2I,h odd +4 I,h even]
 5-177

AREAS Of IRREGUW BOUNDARIES

@ Trapezoidal Rule:

A =d [h 1 ; hn + h2 + h3 + h4 + hs + h6]
A series of perpendicular offsets were taken
.ftom a lralls~ ijne 10 a curved bOUllldaryline. d=9m .
These offsets were taken 9 meters apart and h1 =2m.
were taken .In the folQ.Wlng order: 2m., 3;2 m.,
hn = 7 m.
4 m., 15 m.,S in.4.5m~, 6 m., 7m,Deleml.ine
the area included between theJransilline and
the curved uSIng: ... . . ..
A = 9 [(2 ; 7) + 3.2 + 4 + 3.5 + 5 + 4.5 + 6]
A =9(30.7)
A = 276.3 sq.m.

@ Difference between Simpson's One Third

Rule and Trapezoidal Rule:
=276.3 - 270.9
= 504m 2

Solution: Shown 1n the accompanying sketch are the

CD Simpson's One Third Rule: measured offsets from a traverse line AB 10 an
.d irregular boundary and the spacing .between
A1 ="3 [h 1 + hn + 2 LfJcxJd + 4 LfJevenl
the offsets. Determine the area boUnded by the
d=9m. traverse line, the irregular boundary and the
h1 =2m. end offsets using: .
hn =6 m.
LfJOdd = 4 + 5
LfJodd= 9 m.
"Lheven =3.2 + 3.5 + 4.5
LfJeven = 11.2 m.

A1 = ~ [2 + 6 + 2(9) + 4(11.2)]
A1 "3(70.8) CD Trapezoidal RUle.
A1 "212.40 sq.m. Simpson's One· Third RUle.
A2 = (6; 7)9 Compute the difference between
Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson's One·
A2 = 58.8 sq.m. Third Rule.

Total area':: 212.40 + 58.5

Area =270,90 sq.m.
S-178

AREAS OF IRREGUlAR BOUNDARIES

Solution: Solution:
<D Trapezoidal Rule: <D Trapezoidal Rule:

2 Lh]
A=d [h 2 + h +

d=20
h1 = 12.22
hn = 10.35
Lh =11.32 + 8.82 +6.52 + 16.38
d Lh=43.04
A = 2" (h 1 + hn + 2 LhinlJ
6
A= 2" [5.60 + 2.70 + 2 (6.40 + 7.90 + 6.20 A= 20 [C 2.22 ; 10.35) + 43.04]
+ 7.50 + 9.50 + 12.30 + 10.80)1 A = 1086.50 sq.m.
A = 388.50m2
@ Simpson's One Third Rule:
@ Simpson's One-Third Rule:
(Treat the last area as trapezoid)
d
A = 3" (h 1 +hn + 2 Lhodd +4 Lheven) d
A1 = 3" [(h1 + hn) +2 Lhodd +4 Lhevenl
6
A =3" [5.60 + 2.70 + 2(7.90 + 7.50 + 12.30) h1 = 12.22
+ 4(6.40 + 6.20 + 9.50 + 10.80)] hn = 16.38 .
A = 390.60m2 d=20
Lhood=8.82
® Difference between Trapezoidal Rule and Lheven =11.32 + 6.52 =17.84
Simpson's One-Third Rule:
Difference in area = 390.60· 388.50 20
Difference in area = 2.1 m2 A1 =3" [12.22 + 16.38 + 2(8.82) + 4(17.84)] .
A1 = 784 sq.m.
(16.38 + 10.35) (20)
Ar . 2
A2 = 267.30 sq.m.

A =A 1 +A 2
A =784 + 267.30
A = 1051.30 sq.m.

® Difference in area:
Difference in area = 1086.50 • 1051.30
Difference in area = 35.20 m2
 5-179

PLANE TABLE

Five Methods of Orienting the Plane Table:

1. By the lise of magnetic compass.

2. By backsighting.
3. By solving the three-point problem
a) Trial Method (Lehman's Method)
b) Bessel's Method
4. By solving the two-point problem
5. By using the Baldwin Solar Chart

A. TRIAL METHOD (LEHMAN'S METHOD)

The 3 points A. Band C plotted on the

tracing paper with any convenient scale.
The tracing paper is then placed on top of
the plane table and the plane table is set
up over the station whose position is to be
determined and is oriented either by
compass or by estimation. Resection
lines from the three stations A, Band Care
drawn through the corresponding plotted B. BESSEL'S METHOD
points "a", "b" and "c". These lines will
not intersect at a common point unless the
trial orientation happens to be correct.
Usually, a small triangle called· the
"triangle or error" is formed by the three
lines. Let us say, the vertices of this
triangle is ab, bc and ac as shown and
point P is called .the point sought, the
position of which is to be determined as
follows:

a) Draw a circle passing through points

"a'\ "b" and "ab".
b) Draw a circle passing through points
"b", lie" and "bc".
c) Draw another circle passing through
points "a", "c" and "ac".
d) The three circles will intersect at point
"P", the point sought.
S-180
PlANE TABLE
Points a, band c are the plotted points
of A, Band C on the ground. With the
straight edge of the alidade placed along
line "ab", tum the table until a backsight at
A is taken as shown in the figure 1, with
point "a" towards point "A" on the ground.
Clamp the table, then take a foresight to
point C and draw a line passing through
"b". Reset the straight edge of the alidade
at line "ab", tum the table and backsight at
point "S' with "b" towards point "B" as
shown on figure 2. Clamp the table and
take a foresight towards point C and draw
a line passing through point "a". The two
lines drawn intersects at point "e". Set the
straight edge along the line "ec" and take a
backsight at C. Clamped the table. Then
draw resection lines through "a" and "b",
these two lines will intersect each other at
point "P", then point sought.
A 8
~\------7
'\ /'
\ /
\" ,/
The location of points A and B are plotted
on the plane table sheet at "a" and "b" as
shown in the figure. These points must be
plotted using convenient scale. The plane
table is then set up over point C on the ground
which points A and Sare visible. The board is
then oriented by either compass or by
estimation. Point "c" corresponding to C on
the ground is plotted by. estimation on the
plane table sheet. Point D is also established
on the ground with the distance C to D
estimated. With the table at "c", foresights are
taken on A, Sand Dand lines are drawn on the
sheet. The corresponding position of D is
plotted on the sheet as "d". The table is then
transformed to station D and is oriented
tentatively by backsighting at C. Foresights
are taken on points A and B and lines are
drawn intersecting the previous lines drawn
before, say at points e' and f. The line joining
e' and f is parallel to the AB. With the straight
edge of the alidade placed along line ef, a
point Eat some distance from the table is set
on the line of sight. The alidade is then moved
to the line ab and the board is turned until the
same point E is sighted. The plane table is
now properly oriented. Sy section through a
and b, the correct position of the plane table is
plotted at P.
 S·lSl

PlANE TABLE

SOURCES OF ERRORS IN PLANE

TABLE WORK:

1. Setting over a point.

2. Drawing rays.
E 3. Instability of the table.

RADIA.TION WITH PlANE TABLE

1. Relatively few points need be located

because the map is drawn as the survey
proceeds.
2. Contours and irregular objects can be
presented accurately because the terrain is
in view as the outlines are plotted.
3. As numerical values of angles are not
observed, the consequent errors and
mistakes in reading and recording are
avoided.
o 4. As plotting is done in the field, omissions
,"' ..... in the field data are avoided.

-- ' -- A, 5. The useful principles of intersection and

\\ "#..<~~~><:~}~;~~:,!
resection are made convenient.
6. Checks on the location of plotted points
[ZJ....
,'
~

a-----'
iNTERSEcnON
e
a
wrrn PLANE TABLE
are obtained readily.
7. The amount of office work is relatively
small.

1.!?~j)'\~./
1. Plane table is very cumbersome and
several accessories must be carried.
.... ..- 2. Considerable time is required for the
topographer to gain J::roficiency.
E
3. The time required in the field is relatively
GRAPI-DCAl TRJAN(iIJl..ATlON large.
4. The usefulness of the method is limited to
relatively open country.
5-182
PlaNE TABlE
ADJUSTMENTS OF THE PLANE
TABLE ALiDADE:
1. To make the axis of each Plate Level
Parallel to the Plate:
Center the bubble of the plate level
when manipulating the board. On the
plane table sheet, mark a gUide line alone
one edge of the straightedge. Tum the
alidade end for end, and again plane the
straight edge along the guide line. If the
bubble is off center, bring it back halfway
by means of the adjusting screws. Again
center the bubble by manipulation the
board and repeat the test.
2. To make the Vertical Cross-hair lie in a
Plane Perpendicular to the Horizontal
Axis.
Sight the vertical cross-hair on a well
defined point about 100 m. away and
swing the telescope through a small angle
(vertical). If the point appears to depart
from the vertical cross-hair loosen two
adjacent screws of the cross-hair ring, and
rotate the ring in the telescope tube until by
further trial the point sighted traverses the
entire length of the hair.
3. (For alidade of Tube in Sleeve Type).
To make the line of sight coincide with
the axis of the Telescope Sleeve.
Sight the intersection of the cross-
hairs on some well define point. Rotate
the telescope in the sleeve through 180'. If
the cross-hairs have apparently moved
away from the point bring each hair
halfway back to its origin position by
means of the capstan screws, holding the
. cross-hair ring. The adjustment is made
by manipulating opposite screws, bringing
first one cross-hair and then the other to its
estimated correct position. Again sight on
the point and repeat the test.
4. (For alidade on Tube-in Sleeve Type).
To make the axis of the Striding Level
parallel to the axis of the telescope
Sleeve, and parallel to the Line of
Sight.
Place the striding level on the
telescope and center the bubble. Remove
the level, tum it end for end, and replace it
on the telestope tube. If the bubble if off
center, bring it back halfway by means of
the adjustment screw at one end of the
level tube. Again center the bubble and
repeat the test.
5. (For alidade of Fixed tube Type). To
make the axis of the telescope level
parallel to the Line of Sight.
This adjustment is the same as the
two-peg adjustment of the dumpy level.
6. (For Alidade having a Fixed Vertical
Vernier). .To make the vertical vernier
read zero when the Line of Sight is
horizontal.
With the board level, center the bubble
of the telescope level. If the vertical
vernier does not read zero, loosen it and
move it until it will read zero.
7. (For Alidade hav~ng a movable Vertical
Vernier with Control Level). To make
the axis of the Vernier Control Level
parallel to the axis of the Telescope
when the Vernier reads zero.
Center the bubble of the telescope
level, and move the vernier by means of its
tangent screw until it reads zero, if it is off
center move it to the center by means of
the capstan screws at the end of the
control level tube.
8. (For Alidade having Tangent
movement to Vertical Vernier Arm).
This type of vernier needs no
adjustment.
 S-I83

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

Contour interval - on a given map,

successive contour lines represents
elevations which differs by a fixed vertical
distance called contour interval.

Hachures . artificial shade lines drawn in the

Topographic Survey· is a survey made in direct of steepest slope for the purpose of
order to secure important data from which a representing a relief.
topographic map could be made.
Saddle - a dip at the junction of two ridges.
Scheme of work of a Topo raphic Survey: Thalwegs - are the lines where the two sides
of a valley meet.
1. Establishment of a horizontal control by
measuring angular and linear
measurements of a center point.
2. Establishment of the vertical control by CHARACTERISTICS OR PROPERTIES
determining the elevation of control points OF CONTOURS
by leveling or using plane table.
3. Determining the elevations and location of 1. All points on the same contour have the
some important features as many deem same elevation.
necessary for the preparation of the
topographic map.
4. Computations of elevations, distances and
angles as obtained from the previ0us field
work undertaken.
5. Preparation of the topographic map, which
is actually a representation of the terrestrial
relief.

Refief - configuration of earth's surface.

Methods of representing relief: 2. Every contour closes upon itself either

within or outside the limits of the map.
1. Relief models
2. Shading
3. Hachure lines
. 4. Form lines
5. Contour lines

Contour· an imaginary line of constant

elevation on the ground surface.
Contour fine - a line on the map joining points
of the same elevation.
5-184
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
3. On unifonn slopes, the contour lines are
spaced unifonnly.
4. A single contour can not lie between two
contour lines of higher or lower elevation.
5. Along plane surfaces (such as those of
railroad cuts and fills) the contour lines are
straight and parallel to one another.
6. As contour lines represents level lines,
they are perpendicular to the line of
steepest slope. They are perpendicular to
ridge and valley lines where they cross
such lines.
7. On steep slopes contours are closely
spaced and on gentle slopes, contours are
spaced far apart.
8. As contour lines represent contours of
different elevation on the ground, they not
merge or cross one another on the map,
except in cases where there is an
overhanging cliff or cave, or bridge
abultments.
 TOPOGUPHIC SURln

9. A closed contour indicate either a summit FIVE MOST COMMON TYPES OF

or depression. A hachured, dosed contour GROUND FORMATION
line indicates a depression.

Hachure Lines 1. Depression

. 10. A contour never splits.

3. End of a Ridge

11. No two contours can run into one.

4. End of a Valley
S-186

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

1. Cross-sections and profiles from contour

maps.
2. Earthwork for grading areas.
3. Earthwork for roadway.
5. Saddle 4. Reservoir areas and volume.
5. Route location.
Four Systems of Ground Points
for locating Contours:
Three General Methods Employed in
1. Control point system: Undertaking a Topographic Survey:
The ground points form an irregular
system along ridge and valley lines and at 1. Transit and Level Method
other critical features of the terrain. The
ground points are located in plan by 2. Stadia Method
radiation or intersection with transit or 3. Plane Table Method
plane table and their elevations determined
by trigonometric leveling or sometimes by
direct leveling.

2. Cross Profile System:

The ground points are on relatively
short lines transverse to the main traverse.
The distances from traverse to ground
points are measured with the tape and the
elevation of the ground points are
detenmined by direct leveling.
3. Trace Contour System:
in this system, the contours are traced
out on the ground. The various contour
points occupied by the rod are located by
radiation using a transit or aplane table.
A level rectangular field of 1800 sq.m. has for
its sides in the ratio of 2: 1. Three poles of
equal heights are located at three consecutive'
corners. To measure the heights of the poles,
a CMI Engineer set a transit (H.I. =15 m.) at a
point within the lot and took the angles of
elevation of the top of the poles. The angles of
elevation of the top of the three poles taken are
25', 25' and 30'.

4. Checker Board System: CD Compute the height of each pole.

This is used in areas whose @ Compute the distance of the transit from
topography is smooth. The tract is then the nearest comer. .
divided into squared or rectangles with @ Compute the distance of the transit from
stakes set at the comers. The elevation of the farthest comer.
the ground is determined at these comers
and at intermediate critical points where
changes in slope occurs, usually by direct
leveling.
 S-187'

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

Solution:
G) Height of each pole: 0.2171 t 48.91 = 0.571 - 69.36y + 2210.98
0.3531· 69.26y+ 2162.07 = 0
r - - - - 3 0 - -..... 1 -196.5 t 6124.8 = 0
Y = 196.5 ~ (196.5j2· 4(6124.8)
2
196.5 ± 118.8
y= 2
y= 38.85 m.
~:: 0.2171 t 48.91

~ =0.217(38.85)2 t 48.91
~xI2-LxI2- h= 19.40 m.

~
Height of each pole =19.41 + 1.50
25"
Height of each pole = 20,90 m.
h cot 25'

~
. @ Distance of the transit from the nearest
30' comer:
Distance of transit from nearest comer
h cot 30'
= 19.40 cot 30'
= 33.60m.
3x2 = 1800
x2 =900
@ Distance of the transit from the farthest
x =30 comer:
Distance of transit from farthest comer
(1) (h cot 25')2 =1 + (15)2 = 19.40 cot 25'
4.6h2 = 1 + 225 = 41.60 m,

2) (h cot 30') = (60· y)2 t (15)2

1.73~ = 3600· 120y t I t 225

CD ~ = 0.2171 + 48.91
(2) h2 = 0.57; - 69.36y + 2210.98
5-188
ROUTE SURVEYING
Route Surveys - are surveys made for the
p~rpose of locating any buildings,
highways. canals, power transmission
lines, pipe lines, and other utilities which
are constructed for purposes of
transportation or communications.
1. Reconnaissance:
a. General routes are selected and
horizontal and vertical controls are
established.
b. Reconnaisance report is made
accompanying a reconnaissance map.
2. Preliminary survey:
a. There are survey parties that execute
this phase of work.
1. Transit parly - runs the traverse.
2. Level party - sets bench marks
and determines the profile.
3. Topographic party - runs the cross-
sectioning work.
b. A preliminary map is prepared for
determination of possible cost of the
project.
3. Location;survey
a. Five survey teams go out in the field.
1. Transit party - stakes the location
of circular curves with proper
stationing.
2. Level party - checks the selected
bench mark and executes the
profile work.
3. Cross-section party - slope stakes
are set on the ground.
4. Land line party - property lines and
other important details are
indicated on the plan.
5. Special team - takes care of the
special surveys for structure.
b. All surv~y works are consolidated
with the following prepared:
1. Location map
2. Location profile
3. Cross-sections
4. Earthwork estimates
5. Right of way maps
6. Structure maps and plans
4. Construction survey:
a. Slope stakes for construction works
are staked, spiral are laid and lines
and grades for tract or pavement are
defined.
b. Final plans' are prepared, profile
sections, as revised during
construction.
 5-189

STADIA SURVEYING

By ratio and proportion:

f d
a) Horizontal Sights: f= SCos 0
f
d=~SCOS0
I
H =(f + c +d) COS"
f
H =~S Cos2" + (f+ c}Cos"
I

V= (d +f+ c) Sin"

V= [f S COS" + (H c)l Sin"

f Sin 2 I2J •
V =i S -2-'- + (f + c) Sm I2J
F = principal focus
f = focal length
o = optical center
i = distance between stadia hairs
c = distance from optical center to center of
instrument
1. Stadia interval factor not that assumed.
By ratio and proportion: 2. Rod not of standard length
3. Incorrect stadia interval
! =s! 4. Rod not held plumb
i s 5. Unequal refraction
d =~S
I
D=d+f+c
f
D =i S + (f + c)

f= stadia interval factor 1. The telescope be of excellent quality, with

good illumination.
f + c = stadia constant 2. The magnifying power should be about 25
S = stadia interval or intercept to 30.
3. The stadia hairs should be fixed and
b) Inclined Sights: f
should be set accurately so that ~ = 100.
I
tan m = 0.006
4. The transit should have a good compass
m = 17' (too small and is negligible)
needle.
5. The transit should have a complete
vertical circle.
5-190

STADIA SURVEYING

D, =K8, +R
fJ< =KS2 +R
fJ< . D1 =(KS2 + R) • (K81+ R)
K(~,S1}=fJ<-D1
n.. - D.
K=~
82 .81
200 - 60
K=
2.001 - 0.600
K = 99.93 (stadia inteNal factor)

® Horizontal distances DE and DF:

Assume elevation of D = 100 m.
f
H=:SCOS 2 0 +(f+c}cos 0
I
H= 99.93(2.12) cos 2 4'22' + (0.30) cos 4'22'
H=210.92m.
Horizontal distance DE = 210.92 m,

f
H=: S cos 2 0 + (f + c) cos 0
I
H=99.93 (3.56) cos2 3'1T + (0.30) cos 3-,17'
H= 354.88 m.
Horizontal distance DF = 354,88 m,

@ Differences in elevation between points D

and E and points D and F:
V=/f S-2-+
sin 20 .
(f+ c) Sin 0

V=99.93(2.12} sin ~'44' +(0.3) sin 4'22'

Solution: V=16.11m.
CD Stadia inteNal factor: Elev. of E = 100 + HI + 16.11 - HI
Elev. of E = 116.11
Difference in elevation between D and E
--- ----- = 16.11 m.

f sin 20 .
I-=D:...;1:..-=..:...60=--_D=200_ _- - I V= /S-2-+(f+c}SIn 0

V= S9.93(3.56}Sin ~'34' +(0.30) sin 3'17'

fS
D =--:- + (f+ c)
I V= 20.36 m.
K= f=stadia inteNal factor Elevation of F = 100 +HI- 20.36 - HI .
Elevation of F = 79.64 m.
= =
R (f + c) stadia constant Difference in elevation between Dand F
(f+ c) = 0.30 =20.36m.
 S-191

STADIA SURVEYING

@ Horizontal distance between Band D:

H=tSCos2 0 + (f+ c) Cos 0
I
(j) A transit with a stadia constant equal to H =98.69(2.42) CoS2 6.5' + 0.30 Cos 6.5'
0.30 is used to determine the horizontal
H= 236.07m.
distance be1ween points Band C, with a
stadia intercept reading of 1.85 m. the
distance BC Is equal to 182.87 m.
Compute the stadia interval faclor of the
instrument .

@ Using the same instrument, it was use~ to

determine the difference in elevation A Civil Engineer proceedeq to do the stadia
between Band 0 having a stadia intercept survey work to determine thEdopagraphy o~ a
reading of 2.42 m. at 0 at a vertical angle certain area. The transit was set up at a poInt
of + 6'30'. Compute the difference in A, with the line of sighthorizontal, took rod
elevation of Band D. readings from the ((}ds placed at B a~d C
whiCh is 2QO m. and 60 m,from Arespectively.
@ Compute also the horizontal distance
between 8 and O. Stadia Intercept
Rod at B 2.001 m.
Solution: RCldatC O.ro<lm.
(i) Stadia interval factor:
(j) Compute the stadia interval factor. .
fI
D = S + (f+ c)
. @ Using the same instrument this was .used
f for determining the elevation of pomt D
182.87 =j(1.85) +0.30 With a stadia intercept of 2.12 m. and a
vertical angle of +4'22'. If the elevation of
t/ = 98.69 the point where the instrument was set ~p
is 10Q m., compute the elevation of pOInt
0, Stadia constant is 0,30 m.
® Ditt. in elevation between Band D: Compute the horizonlaldistance from the
point where the instrument was set up to
paintD.

Solution:
CD Stadia interval factor:
s
D =t + (f + c)
/

tI
200 = (2.001) + (f + c)
f
60 =~ (0.600) + f + C
f Sin 20 . I
V= i S-2- + (f+ c) Sin 0

Sin 13' +.
030 S·In.
65'
140 =(1.401) f
V= 98.69(2.42) -2-
V= 26.90m.
!/ =99.93 (stadia interval factor)
 5-192

STADIA SURVEYING

@ Elev.ofD: Solution:

f
f Sin2fil . :=99.5
I
V=iS-.-2-+(f+'C)Slnfil
f + c = 0 (interior focusing)
V= 99.93(2.12) Sin ~'44' + (0.30) Sin 4'22' .
V=16.11 CD Inclined stadia distance:
Elev. D= 100 + H/+ 16.11- HI
Elev. D = 116.11 f
D=:SCOSfil+(f+c)
I
@ Horizontal distance:
f
D=99.5(2.50) cos 23'34' + 0
H=: Scos2 fil + (f + e) cos fil
I D= 228m,
H =99.93(2.12) cos2 4'21 + (0.30) cos 4'22'
H=210.92m.
® Difference in elevation between the two
stations:
f Sin 2fil .
V=jS-2-+ (f+ e) Sin fil

··@ij••~PM@MI9WM~I~~@trffi~gi6g~.9@ V=99.5(2.50) ~ sin (2 x 23'34') + 0

~;~IIII~~II~~~'i~~'\rtJI~
... at~~h~lt.Wi'h • •~lJ • lqt~t@lfP¢ijSlj@.t~I$¢Qp~.
. V= 91.16 m.
DEAB =2.25 + 91.16 - 1.45
@g~#Ylllg~~mg~@~W~lf@19fgf~~($, • 'M
~r~~~o1t6')t~~$~~I6~.r~~~~:~~.~g.*~:0~
th~y~ijl¢~IM91~9g11~ty~#i$h?~'~M,
•. . DEAB = 91.96 m.

.i1¢tettnj~¢tMJ(!II6Wl~~C·· @ Elevation of station B:

Elev. at B = 155.54 - 91.96
0Yf@l%ed$lMiaglslariCe,>
®••.·.Oifferenceil'l•• elevatioil·belWeen.··the·two Elev. at B = 63.58 m..
~~9l)l)fl.)

··1··••••~~~~l~.1$1~~.~~~~eril1~~~~~.·
 5-193

STADIA SURVOING

@ Difference in elevation between points A

andB:
V=fS~sin 20 + (f+c) sin 0

VA = 100.8 (0.31) ~ sin (2 x 15'35')

+ 0.381 sin 15'35'
VA =8.19 m.
i
Va = 100.8 (0.236) sin (2 x8'08') + 0.381 Sin 8l O8'
Va =3.39 m.
Diff. in elev. between A and B
= 1.854 + 3.39 + 8.19 -1.175
= 12.259m.
@ Horizontal distance frem the transit to the

: =::~~;Km beM."poinl' A
rod held at B:
Ha = 100.8 (0.236) cos 2 8'08'
+ 0.381 cos 8'08'
@ Find the' horizontaHdtstance from the Ha= 23.69m.
lraHsit to !herod held at S, .'.."

Solution:
1330

1m 1 o~ ~.~.~: A survey party proceeded to dothelrsmdill

y. " ' • •~ .sLirvey work as fdlows. The Iransit was s~t

~'~~~:r'w~:~',)
up at A and wtlh the line of sighftlotiibntal.
took rod readings at poinls13 and C whiCh is
;300 m. and 80rruespectively, . ...> . . . . . •
... 1 7361 8~4
a
. Wtlh· rod' at ·the·stadlaloterveJw.a$
B -I recorded 10 be 3.001 m. and withth~rod afC
the stadia interval wastecOrded 10 be. o.aOorll.
SA = 1.330 -1.020 the distance from the inslrumen'ttothe
SA = 0.31 principal ·foco.s was recorded to be 0;30 m,
Sa = 1.972 -1.736 Then they went to survey other points With
Sa = 0.236 some of the data recorded as follows witnthe
transit at point Of the two paints E aridf were
CD Length of line AB: sighted. ." ..
f
H = ~ S cos 2 13 + (f + e) cos '" Rod al E Stadia interval :::: 225 m.
I
HA = 100.8 (1.330· 1.020) cos 2 15'35' Vertical angle = +4'30'
+ 0.381 cos 15'35' Rod at F Stadia interval = 3,56 m.
HA = 29.36 m. Vertical angle = - 3'30' .
Ha = 100.8 (0.236) cos 2 8'08'
®•
+ 0.381 cos 8'08' ~ . Compute the stadia jnlerval~ctot. •.
Ha = 23.69 m. Compute the horizontal distance DE. .. .
HAa = 29.36 + 23.69 @ Compute the difference in' elevatiOn
HAa = 53.05 between E and F assuming elevation of
0= 350.42 m. above sea level.
5-194

STADIA SURVEYING

Solution: f Sin 20 .
V =, S -2- + (f + c) Sin I2l
CD Stadia inteNal factor.
f
S = ~ S + (f+ c) V =99.95(2.25) Si; 9' +0.30 Sin 4'30'
I

fI
300 = (3.001) + (f + c) V= 17.61 m.

80 =,f (0.80)+ (f+ c) Elev. E = 350.42 + HI + 17.61 - HI

f
220 = (2.201) Elev. E = 368.03 m.

fI = 99.95 (stadia inteNal

.
factor)
.-7J30-· ------1
~~~llmnm--"""'~'_"" ~
® Horizontal Distance DE:

H.I.
J

f Sin 20 .
V =, S --2- + (f + c) Sin"

V = 99.95(3.56) Si;E +(0.30) Sin 3'30'

f . V=21.70m.
{-., =~ S Cos2 0 + (f + c) Cos 0
I Elev. F = 350.42 + HI- V- HI
H= 99.95(2.25) Cos2 4'30' + (0.30) Cos 4'30' Elev. F = 350.42 - 21.70
H= 223.80m,
Elev. F = 328.72 m.

@ Diff. in elevation between E and F:

Ditt. in elev. between E and F
;: 368.03 - 328.72
=39.31 m.
 S-195

HYDROGRAPHIC SURIEfI.NG

2. By means of range line and an angle from

the shore.

Purpose of Hydrographic Surveying:

1. To determine shore lines of harbors, lakes

and rivers from which to draw an outline
map of the body of water. 3. By means of range line and an angle from
the boat.
2. To determine by means of soundings, the
submerged relief of ocean bottoms.

3. To observe tidal conditions for the

establishedof standard datum.

4. To obtain data, in case of rivers, related to

the studies of flood control, power
development, water supply and storage.. 4. Two angles from the shore.
5. To locate channel depths and obstruction
to navigators.

6. TO determine quantities of underwater

excavations.

7. To measure areas subject to scour or

silting.
5, Two angles taken simultaneously at the
8. To indicate preferred locations of certain boat by using a sextant, and three stations
engineering works by stream discharge on the shore,
measurement.

Methods of locating soundings:

1. By means of a boat towed at uniform

speed along a known range line at equal
intervals of time. 6. By transit and stadia.

\Rallge Lille

::',' ,;'\-t-\-l----~
\ Baal

'~l ...-"'--'''''.-'-.
6
\>'----o-J---.----
I I I 1
. \ .stadia all boat
: :
~----~----~---- - ~-- -~----~
II .
'- ~
- .•~=:r---', .--0
t I I ~. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~----~----~----~ ~
,"
I
I
II
----~----~
. ---- .--- ,&"
I~ I ~
5-196
HYBROGRAPHICSURIEYING
7. By intersection of fixed ranges.
8. By a wire stretched along a river at known
distances.
Hydrographic maps - is similar to the
ordinary topographic map but it has its own
particular symbols. The amount and kind
of informations shown on the hydrographic
map varies with the use of the map.
A hydrographic map contains the
following informations:
1. Data used for elevation.
2. High and low water lines.
3. Soundings usually in feet and tenths, with
a decimal point occupying the exact
plolted location of the point.
4. Lines of equal depths, interpolated from
soundings. On navigation charts the
interval of line of equal depth is equal to
one fanthom or six feet.
5. Conventional signs for land features as in
topographic maps.
6. Light houses, navigation lights, bouys,
etc., either shown by conventional signs or
leIters on the map.
Methods of Plotting Soundings:
1. By using the Two Polar Contractor
2. By using Two Tangent Protractors
I
3. By the Tracin,!1 Cloth Method
4. By using the Three Arm Protractor
5. By the use ofPlolting Charts
Methods of Measuring Velocity
in a Vertical Line:
1. Vertical-velocity-culVe method:
Measurements of horizontal velocity
are made at 0.5 beneath the surface and at
each tenth of the depth from the surface to
as near the bed of stream as the meter will
operate. If the stream is relatively shallow,
measurements are taken at each one fifth
of the depth. These measured velocities
are plotted as abscissas and the
respective'depths as ordinates. A smooth
curve drawn through the plotted points
defines the velocity at each point in the
vertical. The are under this curve is equal
to the product of the mean velocity and the
total depth in that vertical line. This area
may be computed by using aplanimeter or
by Simpson's One Third Rule. The
vertical velocity curve method gives us the
most precise method of determining mean
velocity but requires only too much time.
2. Two-tenths and Eight-tenths Method:
The current meter is lowered
downward at 0.2 and 0.8 of the total depth
where observations are made. The mean
of this two velocities is taken as the mean
horizontal velocity in that vertical.
3 Six-tenths Method:
Only one observation is made at a
distance below the water surface equal to
0.6 the total depth of the stream. The
velocity obtained at that particular depth is
considered to be the mean velocity of
vertical.

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
4. Integration Method:
The cllrrent meter is lowere at a
uniform rate down to the bed of the. tream
and is raised also at the same rate up to
the surface. The total time and the m mber
of revolution during this interval con itute
a measurement. ~ angle B is measured the moment the float
This method is based upon the th ry
that all horizontal velocities in the ve 'cal
have acted equally upon the meter w el
thereby giving the average as the mea~ 01'
all the velocity reading. I
5. Subsurface Method:
In this particular method. the current
meter is held at just sufficient depth below
the surface usually 150 10m to 200 10m to
avoid surface disturbance. The mean
horizontal velocity is obtained by
multiplying the sub-surface velocity by a
coefficient. This coefficient varies with
the depth and velocity of stream. This
coefficient varies from 0.85 to 0.95.
Float Method of Measuring Stream Velocity
From the figure shown, a base line AB is
well selected and is established near the' bank
of a river where no obstruction will interfere the
line of sight during the observation period.
Points Cand 0 are established on the opposite
side of the river such that the sections AC and
BO are' perpendicular to the line AB, hence
they are parallel to each other. One transit is
set up at A and the other at B. The transitman
at B with vernier at zero, follows the float
where it is being released at point E, at a
distance of 15 m. above section BO. As the
float approaches section BO, the transitman at
A keeps the line of sight pointing at the float
until the transitman at B shouts "shot" a the
float passes section AB.
8-197
The transitman at A then clamps the lower
plate, turns the line of sight to the signal
station C and reads the angle 0. The
transitman at Balso follows the float, until the
transitman at A gives the "get ready' signal
and by means of the upper tangent screw
passes the section AC. The time that the float.
passes the section BO and AC is also
recorded.
The base line AB is then measured
accurately and the position C and 0 is then
plotted. The path of the float is either scaled or
I
computed using trigonometric principles. The
distance divided by the time gives the mean
velocity of the float.
Three Distinct Methods of
Determining the Flow Channels or in
. Open Channels or Stream:
1. Velocity-Area Method: ,
The velocities at any vertical line is
observed by using a current meter based
on the five different method of velocity
measurement using current meters. The
area of a certain section is obtained by
sounding, or by stretching a wire across
the stream and marking the points where
observations were made referred from an
initial zero point. The depths at this
particular points are also measured. The
area of the section could then be computed
by dividing the section into triangles and
trapezoids. The product of the area and
the mean velocity gives us the discharge
of flow of a certain section. The sum of all
the discharges at all sections gives us the
total discharge or flow.
2. Slope Method:
The 'slope method involves a
detennination of the following:
aj Slope of water surface.
bj Mean area of channel cross-section
cj Mean hydraulic radius
d) Character of stream bed and the proper
selection of roughness coefficient
S-198 ,/
I
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING I
Mean Velocity is computed by
applying the Chezy Formula:
3..)"'_00,
~il A weir method is an obstruction place
in a channel, over which water must flow.
V=c{RS D' scharged of a stream using this method
i valves the necessary information.
where
V = mean velocity Depth of water flowing over the crest
C = coefficient of roughness of stream of weir, H.
bed Length of crest, L for rectangular or
R = hydraulic radius trapezoidal weir.
c) Angle of side slopes if weir is
R=pA triangular or trapezoidal.
A :: cross-sectional area of stream d) Whether flat or sharp crested.
P = wetted perimeter of stream e) Height of crest above bottom of
approach channel, P.
~ Width and depth of approach channel
Computing values of C by g) Velocity of approach
Kutter's Formula: h) Nature of end contractions

a) English:
41.65+ 0.00281 + 1.811
C= s n
1+ ..JR(41.65 + 0.0~281).

C = coefficient of roughness of stream

bed
n =retardation factor of the stream bed
R = hydraulic radius
s = slope of water surface
End Contracted Weir
Q = 1.84 (L - 0.2H) H312
b) Metric:

23 +0.00155 +1
c= s n
1 + ~ (23 + 0.00155)
{R s

Computi~ values of C by
Manning's Formula:

Rl/6
C=-
n Suppressed Weir
Q::: CLH3/2
Discharge = Area x Velocity
 8-199

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

Three common types of floats used

in measuring stream velocity:

1. Surface floats - it is designed to measure

surface velocities and should be made
light in weight and of such a shape as to
offer less resistance to floating debris,
Triangular Weir wind, eddy currents and other extraneous
Q = 1.4 H2.5 forces. The use of surface float ;s the
quickest and the most economical method
of measuring stream velocity.

2. Sub-surface floats - this is sometimes

called a double floats. It consists of a
small surface float from which is
suspended a second float slightly heavier
than water. The submerged float. is a
hollow cylinder, thus offering the same
resistance in all directions and the
minimum vertical resistance to rising
Cipolletti Weir currents.
1.86 LH3I2
Q::;:
o 1
when tan-::;:- 3. Rod float - the rod float is usually' a
2 4 cylindrical tube of thin, copper or brass
25 mm to 50 mm in diameter. The tube is
Q ::;: 1.84 LH3/2 (Francis Formula Neglecting sealed at the bottom and in weighted with
Velocity of Approach) shot until it will float in an upright position
Q::;: 1.84 L [(H + hv)3/2 • hv 3/2 ] (Considering with 50 mm to 150 mm, projecting above
the surface of the water.
Velocity of Approach)

Instruments used for measuring

difference in level of water:

1. Hook gauge
2. 8taff gauge
Discharge measurements are made for the
3. Wire-Weight gauge
following purposes:
4. Float gauges
5. Automatic gauges
1. To determine a particular flow without
6. Piezometers
regard to stage of stream.
7. Plumb bob
2. To determine flows for several definite
gage readings throughout the range of
stage, in order to plot a rating curve for the
Instruments used for measuring
station. From this curve the discharge for
the velocit of flow:
any subsequent period is computed from
the curVe of water stage developed in the
recording gage. 1. Floats
a) surface float
3. To obtain a formula or coefficient of dams,
or rating flumes. b) sub-surface float
c) rod float
5-200
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
2. Current meters
a) Those which the revolving element is
cup-shaped, or of the anemometer type
and acts under differential pressure.
Types of current meter:
1. Price meter
2. Ellis meter
3. Haskell meter
4. Fteley meter
5. Ott meter
A. Measurement of dredged materials:
Measurement in place:
Soundings of fixed section are
taken both before and after dredging
and the change in the cross-sectional
area is obtained by calculation or by
using a planimeter. The volume of the
material removed is computed by
using the borrow pit method or by the
end-area method.
2. Scow measurement:
Each scow is numbered and the
capacity of each is carefully
determined. When the scow is filled
to the capacity the inspector records
the full measurements. Materials is
scow is sometimes measured by the
amount displaced in loading.
B. Measurements of Surlace Current:
Certain engineering problems require
important information about the direction
and velocity of currer)ts at all tidal stages.
This. is done by locating the path and
computing the velocity of floats from points
whose locations are known and can be
determined. Floats should be designed to
give minimum wave resistance and to
extend underwater to a sufficient depth to
measure the current in question. The
direction of the current may be determined
by sextant angles from the boat between
. known signals and the floats.
C. Wire drag or Sweep:
This method is used in harbor or a bay
Where corral reefs and pinnacle rocks are
likely to occur. This consists of a wire of
any length up to 120 m. which may be set
at any desired depth. Depths are
maintained by means of bouys placed at
the wires and whose length can be
adjusted. The drag is pulled through the
water by means of a power launches,
steering diverging forces to keep the drag
taut. When an obstruction is met, the
bouys are shown with the position of two
straight lines intersecting at the
obstruction. These intersection is located
by sextant observations to reference
points on the shore. Soundings are taken
for the minimum depth.
D. Determination of stream slope:
To determine surface slope, a gauge
is installed on each side of the. stream at
the end of the section. The zero's of the
gauge are connected to permanent bench
marcks on the shore. The gauges are read
simultenaously every ten to fifteen minutes
for six to eight hours. The mean of these
elevation at that point of the stream. The
difference in elevation between the ends of
the section divided by the distance is the
slope.
Capacity of Existing Lakes
or Reserviors: •
1. Contour Method:
A traverse is run from a shore line and
the desired shore topography are located
by stadia. Take sufficient number of
soundings by any method suited 'for the
particular job and plot the sub-ageous
contour. The area inclosed between
contours are determined by planimeter.
The average area of two consecutive
contours multiplied by the contour interval
gives the partial volume. The summation
of the partial volumes gives the total
volume.
 S-lO]

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

2. Cross-Section Method:
The outline of the water line is
obtained as in the contour method. The
water line is then plotted and divided into
approximate trapezoids and tri-angles.
Soundings are taken along the boundary
lines between each station and are plotted The' areas A1, A2, etc. are determined
on cross section paper. A perpendicular by using a planimeter and h represents t~e
distances between sections are then contours interval. Area below A5 IS
obtained by the end area method. The neglected.
summation of these partial volumes gives
the total volume. b) prismoid,1 Formula:
L
V =6(A +4A", +A2)
. Two General Methods of Determining
the Capacity of a Lake or Reservoir:
In this case the midqle area Am is the Area
1. Contour Method: A2 and ~ while L is equivalent to 2h.
a) End-area method
b) Prismoidal formula
2. Parallel Cross-Section Method:
a) End-area method
b) Prismoidal formula

a) End-area method:

a) End-area method:

Parallel ranges are laid out across the lake and

soundings are then taken along the ranges.
From the observed sounding the corresponding
cross-sections could be plotted and its
corresponding areas would then be computed.
5-202

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

F'rOll) • • the.culTent~~Wtlo~s • take~8r • th~

R<:tsjgBIYtr,m~m~i6BpU~toftheh~9Un~
·~lll<,e, • • AlI.~~~lJr~m~I'l~l!r~ll'lm~~~, • • · ·

Total Volume = VI + V2 +V3 + V4

+Vs +Vs

b) Pismoidal Formula:
The problem arises here in the
determination of Am. since the distances
between parallel sections are not equal, it
is therefore necessary to evaluate or
interpolate the values of Am.

Solution:
CD Total discharge:

V1 =!!J.
6 (A l +4Am + A2)

V2 =b2
6 (A2 +4Am + A3)
v = (0.32 + 0.22)
V3 =&
a 2
6 (A3 +4Am + At)
Va =0.27 m/sec
V4 =·~(At +4Am +As) l / _ (0.40 +0.24)
Vb - 2
Vs =b5.
6 (As +4Am + Ae,) Vb =0.32 m/sec
Vc = 0.21 m/sec
h
Vs =-W (~+4Am +A7)
Velocity:
- (0 +0.27)
V1- 2
V1 = 0.135
 5-203

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

- (0.27 + 0.32)
Vr 2
V2 = 0.295
_(0.32 + 0.21)
V3- 2
V3 = 0.265
\I _ 0 + 0.21
V4 - 2
V4 = 0.105
.0;739
Discharge: Q =AV 0.720···
Q1 = 15 (0.135) = 2.03
~ = 43.5 (0.295) = 12.83 1243
OJ = 39.75 (0.265) = 10.53 0.852
C4 = 10 (0.105) = 1.05 0,524
.0.473
Total Q = 2.03 + 12.83 + 10.53 + 1.05 0.469
Total Q= 26.44 cu.m.lsec.
1 cU.m. = 1000 liters
Total Q = 26440 liters/sec (j) Compute the veloCity at distance of 30 m.
from l.P. .
@ Total area: ® . Compute the discharge in ~tersfsec.· .
- 12(2.5) @ .• Compute lliemean veloCity in section. . ..
A1-
A1 = 15.00 Solution:
- (2.5 +3:3)(15) (j) Velocity at distance of 30 m. from IP.
Ar 2
A2 =43.50
A (3.3 + 2)(15)
3- 2
A3 = 39.75

A4=~¥
A4 = 10.00 V= 0.739 + 0.720
2
Total area: V= 0.7295
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
A = 15 +43.5 +39.75 + 10 @ Discharge in liters/sec:
A = 108.25 sq.m. Va =045
Vb =0.739; 0.720 =0.7295
® Mean velocity:
Q V =1.251 ; 1.243 = 1.2465
c
V=f1
Vd =0.852
v=}644 Va =0.524
108.25
V - 0.473-+ 0.469 0.471
V =O. 244 mlsec. f- 2
S-204

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

V1 = 0 + ~.45 =0.225

V2 = 0.45 +20.7295 = 0.5898

V 0.7295;1.2465 = 0.988
3
V4 = 1.2465; 0.852 = 1.049
V = 0.852 ; 0.524 = 0.688
s W~$U$l¥lirl;ob$~N<ltl()rlL • • >}.·•• ·•·• •·• • ·• · • · ·•· · .
Vs = 0.524 ; 0.471 = 0.4975
!A~@~lllflo\l{rllM~Qfem~~tWe~Cp®99~.M
~l'iYMB$ll'lg~¢(lI'l'~tm~WWlmth¢
ll(lrr~(j119ioo.\f~IV@(lf.Ptl.~sWN~
• ~~m.·il~~ .•":pfl.•.•
Th~fpll(lWl~9@·W.tb~.·9b$~~dJW~.·ta~M··
d@Mtl'tEl.@l~$9~M~l'lt$· • • P~IYQ·gl'@l@d

V7 = 0.47~ + 0 =0.2355

A1 = 10.5~1.25}=6.5625

A = (1.25)
2
+p.7} 10 -14.75
A = (1.7 +;.3) 10 = 20 cD • • • GOrrlpu~.th¢VeIOMy~la.~J$@H;~Qf···· • •16·
3 rn·frQ(l1\ME:'/
A4 = (2.3 +;85) 10 =25.75 @ Deternljn~the8iS@.~tge9~tffl~~et.
@ .. O~term1nEl.!hel'llMIl·VEllocJtYl)lltlllll'i'l~
.•••••.•.
As = (2.85 +;.55) 10 = 22
Solution:
CD Velocity at distance of 16 m. from WE
As = (1.55 +20.9) 10 = 12.25

A7 = 8.35~0.90} =3.7575

Q=AV

Area Velocity. Discharge

A1 =6.5625 V=aN+ b
V, =0.225 0 1 =1.477
Ai = 14.75 V2 =0.5898 O2 = 8.700 V=0.232 (~~) + 0.022
A3 =20 V3 =0.988 0 3 = 19.760
~ = 25.75 V4 =1.049 <It = 27.012 V= 0.1782 m/s
As=22 Vs =0.688 0 5 =15.136
As = 12.25 Va =0.4975 Os = 6.094 @ Discharge of a certain river:
6I~ V7 =0.2355 .Qz~ Va=O
A = 105.07 m2 V =aN +b (Straight line equation for
0= 79.064 m3/sec current l7)eters)
o= 79064 liters/sec
N_ revolution
@ Mean velociy: sec
Q=AV (1Ql
Vb =0.232 50 +0.022
79.064 = (105.07) V
V= 0.752m1s Vb =0.0684 m1s
 5-205

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

Vc -- 0.232 @
55 + 0.022 0, =A 1V,
0, :: 3.2 (0.0342)
Vc :: 0.1148 mls
_ @§l 0, :: 0.10944
Vd - 0.232 52 + 0.022 ~ :: 8 (0.0916)

Vd :: 0.1782 mls ~ =0.7328

_ @l OJ:: A3 V3
Ve - 0.232 53 + 0.022 OJ =11.2 (0.1465)
Ve :: 0.1446 mls OJ:: 1.6408
V,:: 0 ~ ::A4 V4
~ =10.4 (0.1614)
V1::~
2
~ = 1.6786
Os:: 0.2892
_ (0 + 0.0684)
V1- 2
0::01+~+OJ+04+0S
V1 = 0.0342 mls
~
o=0.10944 + 0.7328 + 1.6408 + 1.6786
V2 :: 2 + 0.2892
V _ (0.0684 + 0.1148) 0:: 4.4508 m3/s
2- 2 o:: 4450.8 liters/sec
V2 :: 0.0916 mls
V _ (0.1148 + 0.1782) @ Mean velocity:
r 2 A:: A1 +A2 + A3 +A4 +As
V3 = 0.1465 mls A =3.2 + 8 + 11.2 + 10.4 + 4
V-~
4- 2
A = 36.8 sq.m.

V _ (0.1782 + 0.1446)
4- 2 V::.Q
A
V4 = 0.1614 mls
V= 4.4508
~ 36.8
Vs = 2
V:: 0.1209 mls
Vs = 0.0723 mls

A - 1.6 (4)
,- 2
A1 = 3.2
A - (1.6 + 2.4)(4)
2- 2 The areas bounded by the water line Of a
A2 =8 reservoir is determined by using a planimeter.
A _ (2.4 + 3.2) 4 The contour interval is 2m.· A, <z .20,400 sq.m.,
3- 2 A 2 " 18,600 sq.m., A3 ",. 14,300 sq,m.,
A3 = 11.2 A4 = 10,200 sq.m., As:: a,ODO sq.m. and
A _ (3.2 + 2)4 Ae '" 4,000 sq.m. Determine the following:
4- 2
G) Ehd area method.
A4 = 10.4
® Prismoidal formula.
As ::fHl @ What is the difference of capacity of the
2
As =4 ~~Sr:f~~ using End area aM by Prlsmoldal
5-206

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

Solution:
cD End area method:

2
V1 =2" (20400 + 18600) = 39000
2
V2 =2"(18600 + 14300) = 32900

V3 = ~ (14300 + 10200) = 24500

2
V4 =2"(10200 + 8000} :: 18200
2
Vs =2" (8000 + 4000) = 12000
126600 m3

@ Prismoidal formula:
V1 = ~ [20400 +4(18600} + 143001
V1 = 72733.33
V2 = ~ [14300 + 4(10200} + 80001
V2 :: 42066.67
2
V3 =2" (8000 + 4000)
V3 :: 12000
SECTION 2
Prismoidal Formula
=V1 +V2 +V3 •
= 72733.33 + 42066.67 + 12000
:: 126800 m3

@ Difference of capacity of the reservoir

using End area and by Prismoidal
Formula:
Diff. in volume = 126800 -126600
SECTION 3
Diff.1n volume:: 200 m3
 S-207

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

- (315 +314) (30)

V3-
2
V3 =9435 cU.m.
V. _(A4 +As)h
4- 2

SECTION 4 1/ = (314 +0}(30)

V4 2'
Solution:
V4 = 4710 cU.m.
CD End area method:
V _(A l + A?) h
1- 2 Total volume = V, + V2 + V3 + V4
A,=O V= 2078 + 10456 +9435 +4710
A = 10 (4) + (4 + 6) (10) +(6 + 5) (12) V=26,679cu.m.
2 2 2 ' 2
+ (5 +4.2) (12) 8 (4.2) @ Prismpidal formula:
2 + 2
Note:. To solve for Am: compute the
A2 = 20 + 50 +66 + 55.2 + 16.8 dimensions of Am using the average
A2 =208 sq.m. values of the sections (1) and (2).
- (0 + 208) (20)
V1-
2
V, =2080 cU.m.
V (A2 + A3 ) h
2- 2
A =~ ~ (8+10)(10)
32+ 2 + 2
FROMl&2Am
+ (10 + 7) (12) (7 +4) (10) rn
2 + 2 + 2
A3 = 12 +44 + 90 + 102 + 55 + 12 A =~+~(2.5+3)(6)
m 2 2 2
A3 = 315 sq.m.
+(2.5+ 2.1}(6) 4 (2.1)
-@§. + 315) (40) 2 + 2
Vr
2
Am = 5+ 12.5 + 16.5 + 13.8 +4.2
V2 = 10,460 cu.m.
Am =52sq.m.
V _(Aa +&)h
r 2
L
A = 6 (12) +(6 +10) (14) V, = 6(A 1 + ~ + A2)
4 2 2
(10 + 8)(14) 8(10) 20
Vj ="6 [0 +4(52) +208]
+ 2 + 2
A4 =36+ 112 + 126+40 V, = 20 (208 + 208)
6
A4 =314 sq.m.
V1 = 1386.67 cU.m.
5-208

HYDROGRAPHIC SOVEYI.I

From (2) to (3). Use average dimensions of

sections (2) and (3). \I _ 4 (A 3 + 4 Am + A3 ) h
vr 6

V3 = 3~ [315 + 4 (236.25) + 314]

V3 = 7870 Cu.m.

From (4) fa (5). Use average dimensions of

sections (4) and (5).

Am

A - 9(3.5) (3.5 + D(9) (7 +7.5) (11)

m- 2 + '2 + 2
(7.5 +5.6) (12) (5.6 + 2) (9) £.@l
+ 2 + 2 + 2
Am = 15.75 + 47.25 + 79.75 + 78.6 + 34.2 +3
Am = 258.55 sq.m.
V - (A 2 + 4 Am + A3) h _;u§l (3 + 5) 7(S +4) (7) iill
Am- 2 + 2 2 + 2
r 6
Am = 9 + 28 +31.5 + 10
V = [208 +4 (25:.55) -;. 315] (40)
2 Am = 78.5 sq.m.
V2 = 10,381.33 cU.m.
\I _ (A 4 + 4 Am + As) h .
V4 - 6
From (3) and to (4). Use average
dimensions of sections (3) and (4). 30
V4 = 6 [314 +4 (78.5) +0]

V4 =5 (314 + 314)
V4 = 3140 cu.m.

Total volume = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
V= 1386.67 + 10381.33 + 7870 +3140
V= 22,778 cU.m.

@ Difference in capacity:
A =4.5(10) (4.5+9)(11) (9+9)(12)
m 2 + 2 + 2 Difference in capacity =26685 - 22778
+ (9 +3.5) (11) (3.5 +2) (5) £.@l Difference in capacity =3,907 cU.m.
2 + 2 + 2
Am = 22.5 + 74.25 + 54 + 68.75 + 13.75 + 3
Am = 236.25 sq.m.
 5·209

THREE POINT PROBlEM

Considering triangle ACB:

:; 850 Sin l?J
O CB
Sin 41'30'

Considering triangle BC:

CB 760
A, Cand 0 are three tliangulationshoreslgnals @ Sin a - Sin 35'30'
whose positions were determined· by the 760 Sin a
angles W:; 150' and the sides AC ,,; flSO m. CB:; Sin 35'30'
and CO :; 760 m~ A sounding at B was taken
from a boat and the angle$ E '" 41'30' and the
angles E" 41'30' and F" 35:30' were measured o and@
simultaneously by two sextants from the boat 850 Sin l?J 760' Sin a
to the three shore signals from the shore, Si041'30':; Sin 35'30'
c
Sin l?J:; 1.02 Sin a

A
'" +a + 150' +41'30' +35'30':; 360
1Il+·a:;133'
a:; (133' -Ill)
Sin l?J:; 1.02 Sin (133' -l?J)
Sin III :; 1.02 (Sin 133' Cos III - Cos 133' Sin Ill)
B
Sin III :; 0.746 Cos III +0.696 Sin III
0.304 Sin III :; 0.746 Cos III
tan Ill:; 2.454
l?J:; 67'50'
Solution:
a:; 133' - 67'50'
CD Distance AB:
c a:; 65'10'

A
850 _ AB
Sin 41'30' - Sin 70'40'
AB:; 1210.45 m.

® Distance BD:
B
C
BD 760
Sin 79'20' - Sin 35'30'
BD =1286.14 m.
A

'1' Distance CB:

CB 850
Sin 67'50' - Sin 41'30'
CB:; 1187.98 m.
B
5-210

THREE POINT PROBLEM

A hydrographic survey was conducted to Three· shore stations A. C and Dare

·locate the· po.sition of soundlngs,Three triangulatron· points whose. position a.s
statiOl'\sXYZwere. established on the observed· ·from B where soundings are
seaShore andthesoundiogs Were observed at obserVed and the angles were measured using
pdlnt A uSitiga small bqaC The fall. data were two· sextants from· the. boat ara to the Wee
recorded in order to plot the position· of the shore signals, The following dala were
sOUndings.·· ....•. recorded during the sounding observation. .
·····.Djstaild~XY= 1200m.. ... Angle ACO :::: 150'
. DistanceYZ =1809 m. Angle ABC = 42'30'
.....•...•. An Ie XYZ= 140' .... Angle CSO = 35'30'
. An9g,eXAY'=40'
... ..... ••...
Angle CAB =u7'50'
•.. . . AngleZAY:: 36' Distance AC =850 m.
Angle YXA '" 68' Distance CD =760 m.

Solution: Solution:
CD Angle YlA: CD Angle CDA:
c

z
x

A B

e + 150' + 67'50' +42'30' + 35'30 = 360'

Angle YlA =180 - 68·36 e= 64'10'
Angle YlA = 76'
® Distance AB:
® Distance AX: ACB = 180' - 67'50' - 42'30'
AX 1200 ACB=69'40'
Sin 72"; = Sin 40' 850 AB
AX = 1775.50 m, Sin 42'30' =Sin 69'40'
AB = 1179.76 m.
@ Distance AY:
1200 AY @ Distance BD:
Sin 40' = Sin 68' 760 SD
. AY = 1730,93 m. Sin 35'30' = Sin 80'20'
BD = 1290.18 m.
 S-211

THREE POINT PROBLEM

901.76 Sin 0 :: 925.12 Sin (149'30' - 0)

901.76 Sin 0: 925.12 (Sin 149'20' Cos 0
- Sin 0 Cos 149'30')
Three shore stations C,O and E are 901.76 Sin 0:: 169.53 Cos 0 + 797.11 Sin 0
triangulation observation points with CD .", 615
m. and DE ;;625 m.Angfe EOC is 125. A 104.65 Sin", :: 469.53 Cos '"
at
hydrOgrapher point 0 wantectlo know his tan",:: 4.487
position With. respect to· the triangulation o :: 7T27' (angle DCB)
points, he measured angle ceo: 43' and
DBE : 42'30'. ® Angle COB:
{J:: 149'30' - 77'27'
CD Compute the angle DCB.
@) Compute the angle COB. Angle COB:: 180'~· 77'2T - 43'
@ Compute the distance BC. Angle COB:: 59'33'

@ Distance BC:
Solution: BC 615
CD Angle DCB:
Sin 59'33' Sin 43'
D BC:: 777.38 m,

E
In the accompanying figure, A, Band C
are three known control stations and P is
the position of a sounding vessel which
is to be located. If b : ;: 6;925.50 m.,
e: 6,708.40 m, angle BAG: 112'45'25", angle
B alpha: 25'32'40", and angle beta: 45'35'50",
(Cllfllf\l\ Station)
BD 615 B
Sin 0 ::Sin43'
:: 615 Sin 0
BD
Sin 43'
BD :: 901.76 Sin 0

80 625
Sin {J :: Sin 42'30'
BD:: 925.12 Sin {J

901.76 Sin 0:: 925.12 Sin {J

0+ fJ + 125' + 43' + 42'30': 360'
ill Compute the value of angle x.
o + {J :: 149'30' ® Compute the value of angle y.
{J:: 149'30' - 0 @ Compute the length of line NJ.
5-212

THREE POINT PROBlEM

Solution:
CD Angle x:
B

AP _ 6708.40
Sin x- Sin 25'32'40" Solution:
AP = 15557.11 Sin x CD Length of AO:
AP _ 6925.50
Sin y - Sin 45'35'50"
AP = 9693.62 Sin y
9693.62 Sin y= 15557.11 Sin y
Sin y = 1.605 Sin x CD
x + (360 -112'45'25'') + Y
+ 45'35'50" + 25'32'40" = 360
y= 41'36'55" - x @

Sin (41'36'55" - x) = 1.605 Sin x

Sin 41'36'55" Cos x - Cos 41'36'55" Sin x a
= 1.605 Sin x
Sin 41'36'55" Cos x
(0 = 360 - (245'23'22" - 93)
= (1.605 + Cos 41'36'55") Sin x
Sin 41'36'55" (0 =207'36'38"
1.605 + Cos 41'36'55" = tan x AO 6671.50
x = 15'45'50.17" Sin a - Sin 20'05'53"
@ Angle y: AO = 19414.9 Sin (I.
Subt. to equation @ AO _ 12481.70
y = 41'36'55" - x Sin f!, - Sin 35'06'08"
y = 41'36'55" - 15'45'50.17"
Y= 25'51'04.83" AO =21705.91 Sin f!,
21705.91 Sin f!, =19414.9 Sin (I.
@ Length of line AP:
Sin f!, = 0.894 Sin (I. ~i
AP = 15557.11 Sin x
AP = 15557.11 Sin 15'45'50.17" (X + fl) + 13 + 35'06'08" + 20'05'53" = 360
AP = 4226.47 m.
13 =97'11'21" - (1.
 S-213

THREE POINT PROBLEM

Sin (97'11'21"· ex) = 0.894 Sin ex

Sin 97' 11 '21" Cos ex • Cos 97'11'21" Sin ex
=0.894 Sin ex Triangulation stations C, 0 andE are
Sin 97'11'21" Cos ex established by thePhils. Coast and GeOdetic
Survey with observation points rEJcorded as
= (0.894 + cos 97'11'211 Sin ex CO =615 m. and DE =625nt Ahydrographer
Sin 97'11'21" at point 8 wanted to knoW his position with
0.894 + Cos 97'11'21" = tan ex, respect to the triangulation stations; he then
measuted angles cao ;; 43' and DBE ';i: 42'30':
ex = 52'13'34.41" Angle EOC is 125'. Angle DCB =77'26'.

(j) Compute the distancaBC,

AO = 19414.9 Sin 52'13'34.41" @ Compute the distance SO:
AO = 15346,22 m. @ Compute the dislanceBE.

® Angle ACO:
Solution:
CD Distance BC:
fJ = 97'11'21" • 52'13'34.41"
fJ =.44'57'46.59" D

@ Length of line OC:

AO = 21705.91 Sin 44'57'46.59" E
AO = 15338.47 m c

= 15346.22 + 15338.47
Ave. AO 2
Ave. AO = 15342.32 m.
B
8 =180' - 20'05'53"·52'13'34.41"
8 = 107'40'32.5"
BC 615
OB 6671.50 Sin 59'34 =Sin 43'
Sin 107'40'32.5" Sin 20'05'53" BC =777.52 m,
OB =18498.33
@ Distance BD:
" =180·35'06'08"·44'57'46.59" BD 615
,,= 99'56'5.41" Sin 77'26' =Sin 43'
_ _O_C 12481.70 BD =880.16 m.
Sin 99'56'5.41" - Sin 35'06'08"
OC =21380.42 m. ;t Distance BE:
BE 625
Sin 65'26; =Sin 42'30'
BE =841.37 m.
5-214

MINE SURVEYING

® Angle between strike and drift:

B

Vein . a relatively thin deposit of mineral

between definite boundaries. c
Strike· the line of· intersection of the vein with B

a horizontal plane.
Dip· the vertical angle between the plane of
the vein and horizontal plane measured
perpendicular to tne strike.
Outcrop . the pornon of the vein exposed at
the ground surface.
Drift . an inclined passage driven in a
. particular direction. D

Sin fII = BC
AC
CD
tan43'40'=. BC
.A.~ttJba$.~.$t~kePf.N, • 10'1$fW.• Mda.dlp••hf BC = CD cot 43'40'
4a~4QjlN .• A~r1ffil'lI~~Yeil1M~ilg~pf~%. 2 aJ
100 = AC
• W·•• W~~ • ~.tt@>.*Mhg.A1.w~Y~m~I.PlaQe AC=50 CD
¢9.~PMi~Sm~dlp~)

Ij,.fr~fl~
Sin fII = BC
AC
. - CD cot 43'40'
SInfll- CD50
fII = 1'12'
Solution: @, Bearing of drift:
CD Bearing of dip: Bearing:: 10'15' + 1'1 'Z
Bearing = N. 11'27' W

A vein has a dip of 57' W. The bearing of a

drift is N. 37'W, having a grade of5% With the
c plane oUhe vein. ..

CD Compute the honzontal angle be.tween the

D Dr~ strike and the verticalprojectlon of lhe drift,
® Compute the bearing afthe strike.
Bearing =90' ·10'15' @ Compule the bearing of the vertical plane
Bearing = S. 79'45' W. containing the dip.
 5-215

MINE SURVEYING

Solution: @ Bearing ofstrike:

CD Horizontal angle between the strike and the Bearing = 31' - 1'52'
vertical projection of drift: Bearing::: N. 35'08' W
@ Bearing of the vertical plane containing the
dip:
Bearing =90' - 35'08'
Bearing::: S. 54'52' W

The eente~ine of amine lu nnel runs through A

and S, each 1575 m. in altitUde, with a
distance between AS equal to 1585 m. The
D tunnel bears S.70' E. from A. On the other
side of the hill, 1136 m., N. 77' E. of A is a
point C at 2142 m. affitude. .
<D Determine the bearing of the shortest
possible tunnel from eta AB.
® Determine the dip of the shortest possible
tunnel from C to AB.
@ Determine' the length of the shortest
.possible tunnel from eta AB.
Solution:
CD Bearing ofshortest tunnel from C to AB:

Sin", =BC
AC
tan 51' = CD N
BC
BC= CD cot 51'
2.~CD
100 - AC
AC=20CD
Sin", =BC
AC
. . CDeot51'
SIn '" = 20 CD B

,,::: 1"52'
5-216

MINE SURVEYING

8 = 180' - 77' - 70'

8=33'
Bearing = S, 20' W. Drill holes are bored through points A, Band C
until It strikes the mineral ores, Point A is 400
® Dip ofshortest tunnel from C to AB:
m. due south of Band point Cis 300 m, N.60'
E.ofB. ....

(j) • • Cornpute•• the.differe~ • in•• elevl3.1ion.of. the

B
. $lJffaceofOreatAandC;··· .
® cOIllpUtetfiflbeatinggfstfike.
c @ COl1'lpufetheal1g!e ofJ@dip...

567 Solution:
CD Difference in elevation ofthe surface of ore
A4:;..--------ID at Aand C.:
C
Elevation of mineral ores:
POINTS ELEVATION OF ORES
567 A' . 450 -165 = 285 m.
S' 470 -187 =283 m.
A 4;...---I.:...-------ID
C 485 -203 = 282 m.

Diff. of elevation (If the surface of are at A .

CD = 2142 -1575 and C =285 -282
CD=567m. Diff. of elevation of the surface of are at A
andC=3m.
(AD)2 = (1136)2 - (567)2
AD = 984.38 @ Bearing ofstrike:
DE= 984.38 Sin 33'
N
DE = 536.13 m.
567
tan IJ = 536.13
IJ = 46'36' (dip)

Shortest tunnel from C to AB: .

(EC)2 =(536.13)2 + (567)2
EC =780.37 m.
 5-217

MINE SURVEYING

From point A at the opening of a tunnel. a

surface traverse is run on the side hill and an
underground traverse is run through the tunnel,
Both traverse are oriented from the same
meridian. Below are the computed latitudes'
and departures. Consider the line AF is a
400-x_! straight Une on the surface and the slope AF is
3 -1 uniform upward. Also assume that all points of
3x =400 + x the under ground traverse are on the same
2x =400 elevation whBe point Fis 33 meters above A
x=200
(C'D) =(200)2 + (300)2. 2(200)(300) Cos 60'
C' 0 = 264.58 m.

Using Sine Law:

Sin 13 _ Sin 60'
300 - 264.58
0=79'06'

Bearing ofstrike::: N, 79'06' W.

® Angle of the dip:

(j) Find the bearing of line AF.

® Find the distance of ~ne AF.
@ Compute the shortest distance of a shaft
from point 4 in the tunnel of the surface
along line AF.

Solution:
CD Bearing of line AF:
Line AF:

'~ Lat. =31.2 -17.4 - 3.7 + 22.8 + 12.1

Lat. =+ 45.0
Dep. =40.5 + 34.6 + 66.0 + 39.9 + 55
B" 10639 E Dep. =+ 236.5

B" E =200 Sin 79'06' tan 13 =~

Lat.
B" E= 196.39 m 236.3
td' _ _ 1_
13 = 45.0
.an Ip - 19639 13 =79'13'

dip =0'17' Bearing =N. 79'13' E.

S-21S

MINE SURVEYING

® Distance AF:
N

A line from A elevation 17.13 m. intersects the

F veln at 8, elevation 54 - 85 m. The bearing
38m
. _ Departure
Distance AF - Sin 79'13'
Distance AF = 240,55 meters
and slope distance of AS are N. 47'31' E. and
63}O m. respectively, Strike is $,71'33' E.
Dip is 50' $W;
CD Compute !he direction of the shortest level
cross cot from A to the vein. . ..
@ Compute the length of the shortest level
cross cut from A to the vein. .. .
@ Determine the shortest distance from A t6
·ihevein.

® Shortest distance of a shaft from point 4 in

the tunnel of the surface along line AF,
Line A - 4:
Lat. ="82.5 - 8.8 - 5.7
Lat. =-117.0
Dep. =25.0 + 50.4 +40.0 + 70.4
Dep. = 185.8
. A 4 185.8
tan beanng - = 117
tan bearing A - 4 = S 57'48' E.
. _ Departure
Distance A - 4 - Sin 57'48'
Distance A - 4 = 219.58 m.
" = 180' - (79'13' +57'48')
" =42'59'
A
AO = 219.58 Cos 42'59'
AO = 160.63 meters Solution:
h 33 CD Direction of the shortest level cross cut
160.33 =240.55 from A to the vein:
h = 22.037 meters Direction Of the shortest level =47'31' - 29'04'
Distance 04 = (A - 4) Sin 42'59' Direction ofthe shortest/evel =N. 18'27' E.
Distance 04 = 219.58 Sin 42'59' ® Length of the shortest level cross cut from
Distance 04 = 149.7 meters. A to the vein:
h ,--------
tan a= 0-4 AD = ."j (63.70)2 - (37.72)2
22.037 AD = 51.33 m.
(X = 149.7 AE = 51.33 Cos 29'04'
AE=44.87 m.
a = 8'22' 26" EF=37.72 Cot SO'
0-4 EF= 31.65 m.
d = Cos 8'22' 26" AF= 44.87 - 31.65
d = 151.32 meters. (shortest distance of AF =13.22 m. (shortest level cross out
the shaft) from A to the vem)
 S~219

MINE SURVEYING

@ Shortest distance from A to the vein: @ Length of a + 1.5% tunnel to meet the vein:
AH = AF Sin 50' CD 350
AH = 13.22 Sin SO' Sin 3D' =Sin 128'
AH= 10,13m, CD =222.08
CE 222.08
Sin 128' =Sin 51'08"
CE= 224.76ft.

A vein dips to the west at an angle of 52'. A @ Distance from the outcrop to the bottom of
hill side assumed 10 be sloping uniformly has the shaft.
an angle of depression of 22'. tram the AE 203.03
outcrop of the vein, the sloP'! distance along Sin 112' =Sin 30'
the hillside to the top of the shaft and mouth of AE =376.49 m.
the tunnel are respectively 250 ft. and 35Q fl,lf
the tunnel is driven al right angles to the strike
and the shaft is sunk vert~lly.
CD Determine the height of the shaft
® Determine the length of a + 1:5% tunnel 10
meet the vein, . A point B at the bottom of a winze has a
@ Detennlne the distance from the outcrop to vertical angle of • 65'23' sighted with the top
the bottom of the shaft. telescope of a mining transit. The slope
distance to a poinl B from the inslrument at A
.is 295.87 ft The eccentricity of the telescope
is 3 inches.

zD Compute the corrected vertical angle.

® Compute the elevation of B if A is al
elevation 500 ft. and the H.l. is + 5.5 ft. and
H.PI. is· 3.3 ft.
@ Determine Ihehorizonlal distance between
AloS.

Solution:
CD Corrected vertical angle:

Solution:
-:'1) Height of the shaft:
BE 250
Sin 30~ =Sin 38'
BE = 203.03 m.
S-220

MINE SURVEYING

ilri~I_~~I~.INII'~'lill
3/12
;111".'ki?;$i'~'!I~~
tan", =295.87
",=0'03'

Corrected vetfical angle = 65'23' - 03'

Corrected vertical angle = 65'20'

® Elevation ofB if A is at elevation 500 Fr.

and the H.I. is + 5.5 Fr. and H.PI. is - 3.3 Fr.
A B

~
h =295.87 Sin 65'20'
h=268.87
C

EI. ofB = 500+ 5.5- 268.87 +3.3

EI. ofB = 239.93 ft ~ c
Solution:
® Horizontal distance between A to B:
G) Direction of the line of intersection of the
veins:
A"r--.-_ _.., IJ = 63'25' + 77'10'
IJ = 110'35'
In .1 ABC:
BC = AB tan 22'
In.1 BOD:
BC = Bo tan 35'
In.1 ABO:
AB= OB Sin f1J
In.1 aBO:
B
B

tan 65'20' =268.87

x
D
x= 123.48 ft
 5-221

MINE SURVEYING

BD = OB Sin (fJ· Ill)

OB= ~B .
Sm III
OB- BD
- Sin (fJ - Ill)
AB _ BD
Sin", - Sin (fJ - "')
BC Cot 22' BCCot35'
Sin", = Sin (fJ - "')
Sin (fJ - "') _ Cot 35'
Sin", - Cot 22'
Sin ~IJ - "') =0.578
Sin '"
Sin 11 Cos", .; Sin '" Cos fJ - 57
Sin", -0. 8
Sin 110'35' Cos", - Sin", Cos 110'35'
Sin", =0.578
Cot", Sin 69'25' + Cos 69'25' =0.578 Solution:
- 0.578 - 0.352
Cot III - 0.93616
Cot III = 0.241
III = 76'27'
fJ· III = 34'08'
Bearing of the line of intersection
=76'27 - 63'25'
= N, 13'02' E.

@ Slope of the line intersection:

5
12
tan III = 153.27
III = 0'9'21"
5
12
tan a =224.82

tana=-
Be a =0'06'22"
08
H=83'42'-a+1Il
tan a = ~~ tan 22' Sin III
H =88'42' - 0'06'22" + 0'09'21"
tan a = tan 22' Sin 76'27' H = 88'44'59"
a = 21'27' (slope)
S-222

MINE SURVEYING

45000 + 2.x2 • 1800x + 270000 =0

2.x2 • 1800x + 315000 =0
x2 - 900x + 157500 = 0
900 ±..j81‫סס‬oo - 63‫סס‬oo
x= 2
900 ± ..J18OOOO
x= 2
900 ±424
x= 2
476
x=-
2
x=238
1323
x=T'
x = 612 > 300 (absurd)
Usex= 238
® Bevation of discovery post: .

Solution:
CD Location of discovery post from the
location post number 2:
o (150)2 + x2 = (h cot45'~
(150)2 + x2 = h2
@ (150)2 + (300· x)2 =(h rot 60'~
. If
(150)2 + (300· x)2 ="3
o&@ If =(150)2 +;
If . If =22500 + (238~
h2 - x2 ="3 -(300 - x~ h2 = 22500 + 56700
3h2 - 3; = h2 - 3 (90000 - 600x + x2) h= 281
31f - 3x2 = If - 270000 + 1800x - 3; Elev. of Discovery Post =400 • 281 - 1.5
e 21f - 1800x + 270000 = 0 Elev. of Discovery Post =117.5 meters
O&e
h2 =(150)2 + x2 @ Distance of discovery post from cer. 1:
.2 [(150)2 + x2]-1800x +270000 =0 Distance = h cot 45'
2 (22500 +x2) - 1800x + 270000 = 0 Distance = 281 cot 45'
Distance = 281 m.

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY
ods of determining time:
1. Time by transit of a star across the
meridian.
2. TIme by transit of the sun.
3. Time by altitude ofthe sun.
4. Time by measured altitude of the star.
5. TIme by transit of a star across the vertical
circle through the Polaris.
6. Time by two stars at equal altitude.
Methods of determining longitude:
1. By time signals.
2. By transportation of time piece.
Methods of determining latitudes:
1. By altitude of the sun at noon.
2. Bya circumpolar star at time of transit.
3. By altitude of polaris at any hour angle.
4. By circum-meridian altitudes.
Methods of determining azimuths:
1. By an altitude of the sun.
2. By an altitude of the star.
3. By Polaris at greatest elongation.
4. By a circumpolar star at any hour angle.
S-223
1. Vertical circles - are great circles passing
from the zenith through the star or sun.
2. Hour circle· are great circles through the
poles.
3. Zenith ~ the point where the vertical'
produce upward, pierces the celestial
sphere.
4. Horizon· the great circle on the celestial
sphere cut by a plane through the earth's
center at right angles to the vertical.
5. Equator· the great circle of the celestial
sphere cut by a plane through the earth's
center perpendicular to'the axis.
6. Meridian of an'obseNer· the great circle
of the celestial sphere which passes
through the poles and the observer's
zenith.
7. Ecliptic· the great circle of the celestial
sphere which the sun appear to describe in
its annual eastward motion among 'the
stars.
8. Equinoxes· the· point of intersection of
the equator and the ecliptic.
9. Autmunal equinox· the point where the
sun crosses the equator in September.
10. Declination· the angular distance from the
equator measured on an hour circle through
the point.
11. Polar distance - is the complement of the
declination.
12. Altitude· the angUlar distance below or
above the horizon measured on a vertical
circle through the point.
13. Zenith distance - complement of the
altitude.
14. Hour angle - the arc of the equator
measured from the meridian westward to
the hour circle through the point.
15. Nadir· the point where the plumb line of
the transit when prolonged downward.
16. Celestial sphere· is an imaginary sphere
whose center is the center of the earth and
whose radius is infinite.
5-224

PRACTICAL ASTROIOMY

(90- H) =a
C=S
sin p = sin Z sin (90 - La)
= sin Z cos L
Z· = p. secL
z

s
Note:
At westem elongation, subtract Zfrom 180'
to obtain the azimuth of the stilr, and at eastem
elongation. add Z to 180' to obtain the true
Parallels azimuth of the star.
oflkclination

Determination of Azimuth by Polaris

at Greatest Elongation:

Set the transit at one end of the line to be

observed and level it carefully. Find the star
Derivation of the Formula for Determining and sight the vertical hair on it. As the star
the Azimuth of Polaris at Elongation: moves almost vertically (upward for eastern
elongation and downward for western
From the PZS Triangle, using the Napiers rule: elongation) it requires slow motion of the
tangent screw to keep the vertical hair on the
star. Follow it until it seems to move'
vertically, which should be about the time
given the table of Ephemires. Lower the
telescope and set a mark in line with the. cross
hair on the ground. Reverse the telescope and
sight the star again and then set another point
along the first side. The point halfway
between these two should be the point in the
vertical plane of the star at elongation. With
sin b = cos (co - b) cos (co - c)
the values of declination and latitude given,
sin z = sin Bsin c
silve for the value of Z, using the relation that
. Z sin n
Sin =_:.L.. Z = P sec L. When the observation is at
. cos L
westem elongation, just subtract the value of Z
sin Z = sin p sec L from' to obtain the true azimuth of the star, and
if it is observed to be on the eastern
Let b = P elongation, just add the value of Z to • thus
B=Z obtaining the true azimuth of the star that
(90 - L).= c particular time of observation.
A=P
 5-225

PilACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Determination of Azimuth by Polaris at

either Upper of Lower Culmination

The direction of the meridian may be

determined by observing with a transit at the
ins~ant when Polaris and some other stars are
in the same vertical plane and then waiting for
a certain lime until Polaris will be on the
meridian. At this instant Polaris is sighted and
its direction is then marked on the ground by
means of a stake. The observation to
determine when the two stars are in the same
vertical plane is done by the approximate
method by first pointing the vertical hair on
Polaris and then lower the telescope by Azimuth of AS = 180 + Z - H
pointing the star to be observed. At upper
culmination the Ursa Minor is exactly below
the Polaris and at lower culmination, the POLARIS AT WESTERN ELONGATION
Cassiopeia is also located directly below the
Polaris. This would be repeated until the
Polaris and the star other than Polaris, are
located on the same vertical hair. The
telescope now is pointing the true meridian,
and this is marked on the ground.

POLARIS AT EASTERN ELONGATION

Z"=P·secL
H = measured horizontal angle between star
and object.

Azimuth of AS = 180 - Z + H

Azimuth of AB = 180 + Z + H
Azimuth of AB = 180 - Z- H
5-226

PIICI.CllISTRONOMY

POLARIS AT UPPER CULMINATION

Azimuth AS = 180 - H

Azimuth AS =180 + H

1) Star between Zenith and Pole

N

NL.-_..L........;: ~

Azimuth AS = 180 - H
L=D-Z
L = latitude
POLARIS AT LOWER CULMINATION D = declination
Z=90-H
H =vertical angle

2) Star between the south and equator

N z

N'-----~-"""-_...... S
A

L=90-(H +D)
Azimuth AS = 180 + H L=Z-D
Z=90-H
 S-227

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

3) Polaris at upper culmination (TANGENCY METHOD)

z SET I
Position of Position cf
Telescope Sun's Image

NL-_~::.L.:::iIC: .....J5
D
-P
L=H-P
P =90 - 0 (polar distance)
D
d-
L=D-Z
Z=90-H
R
~
4) Polaris at lower culmination
z
R
-b
SET II
Position of Position of
Telescope Sun's Image

1---1--1.4-:* ---15 R
-P
R
d-
L=H+P
P=90-D
D
~
Determination of AzilTluth by
D
-b
Solar Observation I
CENTER METHOD
Set up the transit at one end of the line
SET I
whose azimuth is to be determined. With the
telescope in the normal position, orient the Position of Position of
telescope due south, Sight the other end of the Telescope Sun's Image
fine and record the magnetic azimuth of such
line, Then rotate the instrument and point
approximateiy to the position of the sun.
D
-+
Taking precautions that observing the sun
directly through the telescopic eyepiece may
result injury to the eye. Good observations
can be made by bringing the sun's image to a
R

SET II
+
focus on a white card held several inches in Position of Position of
the rear of the telescope. Sight the sun in the Telescope Sun's Image
following order and recording each observation
the values of vertical angles, horizontal angle
and time. Using the tangent method, the cross
wires shall be made tangent to the left and
lower right as shown in the following sets of
R

0
+
-+
observations,
S-228

PRAcnClllSTRONOMY

Sight the other end of the line again and P+H+L

check whether the reading is still the same as S=-2-
that of the previous one. It must give the same P=corrected north Polar distance
reading otherwise the instrument is disturbed. H=corrected altitude of sun
Take note that the interval of time between any L = latitude of place of observation
two consecutive sighting shall not exceed 2
minutes, if it does, discard that observation.
The date of observation must also be recorded CONVERGENCY OF MERIDIAN
since values of the North Polar Distance from
the table is obtained from this date. Convergency of Meridian = is the meeting of
two tangents at each point of different
longitude as they recede to the north pole.
Solar Azimuth Formula:
Angular convergence in seconds = diff.in
cot ~ =" sec S Sec (S • P) Sin (S • H) Sin (S - L) long in sec. x Sine middle latitude.
A = azimuth of sun if observed in the afternoon.
360 - A =azimuth of sun if observed in the
moming.

S=P+~+L
P =corrected north polar distance

Correction applied = Diff. in hours from 8:00

A.M. or 2:00 P.M. multiplied by the
variation per hour, which is to be added
when observed between June 21 to Dec.
21, and to be subtracted when observed
between Dec. 21 to June 21. .

H = corrected altitude of sun, corrected for

parallax and refraction which is always
subtracted from the observed altitude.
o = angle of convergency
L =Latitude of place of observation.
f1 = latitude angle of AB
a =difference in longitUde between A and B
Determination of Time from OB = R = radius of earth approximately
Solar Observation 20,890,000 ft.
AB=O'Ba
Tan .1 = -V Sec (S - P) Sin (8 - H) AB
a=O'B
2 Cot~
2
Tan ~ =
Angle BOD = Angle BCO' = {J
& SSec (S - P) Sin (S - H) Csc (S - L)
BO'
12 - t = local apparent time (when observed in Sin J3 = BC
. the morning) BO'
t = local apparent time (when ob~erved in the BC= Sin B
afternoon)
 S-229

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

With negligible error

AB=BCe
AB
0=BC
ButAB = BO' a
BO'
BC= Sin B
AB
0=BC
BO' a Sin B
0= BO'
e=aSinB
BO'=RCosB
AB
a=BO'

Let AB =d (distance between A and B)

d
a=RCosll
d Sin II
e=Rcosll
dtanll .
o =-R- (radIans)
o = 32.38 d tan B (seconds)
o =32.38 tan B(convergency correction)
For d = 1 kilometers
If d = kilometers,
R = in feet
o =3;~~:0~~ II 1~0 (3600)
o =32.38 tan f!,

To obtain azimuth based on base meridian,

subtract the covergency correction if the line is
on the east of base meridian.

To obtain azimuth based'on the base meridian, Parallax Correction:

add the convergency correction if the line is on
the west of base meridian. It is assumed that the celestial sphere is of
infinite radius and that vertical angle measured
from a station on the earth's surface is the sam
eas that if it would be measured from the
center of the earth. But for stellar or solar
observations these angles are not equal.
There is an error in this observed vertical angle
due to the fact. that it is· observed on the
surface and not on the cetner of the earth. This
error is called parallax.
S·230

PRACTICAlISTRONOMY

Combined Correction due to

Parallax and Refraction

H =corrected altitude
HI =observed altitude
hr =refraction correction
._-------
CELESTIAL HORIZON
-- hp = parallax correction
hrp =combined parallax and refraction
correction.

H=Hl- hr+h p
h = corrected altnude
H=H 1 - (hr - hp)
h1 = observed altitude
hp = parallax correction
h = h1 + hp (parallax correction is added)

Refraction Correction:

When a ray of light emanating from a CELESTIAL HORIZON

---------
celestial body passes through the atmosphere
of the earth, the ray is bent downward as
shown on the figure. Hence the sun or star
appears to be higher above the observer's
horizon than they actually are. The angle of
deviation of the ray from its direction on
entering ihe earth's atmosphere to its direction
at the surface of the earth is called the Combined correction due to parallax and
refraction of the ray. refraction is always subtracted to the observed
altitude.

h = corrected altitude
hI = observed altitude
hr = refraction correction
h = h1 - hr (refraction correction is
subtracted to the observed altitude)
 5-231

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

ColTeCfed H= 35'16'15"
1-10"
H= 35'15'05"
P = 101'02'08"
L = 12'50'27"
28= 1S07-40
S= 77-33-50
P= 107-92-08
S-P= 29-28-18
S= 77-33-50
H= 35-15-Q5
S-H= 42-18-45
S= 77-33-50
L= 12-50-27
8 - L = 6443-23

Cot~A =...j Sec SSec (S- F') Sin (S -H) Sin(S - L)

Time
o 8:32:00 Cot l A
2
=" Sec 71'33'50" Sec 29'28'18" Sin 42'18'45" Sin 64'43'23'
o 8:32:30
R 8:33:05 '12 A =29-01-45
R ~ A =58-03-30
Mean = 8:32:48
Azimuth ofsun = 360 - A
Oiff. in time =8:32:48 Azimuth ofsun = 301"56'30"
- a;Q.Q;QO
0-32:48

Oiff. in time = 0.5467 hrs.

Correction for NPO

= diff. in time x variation per hour
Correction for NPO =0.5467 (- 43.9) =-24"
Corrected NPD = 101'02'32"
24"
P = 107'02'08"

@ Azimuth ofsun:

Horizontal Vertical
Angle Angle.
o 158'22' 35'21'
o 159'04' 34'55' Azimuth T1 - i, c: 301'56'30"
R 159'10' 35'36' - 158'48'15,'
R ~ ~ Azimuth T1 - T2 = 143'08'15"
Mean = 158'48'15" Mean = 35'16'15"
 5-232

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Altitude (H)
D 36-09
D ~2S
R 36-19
R ~
Mean = 35'54'00"

Corrected H = 35'54'00"
- 1'09"
Corrected H= 35'5Z51"

::::::;:;:: :::;:::':::::::::; Diff. in time =3:45:45 - 2:00:00

.
:::::>:":::::::;:::::::;:;::;::;:::::;:;:;:: >{:~~r::~:};::::;:::::::::::-::""
.. .. ",' ••.••. '.' ....••..:.:.:<;:;: t~tt~: }r~~~;t~
Diff. in time = 1:45:45 = 1,7625 hrs.
l,r!~W~I~~~~~P1:':
<;U<>~~~
·Q\Q..
. ~~T." .>/11·'·:::,:,:::.:•.!.• .'•. ..•..•.•
W_':~f",~·············:·········
..

!?j~~1cJ1;1~;~llli •· • •••
•.••• •.• •
·:'.·i••
:·.t....••...
:.·
•..•••....••.•:•..••....•
·.: ••....• :1.· ....•....••. :•.•...,:'i.••..,•.•:.••.••..••.•.••••
.•. •:...•..•.•...•
Correction for North Polar Distance
= Diff. in hrs x Variation per hour
=
Con-ection for NPD 1.7625 (- 38,57") 1'OS" =

li.,illiti Corrected NPD:

P = 70'36'24"
rOO"
p", 70'35'16"

r.
Ij.;r•.!..•:! f. .·.fu.~tl.·:.:.;{., .111
..:r.o:.-, _...

Solution:
.. ~:,~ ,v.~:'f
. :::-:::-:..:<:</:::.:-:-..-.-..
P = 70'35'16"
H= 35'5Z51"
L= 14'53'25'
2S = 121'21'32"
S = 60'40'46"
P = 70'35'16"
CD Azimuth of sun:
S- P = 9'54'30"
S = 60'40'46"
. Horizontal Angle
H= 35'52'51"
D 102-59
S-H= 24'4755"
D 103-39
S = 60'40'46"
R 103-57
L = 14'53'23"
R ~
S-L= 45'1721"
Mean = 103'2S'30"

Time Cot~A =~ Sec SSec (S- Pi Sin (S- H) Sin (S- L)

D 3:45:00
COl! A =-V Sec 60'40'46' Sec 9'54'30' Sin 24'47'55' Sin 45'17'21')
D 3:45:30 2
R 3:46:00
R ~
12 A= 51'42'39"
Mean = 3:45:45 A= 103'25'18"
 5-233

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

. Solution:
CiJ Azimuth ofsun:
MNN N

Note: Azimuth of sun = A if observation is H= 51'04'00"

in the aftemoon L = 10'22'00"
Azimuth of sun = 360 • Aif P = 103'23'23"
observation is in the morning 2S = 164'49'23"
S = 82'24'42"
e = 103'28'30" ·103'25'18" S· p= 20'58'41"
e = 03'12" S· H= 31'20'42"
S· L = 72'02'42"
Azimuth ofT, • T2 = 178'36'·03'12"
Azimuth of T, • T2 = 178'32'48" Col~= --.J Sec 8 Sec (8 - p) Sin (S· L) Sin (8 - H)
@ Magnetic declination: Col ~ =~ Sec 82'24'42' Sec 20'58'41' Sin 72'02'42' Sin 31'20'42'
Magnetic declination = 03'12" ~ A
Col 2" =2,00

~= 26'31'37"
A =53'03'13"
Azimuth ofsun = 53'03'13"
T@•• J(rJI()Wiri9d~htwet~r~i;Qrded16r.an·
p@@@Qn()flti~.stl6.
..: . ;:::".
•· • ·> • .U.•,. ' < ' . ® True azimuth of AB:
N

CiJCornpule the tnteazirrillih bfStihi' > .

®. Corriput~the lrueazimuth tifiine Nt .... . B
@ Is the walchloo slow or toofasfandby
how much? '., ..... •.
 5-234

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

True azimuth of AB = 360' - 89'16'47" L = 41'20'

True azimuth of AB = 270'43'13" H= 46'48'
p= 82'02'
® Time of observation: 25 = 170'10'
S= 85'OS'
tan~= ~Cos SSec(S-p) Sin (S- H) Csc(S-L) S-p= 3'03'
S-H= 37'OS
lan i =" Cos 82'24'42" Sec 20'58'41" Sin 72'02'42" Sin 31'20'42"
2 S-L= 43'45'
!.2 =15'32'27"
t =31'04'55" cot~ = ~ Sec SSec {S - P] Sin (S· L) Sin (S - H)
f = i'04 m2O' (time of observation) Col ~ =" Sec 85'05' Sec 3'03' Sin 43'45' Sin 37"05'
2:04:20 - 2:04:12 =8 sec,
A
Watch is too slow by 8 seconds, Cot 2" =2.2072

~= 24'22'23"
2
A = 48'44'46"

Azimuth = 48'44'46" if obseNed in P,M.

•.
··~·~~I ;e~~Na~~~4,\~es6h~~~~~.·
.~s~Q!~~® . ~.·~~·~~~~·ltll.·~rr¢AtEl~.·No/tlJ ® Azimuth if obseNed in the morning:
P.91at~l$tao¢EllS$2~Q2r~ ..
N
• .~• • • ¢6ii1Pllieitte.a#imulh~sHn.lfObsel¥~dill.

~_:lIt.'~I.~:
··®····~~~~~i~~I~~Grv~Wm.lfff.#~ •
Solution:
CD Azimuth ofsun if obseNed in the aftemoon:
N

Azimuth = 360 - A
Azimuth = 360·48'44'46"
Azimuth =311'15'14" ifobseNed in A.M.

® Time of obseNation:
tan ~ = ~ Cos 8 Sec (5· p) Sin (5 - Ii) ~sc (8 - L)

tan f= " Cos 85'05' Sec 3'03' Sin 37'05' Csc 43'45'
 5-235

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

t Diff. in time = 3:45:45 - 2:00:00

tan "2 =0.27357
Diff. in time =1. 7625 hrs.
L
2- 15'18'
t =30'36' Correction for NPD = variation per hour
t= 2h02m24s x Difference in hours
Correction =• 38.57 (1.7625)
Time = 12:00:00
.~
Correction =• 67,98"
9:57:36 A.M. Correction =·1' 08"
CorrectedNPD = 70'36'24"
• 00'01' 08"
Corrected NPD = 70'35'16"

@ Declination at the instant of observation:

MN TN

~ \
\
\
T-2 \
\
\
I

True azimuth "

\

" T-]
\
\
\
\
\

0'03'12" W

True azimuth ofT-l toT-2

=178'36'00"-0'03' 12"
=178'32'48"
Solution:
CD Corrected North polar Distance:
Note: .Angle Ais on the west if
MN TN observed on the' afternoon

~
e= 103'28' 30" - 103'25' 18"
\
\
e = 00'03'12" W. (declination)
\
\
I
\
\
A= 103 '25' 18""
\ ® True azimuth:
\

\ T-] True azimuth of T-1 to T-2

= 178'36' DO" - 0'03' 12"
= 178'32' 48"
5-236

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

@ Azimuth ofmark:
TN

e = 313'48' 45"· 300'13'19"

Solution: e = 13'35' 26"
CD Corrected altitude:
Azimuth ofmark = 360' ·13'35' 26"
Azimuth ofmark = 346'24' 34"
TN

Recorded altitude H = 36'49' 45"

Parallax &refraction 01' 07"
Corrected H 36'48' 38"

@ Azimuth of sun:
Azimuth ofsun = 360'·59'46' 41" ;

(j)1f the parallaX and refr.actlon isO'58", what.

Azimuth ofsun = 300'13'19" .·is thecortecledvalu6 om .
@. Compute the true beanng ofthesu!l.
@ Compute the azimuth ofBLlM#1 .to
·BLlM#2.
 5-237

PRACTICAl, ASTRONOMY

Solution: Horizontal angle: 359{)2-OO

CD Corrected vertical angle H: 356-19-47
356-19-44
Note: H = 90' - zenith angle 359{)2·25
Hl =90' - 48'33' 48" = 41'26' 12" 1433'43' 56"
H2=OO'·48'49'50" = 41'10'10"
Ha =90'·48'09' 40" = 41'50'20" Ave. Horizontal angle =
1433'43' 56"
4 .
H4 = 90' - 48'34' 42" = 41'25' 18"
165'52' 00" Ave. Horizontal angle =358'25' 59"
8 = 104'23' 24" ·102'49' 33"
165'52' 00" 8=1'33'51"
AverageH= 4
Average H=41'28' 00" Azimuth ofBLLM #1 to BLLM # 2
Corrected H=41'28' 00"·0'58' =255'36' 26" + 1'33' 51"
Corrected H= 41'27' 02" = 257'10' 17"
® True bearing ofsun:

Azimuth of sun =360' ·104'23' 34"

Azimuth of sun =255'36' 26"
True bearing = N. 75'36' 26" E,

® Azimuth of BLLM #1 to BLLM #2:

CD Compute the azimuth of sun. .'. . .

®compute lh@1fUeaZimulhof BlLM 1'40,110
. 8LLMNo.2,.. .'. . .
@ '. CompUte the probable error of azimuth. .
S-238

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Solution:
Cot ~ =...J sec S Sec (S·P) Sin (S·H) Sin (S-L)
2
N
Cot ~ = ...J 0.228140761

~2 =64'28'8.24"
A=128'56'16.4"
AZimuth ofsun =360' - 128'56'16.4"
Azimuth ofsun = 231'03'43.6"

Azimuth of BLLM1 to BLLM2

= 231'03'43.6" - 101'49'29"
=129'14'14.6"
Set 1 N
Time Hor. Cirde Reading Vertical Angle
8:14:36 101 - 50 - 25 47 - 06 - 12
8: 15:09 101 - 48 - 33(.tA>.ISO') 47 - 01 - 11 (sub.360·)
8:14:52.5 101-49-29 47-03-41.5

corrected H =47'- 03'· 41.5'·59.39"

H =47'02'42'11"

Diff. in time = 8:14:52.5

8:00:00
14:52.5 =0.2479 hrs.

Correction for NPD = 0.2479 (09i

Sel2
Correction for NPO =2.23"
lime Hor. Circle Vertical
Reading Angle
p= 51'13'46" -2.23"
8:15:12 101- 47 - 33 43'58'01"
p= 51'13'43.77" 8:15:51 101· 45 - 57 46'57'17"
H=47'02'42.11" 8:15:31.5 101- 46·45 45'27'39"
L = 17'16'4.80"
28 = 115'32'30.6" Oiff. in hrs. =8:15:31.5 -8:00:00
S = 57'46'15.34" Diff. in hrs. =0.25875
Corr. =0.25875 (09'')
p = 51'13'43.77"
Corr. =2.33"
s· P= 6'32'31.57" P=51'13'4l)"
S= 57'46'15.34" 2.33"
H= 47'02'42.11" 51'13'43.67"
S - H = 10'43'33.23"
Correded H = 45'27'39"
S = 57'46'15.34" 59.39"
L = 17'16'4.80" H=45'26'39.61"
S - L = 40'30'10.54" P= 51'13'43.67"
 S-239

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

L % 17'16'4.80"
28 = 113'56'28.10'
8 = 56'58'14.09"
P = 51'13'43.67" F@n!~~gellf?n~~~Qfasl)l~t9t>s~tyatitm
8 - P = 5'44'30.33" ~.~i@wi@. ·TwZth~~QM~;.IMfPlk1WtOg~$;W.
·areoll$61Ved.·.·.·····.···.>····
S = 56'58'14.09"
H =45'26'39.61"
8 - H= 11'31'34.4"
$t~.i~p~d.: ¥~l • • • • • • • • ................;<>
• • • • • • • • • • • • . •. .. . . . . . .
8 = 56'58'14"
L = 17'16'4.80"
Blt~1~~i[4Ii~.m":)

I.~i.lil
8 - L = 39'42'9.2"

cot~ = ~ Sec SSec (8- P) Sin (S· H) Sin (S- L)

Cot ~ = {0.235359069 c~~~~~~t~~~~'o;~,~~~p~~\
~ =64'07'12.74" N

A =128'14'25.4"

Azimuth ofsun = 360' - 128'14'25.4"

Azimuth ofsun = 231'45'34.6"

CD True azimuth of sun:

231'-03'· 43.6" + 231'-45'·34.6"
=
2
True azimuth of sun = 231'24' 39"

@ Azimuth ofBLLM #1 to BLLM #2:

True azimuth of BLLM No. 1 to BLLM No.2
= 231'45'34.6".· 101'46'45"
= 129'58'49.6"
True azimuth ofBLLM NO.1 to BLLM NO.2
129'58'49.6" + 129'14'14.6"
=
2
= 129'36' 32.1"

@ Probable error ofazimuth:

Probable error ofazimuth
= 0.33725 x difference in azimuth
Difference in azimuth
= 129'58'49.6"· 129'14' 14.6"
Difference in azimuth =44' 35" =2675"

Probable error of azimuth = 0.33725(2675) CD Compute lhe¢orrected alt~udiHor set t

Probable error ofazimuth = 902" @ • Compute thetrue aZimufhofT1to Tz. .
Probable error of azimuth = 15' 02" ® Compute the probable errOr.
5-240

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Solution: 5=P+H+L
<D Corrected altitude for set I. 2
Note: Vertical angle =90' -zenith angle P= 69'39'10.17"
H= 41'27'7.25"
Position of Time Horizontal L =14'33'40.73"
Telescope Angle 2S =125'39'58.1"
o 8:32:07 359-02-00
o 8:32:31 358-17-47 5 =62'49'59"
R 8:33:09 358-19-44 5 - P= 6'49'11.17"
R 8:33:36 359-02-25 5 - H= 21'22' 51.75"
--
8:32:50.7 358-4().{J() S- L =48'16'18.27"

Position of
Telescope
Zenith
Angle
Vertical
Angle
Cot~= " Sec S Sec (S - P) Sin (5 - H) Sin (S- L)
o <$-33-48 41-26-12 A
Cot =0.77469
o 48-49-59 41-10-01 2
R <$-09-17 41-50-43
R <$-34-43 41-25-17 ~=52'11'6.91"
41-2Pr0325 A=104'28'13.8"

Corrected altitude for set I =41'28'03.25" - 0'00'56" Azimuth ofsun =360' -104'28'13.8"
Corrected altitude H = 41'27'07.25" Azimuth ofsun =255'31' 46.2"

® True azimuth ofTt to h True azimuth of T1 to T2 = 255'31' 46.2"

+ 1'20' 00"
True azimuth of T1 to T2 =256'51' 46.2"

SET II
Position of Time Horizontal
Telescope Angle
R 8:33:36 359-02-12
R 8:34:14 358-20-09
0 8:34:44 358-20-54
0 8:35:08 359-03-57
8:34:25.2 358-41-00

Position of Zenith Vertical

Telescope Angle Angle
Oiff. in time =8:32:50.7 - 8:00:00 R 47-5Pr58 42-01-02
Oiff. in time =32:50.7 R 48-25-57 41-34-03
Oiff. in time =0.5474166 hrs. 0 47-46-17 42-13-43
0 48-12-50 4147-10
Correc1ion for NPO = Variation per hour 41-53-59.5
x Diff. in hrs.
Correction for NPD =29.64 (0.5474166) Correc1ed H=41'53'59.5"
Correction for NPD =16.23" - 0'00' 55"
Correc1ed H =41'53'04.5"
Uncorrected NPO = 69'-39'-26.40"
Correction = 16.23" Oiff. in time =8:34:25.5 - 8:00:00
Corrected NPO = 69'-39'-10.17" Oiff. in time =34'25.5" = 0.57375 hrs.
 S-241.

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Correction for NPD =29.64" (0.57375)

!jlt~lllf
Correction for NPD = 17"
Corrected NPD (P) = 69'39'·26.40"
17"
P =69'39'9.40"
H = 41'53'9.40"
L = 14'33'40.73"
2S = 126'05'54.63"
S = 63'02'57.32"
S- P = 6'36'12.08" Solution:
S- H = 21'09'52.82" CD Azimuth ofsun:
S· L = 48'29'16.59" Diff. in hours = 1:45.20
Oiff. in hours = 1.756 hrs.
cot~=.ysecs Sec(S-p) Sin (S-H) Sin (S-L) Cotrection forNPO =- 38.24(1.756)
Correction for NPD =- 67.15" =- 01'7.15"
cot~ =0.774925257
P = 103'24' 30.24"
~= 52'13' 37.17" - 01' 23.09"
A= 104'27' 14.3" P = 103'23' 23.09"
H = 51'05' 00"
Azimuth ofsun = 360' -104'27'14.3" 38.92"
Azimuth ofsun = 255'32' 45.7"
H= 51'04' 21.08"
Azimuth ofT1 to Tz = 255'32'45.7" L = 10'23' 5.29"
+ 1'19'00" p= 103'23'23.09"
Azimuth of T1 to Tz = 256'51' 45.7" 2S = 164'50' 49.4"
Average azimuth S = 82'25' 24.73"
. 256'51'46.2" + 256"51'45.7" P = 103'23' 23.09"
=
2 S- P = 20'57' 58.36"
Average azimuth = 256'51'46" S = 82'25' 24.73"
@ Probable error. H = 51'04' 21.08"
Ditt. in azimuth =256'51' 46.2" - 256'51' 45.7" S- H = 31'21' 3.65"
Oiff. in azimuth = 0.5" S = 82'25' 24.73"
Probable error = 0.33725 x Diff. in azimuth L = 10'23' 5.29"
Probable error = 0.33725 (0.5") S· L= 72'02' 19.44"
Probable error = 0,169"
5-242

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

cot~=.y Sec SSec (S-P) Sin (S-L) Sin (S-H)

A
Cot 2" = 2.0

~=26.51'
A = 53'01' WC()I11P(lt~lh~$fq~pt~?N()tthP()lar
. >Qisfan~ .. >.................................................................... .
@ Value oft: .~>>>'h!itwillb~the)azirJ9lh.(>fth~$!Jl).
·@.wb~twm.~.·tne.(gimutnpffhEl.mal'k.
tan ~:::.y Cos S Sec (S-P) Sin (S-ff) esc (S·L)
Solution:
~= 15.53' CD Corrected North Polar Distance:
t = 31'03' 36" Horizontal Time Vertical
Angle Angle
358'40' 54.7" Ave: 8:32:58.75 48'47' 08" (Ave)
® Local mean time:
t = 31'03' 36" Oiff. in time = 8:32:58.75·8:00
t = 2h 04m 14.4s Oiff. in time::: 00 • 32:58.75
Oiff. in time = 0.5496 hrs.
Local mean time::: Zh 04m 14.45 - (- 14'15.8") Corrected for NPO = 0.5496(26.64}
Local mean time'" 2h 18 n, 30.2s Corrected for NPO =- 14.64"
Local mean time = 2:18:30,2 Corrected NPO::: 68'22' 42.4" ,·14.64"
P = 68'22' 27.76"

@) Standard time at 120th meridian: ® Azimuth of sun:

Oiff. In longitude::: 124'58' 42"-120'
Oiff. in longitude = 4'58' 42"
OI·ff.· I it d 4.978"
, In ong u e::: -15"

Oiff. in longitude ::: Oh 19m 54,8s

Standard time:: 2:18:30.2
• 19:54,8
Standard time::: 1:58:35,4

H::: 48'47' 08"

p::: 68'22' 27.76"
L::: 14'20' 13.6"
28::: 13129' 49.3"
8::: 65'44' 5465"
 S·243

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

p = 68' 22' 27.76" Solution:

Sop = 2'3T 33.11" CD True bearing ofsun from the North:
S = 65'44' 54.65"

+
H:;: 48'4708"
S-H:;: 16'5746.65"
S:;: 65'44' 54.65"
L= 51'24'41.05"
S-L:;: 51'24' 41.05"

Cos ~ = ...j Sec SSec (SOP) Sin (S-H) Sin (S-L) , Z=1OI'2T50"

~:;:53.30'
A = 106'35' 34.1"
Azimuth of Sun :;: 360' - 106'35' 34:1"
Azimuth of Sun =253'24' 25.9"
@ Azimuth of Marie
358'40' 54.7"
- 253'24' 25.9"
ex. = 105'16' 28.8"
B = 106'35' 34.1" -105'16' 28.8"
B:;: 1'19' 5.2"
B = 1'19' 5.2"
Azimuth of Mark =253'24' 25.9"
+ 1'19' 5.2"
Azimuth of Mark = 254'43' 31,2"
Anobsetvati\lli W8sniadetodeterminethe
aiimuth btthellne .Ai3. by observing the
allilode ot sun in theaftemoon. The follOwing
da~were~erve(t.< .' ... ' ,.'
latitUde of place I)f QbservatlQl'l == 42'29' 30' N.
Longitude of place of observation' ''
::: 124'20' 30" E,• ' ' " .,.,,' , , ' ','.'
'M~n Horizontal Angte from statian.B to the
sun =6S'54' 30" (clOCkwise) "
Mean altitude of Sun (corrected) = 43',16' 46"
Declination of Sun'" 20'52' 44"
CD Compute the true bearing of sun from the
North.
@ Compulethettue azimuth ofsun,
@ Compute the true aZimuth of AB.
SinD
Cosl= Cos LCosh ·tanLtanh
Note:
l =true bearing ofsun from the norlh
NW if observed in the afternoon
NE if observed in the morning
0= 20'52' 44"
L=42'29' 30"
h = 43'16' 48"
SinD
Cosl= Cos LCosh -tanLtanh
Sin 20'52' 44"
Cos l = Cos 42'29' 30" Cos 43'16' SO"
Cosl=-0.19875
Z = 101'27' 50"
@ True azimuth of the sun:
True azimuth of the sun
• = 180'00' 00" -101'27' 50"
True azimuth of the sun = 78'32'10"
@ True azimuth ofAB:
True azimuth of AB =78'32' 10' - 68'54' 30"
True azimuth of AB = 9'37' 40"
5-244

PRACTICAl ImONOMY

Il1llilillli]
Solution:
<D Bearing ofstar from the north:
i:I.112
• • i·.~bs~~ijl)(\""hrnR91~ri~a.ttalns.iISUpper
..H··.¢WrnltiatlQnWllhMaijitlldeQt~3'3T
.•1ndex
~f:l'~pllQtli$~~g.~a@ffitioI11s1'01!'.
Solution:
<D Azimuth of Polaris measured from the north.
H = 10'21' 30" + 10'22' ZO" = 10'21' .55"
2
Z"=P'secL
P=1'15'40"
P" =3600 + 15(60) + 40
P" =4540
Z"=P'secL
SinD
CosZ=CosLCosH -tanLtanH Z' = 4540 sec 14'45'
Z=4695"
_ Sin (-10'57' 18") Z= 1"18' 15"
Cos Z- Cos 39'14'12" Cos 28'36'48"
® True azimuth of BLLM NO.1 to BLLM No.2.
-tan 39'14'12" tan 28'36'48"
Z= 136'28'04" East ofNorth

® Azimuth of star:
Azimuth of star = 136'28' 04" + 180
Azimuth of star = 316'28' 04"

® Azimuth of AB:
Azimuth of/iB = 316'28' 04 - 85'20' 04"
Azimuth of AB = 231"08' 00"
 5-245

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

True azimuth of BLLM No, 1to BLLM No, 2 Solution:

=180+l+H CD Bearing of Polaris measured from norlh:
True azimuth = 180' + 1"18' 15" + 15'21' 55"
N
True azimuth = 191'40' 10"

•
P~~iS
..::,::
® Latitude of ObseNation: B
.I "
Z I"
I

lan Z = Sin t
Cos Llan D - Sin LCos t
Ian Z - Sin 45'30'
Cos 42'20' tan 86'40' • Sin 42'20' Cos 45'30'
Z =3'20'25"
Altitude =43'3TOO" Bearing ofPolaris = N. 3'20' 25" E.
Index correction = + 00' 30"
@ True azimuth of Polaris:
Refraction correction = - 01' 01"
True azimuth ofPolaris = 183'20' 25"
CorrectedH =43'36'29"
® True azimuth ofAB:
True azimuth of AB = 183'20' 25" - 62'40'.00"
L=H-P
True azimuth ofAB = 120'40' 25"
P= 1'15'40"
L=43'36' 29" - 1'15' 40"
L = 42'20' 49"

TheCl~~~&edll1~ridi~o~ltitl#1i • •pf•. ~• • M~tol1.·

Polaris is obsEl!V'ed· at a..certa1n hOur angle·
equal to 45'$Q~ at a certail1place .whose
latitude is 42"20' and a declination of 86"40',· A
horizontal angle was meaS\.lred from the line
AS clockwise towards pQlarls (EastQf North)
and was recorded to be 62'40'. . . .
CD ;:~::he bealing of Polaris measured
@ Compule!he lrue azimuth of Polaris.
;;v C(}mpule the true aZimuth of AB,
,b;pril.•10,•• 1990.V/~s • ~~'g~\ • $tar.pe.lifi~g.S6yth, •
Refraction(;()rrecti911•• iS1!1i?:•• ··The.·deeul1at~"
oflt1~st<lrffllli~tf~~9IW~s>~$~2!f?1~,<
<1?QEltefTljjoeloeco~~CtedailiIW~k
@•• q~tElrll'lihe· • tflEl.1BtjtOt!e()f•• lheplll~.·.of
obsElliJafloo.•••••. <.• • • • •.• .• .• • • • • • • «.. .. .
® QelermineJhehoUrl:109IElofthestar,
Solution:
CD Corrected altitude:
5-246

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Observed altitude = 39'24' 00" Solution:

Refraction CotTection _. 1'11"
<fJ CotTected altitude ofPolaris.
Altitude H = 39'22'49"
Obs. altitude =43'28' 30"
® Latitude of the place of observation. Index error =• 01'00"
H = 39'22' 49" Refraction Corr. =• 01'00"
D = 8'29' 21"
90· L = 47'S110" Cotrected altitude:
h =43'28' 30"·01'·01'
H + D =47'S2' 10"
90· L =47'S2'10" h = 43'26' 30"
L = 90 . 47'S2' 10"
L =42'09' 50" ® Hour angle in hours, minutes and seconds.
® Hour angle of the star. Hourangte:
t = 51'20' 46.S"
B
= S1.3462S'
t
15'
t = 3h25' 23,1"

® Latitude of place ofobservation.

p=90'·D.
Sin b Sin a
Sin B = Sin A P=90' ·89'04' 55.6"
Sin 98'29' 21" Sin SO'37' 11 " p= 55'04.6"
Sin 101'27' 50" = Sin A p=5S.08'
A =49'59' 21"
Hour angle t =49.989'
,_ 49.989' L = h - P Cos t + ~ Sin l' p2 Sin2 t tan h
,- 1S'
t = 3h 19"' 585 L = latitude of place of observation
h = corrected altitude of polaris
t = hour angle in degrees, minutes and
seconds
p = polar distance in minutes
Anob$~~~i:I ~fUlUd~>(l{R6Iaris alan Mut
angle Of 51'20' 4Ek5" was reoordedto be
43'2&' 30".lndexertQrl$ + 01'00". Declination L = h • p Cos t + ~ Sin l' p2 Sin2 t tan h
of Polaris at this instant is+ 89'04' 55,&'.
L ::: 43'26' 30" • 55.08 Cos 51'20' 46.5"
RefraCtioncorraction is 01'00";
+ ~ Sin l' (55.08)2 Sin 2 51'20' 46.5" tan 43'26'30"
<fJ Determinelhe corrected altitude of Polaris, •
® CompUte the hour angle in nours, minutes L::: 43'26' 30' • 34.40' +0.25'
and seconds. L::: 43'26' 30"·34' 39"
® Determlrte the latitude of place of
observation. L::: 42'51' 51" N
 S-247

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Greenwich apparent time

= Greenwich civil time + equation of time
+
4h 52m DOS = G.C.T. 5m 30S
Tfle~~$Ur~d111tlbJ(1eqflh~s4nslJp~~J@~ G,G,T. =4h 46m 30s
Wtl~~(m •. ttl~·.m@~I~n.at·.~·.ppiJ'\t.IQ . I~tl9!lU(j~
7:3.~WWa~4TIQ·QQ'':()I'JMW¢lJ11);2005.· Greenwich civil lime = Greenwich standard time

i_i,llili!1
Greenwich standard time = 4h 4~ 305

•·· • • $tI6·:l•• $~Il'li.qil!ll1'lel!lr::;fI2;OO~·.·.·················· .

0JDetenllillel.)IDe••••latill.m~·<.6f.place of Inptepa.t$~MfBt~110~~~~tionol1tli~$!ar

@ .•
ob~eNali()h<·i<
Oe~~nnll)~ • •~e . .• IO(;~d • • sidereaJtime••. if{he
.~~iij~.ffi~~~\t~~b~~&r~'j;e~ili~ffi~~6·
· · · · · • • hour.~rlgl.~0f • lhe••.slJf:l•. duJil1g.·9bserValiori amtll~e9ftbe$tatjs1.T$~,13'.Tlle~~lcUla,ted
.• wa$ ••••• 32·1~··.·4?'; • t@jme.appare!Jtrlght n~f(l1c;ij()gwrrectipnf()rffl~laltlt~(jElii~O~~O:J;</
.... · •. as~nsiorJ.()f.th~$yn.I$.5~.4W3t)S .••.•.• <i•• .·•· •
p~teli1lfne.!hE!9rren\'lICh$taHdai~tifne • if
.$. What.allilugeWill.bemeaSllredwl1ell'lli~
@ •..••
.·tOOeql\tllionoftirneis5tn30(> .. . ~rgcirrt~ifthe$e5jlbol~te~v~~e~
.@).. lft~e·.~e~matlor.·oflt1~ • staratthetfiOrnenl

Vlfit1il~;~.~.
Solution:
tj) Lalitude of place of obseNation:
L=90-H+D
ObseNed H = 47'10' 00" @ •••. 9(Jfl1Pu~ th~llpllr.,¥,gl~l.of.
• .• the.staratthe
. ·lilSlaffl4fo~seJVatkm, . . ....
Index Correction = 02' 00"
Refraction and Parallax = - 0'18" Solution:
Suns semi-diameler = + 12'06" CD Allitude ofstar:
Corrected H = 47' 19' 48" Calculated allilude = 17' 36.8'
o = +3'35'02"' Refraction Corr. - - 03'
Corrected H = 1T33,8'
L=90-H+D
L=90'-47'19'48" + 3'35'02" @ Bearing ofstar:
SinD
L = 46'15'14" Cos Z =Cos L CosH - tan L (an H
Sin 12'25'
® Sidereal lime: Cos Z = Cos 42'21' Cos 17'33.8'
Sidereal lime = hour angle +righl ascension - tan42'21' tan 17'33.8'
Hour angle = - 32' 15' 45" Z = 89'02' 44"
Hour angle =- 2h Ogm 03 s Bearing ofslar = N. 89'02' 44" E.
Sidereal lime =-2h D9m D3s +5h 47m30 s
Sidereal time =3h 38m 275 (3) Hour angle ofIhe star:
Sin H
(3) Greenwich slandard lime: Cos t =Cos D Cos L . tan 0 tan L
. . 73'00' 00" . Sin 17'33.8'
Greenwich apparent lIme = 15' Cos t =Cos 12'25' Cos 42'21'
Greenwich apparenllime = 4h 52m OOs • tan 12'25' tan 42' 21'
I =77'26' 37"
 5-248

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Solution:
Solution:
CD Azimuth of Polaris:
t Z Sin t
an - Cos Uan 0 • Sin L Cos t
t=2 h 42 m
t=4O' 30' ·&.-. ...... s
Sin 40'30'
Ian Z =Cos 48'16' tan 89'01' 56'. Sin 48'16' Cos 40' 30'
Z= 0'57'29" 41'3S'3O" (average value)
01'00" (refraction correction)
H = 41'34'30" correction altitude
@ Sidereal time:
Sidereal time = Right ascension + hour angle P=90-D
Sidereal time = 1h 47 m 10.35 + 2h 42 m P == 90' - 62'14'29'
P== 27'4S'31"
Sidereal time =4h 29"' 10,:JS
L==H·P
L = 41'34'30' - 27'45'31"
. @ Greenwich apparent time: L = 13'48'59" (latitude of BLLM No, 1)
. tongit.J
DI·ff.,In uue = 120'30'
--:;s-
Diff. in longitude = ah 02m

Greenwich apparent time Compute th~ latitude of the place of

= local apparent time + diff. in longitude
Greenwich apparent time
= 4h SOm 205 + ah 02' 00"
Greenwich apparent time = 11' 52'" 2(jS
obSetvatiOnP·1 from the following date.
Altitude of Polaris on Nov. 3,1967 was
observed to be 15'50'08" at Upper Culmination:
Index error of instrument::: 0
Correction for parallax" 01'00"
Polar distance of Polaris" O'OS'18"
 S-249

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Solution:

.~·¢iV.~hlJlij~~~~M.~9lffiQWtb~@'11l~9t
.fr§!~~9h~**ffl¢.m®.()!'#l¢ly~l.~!t¥Wfll®
·~~·$()ijmmll$~Mittl.anq.f®MJM@gW

L..._...L...L-..z._....,.._...Js
.~!I~~~!JI~'I;~to~Ot~~.~~~~lgi~~~~·
pfm~riCIl~ij;p~~~~~W~ • -•15·®·1~m~b~t!~.
me.I~~M:ltlijflll~wirlt1
L =latitude ofplace of obseNafion
L=H-P
H = 15'50'08" + parallax correction Solution:
H = 15'50' 08" + 01'
H= 15'51'18" z
L = 15'51'08" - 05'18"
L = 15'45'50"
Sun

NL.-_ _~~.....1._ _....J

it,,.,·I!."
lI!irlll'~lIpllii~lJi@
H =50'20'00"
D= ·15'30'15"
L =90'· (H+ D)
Corrected H= 50'20'00" - C,
C, = correction for refraction

'~deXftr()f¥+$p"/ Corrected H =50'20'00" - 00'00'46.5"

[)e¢lih@~~::=faa'44'3$" .....
CorrectedH =50'19'13.5"
Solution: L =90' • (50'19'13.5" + 15'30'15'')
L = 24'10'31.5" Latitude of the place

N ........-....!-,I...,...;X- ..JS

H=43'3T lfj$nece$$ary•• t~{jet¢rmine.the • latituq~(11.a·

Index Error =- 30" tr~\lers~ • ~\.!l"'J~Y •. ?IJ(j • f()F1hi§•.• pyrpo~~.!llil.~I$r
9rsaM~J()t~~.~asribservedon.the.rneddlary.~n
Corrected H = 43'37'30" ~·.cetlabt(jcjI~F • 1J1ElJoIlQVlirlg.datawere.l;j~n;··
D = 88'43'35"
P= 90- D = 1'15'25" H =<41'36'(direct)
L= H-P H =41'3r{revetsed) . .
H=43'3T30"
p= 1'15'25" Correction fotrefraclkm ;: 1'36"
L = 42'22'05" (latitude of place of obseNation) Declimition of star;: 62'14'29"
5-250

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Solution:

N'L-_---l_.E.. ...JS
11.""111.
l8i~1'~~~t.~i.i!
Mean value of H =41'36'30" Solution:
CorroctedH =41'36'30" -1'36"
Corroded H =41'34'54"

Z=90-H
Z= 90 - 41'34'54"
Z =48'25'06"
L=O-Z
L =62'14'29" - 48'25'06"
L = 13'49'23" latitude of the place ObseNed altitude = 39'24'00"
Refraction Gorr. =1'11"
H =39'24'00" - 0'01'11"
H =39'22'49"
0= 8;29'21"
H + 0 =47'52'10"
90- (H+ 0) = L
Lat = 42'07'50" N

~n.Ob#~r@tkmWa$.• lriadepo•• th~.$UI1 • at•• nd()n

,Solution: '.a'}9{h~I~(',()rd~Qaltitudeisg4'~5'1a~.th~~lln
~~IMS9Wh()tth~eqllatQr·8~t~rJllinethe
l~tiNd~rRf,.ltre • p'lace•• ()t.ob~ef'll~tiqn,.p~rall~x·
• aDd·reJrapti(ln~92'!.s~mHiiarl1~ter.#.tl9'18"i
.declioaijoo·m$un.i$~23·02'30".

Solution:
NL..--...l-.L..-::E.. .....JS

H = 15'50'08" + Parallax correction

H= 15'51'08"
P= 05'18"
L=H-P
L = 15'51'08" - 05'18"
L = 15'45'50"
 5-251

PRACTICAl ASTRONOMY

Corrected altitude = H
Obs. altitude = 24'21'00"
Parallax and refraction = ·2'00"

.~'~;I.llil~;~'~~~;0~g~V:6
Semi-diameter =~
H = 24'35'18"
D = 23'02'30"

:ir.filB
H+D =47'3748"
L =90- (H+ D)
L = 90 - 41'3748"
L = 42'22'12"

Solution:

&ifI81111.'11
rM~9@nls.1·o1".lfm~.pql~di$«l~QHM
m~rll;tlh~jQ~tCl/*of.gM¢fVM9rW*9'55'2Q·.
'--_~_~ ""'S

det¢tmlnelh¢.latilt.ideofplace.Qt.Q~$eWfl<!n.

Solution:

.z.. ....JS
·
~
CD Latitude of the obseNer.:
Altitude = 90 - zenith distance
·~ .z._"';"_.....Js Altitude = 90' • 76'03'37"
Altitude = 13'56'23"
Corrected H = 13'56'23"
ObseNed altitude =43'3700" 3'40.4"
H= 13'52'42.6"
Index Correction = + 30"
43'37'30" L=H+P
L = 13'52'42.6" + 0'56'05.3"
Refraction Corr. =. 1'01 "
L = 14'48'47.9"
H =43'36'29"
L =H- P ® Latitude if it was obseNed on
Upper Culmination.
L=H-P
L = 43'36'29" - 0'55'20" L= 13'52'42.6"
L = 42'41'09" - 0'56'05.3"
L = 12'56'37.3"
5-252

SIMPLE CURVES

2. Inscribed angles having the same or equal

.•@
intercepted arcs are equal.

B
RAILROAD AND HIGHWAY CURVES
In highway or railroad construction, the D e
curves most generally used presently' are C
circular curves although parabolic and other
curves are sometimes used. These types of LADB=LACB
curves are classified as Simple, Compound,
Reversed or Spiral curves. 3. An angle formed by a tangent and a chord
is measured by one half its intercepted arc.
A. Simple Curve:
A simple curve is a circular are, extending
from one tangent to the next. The point where
the curve leaves the first tangent is called the
"point of curvature" (P.C.) and the point where
the curve joins the second tangent is called
the "point of tangency" (P.T.). The P.C. and
P.T. are often called the tangent points. If the
tangent be produced, they will meet in a point
of intersection called the "vertex". The l'
distance from the vertex to the P.C. or P.T. is LBAC=- LADC
2
called the "tangent distance". The distance
from the vertex to the curve is called the 4. Tangents from an extemal poiht a circle
"external distance" (measured towards the are equal.
center of curvature). While the line joining the
middle of the curve and the middle of the chord
line joining the P.C. and P.T. is called the
"middle ordinate".

Geometry of the Circular Curves:

In the study of curves, the following geometric AB=BC

principles should be emphasized:
1. An inscribed angle is measured by one 5. Angles whose sides are perpendicular
half its intercepted arc. each to each are either equal or
supplementary.

B~AC D F

LACB=~ ~AOB LABC=LFED

 S-253

SIMPLE CURVES

Sharpness of the curve is expressed 2. Degree of Curve: .(Chord Basis)

in any of the three ways: Degree of curve is the angle
subtended by a chord of 20 meters in
1. Degree of Curve: (Arc Basis) Metric System or 100 ft. in English
System.
Degree of curve is the angle at the
center subtended by an arc of 20 m. is the a. Metrjc System:
Metric system or 100 ft. in the English
system. This is the method generally
used in Highway practice.

a. Metric System:

b. English System:
By ratio and proportion:
20 2nR
0= 360
D= 360(20)
2nR
- 1145.916 . D 50
D- R SIn-=-
2 R
50
b. English System: R=-
. D
Srn-
2

00
3. Radius = Length of radius is stated
Elements of a simple curve:
P.C. = point of curvature
P.T. = point oftangency
P.I. = point of intersection
100 2nR
D= 360 R = radius of the curve
D = degree of the curve
D = 360(100)
T = tangent distance
2nR
I = -angle of intersection
D _ 1145.916(5)
- R E = external distance
M = middle ordinate
(5 times the metric system)
Lc = length of curve
D - 5729.58
- R C = long chord
C1 and C2 = sl,lb-chord
. d1 and d2 = sub-angle
5-254

SIMPLE CURVES

4. Length of Chord:
C
. I 2
Sln2'="R

C=2R S.1n2'I I
5. Length of Curve:
Lc

p.e R

o
o h_ 20
I -D
1. Tangent distance: 20 I ~ t ..\
I T Lc=O Imenc/
tan2'=R"
h_ 1OO
I I - D
T=Rtan2'
Lc = 1~ I (English)
2. External distance:
I R 6. Sub-arc: (Arc basis)
Cos 2'= OV

I
E=RSec2'-R
I
OV =R Sec 2'
E=OV-R

E=R(sec~-1)
9v
fJ._Q
d1 -D

d1 =CCD (i'degrees/.\
1

3. Middle Ordinate:
I AO
~2 =M
2C
(50) (minutes)
Cos 2=S
~ _C1 D(60) (metric system)
I 2 - 2(20)
AO = R Cos 2'
M=R-AO ~=1.5C1D
I ~_ C1 0(60)
M=.R-RCos2' 2 - 2(100)

M = R(1 - Cos ~) ~ =0.3 C, D (English system)

 S-255

SIMPlE CURVES

7. Sub-chords: (Chord b, ;is)

R R

I
,,
Sjn~=~· ,,
2 2R
,,
I

Sin Q.=~
2 2R :R
I

C ,"
2R=-
. 0
SIn-
2
'" ,

" '\. .
"', ,I
, "';-11
1I

18",: /
II I
/

. d C, Sin~ ex
X"',r/
....., »'t$
Sin~=-- 111 ) • -:.,":~.1,~
.A
'<:."I

2 C
Solution:
d C1 Sin~ . ill Distance from mid point of CUNe to P.I.:
Sin ~ =- - - (Metric l R- 1145.916
2 20 I' I
- 6
d C Sin~1 R= 190.99
Sin T=100 (English)
E=R(Sec~ -1)
20Sin~ E = 190.99 (Sec 18' -1)
C1 =- - - (Metric) E= 9.83 m.
. 0
S10-
2 ® Distance from mid point of CUNe to the mid
100 Sin~
point oflong chord:
C1 = - - -
. 0 M=R (1 -Cos ~)
S10:2
M= 190.99 (1- Cos 18')
M=9.35m.
8-256

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Stationing ofB: ® Stationing of D:

S=R8 S=R8
S = 190.99 (16) 1t S =286.48 (36) 1t
180 180
S= 5133m. S= 180 m.

Sta. of B= (10 + 020) + (53.33) Sta. of D= (20 + 130.46) + 180

Sta. ofB = 10 + 073.33 Sfa. ofD = 20 + 310.46

@ Distance DE:
Cos 36' =286.48
OE
OE=354.11 m.
DE =354.11 - 286.48
DE=67.63m.

·.rdTJtJI¥~.I~II-I~ii~fti~nt~:··
•
·.(1).••••. C9IllP~f~ • • t~~E!xlE?rn~I.·9fsl<trce Qf.the
9J1'Y~.> •
•~• • C;oITlputetflttmj~¢I¢~dihaWfJf.thec;(lo/~ .•·••.
(!)Cqrllpu!E!t~~~tatl(l6jn9PfJlqintAonme

\
• • • ~~,.~~~~,~~i~~~~&®.~f··ot6' • frQrn
w. \ Solution:
j""-
<Y-_, "-_
'"- R
CD External distance:
%n '-'''~- \
A _.
PoC R
2}i1:~o
20+130.46

Solution: .
\ .\
CD Long chord:
R= 1145.916 ,

R=286.48 m.
4 "'-_ \ \ I
R
"'-- 12'~ \ /
!:= R"<:i .. 30"
2
RSin 25'
L = 2 (286.48) Sin 25'
, ffl
-~
L = 242.14m.
 5-257

SIMPLE CURVES

E=R(sec~-1) @ Area oftitlet ofa curve:

E =200 (sec 30' -1)

E=30.94m,

@ Middle ordinate:
M=R(1-COS~)
M=200 (1- cos 30') /
M= 26.79m. /
@ Stationing ofpoint A: }, ,/
S=Re '\.26.56 /
5313'/
S =200 (12}(n)
180
S=41.89
= TR (2) _nR2 to
Sta. A= (1 +200.00) +41.89 A
2 360'
Sta. A= 1 + 241,89
R= 1145.916
3
R=381.972
T = ~ (381.972)
T= 190.986
l~r~i11;1:~~~~~'~imP.I~@~~ A= 190.986 (381.972)(2)
2
n(381.972f (53.13')

I.I.I!~
360'
A = 5304,04 sq.m,

Solution:
CD Angle ofintersection:
1
T= Rtan '2

!R=Rtan 1
2 2
. 1 1
tan 2=2

~=26.56'
1=53,13'
@ Length ofcurve:
h_ 2O
I-D
- 20 (53.13)
Lc- 3
Lc = 354,20 m,
5-258

SIMPlE CURIES

Solution: c
<D Length of curve from P. C:

. ,\
''\, \' /
'\ \1'I
R'
,I' o
'\, \, /
a=90·24'4O'
'\~t/
'~' a = 65'20'
o 8 =110'50' - 65'20'
8=45'30'
R= 1145.916 229.18 = OCCos 24'40'
D OC =252.20 m.
= 1145.916 229.18 252.20
R 5' Sin 45'30' = Sin ~
R=229.18m. 0=128'17
fa 8 =105.27 l/l = 180' ·45'30' -128'17
n 229.18 l/l =6'13'
8=24'40' ro 229.18
LC1 =Re Sin 6'13' = Sin 45'30'
- 229.18 (24'40')1t CD=34.80m,
LCl - 180
@ Stationing of D:
LCl = 98.68 m.
® Distance CD:

\, 'I
'\, \' /
~'\ \\ /
'{P'~~, /.

'\ '\
'\ / '
'\V'
o Angle x = 24'40' + 6'13'
Angle x = 30'53'
 5-259

SIMPLE CURVES

Rxn @ Length ofcurve from PC. to A:

L~ = 180 S=R28
_229.18(30'531n S - 560.13 (27'391n
L02 - 180 - 18V
L~ = 148.24 m. S= 270.31 m.
Station ofD =(2 + 040) + (148.24) ® Length oflong chord:
Station of D = (2 + 188.24)

.Thij~mm@lfJij~f9~~WI~~tro.mpm~(1
.9Q~Mfflp!~~OON~19qi:)~<t®!M9~~M~n~
. a4..n1..·Jfthe;d;@l(L~·frO#lilheiP·C;itijQOllffie •. , ,1 •
.~~~H~.ZOOfu{>··· . .
\ I ,I
.1• ·E~lr".~~.I~~·lrt!I~·.~~I~I··
®•• lqh~~~9J~9fli'lt~~Mli9fm~@W4~
. ·.•.• • • ·.·§4·f@miwt~m~'laogthml§ng~@ff9@.
eP.ri>p:tt)·· . . .. . .
\,
R\
\
'
I
'
! /
/
'/

\34" /
Solution:
CD Radius of CUNe:
\V
L
S·In 34' = 2 (560.13)
L=928.74 m.

,
I,
!R
I,
\ ! /
\201 /
64
\V
lan8=-
260
8 = 13.83'
28 = 2T3g
R·64
Cos2T39'=-
R
R= 560.13m.
8-260

SIMPlE CURVES

Solution:
<D Length oflong chord:
c

\,
·11!i~"~I.~II,t~~;~41o'~.·
\R

r.JI
/U2
/ --- '-- \ ,
--" \
' ?~L__1
R=286.48
Solution:
<D Central angle:

® Distance AB:
c
,
\
""', \R
''"'- ""', \
'"'- ""', \ Lc 20
A ~5"~~~r~ ,=[j
- 1145.916
D-
/0+/40.26 R=286.48 '"'"
R
D= 1145.916
tan 25' = 2~~8 D=4'
286.48

AB = 133.59 m. 240 20
-/ ="4
@ Stationing of x: 1=48'
S=Re
® Distance from mid point of CUNe to mid
S= 286.48 (32) 1t
point oflong chord:
180
S= 160m. M= R( 1 • cos f)
Sta. ofx =(10 + 140.26) + (160) M = 286.48 (1 - cos 24')
Sta. ofx= 10+300.26 M=24.76m.
 8-261

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Area bounded by the tangents and outside ® External distance:

the central cUrve:
T=Rtan24' E=R(sec~-1)
T= 286.48 tan 24' E= 336.49 (sec 25' -1)
T= 127.55 E=34.79m.
A 1R (2) 'It R2 I
",.... - 2 - 360 @ Length of long chord:
A_ _ 127.55 (286.48)(2) 'It (286.48)2(48) ~=RSin25'
",...a- 2 - 360
L =2(336.49) Sin 25'
Alea = 2162.8 L = 284.41 In.

1.'.11 I_i.
1:lllilllBlijl
Solution:
111111
<D Degree ofcurve:

Solution:
<D Radius of CUNe:

,
/
/~
" ''\.,
,Ii'\.\ '

25' \ 25' /
'

7\7
'\. I,
A

'~
Sin 50' = 12~20
T= 156.91 m.
T=Rtan 25'
156.91 =Rtan25' S·In e = 21.03
2.79
R=336.49m. e=T3T
D= 1145.916
336.49 a= 90' -12'-8
D= 3'24' a=70'23'
5-262

SIMPLE CURVES

OB=R+E @ Area bounded by the CUNe and the tangent

OB = R+ R(sec~.1) lines:
=. RT(2L 1t ~ (24')
OB=R+R(SeC~.1) A
2 360'
OB= 1.0223 R T= Rtan 12'
T= 286.36 tan 12'
In /1 OPB T=60.87
A = 286.36 (60.87) _1t (2~:~2 (24)

A = 256.26m2

OB R
o
11lSillitillll;
.!lPOl'dill~t*19tg91OQN~IJ~.2<l1l)Q·pV'1W~polllt
•
·~ri~I~~~~.h~ ~9()r~i#t~~ .• §f.~Q~.~~ • ~•
Sin IJ =Sin a.
1.0223R R q)FjfJpth~di$tal1¥ofline~P')
5iii'"'8 =Sin 70'23' ~• • ®IY~J°rt'md~r~~Rfs.b!lple@f'I~tb~t
LJ = 105'39' . . . ·•• ·,#icillliefangellt.lq.tfflj.thi'ee.lines.i\B,DI!Z
0=180-a.-1J AM~P·>
0= 3'58' @"p~lltlJisatM<itj(jn1t9S~.87tfetermilll'l
.··th¢sWIQl1ingofPT·< ' .
. 21.03 _ R
Sin 3'58' - Sin70'23'
Solution:
R= 286.36m..
CD Distance of line BD:
® Length of chord:

A
A c

Sin 4'01' = 2 (2~.36)

x = 40.12 m.
 8-263

SIMPlE CURVES

I}1'IIII'JlI:I!!ill!'I~

~~lr:~~~I~I~~~~~~"1
LINE
DE
LAT
13.45
DEP
+84.27 ~~P'1~ld~~fa~~~~~~~~¢~~~_1
. 84.27 •.,: .
:~:··:::P~~~.~~~::~~im~~~~~;i;:::::::;:::;:;:::;::.· ~::-:::.":,.:::: i: :~:i:i;i;i~[:[ r~i~(;
tan beanng = 13.45
Bearing ofDE = S 80'56' E
·t
DIS ance
DE 84.27
=Sin 80'56'
~jllllili~li:
.~ Qet¢®IM.tffl.~Og!l{qt~llti,te.
. . .• .•....,.
{iii
Distance DE =85.34 m. Solution:
1= 180' - (85'30' +68'301 CD Radius:
1=26'
B=180'·26'
B=154'
a =80'56'·68'30'
a= 12'26'
e= 180' ·154' ·12'26' A A C
e=13'34' '\ /
BD DE
Sin a =Sin B
~\ /~
'\ /
BD 85.34
Sin 12'26' = Sin 154' \ /
'v'
BD=41.91m.
T= (4 + 360.2) • (4 +288.4)
@ Degree ofcurve: T= 71.8m.
T1 + T2 =DE
Rtan 6'47' +Rtan 6'13' =85.34 T= Rtan~
R=374.50 26
D= 1145.916 71.8 =Rtan"2
374.50 R";311m.
D=3'04'
@ External distance:
@ Stationing ofPT:
T1 = 374.5 tan 6'47'
E=R(seC~.1)
T1 =44.55m.
E=311 (sec~6.1)
Lc= 20 I
D. E= 8.18m.
_ 20 (26) @ Middle ordinate:
Lc- 3.06
Lc = 169.93- M=R(1.COS~)
Sta. at PT = sta. at point D. T1 + Lc
Sta. at PT =(1 + 052.87)·44.55 +169.93
M=311 (1.COS~)
Sta. at PT= (1 + 178.25) M=7.97m.
5-,264

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Chord distance: - 1145.916

R- D
C=2Rsin l
2 - 1145.916
26 R- 6
C=2(311) Sin 2"
R.=190.99
C= 139.92m.
E= R(sec 112· 1)
@ Length ofCUNe: E=190.99 (sec 30' -1)
1t
Lc =RI E=29,55m.
180
1t
Lc =(311) 26 180 ® Distance of mid point of CUNe to mid point
oflong chord:
Lc = 141.13 m.
M= R(1- Cos 1!2)
M=190.99 (1 • Cos 30')
M=25.59m,

® Stationing ofB:

.li~'I~~I!~~~~~':~r:~i
@\!'1®~@6~af~t:qli~6AAf@ffl*~ij@#

m~ll6~m~~!M~~~lp!@~~gl~9f~)
Willilli~tM9¢l\tfbffi@IHfjElgp;<
S=Re
Solution: S =190.99 (16) 1t
CD Distance from mid point of CUNe to P.I.
180
$=53.33

Sta. ofB =10 + (020) + (53.33)

Sta. of B = 10 + 073.33

t~~ • tans~~ltrr(ll~ep.g .• h~$.a(jlte¢ll«@ll~

n()rth•• and.the.ta~gerlt • tht()U91'1•• th~ • ~rnt'l~s~.
b~rlng.()f.N,50· .•~, . . • lt.nll,$a.ra,dl~~pf2QOffi; •
lJ~in$ • ·.·,;jrc • • b<!llis.·•••..·.$tliltiQilitJ9•• • pl•• P.q,•• i§.
12.+060, . .
 8-265

SIMPlE CURVES

S=R8
- 200 (28) 1t
S - 180

-
(j)
Solution:
Tangent distance:
S=97.74m.

Sta. ofB =(12 +060) +(97.74)

Sta. ofB= 12+ 151,74

Solution:
(j) Middle ordinate:
T= Rtan 25'
T=200 tan 25'
T=93.26m.

® Long chord:
'Sin 25'=1:... p.e
2R
L =2(200) Sin 25'
L = 169,05m.

@ Stationing of B:

Lc 2)
T=o
210 20
- I =4"
1=42'
M= R(1- Cos 112)
. R= 11~.916 =286.48

M= 286.48 (1- Cos 21')

M= 19.03m.
 5-266

SIMPLE CURVES

® Extemal distance: Solution:

E= R(Sec 1t2-1) <D Radius of the CUNe:
E = 286.48 (Sec 21' - 1)
E=20.38m,

@ Area of fillet ofcurve:

p.e

T= Rlan 21'
T = 286.48 tan 21'
T= 109.97 m.

_ 7R(2) 1t Ff2 e
A- 2 • 360
'\ _ (109.97)(286.48)(2) 1t (286.48)2 (42)
r- 2 • 360 Sin 6' = 10
R
2
A = 1423.69 m say 1424 m2 R=95.67m.

® Angle ofintersection:

\fi • ~~f!M®~·~ij!lI~~ • •()f•• lWl)i.@~t:mij~l~t~

::.~.R!t@~M.llie·¢~r¥.m~~~tireg,"@jlh~·
:.JjJglfut•.~~~i~Smm~gh.th~.P·C· • ~@··~."S'~~~·
12~1$;.rl!$pe¢1I.y~!~; • • • • • The • • Chord••·• ijllllll*~
·Pe~~nRatKI.$is?O"t • {St~nd~rd·iij.mettk;
$y~tf'!rn}.Wt:tlI¢.tMI609.cl1ordi$ •. WQm.ml:1!l!I'$· " /'
··lQOO'························ .
". /
R' / /R
··i•• ·.~~~I'e~ieQ~j~.tiori.Of.·tb~··
$.lmp~9WV~, . ..
"
, 1/2 112 '

~CQrnPllte1het8tlgentdiStaIlce..
 S-267

SIMPlE CURVES

Sin l= 70 ® Degree of CUNe:

2 R T= Rtan 20'
S' 1 50 124.46 = Rtan 20'
In 2= 95.67 R=341.95
D= 1145.916
~ =31.5' 341.95
1=63' D=3.35'
@ Tangent distance: @ Stationing of8:
T= Rtan l S=RS
2 . S = 341.95 (16) 1t
T= 95.67 tan 31.5' 180
T= 58.63 nI. S=95.49
Sta. of 8 =(10 + 060) + (95.49)
Sta. of8= 10+ 155.49

Ift.ili
IIIIII
1:11;'111 1:11.""i~
Solution:
CD Tangent dsistance:
Solution:
CD Radius of CUNe:

1\

10+ .
\\'\
R\\
,I
" '\ I

R-60" \\
". ~ ~31~
80 = TSin 40'
T= 124.46
28.0~
8-268

SIMPLE CURVES

60 Solution:
tane=-
240 <D Deflection angle at the P.C.:
e =14.04'
2e =28.08'
R- 60 =R Cos 28.08'
0.11nR=60
R=509,70m.

® Tangent distance:
T=Rtan31'
T= 509.70 tan 31'
T=306.26m.

@ Stationing ofpainf x:
S=Re
S =509.70 (28.08) 1t
180
S=249.80 Cos 2e =219.18
229.18
2e= 16.988'
Sta. of x =(10 + 080) + (249.80)
Sta. ofx= 10+ 329,8 e= 8.49' (deflection angle)
@ Stationing at B:
S= R(2e)
S= 229.18 (16.988)' 1t
180
S=67.95m.

1111
Sta. of B=(10 + 120.60) +67.95
Sta. ofB= 10+ 188.55

@ Chord distance from P. C. to B:

Sin 8.49' = ~~
AB= 67.73 m.
 5-269

..MPlE CDIEI

II~r.~kl~If.~I~I'~~I;it~.

1:1.'• •
Solution: ••
Ill• •JI.
CD Angle ofintersection:

Solution:
, CD Radius of CUNe:
/
I
"., jR
R"- I'
'-<-i
''J A

T=Rtan.!..
2
T=2Ttan .!..
2
I
tan 2=0.5

~=26.56' T1 + T2 = 300
Rtan 12'37.5' +R tan 30'54' =300
1=53.13'
1=53'08' R= 364.75

® Length of CUNe: ® Stationing of p.e. = (10 + 585) - T1

114 T1 = 364.75 tan 12'37.5'
R = 1;916 = 286.48 m.
T1 = 81.70 m.
bc._ 20
I - D Sta. of p.e. =(10 + 585) •(81.70)
L = 20(53.13) Sta. of p.e. = (10 + 503.3)
c 4
Lc = 265.65 m. @ Length of CUNe:
@ Area enclosed by the CUNe: S=R8
=53.13'1t (286.48)2 S = 364.75 (8T03J1t
A 180
360'
A = 380.54 rrf S= 554. 17m.
S-270

SIMPLE CURVES

Sin 10' =.1Q..

2 RlO
R10 =114.74 m.

I.'.
11• • .
.tqt1~A~··)<·······

Solution:
1. O'C= Re- RlO
O·C=191.07-114.74
CD Central angle of 10' center curve: O·C=76.33
OC=Re- Ra
OC =191.07 -143.37
OC=47.70
Using Sine Law:
47.70 76.33
. !.m. =Sin 136'
SIn 2

ful=25'44'
2
110 = 51'28'

@ Central angle of 6' end curves:

16 +~+ 136' =180'
16 + 25'44' + 136' =180'
16 = 18'16'

@ stationing of P. T.:
- 20/1
LCl- 0
1
_20(18'16')
Lcl- 6'
LCl =60.89 m.
OA=Ra _ 20/2
SinQ=~ Lc2- ~
2 2Ra
. 8' 10
- 20 (51'28')
S,n-=- LOL - 10'
2 Ra LOL =102.93 m.
Ra= 143.47 m.
'. 6' 10
SIn--- P. T. = (10 + 185.42) + 60.89 + 102.93 + 60.89
2 - Re P. T. = (10 + 410,13)
R6 = 191.07 m.
 5-271

SIMPLE eURVES

tan 55'04' = 70
x
x=48.89m.
I T
tan-=-
2 R
T=163.80 tan 27'32'
T=85.39 m.
7+812
~IIIIIIIIIIIIII~IIIII I Sta. ofpoint ofdeviation (P. C.)
I

:7Om =(7 + 812) • (85.39 +48.89)

I
mounth of tunn~1 I
=7+ 677,72
I

® Stationing ofmouth of tunnel:

b.c._ 20
I - D
_55'04' (20)
4- 7'

Il'lt.
Solution:
CD Stationing of the point of deviation: @
4= 157.33m.

Sta. ofmouth oftunnel = (7 + 677.72) + (157.33)

Sta. ofmouth oftunnel = 7 + 835,05

Direction ofrailway in the tunnel:

90' • 55'04' =34'56'
Direction is S. 34'56' E.

j
I ,

rt----...-.---,/.-------------....~. - .r.
al
~11I2,'
,"
/
, /
~ r;,''1/ ,/;=163.80
~

U
I

~y
,
~,,' r~ilway in
rhe runnel

Sin Q= 10
2 R
Sin 3.5' =~ •
(j)yompu~ • • th~ • •f#ntral.lln~l~of lt(~ • • #~
... (;O~e.···
R=163.80m. ®.. 9()~let!)El$diusPfIt¥fl~WWW~·.
93.8 @·VVhat1s!heStallonio96HMheWf;'P,
Cas I = 163.80
1= 55'04'
SIMPLE CURVES

Solution: @ Sta.ofnewP.C.:
CD New cental angle ofnew cUlVe: T1 "y=b
2W'
b= 431.n -166.70
b=265.07m.

x= T2-b
x =360 - 265.07
x= 94.93 m.

$fa ofnewP.C. =(10+ n1.20)-94.93

Sta. ofnew P. C. =10 + 626.27

Old central angle = 346 - 220

Old central angle = 126'

New central angle:

1= 180' - 54' -22'
-
111r"
1= 104'

@ Radius ofnew curve:

I
T1 =Rltan~
T1 =220 tan 63'
Solution:
CD Stationing of the P. C:
T1 =431.n

Using Sine Law:

431.77 _-lL
Sin 104' - Sin 54'
T2 = 360 m.
-l.-_ 431.n
Sin 22' - Sin 104'
y:r 166.70 m.
I
T2 =R2tan~
360 = R2 tan 52'
R2·= 281.26 m.
 5-273

SIMPlE enlEs

@ Radius ofthe approach curve:

- 1145.916
R1- 0
R - 1145.916
1- 8
R1 =143.24 m.
R3 =R,·3
R3 =143.24· 3
R3 =140.24 m.
R2 = R3 +9.51 X
R2 =140.24 + 9.51 (12P
R2 =259.12 m.

@ Degree of curve:
0- 1145.91"
- R
0= 1145.916
0=8' 259.12
15 20 0=4'25'
-;-=0
,,_15(8)
- 20
IIl=S'
tanS' =L
h1 t@mjb~figijr~~;)<·························· .
h1 =xCots'
h1 =9.51 x
SinS' =~
h2 =xCscS' 20m.
Cr._ •• _.l~~_ ~
••__
. /A
B' /
h2 =9.57 x I
I
I

CD R2 =R3 + ~ ·0.75 -:30

: R
R2=R3+h1 I

® R2 = R3 + 9.51 x
.
:
I
~'
,"
,0

CD R2=R3+9.57x-0.75
R3 + 9.51 x+ R3 + 9.57 x·0.75
0.06 x= 0.75
x= 12.5m.

Sta. ofnew P.C. =5 + 100

12.5
NewP.C. =5+087,5
5-274

SIMPLE CURVES

Solution: @ Ama of ACBD:

CD Radius of the simple curve: = 20 (160) 161.25 (135.45) Sin 61'08'
A 2 + 2

f 160m J ----"'.A
G
ldg.
•
1t (135.45}2(63'541
360'

~
20m JL--- , A = 1431.70 rTf
B ,:-- ,'30 m
-.l ~ ,
3P,- ,,' D
I \ ,
: R\ ,,'R
I \'
I ,,'
: 0
,,
I

20
tan 0 = 160
0=1'08'
IJ = 90' - TOO'
IJ =82'52'
a =180' - 82'5Z· 30'
a =61'08'
AB = ~ (20)2 +(160)2
AB =161.25 m.

Using Cosine Law:

(30+ F{J2 =(161.25)2+ (RP
• 2R (161.25) Cos 67'08'

;Dli!!:~i
900 +60R + R2 =26001.56 + R2 -125.32 R
185.32R == 25101.56
R= 135,45m.

® Central angle of curve:

Solution:
CD Min. distance:
h12 =(90)2- (5W
h1 = 74.83m.
B
hi =(110}2 - (30}2
h2 = 105.83 m.

o h3 == ~-h1
h3 = 105.83· 74.83
h3 =31 m.
161.25 135.45
Sin I =Sin 67'08' • Min. distance between piers = h
1=63'54' h = h3 + 2.5 + 2.5
h = 31 + 5
h == 36 m. (clear distance between piers)
 S-275

SIMPLE CURVES

@ Anglee: Solution:
74.83 <D Smallest radius ofrail track curve:
Cos 0=00-
0=33'45'
B 25V
_.!:!i:!:..!!J.
CosfJ-90+ 20
n _ 74.83 + 31 115
eos/,)- 110
fJ =15'50'
e=33'45 -15'50' A 0
117.70
e = 17'55'
® Area ofthe road between Aand B:
- 1t (110)2 (33'45' 1t (90)2 (33'452 AV= " (115~ + (25)2
A- 360' - 360' AV= 117.70 m.
A = 1178,10 m2 115
tan f1l =-.
25
f1l = 77'44'
a. = 77'44' - 55'
a. = 22'44'

AC = 117.70 sin 22'44'

AC=45.48m.
VC = 117.70 cos 22'44'
VC = 108.56 m.
OVcos35' =R
OV= 1.22R
DC= OV- VC
OC = 1.22 R- 108.56
OA= R-11
p.T. (R-11)2 =(1.22R·108.56f + (45.48f
R=431 m.
@ Area of the building:

.tan35' =~
T=431 tan 35'
T= 301.79 m.
AD+ ED+ VB.= T
AD + 105 + 25 =301.79
AD= 171.79m.
Area ofbldg. = 50(171.79)
Area ofbldg. = 8589.5 m2
8-276

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Stationing of P. T.: (R- SO)2 =(h-4O)2 + (R-1oo~

Lc=RI R2 ·1ooR + 2500 =~. 80h + 1600
L =431(70) 1t + R2 . 200R + 10000
c 180
100R = ~. 80h + 9100
L=526.57m.
PC =(10 + 242.60) + (526.57) tan 25' =~
PC = 10+ 769.17
h=0.466R
100R = (0.466R)2. 80(0.466R) + 9100
100R = 0.217R2 - 37.28R +9100
R2 -632.63R +41935.48 =0
R- 632.63 ±482.16
- 2
R=557.56m.
@ Tangent distance:
h=0.466R
h =0.466 (557.56)
h= 259.82 m.
T= 259.82 m.
@ Stationing of C:

" ,'-,\ '\ I '

,
'-,~

1,• •j~lii~~!· ; + (219.82) = (507.56)2

x=457.49
f + (259.82)2 = (557.86)2
y=493.66
Solution:
CD Radius ofthe CUNe: C e = 493.66
os 557.56
e=27'42'
IJ =SO' - 27'42'
IJ =22'18'
R81t
Lc=WO
I =557.56 (22'18')1t
'-c 180'
4=217 m.
Sta. ofC =(10 + 240.26) + 217
Sta. of C = 10 + 457.26
 5-277

'SIMPIE CURVES

a =90'·24'40'
a=65'20'
8 =110'50'·65'20'

.111
8=45'30'
, 229.18
CoS2440'=OC
OC =252.19 m.
Using Sine Law:
229,18 259.19

,ial:JiIIIl'
Solution:
Sin 45'30' = Sin
0=128'18'
III

a= 180' ·128'18' ·45'30'

a=6'12'
aJ 229.18
(j) Distance CD: Sin 6'12':: Sin 45'30'
CD =34,70m,

@ Stationing ofpoint D:
R(a + a)1t
, " i.e = 180
,\ I ,
P.T.
229.18 (24'40' + 6'12j1t
\ i.e = 180'
\
\ I'
I ,/ 229.18 (30'52) 1t
c R\ 9 \J.--a / i.e = 180
\~-r: / I.e = 123.46 m.
\\1/
\~'
Sta. Qfpoint D = (2 + 040) + (123.46) .
Sta. ofpoint D = 2+ 163,46
o
® Deflection ofpoint D:

R_ 114.916
- D
- 1145.916
R- 5
R=229.18 m.
105.27
tan e =229.18
d =.1 (30'S2')
e = 24'40' 2
d= 15'26'
5-278

SIMPlE CURVES

L~ =(1 + 260) • (1 + 180)

L~=80m.
20 _bfl
D - 12
- (80X3)
I2- 20
12 = 12'

1=11 + 12
1=9' + 12'
1=21"

@ Deflection angle:
Deflection angle = ~
Deflection angle = 10'30' R
Solution:
CD Angle ofintersection of the simple CUNe: @ Tangent distance of the simple CUNe:
I
T= R tan "2
- 1145.916
R- D
Rr= 11~.916
,,
,,, R= 381.97 m.
,
,,,
,, I
,, T= Rtan-
2
\ : / T= 381.97 tan 10'30'
'\ ll! I, / T= 70.8 m.
\1'7'
~I

Deflection angle at 1 + 180 to locate P. T.

_!.l !2
-2 + 2 A straight railroad IP intersects the curve
LC1 = (1 + 180) - (1 + 120) hjghw~routeAB. Distance oil thero).lte are
measured along the arc. USing the data in the
LC1 =60m. figure. .
 5-279

SIMPlE CURVES

o Sin 70' - 587.96

",'- .......... - PI
" .........R=600
PI = 625.69 m.
""""
o
9:Jb,/~1
"J, I

I
,,'110'/,"
,/600
,
I

,,

: • g~~~~;.f~~~l~ •••~~,• • • • • • • ••• • • • • •. . . . . o

~·O(lIl)P\l~!M.$tatfQoiog.9t@IDt)(>

Solution:
<D Distance 01:
tan 52' =~
T= 600 tan 52'
T= 767.96 m.
AP= 767.96 ·180
AP = 587.96 m. p
, AI
tan 20 = 587.96
587.96
AI =214 m. tan g = 600
01= 600·214 g =44'25'
01= 386m.
Cos 44'25' - 600
-OP
® Distance PX: op = 840.06 m.
o 840.06 600
.....q ,b"t .......... Sin a = Sin 25'35'
-J,' II ...
" :: ........R=600 a= 142'48'
I I
I I .....
,

I
I
I "
" ,
o
I
I
I
I
I

p
5-280

SllPlE CURVES

PX 600
Sin 11'37:: Sin 25'35"
PX:: 279,79 m.
@ Stationing ofpoint x:
44'25'. 0

'4 Solution:
'~l1'37' <D Radius:

:: 6=32'48' N
Sta.
,,",,,

a::44'25 ·11'37
a::32'48'
Ran
AX= 180
AX:: 600 (32'48') n
180
AX = 343.48 m.

Stationing ofpoint x = (50 + 000) + (343.48)

Stationing ofpoint x = 50+ 343.48
1= 257'25'·220'45
I:: 36'40'
E= 10.20

ov =R+E
. Cos18'2O'::.B..
OV
R= (R + E) Cos 18'20'
B
R= RCos 18'20' + 10.20 Cos 18'20'
- 10.20 (0.949)
p.T. C R- 0.051
..
,,
,, R= 190.76m,
,,
220'45' .,,,
\R ® Stationing at PT:

.. T=Rtan2'
1

,.
, ,. T = 190.76 tan 18'20'
. 18'20/.',,\
JI ----------------.--..
. R ---°0 T:: 63.21 m.
 S-281

SIMPLE CURVES

D= 11~916

D= 1145.916
190.76
D=6'
I _20 I
'"I: - D
I 20(36.67)
'"1:= 8
4= 122.22m.
Sta. ofP. T. = (10 + 220.47) + 122.22
Sta. ofP. T. = 10+ 342.69
o @ Stationing of point K:
Stationing of PC = (10 + 283.68) - 63.21 Sta. Ii K = (10 + 342.69) - 32.60
Stationing of PC = 10 + 220.47 Sta. of K =10 + 310,09
W=35.2O
V'P. T. =63.21 • 35.20
V'P. T. = 28.01
28.01
tan a = 190.76
a=8'2Z
Cos 8'22 = 190.76
OV = 194.24 m.
OV

190.76 194.24
Sin 53'39' = Sin B
B= 124'54'
ll.
~PiwiM#J~·#b~ij9~P(w.M\hPt·:lh~

~·.~~.~.~· ~.1.~!
/II =180' ·124'54' - 53'39'
/11=1'27
V'
V' I!T.
•.:•. •. . •. •. •. .• . •. .• [.•·. .• .• .: .r.:
. . •.;.::.. •. .·:..·•. •. .• . •. •. . . •. .• .*.....
•..1• .•.·•·:._•.•.• •. •.
., . ~~f: . :~:::~~:H~)]~:\?}r<}:::::<:::;:::::::::::::::-::::·::::.:"

\~
:& Solution:

r
'ii G) Change of length of radius:

-', 9'4~
........ ./, ~
, 13"06'
......0
o old
p.T.

Arc P. T. to K:
Lc, =R/II
- 190.76 (9.817) 1t
Lc, - 180
Lc, = 32.60 m.
S-282

SIMPlE CURVES

·1.··.·III.I!·I.i!~'.· • • • ·
- 1145.916
R1- 0
- 1145.916
R1- 4
R1 = 286.48 m. Solution:
L =201 . CD New angle ofintersection:
c 0 1= 180' - 70' - 82'30'
- 20 (26'12') 1= 27'30'
0 - 100 New 12, =21'30' - TOO
0=5.24' New 12 = 20'30'
- 1145.916
R2 - 5.24' @ New radius ofCUNe:
R2 = 218.69 m.
AB=R1 -R2
AB =286.48 -218.69
AB = 67.79 (change oflength ofradius)

@ Distance and direction where P. T. must

moved:
Sin 13'06' = AC
AB
AC = 67.79 Sin 13'06'
AC= 15.36 m.
AD = 2 (15.36)
AD = 30.72

Therefore P. T. must be moved at a

distance of 30.72 m. at an angle of 13'06'
from the second tangent.

@ Distance between two parallel tangents:

OE= AD Sin 13'06'
OE= 30.72 Sin 13'06'
DE=6.96m. R - 1145.916
1- 4.5
R1 = 254.65 m.
T1 = R1 tan b.
2
T1 = 254.65 tan 13'45'

.·8~&~~~N~~!~.II~ilik~.~tI~ • I~e~~i~
T1 = 62.31 m.

•~.~a~~t~~T~~dm.~1• ~~.~6.g;~~~G~ • I~··

·pr()p()~~d • t()@:mr~M~.~h~ p~otr~I • • a"gl~ • •
•• llY
Considering triangle AVa:
AB 62.31
Sin 152'30' = Sin 20'30'
Cfj~rgjQglh~9lr~ct~l1l)f.fh~.f()!\Vard.tan~am AS = 82.16
l>Yan~ngkJCJf;rj)n$~~~iiW~Yth/lLth~ T2 = 82.16
·P8Siti()n•• qft~em •• ()UhafW'#~td.·taI19~"t.al1d 82.16
the••{lirectio(l•• ()t.th~.·~~¢k: • t~(lg~nl$Mll·.t¢mam R2 = tan 10'15'
unth!ltl9e<l· R2 = 454.35 (new radius)
 S-283

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Stationing of new P. C: Considering triangle ACE:

VB 62.31 42,50 EC
Sin T = Sin 20'30' Sin 80' =Sin 70'
VB =21.68 EC=40.55m.
h=Tl- V8 42,50 AC
h =62.31 - 21.68 Sin 80' =Sin 30'
h=40.63 AC= 21.58 m,
T2 - h = 82.16 -40.63
® Angle of arc EB:
T2 -h=41.53
Considering triangle DEC:

Sta. of new P.C. =(10 + 345.43) - (41.53)

tan I' =40.55
120
Sta. ofnewP.C.:: 10+303,90 " =18'40'
ex =90' -18'40'
ex= 71'21'
B= 180' . 80' - 71'20'
B= 180' -151'20'
fj =28'40'

Considering OEC:
120
Case=-
OC
120
OC=CoS18'4O'
DC= 126.67

Considering triangle OBC:

120 _ 126.67
Sin 28'40' - Sin e
e=149'34'
Solution: Angle X= 180' -149'34' - 28'40'
CD Distance AC: AngleX= 180' -178'14'
Angle X =1'46'

Arc EB= 18'40' + 1'46'

Arc EB = 20'26'

@ Stationing of B:
!:f
l'
,, EB_ 120 (20'26)1t
, - 180
32+542 " " \, ;';>00< EB=42,79m.
...... 9 \x /R:;:120
"<:7 ",=1'46' Stationing of B =(3 + 025,42) + (42.79)
O=IS'4()'-':>'
Stationing of B = 3 + 068.21
S-284

SIMPLE CURVES

® Radius ofnew CUNe:

tan 12' .=I2.
R 2

i"~.
R 37.48
2 =tan 12'
R2 = 176,33 m,
@ Stationing ofnew P.C.:
5
W=Sin24'
W=12.29m.

1~1I:11111I~1: x= T2" 12.29

x=37.48-12.29
x = 25.19 m.
Solution: Stationing ofnew P.C. =(8 + 095.21),25.19
<D New tangent distance: Stationing ofnew P;C. = 8 + 070.02

1=284' - 260
1= 24'
- 1145.916
R1 - 5'
R1 :: 229.18 m.
".II~j
Solution:
<D Bearing AC:
E

tan 12'=~
T1 = 229.18 tan 12'
T1 =48.71 m.
tan 24' =~
h = 11.23 m.
T2 =48.71-11.23
T2 = 37.48m.
 S-285

SIMPlE CURVES

Departure of/ine AC = 990 -420 =570 @ Angle:

Latitude of line AC = 1570·280 =1290 Angle CBD:: 40'58'
. _Departure 1
tan beanng AC - Latitude o = 2of angle cao
· 570 1
tan beanng =1290 0=2(40'581
Bearing (AC) =N. 23"50' W. 0=20"29'

® Bearing DB:
Departure of line BC:: 1100 Sin 5'
Departure ofline BC =95.9 m.
Latitude ofline BC = 1100 Cos 5'
Latitude ofline BC = 1095.8 m.

Departure ofB = 420 + 95.9

Departure ofB =515.9 E. (Dep.)
Latitude ofB = 1570 - 1095.8
Latitude ofB=474.2 N. (Lat.)
Departure ofline AB = 990·515.9 =474.10
Latitude ofline AB =474.2·280 =194.20
. lAB" 474.10
tafi beanng I' ~:: 194.20

bearing (AS) = N. 67'44' W.

·t lAB) 474.10 ~f:iMtt\ilidl"~fff1l!c~~.)
DIS ance I' =Sin 67'44' ®FlodtMi~tS!M8frp1l1P,C.Il) ~P.Lii • . •.
AB =512.30 m. ~ • • .• $t?~QI'lJPt~;~;
Fjnq .tn•. _~llOi1jM.of.1hefn •• lf.g
. 1,. is at
.
Considering triangle ABO:
Solution:
N G) Radius of the cUlve:

~M;;· ,,·f'
,
,
··,
··
··,
512.30 _ 1100 ·,.
Sin a - Sin 70'44' ",' \ 13',' . ..."
" ; ......
. _ 512.30 Sin 76'44'
SIna- 1100 ,,/'
~17'
I' , ...
>.. . . . •• --

,,-
a =26'58'
T1 + T2 =86.42 m.
Bearing ofDB =26'58' + 9' T1 :: R tan 6'30'
Bearing ofDB = S. 35'58' W. T2 :: Rtan 8'30'
S·286

SIMPlE CURVES

R (tan 6'30' + tan 8'301 =86:42 Solution:

R= 86.42 G) New external distance:
0.263
R=328.59
@ Distance from P.C. to the P.I.:
T1 =328.59 tan 6'30'
T1 =37.44m.
p.c~ :,:
Considering triangle CVD: 1'10' \ I I
\.Q)('1- " ::
86.42 CV \14'lr...: '
Sin 150' = Sin 17' y---- i
,,- I"
I / \newP.T.
,,',

CV=50.53 m.
AV= T1 + CV
\1'1JL!
~i,
',t,'/'
j'
""
. '/" "
~........
AV= 37.44 + 50.53
AV= 87.97 m. T1 = (10 +362.40) - (10 + 272.40)
T1 =90 m.
@ Stationing of the P.I.: T1 = R tan 14'15'
Stationing P.C. = (10 + 352.24)· (87.97) 90
Stationing P.C. = 10 + 264.27 R= tan 14'15'
- 1145.916 R= 354.38 m.
R- D
D _ 1145.916 Cos 14'15' =..B.-
OV
328.59 354.38
D=3.49' OV= Cos 14'15'
L =20 I OV=365.63
c 0
E1 = OV-R
Lc = 20 (30) E1 = 365.63 • 354.38
3.49 E1 =11.25 m.
Lc =171.92 m.
New external distance:
Stationing ofP. T. =(10 + 264.27) + (171.92) E2 =11.25 +6
Stationing of P. T. = 10 + 436.19 ' E2 = 17.25
@ New bearing:
OV'=R+ E2
. OV' =354.38 + 17.25
OV' =371.63 m.

imli~~t,mr'i~~!i!.~I~;'··
®•• • CpfupuW.m~new~~l11a'.dis~~ge .••
®CPrnPut~lryE!oeWb~arifl~ol~E!PQM
t<l.n~~~tlin~Witht~,TIrstt<l"9~nJlin~ f R
Cos-=-
.~m~il'll~g • ir.• mE! • ~fl1~ • dlt~ti()milll)m~r 2 OV
t~at.ttm.~egr~E!cofCUlVe~oe$fl9t.M~rlge. f 354.38
@•••••• CotnputElth!?l1talkmingofth¢n!ilcWRr· . Cos 2" =371.63
 5-287

SIMPlE CURVES

~= 17'32'
2 Sin 4'30' = 2~1
, =35'04'
Old bearing of 2nd tangent line is = S. ,79' E.
R1 =321.31 m.
T1 =R 1 tan '2
,
New bearing of 2nd tangent fine is = S. 72'26' E.
T, =321.31 Ian 15'
@ Stationing of the new P. T.: T1 =86.09m.
L =20 I '=30·9 =21'
c 0
New angle ofintersection =, =21'
0= 1145.916
354.38 ® Slationing of new P. T.:
0=3.23' Sla. of p.e. = (10 + 314.62)·86.09
I = 20 (35'041 Sla. ofP.C. = 10 + 228.53
Lc 3.23' 0= 1145.916
Lc = 217.15 m. R
New P. T. = (10 +272.40) + 217.15 0= 1145.916
New P. T. = 10 + 489.55 321.31
0=3.57'
L = 20 I
c 0
Lc = 20 (21)
·.d~~%~~~~~t~~~.~~6r~~,co~:p~~~~~,~~~ • 3.57
Lc =117.65

r~~iB~hJrt~~rh~i~t2~t~[61~t~b~I~~~ Sla. ofnew P. T. == (10 + 228.53) + 117.65

Sla. ofnew P. T. = 10 + 346.18
qUfvebayios . .•~•.. • Qir~qtj9.il.· . 9.fN.. ·.Wt1§t.. . W,
·fu~f:~.~1~]u&~i~J~ifu~~~~hg~t • ~~Q!Q9 • @ Slationing ofnew vertex:
f
T2 = Rlan '2
@ ···Coml'~te.th~MW •.~ngl~o.flht~~@ti6ri.(lf
21'
. (g)•••
@
~8~~j~~.$faIIO~'~9.0f.6~w·~.f, • • • ••••• •••• •
·G9mp~t¢t~¢~Elliq~jIl9.9f·l'1~w.~rt~;,><.·•.
T2 =321.31 tan '2
T2 =59.55
Solution: Sla. of new vertex == (10 + 228.53) + 59.55
CD New angle intersection ofthe tangents: Sla. ofnew vertex = 10 + 288.08

The bearings 6ftwo tai'lgents areS. 2Q'3ftE,

,, and S:35·OO~W. Jfthe degree ofcuryel$W
,,, for a chOrd anD meters and lhestatioriingat.
,,
,, the vertex i$10 +205.50.
o

R\ i.: ~ CD Find fhesflilioning at the p.r· . i

Find the lengthdf the lastsubchord;El/1d
,:4·~.i;1{
@
\\T!i21', ils corresponding sUb-angle. . .. . ....
,, ,,
\JJ/
@ . Find the deflection dislance to the
station. .
fourth
... .
S-288

SIMPlE CURVES

Solution: @ Defleefion distance to the fourth station:

\
\~
---...-
........-}\
o
/!.-/
•
1= 20'50' + 35'00' . 0 x
1= 55'30' SIn-=-
2 10
L=27'45'
2 x= 10Sin~
0=10'
C= 10 melers But: Sin~=~
(j) Stationing at the P. T. 10 (10)
R=~ x= 2R
2Sin~ 100
x= 2(57.37)
5 x=0.87m.
R= Sin 5' =57.37 m.
T= Rtan 27'45'
Defleefion distance =2x
T= 57.37 tan 27'45'
T=30.18m. Defleefion distance = 2(0.87)
Station ofP.C. = (10 + 205.50) - (30.18) Defleefion distance =1.74 m.
P.C. = 10 + 175.32
L = 1Qill.
o
L =10(;;.5) =55.50 m.
Station ofP. T. = (10 + 175.32) + (55.50)
. Station ofP. T. = 10+ 230.32
@ Length of the last subchord, to the fourth
station:
~ = (10 + 230.82)· (10 + 230.00)
c2= 0.82m.
!!2_Q
c2 -C
_E2..Q
dr C
d - 0.82(10)
r 10
d2 =0.82'
'd2= 0'49'
 8-289

SIMPLE CURVES

Solution: @ Azimuth ofnew forward tangent'

=203'45 + 18'26'
= 222'11'
@ Stationing ofnew P. T.
New I = 18'26'
0- 1145.916
T \ - R
. +025.32 \
0= 1145.916
\ 366.94

" ')3'O~'
R' \ \. \
\
0=3.12'
I _ 20 I
'-C - 0
~~ I
'-C
=20 (18'26')
3.12'
o
4 = 118.16
CD Change in direction of the second tangent: ,
1= 229'57 - 203'45' Sta. ofnew P. T. =(11 +025.32) + 118.16
1=26'12' Sta. ofnew P. T. = 11 + 143.48
T=85.39
T= Rtan 13'06'
85.39 = R tan 13'06'
R=366.94
OV=R+E1
Cos 13'06' = R:E 1
R = R Cos 13'06' + E1 Cos 13'06'
366.94 = 396.94 Cos 13'06'
+ E1 Cos 13'06' i1;;IIII:1
E1 =9.80 m.
NewE= 9.80- 5
New E =4.80 (new external distance)

E=R(seC~-1)
.
~ 8~i:~I~~._.~:~~~~~.~~r~i.· ......
@ PE!te@i~~Ih~~@ii?llirlgt:lfA:r!'·· . .
• ·• .·.• .·
Solution:
4.80 = 3.66.94 (sec ¥-1) CD Radius of curve:

11 = 9'13~ V 1=33'52'
11= 18'26' (new angle ofintersection)

203'45'

t
p.T. '.,..... \\ IR •I
I /
"'" \ !! ./
'" 7"40'(10" 19'15'';0'' /
R' ~ ,/
\, \ i . ./
\,\!! ,,/"R

The change in direction of the second ",,\i//

tangent is 26'12' - 18'26' = 7'46' '1f/
5-290

SIMPLE CURVES

tan 7'40' 30" =AC

R
AC = R tan 7'40' 30"

IIIT."il
- BC
tan 9'15'30" -R
BC = Rtan 9'15' 30"
AC t BC =103.20 .1().+2$2.34.•• AliMMf<i6~Me¢t$tb~fplV@m
Rtan 7'40'30" t Rtan 9'15'30" =103.20
R(0.13476 t 0.16301) = 103.20
R=346.58m.
'''lrt~ ••1.~
(DFirid1h~radjijs6fthe6t.iNe;
• ••.•• • •<».·······"'······.
® Stationing of Point C: .@ Flni:llhedISl~~CE!Mit>·
I .@ IM~th~.s~IIMiri99f:K·.<···················
T= Rtan"2
Solution:
T= 346.58 tan 16'56'
T= 105.52 m.
AC =346lan 7'40' 3D"
AC=46.70m.

Stationing of P.C.:
P.C. =(10 t 158.93)· AC
P.e. =(10 t 158.93) - 46.70
P.C.= 10 t 112.23

0= 1145.916 =1145.916
R 346.58
0=3.31'
L =!@l
cj 0
I =(15'211 (20)
'-c1 3.31' CD Radius of curve:
LC1 =92.75 m.
Cos 19'15' =!i.
OV
Stationing of C: OV=R+E
OV=R+18
C=(10 + 112.23) + 92.75
C = 10 + 204.98 Cos 19'15' =R:18
R= 303.94
@ Stationing of P. T.:
L =l@!l ={33'5?'} (20) ® Distance MK:
o 3.32 T= Rlan 19'15'
L =205.07 T= 303.94 Ian 19'15'
T= 106.14 m.
P.T. =(10 + 112.23) + 204.63
P. T. = 10+ 316.86 Mto P. T. = 106.14 -12.32
M to P. T. =93.82 m.
 S-291

SIMPLE CURVES

Solution:
o G) Distance the P. T. is moved:

93.82
tan a =303.94
a =17'09'
Cos 17'09' =303.94
OM
OM=318.08
Using Sine Law:
318.08 _.-lQ.3.94
Sin IJ - Sin 61'39'
IJ = 112'56'
El = 180' -112'56' - 61'39'
El =5'25'
MK 303.94
Sin 5'25' = Sin 61'39'
MK=32,60m,
@ Stationing of K: _1145.916
R1- D
Sla. ofP.e. = (10 + 252.32) - (106.14)
Sla. of p.e. = 10 + 146.18 R - 1145.916
R01t 1-: 4
Lc =18O
R1 =286.48 m.
L =303.94 (15'56') 1t
c 180 LC2 = 100 m.
Lc =84.52
Sla. ofK= (10 + 146.18) + 84.52 Lc =2012
2 Do;.
Sla. of K = 10 + 230,70
 8-292

SIMPLE CURVES

n __ 20(26.2')
""2- 100
~=5.24'

Construct AD parallel to 00'

Compound Curve consists of two or
R - 1145.916
2- 5.24 more consecutive simple curves having
different radius, but whose centers lie on the
R2 =218.69 m. same side of the curve, likewise any two
consecutive curves must have a common
AD=R1·R2 tangent at their meeting point. When two such
curves lie upon opposite sides of the common
AD =286.48·218.69 tangent, the two curves then turns a reversed
AD =67.79 curve. In a compound curve, the point of the
common tangent where the two curves join is
called the point of compound curvature (P.C.C.)
Sin 13'06' = AS
2AD
AB = 2(67.79) Sin 13'06' Elements of a compound curve:
AB = 30.73 m. distance the P. T. is moved
at an angle of 13'06' from the 2nd tangent

('l) Distance between the two parallel

tangents:
BC = AB Sin 13'06'
BC = 30.73 Sin 13'06'
BC= 6.965m.

® Stationing of the new point of tangency.

T1 = R1 tan 13'06'
T1 = 286.48 tan 13'06' R1 = radius of the curve AE
T1 =66.67 m. R2 :: radius of the curve EF
T, = tangent distance of the curve AE
Stationing of P.C. T2 = tangent distance of the curve EF
P.C. = (1 + 027.32)·66.67
PC. = 0 + 960.65 so :: T1 + T2 :: common tangent
LC2 = 100 11 :: central angle of curve AE
/2 :: central angle of curve EF
I :: angle of intersection of tangents A'C and
Stationing ofNew P. T. eF.
New P. T. = (0 +960.65)+ 100 t
T1 ::R, tani
P. T. = 1 + 060.65.1

T2 = R2 tan 12
2
 S·293

COMPOUND CURVES

01 =4'
Sin Q1= 10
2 R1
· 2'
SIn =- 10
R1
R1 =286.56
T1 = R1 tan !.1
2
T1 = 286.56 tan 10'20'
T1= 52.25 m.
P. C. =(43 + 010.46) • 52.25
P.C. = 42 + 958,21

·!••·.I.~~.il!I~I.!~~~i~ltB· • • • • @ Stationing of the P.C,C.

T1+ T2=76.42
T2 = 76.42 • 52.25
Solution: T2 = 24.17
T2 =R2 tan !2.
2
24.17 = R2 tan 7'10'
R2 =192.233 m.
Sin f?2 = 10
2 R2
<\. . f?2_-!L
\. Sin 2 - 192.23
~'>\.\ /;:),...·il:/····r. Q=2'59'
2
\. II /0' ~=5'58'

V
o
L
C1
=~
0 1
I = 20'40' (20)
'-<:1 4
CD Stationing of the P. C.
L = 20.667(20)
'/1 =268'30' - 247'50' c1 4
/1 =20'40' Le1 = 103.34
1
. /2 =282'50' - 268'30'
P.C.C. = (42 + 958.21) + 103.34
/2= 14'20' P.C.C. = 103.34 .
Stationing of the P. T.
~
@

\\\.-10-\-10,/ 42 = 'illQl
O 2
= 14'20 (20)
'\\ I /' LC2 5'58'
R\ \ /R
I = 14.33(20)
\\DI2'\DlZ/ '-<:2 5.966
\.-\/' 4 =48.10
2
\'-tJ/
o P. T. = (43 + 06.55) + 48.10
p. T. = 43 + 109,65
S-294

COMPOUND CURVES

·.I~~I~lQ_m~Qelii~9jrgiW~r~~ •
•tlllll~irl~I~~i!l~m~i.·
!-p.nOOf@ffiQi~mlh~fiflltplll'l;'~i{

1~1'~I~I~~~~~~~fC;~;ijn~fh~ .
<~!IMliiji:ifIMI"i···

Solution:
S·In !1_~
2 -2R 1
R - 167.74
1-2Sin 6'
R1 = 802.36 m.
@ Radius ofthe 2nd curve:

BC
c R2 =2 Sin 7'30'

~
. 134.33
166'30' R2 = 2 Sin 7'30'
A~
300 B R2 = 514.55 m.

I Radius of the first curve: ® Stationing of P. T.

11 = 12' L = R1 /1. 1t
12 = 15' . c, 180
L = 802.36(12') 1t
Considering triangle AEC:
c1 180'
300 _~
Sin 166'30' - Sin 6'
4 = 168.05 m.
1
300 Sin 6'
L = R2 /2 1t
BC= Sin 166'30' c2 180
BC = 134.33 m. L = 514.55(15') 1t
300 _~ C2 180
Sin 166'30' - Sin 7'30' LC2 = 134.71 m.
300 Sin 7'30'
AC = Sin 166'30' Sta. ofP.T. =(10+204.30)+ 168.05+ 134.71
AC = 167.74 m. Sta. ofP.T. = 10+ 507.06
 S-295

COMPOUND CURVES

4 =2011
1 D1
11--~
20
11 =90'
~=600
D.1 =1'40'

4 =2012
2 D.1
12 = 600(~667)
12 =50'
R - 1145.916
1- D
Solution: 1
- 1145.916
R1- 6
R1 = 190.99 m.
S·In 45'-..£L
- 2R
1
c1 = 2 R1 Sin 45'
c1 =2(190.99) Sin 45'
c1 =270.10 m.
R - 1145.916
2- D2,
R - 1145.916
2- 1.66'
R2 = 687.55 m.
Sin2S' =fR;
C2 =2 Rc Sin 25'
C2 = 2(687.55) Sin 25'
C2 =581.14

P.C.C.

p.e.

P.1:

CD Length of the long chord connecting the

P.C. and P. T. L2: (270.1W + (581.14f
Lc • = 300 ·2(270.10)(581.14) Cos 110'
L= 719.76m.
5-296

COMPOUND CURIES

® Angle that the long chord makes with the
first tangent:
(D • ltl~des1teijtoStlb~a~~te • thecompgynd
. •
··.···cu~ w~~~ sirnple·.C\.IfV~ • • that.sh(lll·~rld
wlml~e • • same.p,T'j•• • determlne•• the••. tolal
1erlgllt.mc~!YEl.°ftheslrJlplecurve, • • • • >·•• •.•.
® • 1tl~ •. de~lt~ • • t<)•• SUb$titute•• thegoIl1PotlQd
{;(Jrve•• *ilh•.• ~• • si"1pleCllrvE:!•• tllat.shall.tle
.·¥!.~nt!f1!hetw<l~ng~mtljn~saswell* .
the.Pornmo~ • • tangent•• AD.• • /.~h~II$ • • t~~
TliqiIJS()fth~sil'llpleplJ~,>
@ Whatl$thestatiOfiin90ffh~rleWe,p·······

Solution:
CD Total length ofCUNe of the simple CUNe:
D1=3'30'
11 =16'20'
R _1145.916
1- D1
_1145.916
R1- 3'30'
R1 =327.40
~=4'OO'
12 =13'30'
581.14 _ 719.76 R - 1145.916
Sin e - Sin 110: r Dt.
- 1145.916
e =49'21' Rr 4
Sin 8 Sin 110' R2 =286.48
270.10 = 719.76
8=20'39'

The angle of the long chord makes with the

first tangent line is
45' +49'21' = 94'21'

@ Angle that the long chord makes with the

2nd tangent line is 25' +.20'39' = 45'39'
o

Given tbeJollnwing compound curve With the

vertexV,iriaceessible. Angles VAD and VDA
are equal 10 1~'20; and 13'30' respectively.
Stationing of Ais1 -+ 125.92. Degree of cUlVe
are 3'3Q' for the first curVe and 4' 00' for the
second curve,
o
 5-297

COMPOUND CURVES

T1 = R1 tan !1
® Radius of the simple curve:
2
v
T1 = 327.40 tan 8'10'
T,=46.98 old r.C'

T2 = R2 tan h.
2
T2 = 286.48 tan 6'45'
T2 =33.91

AD= T1 + T2
AD =46.98 +33.91
AD = 80.89
VA 80.89 T1 + T2 =80.89
Sin 13'30' = Sin 150'10' T1 = Rtan8'10'
T2 =Rtan 6'45'
VA = 37.96 R(tan 8'10' +tan 6'45') =80.90
VD _ 80.89 R= 308.89
Sin 16'20' - Sin 150'10'
VD =45.73 ® Stationing of the new P.C.
T, = R tan 8'10'
T= VD+ T2 T, = 308.89 tan 8'10'
T=45.73 +33.91 T, =44.33
T= 79.64 Stationing ofnew P.C.
/ P.C. =(1 +125.98) - (44.33)
T=Rtan"2 P.C. =1 + 081.65
T
R= tan 14'55'
79.64 Problem
R = tan 14'55'
R=298.96
A compound cUNe connects three tangents
haVing an azimuths of 254', 270' and 280'
D = 1145.916 respectively. The length of the chord is 320 m.
298.96 long measured from the P.C. to the P.T. ofthe
D=3'5O' curve and is parallel to the common tangent
h = T- VA having an aZImuth of 270', If the stationing of
h = 79.64 • 37.96 the PT. is 6 + 520.
h =41.68
CD Deteimine the total length afthe curve.
® Determine the stationing of the p.e.e.
Length ofcurve:
@ Determine the stationing of the p.e.
L = / (20)
o Solution:
_ 29'50' (20) CD Tota/length of the curve:
L - 3'50' 320 x
L=29.833(20) Sin 164' = Sin 5'
3.833 320 Sin 5'
L = 155,66 x = Sin 164'
x= 101.18 m.
S-298

COMPOUND CURVES

~_.1­ 4 =20/,
Sin 164' - Sin 8' 1 D1
320 Sin 8' I 20(16)
::
y= Sin 164' ~1 3.15'
y= 161.57m. 4 = 101.59 m.
1

S·In 5' =80.785

--
R2
R _80.785
2- Sin 5'
R2 =926.90 m.
lJ.z =1145.916
R2
lJ.z = 1145.916
926.90
lJ.z = 1.24'
I _ 20 12

~
~2- lJ.z
I =20(10)
~2 1.24
8 320 5'
p.e p.T. 4 2 = 161.29 m.
Total length ofcuNe = 161.29 + 101.59
'• .AIl1ll'i"'>'" P.C.C Total length of CUNe =262,88 m.
@ Stationing of the P. e.e.
P'C
p.e.e. = (6 + 520)· 161.29
p.e.e. = 6+358.71
@ Stationing of the P. e.
p.e. =(6 + 358.71) -101.59
p.e. = 6 + 257.12
I

I,
R,I ,
's.'':
kl?- /'"
I 's' .~
'
./",'
•
~~~~;~~~U~~ ~:b1~'j~ • ~Tgh~~y • t;y.
cgnneq1lng•• four .liiPg~~ts~th • ~• • COlTlPOum:t··
ClllY~·~(lIl~stillg·.9f.thfElEl~irnpl~·clJl'Vl!s ..•.• J~$
Sin 8' = SO.59

R - 50.59
1- Sin8'
R1

R1 = 363.50 m.
__llliilt.ifl
tir~ll:ll.1rye.,,~~qi§l~nCIJEl9::;~O~lTl·~flij
CO#2Ql)m.·········
D - 1145.916
1- R
1 G)¢QIl'tptJl~tIjraqiusl#the~td~lJrve...· .• •
D - 1145.916 @Cwpute.thl!tadiu$.(jf.lhe.sel:Ondcurve.••••••
1- 363.50 @lfgqisilI12t152.BO,What .isthl'l
D1 =3.15' $ta!k@O!l(jfth~P.r, .
 S-299

COMPOUND CURVES

Solution: 4 =R2 /2 1t
cD Radius of third cum: 2 180
264'30' L =217.81 (55'54') 1t
""""2 180'
4 = 212.50 m.
2
4 =R3 !a1t
3 180
L = 115.21 (72'34')1t
""'3 180'
4 = 145.92 m.
3
Sta. ofP. T. = (12 + 152.60) + 355.91
+ 212.50 + 145.92
Sta. ofP. T; = 12 + 654.43
11 =264'30' - 220'15'
/1 =44'15'
12 =320'24' - 264'30'
/2 = 55'54'
13 =360' • 320'24' + 32'58'
13 = 72'34'
T1 +T2 =303
R1 tan 22'7.5' + R2 tan 27'57' =303
0.407 R1 + 0.530 R2=303
T2 + T3 = 200
R2 tan 27'57 + R3 tan 36'17 = 200
0.530 R2 =0.734 R3 =300
R1 =4R3 @. Vl/hal.Shotild"birthe • raii\us•• {)fthflpthet
0.407 (4 R3) + 0.530 R2 =303
1.628 R3 + 0.530 R2 =303 siIl1PI~.ClIN~fu~t~l@l.~.16eA.T.?" • "·." · " "· "
® C0Il1Putelhe~f~l16nlrt!lofmeP'9'C.
0.734 R3 + 0.S30Rz =200 @) "·Whatis.thlll~ngllJ.pttn~"tMg~lltftomthe
0.894 R3 = 103 P.I.J/)@!p:r.pfthEiCOmPPUl'lclCUrve? "
R3 = 115.21
Solution:
@ Radius of2nd CUNe; cD Radius of second CUNe:
R1 =4 (115.21)
R1 = 460.84 m.

0.407 R1 + 0.530 R2 =303

0.407(460.84) + 0.530 R2 =303
" .T.
R2 = 217.81 m.

® Stationing of the P. T.
..II .""/ / ./ .
_ R1 1,1t 9~/R2=136.94

LC1 - 180 i/,'.

'"~~\8'O'
Rl=286.54"
I
~1
=460.84 (44'15') 1t
180' " ,:
LC1 =355.91 m. ~
S-300

COMPOUND CURVES

D1 =4'
. D. 10
sln::...L=-
2 R1
Sin 2' = ~~
R1 = 286.54 m.

tan 8'30' = 2~~54 $POi¥lP~t~ttWl$lijtj(jijj6go/P;g'B>/

T1 =42.82 m. ·.~• • ll~~~~:~~f~~th&ir~~,8~·····<
AV= 80·42.82 Solution:
AV=37.18 m. <D Stationing of p.e.e.:
AB 37.18
Sin 143'32' =Sin 19'28'
AB=66.31 m.
T1 + T2 = 66.31
T2 =66.31 ·42.82
T2 =23.49 m.
tan 9'44' =J2
R2
23.49
R2 = tan 9'44'
R2 = 136.94 m.

@ e.
Stationing of P. e.:
S=R18
=286.54 (17')(n)
S 1= 282'50' • 247'50'
. 180'
S= 85.02 m. 1= 35'
11 =268'30' - 247'50'
Stationing of p.e.e. =(10 + 163) + 85.02 . 11 =20'40'
Stationing of p.e.e. = 10 + 248.02 12 =180' - 145' - 20'40'
12 = 14'20'
@ Distance from P.I. to P. T. of compound
curve: Sin' Q1 = 10
VB 37.18 2 R1
Sin 17' - Sin 19'28' Sin 2' = 10
VB =32.62 m. R1
R1 =286.56 m.
Distance from P.I. to P. T. = VB + T2 T1 =R1 tan 10'20'
Distance = 32.62 + 23.49 T1 =286.56 tan 10'20'
Distance = 56.11 m. T1 =52.25m.
 5-301

COMPOUND CURVES

S - Rj / 1 1t Solution:
1- 180 <D Radius offirst CUNe:
S _286.56(20'40') 1t
,- 180
S, = 103.36 m.
(6+421) ....
Sla. ofp.e. = (10 + 010.46) - 52.25
Sta. of P. e. = 9 + 958.21 \ i P.T.
Stationing of p.e.e. = (9 +958.21) +103.36
. I /
Stationing ofP.e.e. = 10+ 061.9 . "
:
: /.
'Rl
\ II: /
® Radius ofsecond CUlVe:
T, + T2 = 76.42
;;;,\ \
\
. //
1//
T2 = 76.42 - 52.25 \\ \ t¥
T2 =24.17m. \\!.
.~
T2 = R2 tan 7'10'
24.17 = R2 tan 7'10' v
R2 = 192.22 m,

® Stationing of P. T.:
S - R2 12 1t A B
2- 180
S - 192.22(14'20') 1t
r 180 AB=(6 +721)-(6+421)
S2 =48.09 m. AB=300m.
T1 + T2 = 300
StationingofP.T. = (10 +061.57) +48.09
Stationing ofP. T. = 10 + 109.66 In any triangle the angle bisector divides
the opposite sides into segments whose
ratio is equal to that of the other sides.

I.L _I2.
270 -90
T, = 3T2
In a compound curve, the line connecting the
T1 + T2 = 300
P.I. at point Yahd the P,C,C, is an ap91e
3T2 + T2 =300
bisector.. AVis Z70rnetets andBV =Mm~
T2 = 75 m.
The statibnlrig otA 1S6 + 421 and that otBis
T, = 225
6 t 721. Point Als along the tangenl passing
thru the P.C. while pointS is along the langElnt
Using Cosine Law:
passing IhTU theP.T. The P,C;C,dsalonglln&
AR . .•....... ......• (90)2 =(270)2 +(300)2 - 2(270)(300) Cos A
A=17'09'
(1) Compute the radius of the first curVe
pas;lingthru IheP.C.· . } Using Sine Law:
@ Compute the radiUs of the second curve 270 90
passing lhru the P.T. .. . ... Sin B - Sin 17'09'
@ Determine tf'e length of the long chord from B= 62'11'
P.C. to P.T. /1 = 17'09'
12 = 62'11'
S-302

COMPOUND CURVES

T1 =R1 tan !.t

2
17'09'
225 = R1 tan -2-
R1 = 1492,15 m.

® Radius ofsecond curve:

T2 =R2 tan b.
2

75 =R2 tan 62;11'

R2 = 124,37 m.
® Length oflong chorp from P. C, to P. T.:

Solution:
M

Sin 8'34.5' = 2 (14~h.15)

C1 = 444.97 m.
Sin 31"5.5' = 2 (1~.37)
C2= 128.45 m.
P.e.c.
G) Length ofBD:

~
60
tan ex = SO
P.e. . L P.~
ex = 50'12'
H:: 75'20'· SO'12'
H= 180' - 31'5.5' - 8'34.5'
H=25'08'
H= 140'20'
60
EB = Sin SO'12'
Using Cosine Law: EB= 78.10
L2 = (444.97)2 + (128.45f BC =78.10 Cos 25'08'
- 2(444.97)(128.45) Cos 140'20' BC= 70.70
·L=550m. CE= 78.10 Sin 25'08'
CE=33.17
 5-303

COMPOUND CURVES

FE =33.17 • 12.00 Solution:

FE= 21.17
FE 12+320.30
Coso= EO'
,,_21.17
Cas 0 - 48.00
0=63'50'

Angle CEB = 90' ·25'08'

Angle CEB =64'52'
13 =64'52' -63'50'
13 = 1'02' CD Stationing ofpoint G:
30
CD=FO' tan8=--
58.64
CD =48 Sin 63'50' 8 = 27'06'
CD = 43.08'
a+8=47'36'
BD=BC· CD
BD = 70.70·43.08 a =47"36'· 2TrJ5
BD=27.62m. a=20'30'
tan 20'30' = ~.;2
@ Angle GEA:
Angle GEA = (90' • a) + 1'02' AC =64.52 tan 20'30'
AC=24.12m.
Angle GEA = (90' • 50'12') + 1'02' LC=24.12-8
Angle GEA = 40'50' LC = 16.12 m.
CH=30-8
@ Deflection angle BAG: CH=22m.
Deflection angle BAG = ~ (40'5O')
(LHl =(CH)2. (LCf
Deflection angle BAG = 20'25' (LHt = (22)2 - (16.12f
LH=27.3m.
LH=AG =27.3 m.

Stationing at G:
G=(12 + 320.30) + 27.30
G= 12+347.60
lri{haMlJrestJQWn'AVi$*ifaiflht.road~~F
.~·.~C;\jfVf,l~~tr~W~,.···Th.~ •. ~{llllS • Qfm~.9UW~d Stationing of point E:
st[eetis301lt • • ··~ • ArcUlarcu&e·(lra.n1..radlu!l
@

l~t~~l~.~~Jg~~~2~ffl~i6d¥~i~~~~~
C f!, 16.12
as =22
rn·Th~ • ang~iA~F.I$.equat.tCl.4t36'·'orn~ f!, =42'53'
stiitioning.~t·A.i$ • • lZ.+·~~Q;3Q'.··· ·Pefle¢Uoo· GE = 8(42.883) 1t
ang~ofpointJ<Jl'/:)mF·i$20·27'.· ..... 180
GE= 5.98m.
(j) • Fin~the.~tati9rUng.ofP.OlrJt.(3.
Stationing at E=(12 + 347.60) +5:98
··@.)•••••• flfl~.1~e.$tlationing.mP9mt.tK i •.
••
@.·•• Findthe.stattcmin!JQf.pOil'lt.K,
Stationing at E = 12 + 353.58
S-304

COMPOUND CURVES

@ Stationing ofpoint K: Solution:

CD Radius of 2nd curve:
(12+353.58)

~n
c~s
.
K \
\
iii = 62~54' + 26'37' ;;;"". \\
iii =89'31'
"..~ ,/

~/
S=Rliln
180
- 30 (89'311 n
S- 180'
l/
S=46.87m.

Stationing of K = (12 + 353.58) + 46.87

Stationing ofK =(12 + 400.45)

AH= 125.70 Sin 44'36'

AH=88.26m.
VH =125.70 Cos 44'36'
VH=89.50m.
AI =286.50 Cos 44'36'
AI= 204 m.
IF =286.50 Sin 44'36'
IF= 201.17 m.
 8·305

COMPOUND CURVES

FJ + IF = VH + 155.60 Solution:
FJ + 201.17 =89.50 + 155.60 CD Central angle offirst clJIYe:
FJ =43.93 m.
EJ=AI+AH
EJ =204 + 88.26
EJ = 292.26 m.
JG=R2- EJ
FG= R2- R1
FG =R2 - 286.50
FJ =43.93
JG = R2 • 292.26
Considering triangle FJG:
(JG)2 + (F.f)2 =(FG'1-
(R2 - 292.26'1- + (43.93'1- =(R2 - 286.50)2
Ri- 584.52R2 +85415.91 + 1929:84
= Ri- 573R2 + 8208225
11.52R2 =5263.5
R2 = 456,90 m,
@ Central anlt1e of 2nd CUNe:
JG = R2 - 292.26
JG = 456.90 - 292.26
JG = 164.64 m. AC =200 Cos 50'
FJ AC= 100
tan 12 =JG Be = 200 Sin 60'
BC= 173.20
43.93
tan 12 =164.64 CO=EF
EF = 100 Sin 20'
12 = 14'56'
EF=34.20
® Central angle offirstcuNe: BE = 100 Cos 20'
11 + 12 =44'36' BE=93.97
I, =44'36' -14'56' GO=AC+CD·1oo
11 = 29'40' GD = 100 + 34.20 -100
GO =34.20
OF=BC-BE
OF = 173.20 • 93.97

•.
·.~~~~~~.~u~~~~~ ~I~I • ~r~;}~ •
~(e·T¥e9lntYi$th~m@{~nq!~~¢~AAAf:
lh~taO~~ls(fM·):AJ191~VA!:l¥$O·~P9"O~.
\fflA • ~ • 4g'· • • • ()l$~M~AEl.i$~oqng~rid.tM·
t;.
OF=79.23m.
tanS--

8=23'21'
11 =28
GO
- OF
34.20
ta n 8= 79.23

raditlsoUh~$CQiTdrcU,.w;~#ioom/ . . 11 =2 (23'211
11 =46'42'
.@ •••• Q~~etmine • IM.p.~6M!~6gl~ • •()ftheJrf$1
Ctll'ile.« @ Central angle of 2nd CUlve:
··~•.• • O~fel'flllne.·ltie • • C$lltra!·.M91l!l(lf!tleZnd /1 + 12 =70'
c;qtv~,< 12 =70 - 46'4Z
·~· • . • Del~lnether.;l~il.l$.()t·.t@·fIf$f¢OlVe.·.·.····· 12 = 23'18'
5-306

COMPOUND CURVES

@ Radius of first curve: - 1145.916

R,- D
1
- 1145.916
R1- 4
R, =286.48
R - 1145.916
2- 5.5
R2 =208.35

Sin 46'42' = 76·~3 VB = 110 Cos 42'36'

VB=80.97m.
OF = 108.87 m. AB = 110 Sin 42'36'
OF= R,-100
108.87;;; R1 -100 AB= 74.46 m.
R1 = 208.87 m. AD+AB=R2
AD + 74.46 = 208.35
AD =133.89 m.
Cos 42'36' = AD
AE
AE= 133.89
• ~Clfry~
~~~fd~~~b5~~16~J~~=~.b~t • [~Q~~~~.·
•• gClp~j~ting~t • ~• • 4·•• cyry~.·ilnd 5·~Q·
.<l.. . .
Cos 42'36'
AE= 181.89 m.
EG= R,-AE
9UW~,· • ·.lftpe··~M~~t~tm~.bElginnjrg • 6f·m~·.
··Ctihi¢.tqlh~pOl~fofirf~t$ectiAnoflhetan~~ht. EG = 286.48 -181.89
is110Jfl~ long....· . . ••...••:::. EG = 104.59 m.

FG= R,-R2
FG = 286.48 - 208.35
FG = 78.13

Solution:
CD Central angle of first curve:
G

Using Sine Law:

78.13 104.59
Sin 47'24' = Sin e
c
e = 99'48'
11 = 180' ·47'24' -99'48'
11 = 32'48'

@ Central angle of 2nd curve:

11 + 12=42'36'
12 =42'36' - 32'48'
G 12 = 9'48'
 5-307

COMPOUND CURVES

Di$fance of tangent from end of 5'30' CUNe

~
@
to the P.I.: 113'
E
A 31' 36' B
Tji-T.=180.40

- 1145.916
R1- 3'
G
R1 = 381.97 m.
EF 78.13 - 1145.916
. Sin 32'48' = Sin 47'24' R2- 5'
EF=57.50m.
R2 = 229.18 m.
VC+VB=DE+EF
DE= 181.89 Cos 47'24'
DE= 123.12 m. tan 15'30' =11
R1
VC + 80.97 = 123.12 + 57.50 T1 =381.97 tan 15'30'
VC=99.65m.
T1 =105.93 m.
T2 =R2 tan 18'
T2 = 229.18 tan 18'
T2 = 74.47 m.

,.t.ifilliirl'~~
AB= T1 + T2
AB = 105.93 + 74.47
AB= 180.40
AV180.40
Sin 36' = Sin 113'
~~~;~II~~~~~;I~,i;'> AV= 115.19 m.
@lf~tn.P"Li~ITIClyed15tri·jJutfrQrnt~e

• • ••• •:~lt~~t61~!¢.~s~~lli1~~~o~~h~wr Sla. ofP. C. = (26 + 050) • (115.19 + 105.93)

Sla. ofP. C. = 25 + 828,88

Solution: ® Slationing of P. T:
CD Stationing of the P. C.:
L _W1
26+ 05 1- 0
1
P.I.V 67'
L1 =20 ~31)
L1 =206.67

Sla. ofP. T. =(25 + 828.88) + (206.67 + 144)

Sla. ofP. T. = (26 + 179.55)
S-308

COMPOUND CURVES

@ Stationing ofnew P. T.: Solution:

<D New tangent distance:

=x
· 36' 15
SIn
x=25.52 m.
T3 = 74.47 + 25.52
T3 =99.99
tan 18' =99.99
R3
R3 =307.74 m.
L - 307.74 (36)'lt T1 =R1 tan 18'10'
3- 180 T1 =100 tan 18'10'
L3 = 193.36 m. T1 =32.81 m.
10 .
Sta.of new PT h = Sin 36'20'
= (25 +828.88) + (206.67 + 193.36) h= 16.9 m.
Sta. ofnew PT = 26 + 228.91
New tangent distance = 16.9 + 32.81
New tangent distance = 49.71 m.

@ New radius ofCUNe:

T2 = T1 + h
T2 = 32.8 + 16.90
T2 =49.71 m.
T2 = R2 tan 18'10'
49.71
R2 tan 13'10'
R2 = 151.40 m.

@ Stationing of new P. T.:

Stationing of p.e. (30 + 375.20) - 32.81
Stationing of p.e. = 30 + 342.39

0= 1145.916
R
0= 1145.916
151.40
0=7.57'
 5-309

COMPOUND CURVES

L =201 I = R1 /1 1t
C D '-c 180
L - 20 (36.33) I =190.99 (42') 1t
C- 7.57' '-c 180' .
Lc =95.99 m. 4= 140 m.
Stationing ofnew P. T.: Stationing ofold P. T. = (0 + 168.15) + 140
New P. T. =(30 + 342.39) + 95.99 Stationing of old P. T. = (0": 308,15)
New P. T. = 30 + 438,38
@ Stationing offhe P.C.C.
T1 =190.99 tan 21'
T1 =73.31 m.
VB Sin 42' = 20
VB= 29.89 m.
T2 = T1 + VS
T2 = 73.31 + 29.89

••••
T2 = 103.20 m. .
tan a. =.I2.
R1
ta - 103.20
na.- 19O.99

~!!~~~~~lilllllll~,t> a= 28'23'
B1.
Cos 28'23' --OS
Solution: 190.99
<D Stationing of old P.T. OS= Cos 28'23'
OS = 217.09 m.
R - 1145.916
2- ~

R - 1145.916
2- 4
R2 =286.48 m.
GC=R1 +20
GC =190.99 + 20
GC = 210.99 m.
O'G = R2 - GC
O'G = 286.48·210.99
O'G =75.49 m.
00'= R2 -R1
00'= 286.48 -190.99
00'= 95.49
O'G
Cos 0 = 00'
- 1145.916 75.49
R1- D Cos 0 = 95.49
1
- 1145.916 0=37'46'
R1- 6 fJ =42'·37'46'
R1 =190.99 m. £l =4"14'
8-310

COMPOUND CURVES

_ R1 (J 1t b=350m.
LCl - 180 . a= 550 m.
I _ 190.91 (4'14) 1t c= 762 m.
'-<:1 - 180' a+b+c
LC1 = 14.11 m. s=-2-
550 + 350 + 762
Stationing ofP.C.C. =(0 + 168.15) + 14.11 s= 2
Stationing of P.C.C. = 0 + 182.26 s= 831
@ Stationing of new P. T. (s- a) =281
_ R2 01t (s- b) =481
.LC2 - 180 (s. c) =69
1_ _ 286.48 (37'46') 1t N
~ - 180'
Lez = 188.83 m.
Stationing of new P. T. =(0 + 182.26) + 188.83
Stationing of new P. T. = 0 + 371.09

Sin ~=
2
1 (b- b)(c- c)
be
. ~ _ (48)(69)
Sin 2 - (370) (762)
Sin~=0.1234
~=20.65·
A= 41.3'
LA =41'18'

Bearing ofCA = S 3'42' E.

@ Angle ACB:
N
 S-311

COMPOUND CURVES

_1145.916
Sin §i = ~ (s ~ a) (s - c) R2 - 4'
2 ac
R2 = 286.48 m.
. §. _ (281)(69) - 1145.916
Sin 2 - (550) (762) R1 - 6'
Sin ~ = ~ 0.0463 R1 =190.99

Sin ~= 0.215 T= 190.99 tan 12' + 286.48 tan 18'

T= 133,68 m,
~= 12.45'
@ Stationing of P.C. C.:
L.B =24'54' bt_ 20
L.C = 180' - (45' + 24'54') It - D1
L.C= 110'06' L = 20 (24)
1
6
Angle ACB = 110'06'
L1 =80
@ Bearing CB:
Bearing of CB = N 73'36' W Sta. of P.C.C. = (10 + 420) + 80
Sta. ofP.C.C. = 10+ 500

@ Stationing of P. T.:
0._ 20
12 - Dt.
- 36' (20)
L2- 4'
L2 =180

Stationing of P. T. = (10 + 500) + 180

Stationing of P. T. = 10 + 680

Solution:
CD Length of the common tangent of the curve:
common tangf:nt

The length of the common lan~entof a

compound curve is equal to 6M2 m.The
common tangent makes an angle of 1Z'and
1$' respectively to the tangents of, the
compound curve. If the length of the tangent of

\: ./
the first I;urve (on the side of P.C.) IS equal to
4tOZm.

CD Compute the radIUs of the second cUNe,

t1 " 1",'"
..

1/
if!
) i 18" I
@ Compute lIle radius of lhe first curve.
@ Compute the stationing ofthe P.T. if PC is
at 20 + 042.20.
S-312

COMPlII. CIIVEI

Solution:
<D Radius of the second curve:

Solution:
CD Length of the long chord:
T2 =68.62- 41.02
T2 =27.60
. T2 = R2 tan 9'
27.60 =R2 tan 9'
R2 = 174.26 m.
,, .or.
,,
® Radius ofthe first curve: , ,,
T1 =41.02
T1 =R1 tan 6'
- 41.02
" '~"\ V'
R1 - tan 6' , \, I
R, = 390.28m \~
"" I

@ Stations of the P. T.: 470 L

Sin 9' = Sin 165'
L - R, /1'1t L=m,61m.
,- 180
L - 390.28 (12) 1t ® Radius of first curve:
,- 180'
S·In 6' =470
-
L1 = 81.74 m. 2R1
L - R2 /2 1t R, = 2248.19 m.
2- 180
@ Radius ofsecond curve:
L - 174.26 (18) 1t
2- 180 ...fL _ 470
Sin 6' - Sin 9'
L2 =54.75m. ~ = 314.05
· 9 314.05
S
,1n=2R
Sta. ofP. T. =(20 + 042.20) + (81.74) + (54.75) 2
Sta. of p.r. = (20+ 178.69) R2 = 1003.nm.
 S-312-A

COMPOUND CURVES

The common tangent of a compound curve
makes an angle of 14' and 20' with the
tangent of the first curve and the second curve
respectively. The length of chord from the
p.e. to p.e.e. is 73.5 m. and that from p.e.e.
to P.T. is 51.3 m.
ill Find the length of the chord from the P.C..
to the P.T. if it is parallel to the common
tangent.
@ Find the radius of the first curve.
@ Find the radius of the second curve.
A compound curve has a common tangent
84.5 m. long which makes angles of 16' and
20' with the tangents of the first curve and the
second curves respectively. The length of the
tangent of the first curve is 38.6 m. What is
the radius of the second curve.
Solution:

Solution:
ill Length of the chord:

38.6 + T2=84.5
T2= 45.9 m.
P.c.c. T2 =Ttan10'

P"Cc
~"7"
L
lEI)'
l~ ~~
45.9 = R2 tan 10'
R2 = 260.3 m.

L2= (73.5)2+(51.3)2- 2(73.5)(51.3) Cos 163'

L= 123.5 m.
@ Radius of the first curve.
A compound curve has a common tangent of
S·In 7' =73.5
-
2R 1 84.5 m. long which makes an angle of 16' and
R1 = 301.55 m. 20' with the tangents of the first curve and the
second curve respectively. The length of the
@ Radius of the second curve. tangent of the second curve is 42 m.

Sin 10' = 51.3 CD What is the radius of the first curve.

2R 2 @ Find the radius of the second curve.
R2 =147.71 m. @ Find the length of curve from p.e. to P1.
S-312-B
COMPOUND CURVES

S.olution:

/
~ "
.
,: ~'
/
"".. " • Rz
'ilLO;,'LO"/
j-;y
y' Solution:
<D Radius of the first curve.
84.5 = T1 + 42 <D Length of the common tangent of the
T1 =42.5 compound curve. Use arc basis.
T1 = R1 tan 8' - 1145.916
R1- 6'
42.5 = R1 tan 8'
R1 = 190.99 .
R1 = 302.4m.
· - 1145.916
R2 - 4'
<.?) Radius of the second curve.
R2 = 286.48
tan 10' = ~ 1 12
R2 AS = R1 tan '21 + R2 tan '2
R2 =238.19 .n. AS = 190.99 tan 12' + 286.48 tan 18'
AS = 40.60 + 93.08
@ Length of curve from P.C. to P.T. AS = 133.68 m.
L= 302A(16)1t + 238.19(20)1t
180 . 180
L =167.59m. <.?) Sta. of P.C. if P.I. is at sta. 12 + 988.20.
_d_ = 133.68
Sin 36' Sin 120'
d= 90.73
Sta. P.C. = 12 + 988.20 - (90.73 + 60)
P.C. =12+856.87
Given a compound curve 11 = 24', 12 = 36',
0 1 =6',° 2 =4'.
@ Computethesta.ofP.T.
(f Compute the length of the common
tangent of the compound curve. Use arc P.T. =(12 + 856.87) + 190.99(24) 1t
basis. 180
.?) Compute the sta. of PC. if P.I. is at sta. + 286.48(36) 1t
12 + 988.20. 180
@ Compute the sta. of P.T. P.T. = 13 +116.87
 5-313

[.-..
COMPOUND CURVES

1P1~.IQrigchO,f(iQf~¢fupQu~l:lJr¥eiS12()m,.
19M.vmlChl1@~~$ • aQ~~I~mmrltPrn.tfj~
.111l'glllllcf.·ltIe·filSt.~·.pa/j~iflgtll@tlgh • ttlEi.
1.:l.G.l$d?Q·•• ff()IJ1.ttJ¢tanQellt(lf.·ttIe•• ~fl~M
• 1:1I:'Tl,."Jii··
i:I'II"'I
~rye~il'lgthtWl~mmeI'NJ'.lft~~.(X)mm9~

l;!r;
.t.jltlg!lti~i$pij@~Ii<i@llQlIgc:OOrd····

lillilllillii
•.•. . . •

Solution:
i

.~··• • ~~~#l~~iolj(lll)$~f:@l1@~·
i:tfId~cllrV~» . . <D Length ofthe common tangent:

Solution:
<D Length of chord from PC to PCC:

, .r.
14'
\ ,/ ,
• I /

p.e.
.........TiO:iii..·..·....··· '~ '- L,,/ /220
I 380 , 14\ 17;/'
\, i / ~\r
'\~\I
\
R'
i, '/'R T1 =380 (tan 14') '!>

\ II': / T1 =94.74 m.
Tz = 220 tan 19'
y-V Tz = 75.75
\~ T1 + Tz = 170.49 m,
~_-EL
Sin 10' - Sin 163' @ Sta.ofP.C.C.
C1 = 71.27m. L - R1 / 1 7t
1 - 180
@ Length of chord from pce to PT:
-.fL_~ L =380(28) 7t = 185 70
1 180 .
Sin 17' - Sin 163'
p.e.e. =(20 + 000) + (185.70)
~= 120
p.e.c. = 20+ 185.70
@ Diff. in radius of 1st and second curve:
@ Sta. of P. T.
S·In 7' = 71.27
2R(
-
L - Rz/z 7t
R1 = 292.40 m. 2 - 180
Sin 10' =~ L = 220(38) 7t = 145 91
2Rz z 180 .
Rz = 345.53
P. T =(20 + 185.70) +145.91
Oiff. in radiUS = 345.53" 292.40 P. T. = 20+ 331,61
Diff. in radius = 53.13 m,
S-314

COMPOUND CURVES

@ Stationing of the PT:

L - Rl /1 1t
1 - 180
~cornpoundcllNep~~se$thtllllcOllln-lQIf L - 290 (42) 1t
lan9~~tA~havip~a,en9thMi3®m.1'~~ 1- 180
r~diH$.of.thll.prst.~uryEl.jsequ.llt9f9qrn •.<ll)d· L1 =212.58 m.
·.a•seC6t1dcurveiS740rn. . • radll.ls.I)f•• th~ •..
• ceilfral.angtepf.4g...·.If··.the• L - RZ I2 1t
Z- 180
L _ 740 (28'36')1t
z- 180
L2 = 369.38 m.

Sta. of PT = (20 + 542.20) + (212.58) + (369.38)

Sta. of PT = (21 + 124.16)

Solution:
0) Tangent of second CUNei

·fh¢P9mrl1()nt~1'l$~WA~9fafqmP9qnq.cutv.~ •
tn~~~~aral'1gly~iththetjlO$eht$OfJhe
C()lIlP()im<.iClJrvElpf~g';3Q>ari93Q'99·

,,
·.rib1~~~~)4~· • ±~~~dgr~&aj~Q6~i(e • .~fth~fi~~··
,, l:uo/~js4'30'while.thatofthe • Se()()nd.curve.• is
'\.

'- 'I
\ I I

' ~JtYit~~h]~~p~~tbu~i~~.lW~II~®Pai~6~.·
• sameP.;T·\VhiteWe.direClloo
Rj=290 "rn'-, "'~!.J: :'" / rem~jQ$tM$;1Im~,>
• ollhe.·tangent$
..' .
,\:'1-=.1 /'Rz=740m
,,'/
"
~~I,' , (j)FlMtti~t~diGs°flt1es[mple(;i)(Ye.•·.
if/ ®flMlh~st~tioningottl'lenewp.C·· .
mfi@jhestatiQl1fngofPJ\ .
T1 = R1 fan 21'
T1 = 290 tan 21' Solution:
T1 = 111.32 m. 0)' Radius of simple CUNe:
Tz =300-111.32 - 1145.916
R1- 0
Tz =188.68rn. 1
- 1145.916
R1 - 4.5'
® Central angle of second CUNei
R1 = 254.65 m.
tan 2=Ji
2 R z
t 2_188.68 - 1145.916
an 2 - 740 Rz- 5'
Rz =229.18m.
~ =14.30'
fan 15' =Ji
R
Iz =28.60' z
Iz = 28'36' Tz = 229.18 tan 15'
Tz = 61.41 m.
 S·315

COMPOUND CURVES

T, = R, tan 12'45' @ Stalioning of P. T.

T, =57.62 m. L =RI1t
c 180
= 234.91 (55'30j1t
Lc 180'.
4=227.55
Sta. of P. T. = (10 + 311.05) + 227.55
Sta. of P. T. =(10 + 538.60)

~~~~~~~~,~!wt~'h~ff:n~~:~f~6~ah~··
lliiill.till
AB = T, + T2
AB=61.41 +57.62
AB = 119.03 m.
VB'

VB = 62.18
119.03
Sin 25'30' = Sin 124'30'
r....ltjlit~
@FIMt@r@m$9f1~~~lfnpteCtJl'\I~>
@Fin~tfJ~$t<l~!M~99n~¢~ewP.p .•,.' '.
,', '
@fIMJM~t~tlMl@QftM.newp·r······"·
New tangent of the simple CUNe:
,T= VB + T2 Solution:
T= 62.18 + 61.41 CD Radius of simple CUNe:
T= 123.59
T
R=-I
tan -
2
123.59 , I

R = tan 27'45' , I

R= 234.91 m.
I

\'\'
'",
,
\'
' \ I
:
I
,
/ /
""'...
, ... "{I \ ,\ " "
R I
® Stationing ofnew P.C. 01
, I
j
" '13 19° I. I
Old P.C. = (10 + 362.42)· (57.62) ',,' 13' \ ' l~t I Rz

Old P.C. = 10 + 304.80 \ , \ t 64 o,'/

'·~'I
AV 119.03 '-c:"\~\ i//
... " II
Sin 30' = Sin 124'30' , \ I ,

AV= 72.22 m. " ':/

;"
R - 1145.916
Sla. ofV= (10 + 362.42) + (72.22) 1- 0
1
Sla. afV= 10 +434.64 - 1145.916
Sla. of new P.c. :: (10 +434.64)· (123.59) R1- 5'30'
Sla. of new P.C. = 10 + 311.05 R1 :: 208.35 m. ,
S-316

COMPOUND CURVES

- 1145.916 ® Stationing ofnew P. T.

Rz- 3'30'
0= 1145.916
Rz= 327.40 m. 279.61
0=4.10'
Lc = 20 I
o
Lc =20 (64)
4.10
Lc =312.20 m.
Sta. ofnew P. T. ='(12 +259.91) + 312.20
Sta. ofnew P. T. =12 + 572.11

T, =R1 lan !J.

2
T, =208.35lan 13'
T1 =48.10m.
Tz =Rzlan 2
!2.
Tz =327.40 lan 19'
Tz = 112.73 m.

AS= T, + T2
AS =48.10 + 112.73
AS= 160.83
T3 =Rlan 13'
T4 =Rlan 19'
ili.l.:iil
Solution:
CD Radius of simple CUNe:
T3 + T4 =AB
Rlan 13' +Rlan 19' =160.83
R=279.61m.

@ Stationing of new P. C.
T3 =279.61 tan 13'
T3 = 64.55
AV 160.83
Sin 38' =Sin 116'
AV=110.17m.

Sta. ofnew P.C. = (12 +434.63)· (110.17)

• (64.55)
.Sta. ofnew P.C. = 12 + 259.91
M
 5-317

COMPOUND CURVES

T1 + T2 ::; 107 Solution:

T1 ::; Rtan 13'20' CD Stationing of P.C.
T2 ::; Rlan 17'2'3

Rlan 13'20' + Rtan 17'25' =107

R= 194.30m,

® Stationing ofnew P. C.
T1 = Rtan 13'20'
T1 = 194.30 Ian 13'20'
T1 =46.05 m.

Sta. ofnew P.C. =(1 + 97S)· 46.0S

Sta. ofnew P.C. = 1 + 928.95

@ Stationing of new P. T.
Ran
Lc = 180
L = 194.30 (61.5') n
c 180'
Lc =20a.56

. Sta. ofnew P. T. = (1 +928.9S) + 208.56 o _1145.916

Sta. ofnew P. T. = 2 + 137.51 1 - 763.94
0 1 = l.S'
n.. _ 1145.916
V"L - 208.35

~=S.5'

4 =20/1
Acomp~@d.cUr'lel~la@ •.OlJt4aQro.Wpmth~· 1 01
.mp··.19tryet=>.9·q:M0r9~la~N~@f.193.~4.m· • / _ 480 (1.5)
·lhen·from·loo·fl;C,C;·srio1hertUrvewaslaidotll· 1- 20
toth~F·T·gsqw·19n9wii~~f:~djp~W /1 =36'
.4Qa.&51l'1·JfmEl§tlltr9rl69Hfm~.P9irt()f
tntElrsElctionof.th¢l::ln~El(lt~js1Q"'4$2.25,.·,· . L =20/2
c2 ~
Q)OelerlllinethestallQnir90fl~~P.C .., . < . ,.', / _250 (S.5)
.®pelerrnjnethelength9fth~I&@¢h()f~fr()m 2- 20
/2 = 68'45'
Ihey.c.to.lheP.T.• • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • .• • • • • • • • •.• • • •.• • • • • • • • .• •.•.
OetermlnetheaOglel/1aLlheloogchord
T1 = R1 Ian !l
@
makesWithlheJal'l9flnt. . . 2
T, = 763.94 tan 18'
T1 = 248.22 m.
S-318

COMPOUND CURVES

T2 : 208.35 tan 34'22.5

T2 : 142.53

AB: T, + T2
AB: 248.22 + 142.53
AB = 390.75 A reversed curve is formed by two
VA 390.75 circular simple curves having a common
tangent but lies on opposite sides. The
Sin 68'45' = Sin 75'15'
method of laying out a reversed curve is just
VA = 376.59 the same as the deflection angle method of
laying out simple curves. At the point where
Sta. of P.c. = (10 + 432.25) -(376.59) - (248.22) the curve reversed in its direction is called the
Sta. of P.C. = 9 + 807.44 Point of Reversed Curvature. After this point
has been laid out from the P.C., the instrument
@ Length oflong c~rd from P.C. to P. T. is tlien transferred to this point (P.R.C.). With
the transit at P.R.C. and a reading equal to the
. total deflection angle from the P.C. to the

~
PRC., the P.C. is backsighted. If the line of

PoCo ~ L
PoT.
.
sight is rotated about the vertical axis until
horizontal circle reading becomes zero, this
line of sight falls on the common tangent. The
next simple curve could be laid out on the
Sin 18' =& opposite side of this tangent by deflection
C, =2 (763.94) Sin 18' angle method.
C1 =472.14m.
Sin 34'22.5' = fk. Elements of a Reversed Curve:

~ = 2 (200.35) Sin 34'22.5'

C2= 235.21 m.

I! = 180' ·18' - 34'22.5'

I! = 127'37.5'
L2 = C12 + ~2. 2 (C1~) Cos 127'37.5
L2= (472.14)2 + (235.21)2
- 2(472.14)(235.21) Cos 127'37.5
L= 643.30m, R1 and R2= radii of curvature
0 1 and O2= degree of curve .
@ Angle that the long chord makes with V, and V2= points of intersection of tangents
tangent at the P. T. e = angle between converging tangents
643.30 235,21
12 -I, = e
Sin 127'37.5 = Sin l1J
P.C. = point of curvature
l1J = 16'50'
P.T. = point of tangency
a ='180' - 127'37.5' - 16'50' P.R.C. = point of reversed curvature
a =35'32.5' Lc : LC1 + LC2 : length of reversed curve
m =offset
P =distance between parallel tangents
 5-319

REVERSED CURVES

Four types of reversed curve problems:

Sin 9'34' =.1Q.
AB
1. Reversed curve with equal radii and AB =60.17 m.
parallel tangents.
2. Reversed curve with unequal radii and
® Radius of reversed curve:
parallel tangents.
2T=AB
3. Reversed curve with radii and converging
tangents. 2T=60.17
4. Reversed curve with unequal radii 'and T= 30.085

T= Rtan 1
converging tangents.
2
30.085 = R tan 4.78'
R= 359.78 m.

@ Stationing of P.R. C.
Twopar#Ueltangehls1Qrfi'ap~d#f~ L=Rln
c 180
conneyt~d • by.~ • ~ver%~~@f\ie .••• T~~¢P9t~
length from the P.C,tothep.%~q(lills12.0 nk L = 359.78(9'341n
c 180'
(j) c.()rJ'1P\Jte•• • the•.• • llll)gtll•• ·i:lf•• taJlgEin~.'&j~~ Lc =60.07 m.
COrnin!)ngjr~9tior><
@ ~&~eT'lne • the•• eq~~I • r0~iU$.9~.~hT.~Merld • Stationing PC = (3 + 420) ·30.085
@ Compute•• th~ • statiori~gpfl~e • P.R·9·jfthe. Sta. PC = (3 + 389.92)
stati9rm~otbat\fleqElgj~ni9~oLthEl
t<l~gentwlthCOmn·l(ml:lif¢9ti(m.i~ .• ~t4@>·· Stationing of PRC = (3 +389.92) + 60.07
Stationing of PRC = 3 + 449,99
Solution:
CD Length of tangent with common direction:

, .·IH•• ?.@ilt9ad·.·layplJ(,.A9~·.¢@lerlr~}M!W(!
Pilr<llleLtrClcksaresonl)ect8cuv.ithatllYllr:!iEl~
R'
I £ur'Je.o1 unequal.radji·•• Thecentralary91~qfthe
first•• 9\jrye • is•• 16' .and!l1e.di.st<lnp~ • • t>et\\l~eg
Ll-:-,/-'-/----' parlill~Wlraqk$ .iS2T6Q • m,•• W~t'9Qjh9 • • cifIHe
p.q.j~t~~420<llldthElraQjilsoftheseqlJ.rJQ
¢uWelsZ90m. . .... .. .. .. .. . . ..

Sin i=.~
2 120
~=4.78'
/=9'34'
S-320

REVERSED CURVES

Solution:
CD Length oflong chord:

15+420 "WO.Plifl3lj~I~t36000~~have • ~irectiollS()frtl~.

p.e east~lld~te~(lQ~W~p~rt .• ~re • connecledbya

8,,,.r4if.
rfW~~9¢~o/~ft~~n~~~~lradiusof&QO.m·
Trye~,y.titt~tiJ!V~lsoltthe upperlan~111

600rfj./}) ....

Sin 8' = 27 60
L
L = 198.31

® Radius of first curve:

a= R1 - R1 Cos 16' Solution:
a = R1 (1 - Cos 16')
b = R2 - R2 Cos 16'
b =R2 (1 - Cos 16') .

a + b =27.60
R1 (1 • Cos 16') + R2 (1 - Cos 16') = 27.60
(R 1 + R2) (1 - Cos 16') = 27.60
R1 + R2 = 712.47
F?1 =712.47 - 290
R1 = 422.47 m,

@ Stationing of PT:
L - 422.47(16) 11: CD Length ofintermediate tangent:
C1 - 180
LC1 = 117.98
(-V R2 + x2 )2 =(400)2 + (700)2
{8oo)2 + x2 =(400)2 +(700)2
L~=2~~g)11: x= 100 m.
2x= 200m.
L~ =80.98
@ Distance between the centers of the
Sta. ofPRC. = (15 +4W!0) + 117.98 reversed curve:
Sta. of PRC. = 15 +537.98
Sta. of PT= (15 + 537.98) + 80.98 D = 2 ~ (800)2 + Xi-
Sta. ofPT=15+ 618,96 D = 2 ~ (800)2 + (100)2
D = 2(806.23)
D = 1612.45 m.
 5-321

REVERSED CURVES

@ Stationing of P. T. ® Radius of curve:

700 a= RCos 30' - RCos50'
Cos f!, = 806.23 a = R (Cos 30' . Cos 50')
f!, =29'45' a= 0.223 R
100 b = R - R ccs 50'
tan 8 = 800 b =R (1 • Cos SO')
e = 1'08' b= 0.357 R
/ =29'45' • T08' a + b = 116.50
/=22'3T' 0.223 R + 0.357 R = 116.50
R= 2OO.86m.
Rln
Lc = 180 @ Slationing of PT:
L - 800 (22'37') n L - 200.86 (20) n
c- 180' 1- 180
Lc = 315.79 m. L1 = 70.11 m.
Sla. of P. T. = (10 + 020.40) + 315.79
L _ 200.86 (50) n
2- 180
+ 200 + 315.79
Sta. of P. T. = 10 + 851.98 L2 = 175.28 m.
Sta. ofPT= (10 + 620) + 70.11 + 175.28
Sla. ofPT= 10+ 865.39

Two tangent~cqnv~rge~t,m angle of 30',

The ditecliririofthesecohd tangent is due
east. The distance of tlie Itc. from the second
tangent is 116,5(l nt The bearing of the
common tangentis$,AO'E.
CD Compute the central angle of the first
. .curve.' ', .. c··,.·. . C'.··· .'C·..··. : ..
Givenbrokenlin~s,l\S • •:'•• $r.~.l'rl,,~C¥~~'~m;
andCD=91.5rn.alTange4a~~h()~9'~
rever$ecurV~i$to:cl:mnectlh~~elht~llneS
thusfo,rmll1g.thecenter.li oll i:lfa·new.rQl'!l:L'. "..
find•• the•• !en9\h.of••th~.tdM~9I)radlu~.of
(i)

® If a reversed curve ista connect these two

. tangents, de~tminetheqOmmon radius of
the curve,·.· ,'. ' • c": . "
@ Compute lhestationingof the P.T. if P.C.
is at station 10 + 620, '... •
Solution:
Q) Central angle of the first curve:
thereverse.c~rve., .••••••••'•.•.••••••••.••: ,••••••.••••••::•..• ,•• •. ,.:•.•• >
® If•• the.•.P.Q••• j$~t,$,\a.10.tOQq,\"hat.:i~ • the
..
slatklJjirl~ofe·T',/.
@\A.'hatis.the.tolal<lreaiflcIB~~~ • i9th~ • r9ht
Of·..~~y.ln.thi~.sectionof.the.rQad •. (A.t?.D).jf
. . theroadwidthis45rn.···· .'
Solution:
CD Length of the common radius of the reverse
CUNe:

/1 =50' - 30'
/1 =20'
S-322

REVERSED CURVES

T1 =Rlan11' R1 = 111.688 +7.5

T2 = Rlan 32' R1 =119.188m.
h+ T2 =91.5 R2 =111.688- 7.5
R(tan 11' +tan 32')= 91.5 R2 = 104.188 m.
R=111.688m. A = 3~0 (86) [(119.188)2 - (104.188j2]
@ Sta; of P. T. A = 2514.63 m2
P.e. to PRC. = L1
Total area = 2514.63 +35.89(15) +21.710(15)
L, =111.688 (22') 1~0 Total area =3378,63 m2
L, =42.885 m.
- 111.688 (64')n
L2 - 180'
L2 = 124.757 m.
Tota/length of reverse curve:
L, + L2 = 167.642 m.
Stationing ofPRC. = (10 + 000) +42.885
Stationing of P.R.C. = 10 + 042.885
Stationing ofP. T. = (10 +042.885) + 124.757
StationingofP.T. = 10+ 167.642

@ Area included in the right of way:

~
~\R=1l1.688 m
:
I '

\ .-..... ---
C

7.5m E~'s;~'~~--.::~~
705m
,
35.89 \
R=1l1.688 m,'fJ"
/
'I

T1 = 111.688 tan 11'

T1 = 21.710 m.
T2 = 111.688 tan 32' Solution:
T2 =69.79'
AtoP.C. =57.6-21.710
A to P.C. =35.89 m.
P. T. to 0 =91.5 - 69.790
P.T. tQD=21.710m.
n
A = 360 (R12 • Rl) "
,,=22'+64'
,,== 86'
 8-323

REVERSED CURVES

Stationing at P. T.
R2 -2
-~
G)
Sin 30'
S·In 22 .5' -- -.fL
2R, 381.97
C, =2(190.986) Sin 22.5' R2 =2 Sin 30'
C, = 146.174m. R2 =381.97 m.
Using Cosine Law: L - 381.97 (60) 1t
c2 - 180
LC2 =400 m.

Sta. at the P. T. = (0 + 520) + (150) + (400)

Sta. at the P. T. = 1 + 070

® The angle that the long chord makes with

the first tangent = 61'10'

(485.025)2 =(146.174)2 + Ct.2

- 2(146.174) Ct. Cos 127.5'
213882.41 = Ct.2+ 177.97 Ct.
C2 =381.97 m.
Using Sine Law:
381.97 _ 485.025
Sin e - Sin 127.5'
e =38'40'
@ The angle that the long chord makes with
a = 180' -127.5' - 38'40'
the second tangent:: 43'50'
a= 13'50'
_ R1 11 1t
Lc, - 180
- 190.986 (45) 1t
Lc,- 180
LCl = 150m

Poe.

................... , - "," , .. , ,.

Typ~ ofP~~eiTlel1tt;Il~~ 311{Portand d~k~h~~

Number oflaties~Two (2) lanes . '. >,.. .
Width of Pavement= 3.05 m. per lane .•.••....•
Thickness of Pavement:: 20cm5. . // .' .
Unit Cost::: P460,OO persquare meIer .
_ R2 12 1t
Le2 - 180

Sin 30' =~
2 R2
 S-324

REVERSED CURVES

(J,)•• P~P~@.th~fi)~i9*9ftl)ellrstcl1rve. Area Df SectDr:

@{•• • Q()lT1put~.thElT"qj~s<if~ .• seC()ndcuf\le. 7t
A:: hI
,·@•••• <;6ITlR~yf·.·me • • • ¢P,St•• • l)f•• Jhe<•• • c()ncn~te 360
.....• P~¥!:lfl)fl~I~I~)M¢9ryli!s{reYersed)fr()rn
. ·.•. .·Jh~g.q;.t9!h~p,T·,.·.p.1l$~dpn • lhe • giy~t1 A1 :: ;~ [(125.78)2. (119.68f]
. ···l1lghwaY¢~$HnQeKaM$pi:ltjficatiOil$;
A1 :: ~~~) [(125.78)2 - (119.68)2]
Solution: A1 :: 365.86 sq.m.
(j) Radius of first curve:
A2 =7ti5~) '[(162.05)2. (155.95)2]
A2 :: 1015.68 sq.m.
A:: 365.86 + 1015.68
A:: 1381.54 sq.m.
T-IO
Total Cost:: 460 (1381.54)
Total Cost:: P635,50B.40

1
T1 =4(122.40)
T1 =30.6 m. • rWj:)t<j~~nt~jnt€lr~eSts~t~llMg~·()f.4&'40'
T2 = 122.40 - 30.6 9rE!·~o.b~.9()~r~cted.~Y<3.r~Y~~E!dBuryM!The
T2 = 91.8 m. l~ng~ntW##hl'Aifrdm@~ • PdlrllPflm¢r$etlion
tan 14' =~ 2j~&.i~04~&6~~.0 • ~h~PbW~ijJ~hW • ±h~e6~B~.
30.6 ·langef\tisS4$'20''fI••'r1Je.ti@l~s·ofthe.wrve.
R1 = tan 14' thf9119tlthE!P.q.i$24qm·~~gmE!dj~t~nce
R1 :: 122.73 m. ft(im.ihe.P9iMqf.inl¢j'seGUOllpft#genl$IQth¢
P.C.Qf:thereverse9cul}'ei$®0.4~il1; .•.•....
® Radius of second curve:
tan 30' ::I2:
R2
91.8
R2 :: tan 30'
R2 = 159m.

® Cost of concrete pavement: Solution:

(j) Radius Dfthe Dther branch of the curve:
 5-325

REVERSED CURVES

240 R1 81t
tan 8 = 360.43 Lc, =180
e = 33'40' - 240 (37'34)1t
Lc, - 180'
a =46'40' - 33'40'
a= 13' Lc, = 157.36 m.
240 Sta. ofP.R.C. =(10 +420) + 157.36
AE = Sin 33'40' Sta. ofP.R.C, = 10+ 577.36
AE =4:32.89 m.
AD =432.89 Sin 13' @ Stationing of P. C.
AD=97.38m. R2 A1t
DE=432.89 Cos 13' LC2=18O
DE =421.80 m.
DF= DE· 48.60 A=OO' ·5'46'
OF = 421.80 • 48.60 A. = 84'14'
OF = 373.20 ; AB = 373.20 - 135.10 (84'14')n
BC= Rr BF Lc2 - 180'
BC = R2 • 97.38 LC2 = 198.62 m.
(R, + R2~ = (AB)2 + (BC)2
Sta. ofP. T. = (10 + 577.36) + 198.62
(240 + R2)2 =(373.20)2 + (R2 • 97.38)2
Sta. ofP.T. = 10+ 775,98
57600 +480 R2 + Rl
.= 139278.24 + Ri -194.76 R2+9482.86
R2 = 135.10

@ Stationing of P.R. C.
BC = R2 - 97.38
BC = 135.10 - 97.38
BC = 37.72
AC = 135.10 + 240
AC =375.10

. 0=5'46'
BC
tan 0 = AB
37.72
tan 0 =373.20
tRill'
radiuspfll1~fitWill.ll'\tE!Js.Z8$.4~m.U...i.• •.•·• •.• • • ·
0)[)etem,ltJelher@iliSQnMtrtd·cUN~,>··><
@ Pell~rll1lo~tH¢smtl<ltllogM~iffi¢,>.·• ·•• <'"
. tan 13' = :a.~o ®. Oeter!1ll11~lhe$t~ti~tdng~fPm»··
FG = 1'1.22
Solution:
Cos 13' =48.60 CD Radius of 2nd CUNe:
EG
EG =49.88m.
t
,, 60·
AG= EA· EG ,,
I

AG =432.89-49.88 ,,
AG = 383.01 m. ,
:,'
. , "
8 =56'20' • o· 13' J~
I 1/ '
",'

,RF285.40
tJ~ I.'>,'
8 =56'20' - 5'46' • 13' --: Iv.:"
" ,
0=37'34' ~/
S-326

REVERSE" CURVES

R1 = 285.40
11 + 30 = 12
12 = 50
11 =50·30 TW6jl<ltM¢ltaiIW~Y4Ppm;ij~~M¢f¢~IJ~
I, = 20
AB. 100
Sin 30' =Sin 20'
II~l~~e1Ii~~~lt~dl~~r~ t~~.11ad\~~ ••
AB = 146.19 (j) .Oeferrni@1~~.(;Elotr:~I~@@9t(ti~rij~fli~
T1 = R1 tan !1 9JfVE i . Y > <

:· ·• irJ~~iI1;i~.i~I~;~£~;I~~~6t!~'.·.
2
T1 = 285.40 tan 10
T1 =50.32 m.
Solution:
T2 = R2 tan 25'
T1 + T2 = 146.19
T2 = 146.19 - 50.32
T2 =95.87 m.
R - 95.87
2 - tan 25'
R2 = 205.59 m.

® Sta. of PR C.
o - 1145.916
1 - 285.40
0 1 =4.02'
D - 1145.916
2 - 205.59
~=5.5T
CD Central angle of the reverse CUNe:
G
LC1--~
01
_ 20 (20)
LC1- 4.02
LC1 =99:50
L~=2~.~~) o
L~ = 179.53
N
P.C. =(10 +432.24) - 50.32 400
P.C. = 10 + 381.92 tan IX =2 (1100)
PRe. =(10 +381.92) + 99.50 =10'18'
IX
~----
PRC. = 10+ 481.42
OG =;j (40W +(220W
OG = 2236.07
® Sta.ofP.T. 2236.07 Cos IJ =2x + 200
P. T. = (10 + 481.42) + 179.53 x+ 200 =R
P. T. = 10+ 660.95 x= R- 200
 5-327

REVERSED CURVES

2236.07 Cos 8 = 2 (R- 200) + 200 Solution:

2236.07 Cos 8 = 2R -400 + 200
2236.07 Cos 8 = 2R - 200
1118.03 Cos 8 = R- 100
R-1oo
Cos 8 1118.035
1100 -100
Cos 8 = 1118.035
1000
Cos 8 = 1118.035
8= 26'34'
o = 26'34' - 10'18'
0=16'16'
CD Radius of first curve:
@ Sla. of the middle of intermediate tangent.
L=R01t
180
= 1100 (16'16') 1t
L
180' "----..;-..::::::-c
L = 312.30 m.
AB 150
Sla. = (20 + 460) + 312.30 + 200 Sin 30' = Sin 20'
Sla. =20 + 972.30 AB - 150 Sin 30'
- Sin 20'·
@ Sta. of the P. T. AB =219.29 m.
Sla. of P. T. = (20 + 972.30) + 200 + 312.30
sta. of P. T. = 21 + 484.60 T1 + T2 = 219.29
T1 =R1 tan !J.
2

T2 = R2 tan !1
2
12 = 11 + 30'
SO' =/1 +30'
·~W:ffi~S~1~s~gli~~~{~~I~pi~ • IOi6;~~iH~. /1 =20'

di$lanoeoflhisb'\t~rs~¢liOnJr9tnttieB.tQMh~ 2 + R2 lan !2
R1 lan !J. 2 =219.29
curvelsA50m,Tfjedefl¢C;tjona~glei:ltttie R,lan 10' + R2 tan 25' = 219.29
C()rnmOnIElngenLfml11th~?a(;~J~JlMrW.is - 1145.916
2(FR; .al'ld•• trye~i'mqmoIJ~~p6mrripli.~~9#~t Rr ~
i~.32Q' •.•••••• T~e • d~grEle • ()f.·CJJry~ • 9ft~¢sM9I)d
simple Cl,lrveis$' and the~tatlgf\i~g~nW - 1145.916
R2 - 6
pQint.·. oC.intersection.·.of • • the•• fj(~t¢t@~ • ·is
4·+450,··••· . . ••.. <.••..••• >.. R2 =190.99 m.

CJ) Determine the

radius oltha fltstculVe.•. R, tan 10' + 190.99 Ian 25' ::: 219.29
® Determine the stationing of P.R,C,·· •..... 0.1763 R, T 89.06 = 219.29
@ Determine the stationing oUhe P.T. R, = 738.68 m.
5-328

REVERSED CURVES

® Stationing of P.R. C.
o - 1145.916 _ 1145.916
1- R1 - 738.68
0 1 = 1.55'
T, =R, tan !1
2
T, = 738.68 tan 10' Solution:
T1 = 130.25 m. <II Central angle of 2nd CUNe:
Sta. ofP.C. =(4 + 450) - 130.25
Sta. ofP.C. =4 + 319.75
_ (20) (20)_
L, - 1.55 - 258.06 m.

Sta. ofP.R.C. = (4 + 319.75) + 258.06

Sta. ofPRe. = 4 + 577.81
® Stationing of P. T.
L -~
2- ~
L _20(50)
2- 6
L2 =166.67 m.
Sta. of P. T. = (4 + 577.81) + 166.67
Sta. of P. T. = 4 + 744.48 AD = 520 Sin 30'
AO=260 m.
EA = 400 Cos 30'
EA = 346.41
DE =346.41 - 260
Arl~y~fseGilr\i~$t@~n#NiHgraoi9~ DE=86.41 =FB
Rl•• :;.40grrt,anqR2::?OOrrt·.l()f\g.I~t()GCltln~t
lI1elW()t;~g~nt~&\I'alidvs.\'IjmanglEipf
intflr~l3Clh:m . .• ()f•.•• l/:lfl·.t~llgeril~.eqll~I.· • t()~q\
A¥·#520rit . .

°1
~.
® Central angle of 1st curVe:
11 + 30' = 12
11 = 61'29' . 30'
/, =31'29'
® Distance VB:

S·In 1- F0 1
2 - 400 + 200
FO, =600 Sin 61'29'
FO, = 52721 m.
EO, = 400 Sin 30'
E0 1 =200
 S-329

REVERSED CURVES

FE= F0 1 -E01 x+h=d

FE =527.21 - 200 346.41 - 400 Cos 11 + 200 - 200 Cos 11 = 281.91
FE =327.21 =DB 600 Cos I, = 264.50
11 = 63'51'
In triangle VDA:
. VB+DB
Cos 30 =~ ® Central angle of 2nd curve:
' - VB + 327.21 11 = /2 + 30'
Cos 30 - 520 12 =63'51' • 30'
VB = 123.12 m. 12 =33'51'

® Stationing of P. T.
_ R1 /1 1t
LC1 - 180
- 200 (63'51') 1t
Lc1 -
Arever~.CulV~I$#>HIl~Mlhe.1\VcjlanQMt. 180'
liflesAI3•.~~Cl.99 • haMingdir~pwqf(llleEalit. LC1 = 222.88 m.

·f.ltlt~iillilll
ofA(P.p.)lsatlO+1;20:5P,WSDI$30Prri.
as
long<ihd h 8 be<lriIllPfS.20\E.>· ."
_ R2 /2 1t
LC2 - 180
- 400 (33'51') 1t
L~ - 180'

~. ·~l~~ • f~:.~lf::.~~~l:~~~go'~c~;
L~ = 236.32 m.

@ Findthe-sfalioningpfP;T. " ,,' "

.• ·. · " pR.e. =(10 + 120.50) + 222.88
PR. C. = 10 + 343.38
Solution:
CD Central angle of first curve: P. T. =(10 + 343.38) + 236.32
P. T. = 10+ 579.70

Two parallel,tangents 20m" apart, are lope

conMCted bya reversed CtJrve.The,ra~iUs¢.
tile firsfcurve at the P.C. has a.ra~iusQf
800 m, and the total 'length afthe chOrdfrom
the P.C. tethePT. is 300 m. Stationing ofthe
p.e. is 10 +620.
Sin 70' =-.!L
300
CD Find the central angle of each cuNe, "
d= 281.91 m.
® Find lhe radius of the curve pas$ing thru
h =200 - 200 Cos 11 theP.T. '
y=400 Cos 11
® What is the stationing afthe P.T.
x= 400 Cos 30' - Y
x=34641-400Cos/ 1
5-330

REVERSED CURVES

Solution:
<D, Central angle ofeach CliNe:

J"W9•• parallelt13pg~Jlts .• artlconllecll:d•• •llYA.

t¢Ver$eQ(;uMl·havingequalradij.of~611.m.{i>i

(j)lft~e • centrl~larygle • ofthecu(\lei$~'

>colTlPuletb~dislarl(:e •• betweel1fuJr!lII~[
~nQents.<>
• ~. •.•.GQ(nputetM .IIU@h.. QfchQtd.ft9m.me.ft¢.
A6tt@~.T.>
.~ • • • ltg.C.•.• i~~t • ~~a··.$.t • • 96MO'•• WQ!lt.l~~h~
> s~t~lIlng9{l'h~frt< . . .

Solution:
Sin i=1Q.. <D Distance between parallel tangents:
2 300
i_
2- 3'49'
1= T3B'

@ Radius of the CUNe passing thru the P. T.

a =800 •800 Cos 7'38'
a =7.09 m.
b =20·7.09
b= 12.91

x= 360 Cos 8'

b :: R2 • R2 Cos 7'38'
x= 356.50
12.91 =R2 (1 • Cos 7'38')
R2 = 1456.~5 m y = 360 •356.50
y= 3.50
@ Sta. of P. T. 2y= 7.0m.
_ R1 /n
LCl - 180 ® Length ofchord from P. C. to P. T.
Sin 4' = 2 (3.50)
L _800(7'38)n . L
cl - 180' L':: fOO.35m.
LCl = 106.58
L - 1456.85 (7'38') n @ Sta. of P. T.
~- 180' R8n
LC2 = 194.09
Lc =18O
L :: 360 (8') n
c 180'
Sta. of P. T. = (10 + 620) + 106.58 + 194.09
Sta.ofP.T. = fO+ 920.67
Lc:: 50.27
Sta. of P. T. = (3 t 960.40) + 50.27 + 50.27
Sta. of P. T. = 4 + 060.94
 S-330-A
REVERSED CURVES

b) Stationing of P.R.C.
The common tangent CO of a reversed curve
is 280.5 m. and has an azimuth of 312' 29'. _ 380(59' 44') n
BC is a' tangent of the first curve whose Lc1 - 180
azimuth is 252' 45'. DE is a tangent of the
second curve whose azimuth is 218' 13'. The
Lc1 = 187.66
radius of the first curve is 180 m. The P.l.1 is
at sta. 16 + 523.37. Bis at PC and E is at P.T.
PRC = (16 +420) + (187.66)
a) What is the stationing of the P.C. PRC = 16 + 607,66
b) What is the stationing of the PRC.
c) Whatis the stationing of the P.T.

Solution: c) Stationing of P.T.

L._ = 164.41(94'16') n
---z 180
L~= 270.50
I

\
Rl=180m~.~r!
\
"
/ P.T. = (16 + 607.66) + 270.50
,:ID52' P.T. = 16+ 878,16
'Vi
a) Stationing of P.C.
CO= 280.5 m.
280.5 = 180 tan 29 52' + R2tan 47 08'
R2 = 164.41
T1 = 180tan2952'
T1 = 103.37
T2 = 280.5 -103.37
T2= 177.13

P.C. = (16 + 523.37) ··(103.37)

P.C. = 16 + 420
S-330-B
RMRSED CURVES

Two parallel tangents 20 m. apart are to be @ Length of chord from P. C. to P.R.C.

connected by a reversed curve with equal
radius at the p.e. and P.I. The total length of L= 150
chord from the P.C. to the P.T. is 150 m. 2
Stationing of the p.e. is 10 + 200. L= 75m.

(j) Find the radius of the reversed curve.

@ Find the length of cord from p.e. to PRe.
@ Find the stationing of the P.T.
@ Sta. of P. T.

Lc= RI (If)
Solution: 180
(j) Central angle ofeach cUfVe: L - 280.93 (15'20') If
.c- 180'
Lc=75.18m.

P. T. = (10 + 200) + (75. jd) + (75.18)

P. T. = 10+ 350,36

. I 20
S'"'2 = 150

f =7'40'

1= 15' 20'

R- R Cos 15'20' = 10
R (1 - Cos 15'20') = 10
R= 280.93 m.
 5-331

REVERSED CURVES

L - R2 /2 rc
~ - 180
- 314,90 (78') rc
Lc2 - 180'
~a~v;~[~~~~~~e~!~iRre1~n~·~j L~ =428,69

tit4lii»IIB
Total length of curve:
Lc=Lc; +L~
Lc = 167 + 428.69
Lc= 595,76
$;4Q.. . E, . ~nd·a:dl.S@nl:¢ . t'lf•• ~OOm ..•.•. lftnefli':$t·
Sta. ofP. T. = (12 + 340) + 595.76

BlriYjlr'·' Sta. ofP.T. = 12+ 935.76

li.llIlI.t1l~J
ij~~Mrelioft1Z·fMQ; .. .......
Solution:
G) Radius of 1st curve:

1
T1 =4"(340)
T1 =85m.
T1 = R1 tan 13'
:'.11111.
G)
Solution:
Common radius of curve:
R1 =368.18 m,

® Radius of 2nd curve:

T2 = 340·85
T2 = 255 m.
T2 = R2 tan 39'
R2 = 314,90

® Sta, of P. T.
_ R1 /1 rc
LC1 - 180
L - 368.18 (26') rc
c1 - 180'
LCl = 167.Q7 m.
S-332

REVERSED CURVES

R2 + (100)2 = (R - 100)2 t (400)2 Solution:

R2 +{1oo)2 = R2 - 200R t (100)2 t (400)2 G) Distance between parallel tangents:
200R =400 (400)

o..-".-..,-~..".;;=--/-fl
R=800m.

® Central angle of the CUNe:

200 , i IR 1 =460
tan (J = 1600
B= TOO' -----------tu
(AB)2 =(200)2 + (1600)2 p.T.
AB = 1612.45
1
BD = (1612.45) x =460 Cos 12'
BD=S06.23 x=449.95
700 Y=200 Cos 12'
Cos a =S06.23 y= 195.63
a =29'45'
e =29'45' - 1'OS' a =460 - 449.95
a =10.05
e = 22'37' b = 200 -195.63
b=4.37
® Sta. of P. T.
Re1t Distance between the parallel tangents
LCl =180 = 10.05 +4.37
I _ SOO (22'37') 1t = 14.42m.
_cl - 1S0'
LCl =31519 ® Stationing of PR C.
Rl en
Sta. of P. T. =(10 +340.20) +315.79 LCl =180
+200 +315.79
Sta. of P. T. = 11 + 171.78 L - 200 (12') n
C1 - 180'
LCl =41.89

Sta. of PRC. =(2 +360.20) +41.S9

Sla. of PRC. = 2 + 402.09
Ar~'Jers~¢lJry.ehasafadius()flheCur\le
Sta. of P. T.
pa~SII19.th"()l!grythe.P.C,.~ualt()200m.;lnd.· @

thatqfthe•• §~P9rd.Cll[Ye • paSSirg • throU~llt~~ R2 en

P.T,)~49Pm·19r9;ltthecentr~langle(jf LC2=18O
c9tvEli~12' . .. . L - 460 (12')n
c2 - 180'
@ ·Plnd theperpendiclilar distance between LC2 =96.34
. the tWo parallel tangents. .. .
® If the statloning of the p.e. is2 + 360.20.
fOO lheslalioning of the P.RC. Sta. of P. T =(2 + 402.09) + 96.34
@ Plna the stationing of the PT. Sta. of P. T. = 2 + 498.43
 5-333

REVERSED CURVES

The perpendiciJlar ~istan~El·between two

parallel tangentS of areversedcurved is 7.5 m,
and the chorndistance frotli the PoCo to the
P.T. isequalto65m./'·· . SYMMETRICAL
Solution:
0) Central angle ofthe reversed curve:
PARABOLIC CURVES
In highway practice, abrupt change in the
vertical direction of moving vehicles should be
avoided. In order to provide gradual change in
its vertical direction, a parabolic vertical curve
is adopted on account of its slope which
varies at constant rate with respect to
horizontal distances.
Properties of Wrtlcal Parabolic Curves:

Forward
fa!'lg~Tlf

· 8 7.5
SIn =--
6.5 1. The vertical offsets from the tangent to the
8 = 6.63' curve are proportional to the squares of the
28 = 13'15' (central angle) distances from the point of tangency.

® Radius of the curve: K_.YL

(X1)2 - (X2)2
Cos 13'15' = R- 3.75
R
R- 3.75 = 0.913 R -h.._.J:L
R= 140.87m. (X3)2 - (~(

@ Slaioning of P. T.
R(28)n 2 The curve bisects the distance between
LC =-100 the vertex and the midpoint of the long
chord.
L =140.87 (13'15')n
c 180' From similar triangles:
Lc = 32.58 BF m .BF=-
CO
-=-
L L 2
Sla. of P. T =(4 + 560.40) + 32.58 + 3258
Sla. of P. T. =4 + 625.56 2
5-334'

PARABOliC CURVES

From the first property of the curve: Therefore the rate of change of slope is
BE Q) constant and equal to:
(~)2 =If r=~
BE= CDL2 r=2k
4 L2
8. The maximum offset H= 1/8 the product of
BE=CD the algebraic difference between the two
. 4
rates of grade and the length of curve:
1
H=4 CD 1
From the figure: H=BE = 4CD.
CD
But -= BF L
2 CD =(91· g2)2

BE=H~) H=.!CO
4
1
BE =-BF
2

3. If the algebraic difference in the rate of

grade of the two slopes is positive, that is
(g 1• g2), we have a·summit" curve, but if it
is negative, we have a "sag curve".

4. The length of curve of a parabolic vertical Location of highest or

curve, refers to the horizontal distance from lowest POint of the Curve
the P.C..to the PT.
a) From the P.C.
5. The stationing of vertical parabolic curves
is measured not along the curve but along
a horizontal line.

6. For a symmetrical parabolic curve, the

number of stations to the left must be equal 1-51
to the number of stations to the right, of the
intersection of the slopes or forward and
backward tangent.
x
(x,-y,)
7. The slope of the parabola varies uniformly p.e .T.
(XrY,)
along the curve, as shown by U2 U2
differentiating the equation of the parabolic
curve. .
y = kx2 The slope of the tangent at P.C. is 91'
Q1.=2kx From the equation of the parabola,
dx y = k x2
The second derivative is ~ = 2k Q1. = 2 kx
dx
where ~
dx2 = rate of change of grade or where Q1.= 9
dx '
slope. x = $,
 S·335

PIUBOUC CURVES

~=2kx At the P.e.

dx x=(L-5 2)
91 = 2 k (51) 2Y._
dx- 91
ill 9,=2k5 1
The slope of the tangent at P. T. is g2- 2Y.=2kx
dx
~­
dx -92
ill 91 = + 2k(L - 52)
X = L - 51
At the P.T.
~=-2kx x = 52
dx
92 =- 2 k(L - 51)
2Y._
dx - 92

® 92 =·2 k(L • 51) *=-2kX

Divide equation ill by ®
9.1_ 2kS1
92 - • 2k (L • 51)
Divide equation ill by ®
9.1_~
92 - • (L· 51) 9.1_ 2k (L • $v)
92 - • 2k (52)
- 91 L + 91 51 = 51 g2
5, (g1 • 92) = 91 L • g1 52 =92 L - 92 52
52 (92 - g1) = g2 L
c'

location of the highest point of the

curve from the P.C. location of the hi9hest or lowest point
of the curve from the P.T.
b) From the P. T.
....><

-----t---U2!---
E11~[(JI~
Q) • Whllt.ls.lh~lellillh.OflheCllrv.e? • .• • • •.• • • • • • •')•• .
@.. '•• GQmputethE!elevatiofloftll~J()westpQll'lt
The slope at the P.C. is g( btlhfi'cui"Ve/ '
@).··.·.¢OmPute·tl'le¢levatiollat~tatlOll.10.rQQQ.·.·
.•
~=2 kx
dx
5-336

PARABOliC CURVES

Solution:
,,) Length of curve:
n = 92.:Jl1
r A symmetrical vertical suminitcurve has
_ 0.4 - (- 0.8) tangents of ... 4% and - 2%, The allowable
n- 0.15 rate of change of grade is' 0.3% per meter
n=8 station. Stationing and elevatiOn of p.r. is at
L =20 (80) 10 +020 and 142.63 m. respectively. ..
L =160m.
CD Compute the length of curve. .
@ Elevation of lowest point of curve: @ Compute the distance of the highest point
of curve from the P.C. . .' '. . . . . ".
@ Compute the elevation Of the bighest point
of curve. .
p.
Solution:
"'% ' CD Length of curve:
C
10+000
Rate of change = ~
10+020
EI.240.60", 4 - (- 2)
0.3= n
S=Jl1..L n = 20 sta,tions
g1- g2
S = - 0.008 (160) Length of CUNe =20 (20)
. - 0.008 - 0.004 Length of curve = 400 m.
S= 106.67
L ® Sta. ofhighest point of curve:
H=S(g1- 92)
S _Jl1..L
160 '. 1- g1 - g2
H=8 (- 0.008 - 0.004) _ 0.04 (400)
H=0.24 S1 - 0.04 • (- 0.02)
~_--lL S1 = 266.67 m. from P.C.
(80)2 - (53.33)2
0.24_~ ® Elevation of highest point of curve:
(80)2 - (53.33)2
Y = 0.11
E1ev. A = 240.60 + 26.67(0.004)
Elev. A = 240.71 m.
Elev. of lowest point of curve =240.71 +0.11
Elev. of lowest point of curve = 240.82 m.
@ Elevation of station 10 + 000:
.J:2... _.0.24
(60)2 - (80)2 L
Y2 = 0.135 H=S(91· g2)

E1ev. 0 =240.60 + 20(0.008) + 0.135 H= a400 (0.04 + 0.02)

Elev. 0 =240.895 m. H=3
 5-337

PARABOLIC CURVES

--.!i- _.--L-
(200)2 - (133.33)2
_ 3 (133.33f p.T.
Y-(200)2
y= 1.33

EJev. at highest point

. = 142.63 + 133.33 (0.02)-1.33
Elev. at highest point = 143.97 L
H ="8 (92 • g1)
200
H="8 (0.02 + 0.04)
H= 1.5 m.
....h-_~
(66.67)2'" (100)2
Y1 =0.67 m.

Elev. B = 124.80 + 0;02(33.33) + 0.67

Elev. 8 = 126.14 m.

® Elevation of sta. 12 + 125.60:

-l'.L_~
(75)2 - (100)2
Y2 =0.84

Elev. 0 =124.80 + 0.04(25) + 0.84

Solution:
Elev. 0= 126.64m. (eJev. at 12+ 125.60)
CD Length of curVe:
r=92J1
n
2- (-4)
0.6=
n
n =10 A verticalsljrnmilpataboliC cuNehas itsPck
at station 14 + 75Dwllh elevalionof76.30rn~
L = 20 (10) The gradepflhe back tangentis3A% an<l
forward tangEmfof- 4.8%. lfthelengt~ ·of
L=200m. curve. is 300m. • .. . . '.'

@ Elevation of lowest point of curve: m Compute the.location of the vertical curVe

'. tumingpaintfrom the Pol. '. .' ..
S-~ Compute the elevation of the vertical curve
(2)
2- g2' gl
turning point in meters. '.
S - 0.02 (200) ® Compute' the stationing of the vertical
2 - 0.02 =004
curve turning point. .
82 =66.67 m. from P. T.
5-338

PARABOLIC CURVES

Solution:
CD Location of vertical CUNe turning point:

A vertical summit parabolic curve has a

vertical offset of 0.375 m. from the curve to the
grade tahgent at sta 10 f 050. The curve has Ii
slope of + 4% and- 2% grades intersedingat
IhePJ.The offset distance of the cutveatPJ
is equal to 1;5 m. If the stationing of theRC.
is at 10 + ObO.

CD .Compute the required length of curve.· ..

® Cornputelhehoiizont(\1 distanceofth¢
vertical curve tiimingpoirit from lhepolnl of
intersecltpn ofthe grades. . .. .
8-~ @Coinputethe elevation of the vertiCal CUrve
1 - gl . g2 . Jurningpoint if the elevation of P.T is
86.4(!.iTl. . . ..
8 - 0.034(300)
1 - 0.034 t 0.048
Solution:
81 =124.39 m. CD Required length of CUNe:

x = 150 -124.39
x =25.61 m. from the P.I.

@ Elev. of vertical CUNe turning point:

L
H=S (g1- g2)
300
H =8"' (0.039 + 0.048)
H= 3.075 .-L_....!!-
.--1- _ 3.075 (50)2 - (Wi
(124.39)2 - (150)2 0.375 1.5
y=2.11 m. (50)2 =(U2)2
L= 200m.
Elev. of vertical CUNe tuming point
@ Highest point of curve:
=76.30 - 25.61 (0.034) • 2.11
Elev. of vertical CUNe turning point
=73.32 m.
® Stationing of the vertical CUNe turning
point:
(14 of- 750)· (25.61) = 14 + 724.39
 5-339

PARABOLIC CURVES

g1 L By ratio and proporlion:

S --- L
1- g1 - g2
2H (91-g0'2
_ 0.04(200) T=-L-
S1 - 0.04 +0.02
S1 = 133.33 m. 2
H =IJl.LJhlb
x = 133.33 - 100 8
x= 33.33m. H = [0.06 - (- 0.04)) L
8
® Elev. of highest point of curve: H= 0.0125 L
--..L-_~ Elev. of B = 100 - 0.06 (20)
(66.67)2 - (100)2 Elev. of B = 98.80
y=0.67 y= 98.80·98.134
y=0.666
Elev. A= 86.42 +66.67(0.02) - 0.67 ----L- _J:L.
Elev. A = 87.08 m.
(~_20)2 - (~y
0.666 _0.0125 L
(~'20r- (~y
0.666 _4 (0.0125) L
A symm.etril;:al parabolic summit curve - 2
connects .tWo grades of +6% and· 4%.. It is to (~-20Y L
pass through a point "pH on the curve atstalion
25 + 140 having an elevation of 98.134 m. If (~-20)2=13.32L
t~e elevation of' the. grade intersection is L2
too m. ~\'ith a stationing of 25 + 160. '4 -20L+ 400 -13.32L =0
G) Compute the length of the curve. L2 -133.28L + 1600 = 0
@ Compute ihe stationing of the highest point
L= 120m.
. ofthe cur/e. ® Stationing of highest point of curve:
@ Compute the elevation of station 25 + 120
. on the curve,

Solution:
CD Length of curve:

S1-
_-.9.LL
gt- g2
S - 0.06 (120)
1 - 0.06 - (- 0.04)
S1 =72 m. from p.e.
Sta. of highest point =(25 + 100) + 72
Sta. of highest point =25 + 172
8-340

PARABOUC CURVES

@ Elevation of station 25 + 120: Solution:

CD Length of curve:

H=0.0125L
H =Jl.0125 (120)
H= 1.5 H + 5 = 152.74 -146.24
L_J.i.. H+5 =6.5
(20)2 - (60)2 H= 1.5 m.
_ 1.5 (20)2 L
H="8(~-g1)
Y- (60)2
y=0.167 m. L
1.5 ="8 (0.035 + 0.03)

Bev. of A = 100·40 (0.06) = 1.5 (8)

L 0.08 .
EJev. of A = 97.6 m.
L'= 150 m.
Bev. ofB = 97.6 - 0.167
Elev. of B = 97.433 m. ® Clearance at left edge:
Elev. A =146.24 + 0.03 (6)
Elev. A = 146.42

.1L_J.i..
(69)2 - (75)2

• ~I:.5~~%:)ddi(:~Suhd:~~n gJj~~p~s~··bri~~~.
Y1=1.27

\\I~9~~tlndersjde .is at elev; 152;74, and Elev. B = 146.42 + 1.27

.~me$~ii6ther'road acrossthegraljes at right Elev. B = 147.69
augle$;< . <•.•. '. ..' . ...•. . .. h1 = 152.74 -147.69
h1 = 5.05m.
<DWhatis the longest parabolic curVe that
. "ganbe used to connect the two grades and @ Clearance at right edge:
i1ttM same lime provide at leas! 5 in.. of EJev. C= 146.24 + 0.05 (6)
.c1¢aran,ce under the bridge at its center Elev. C = 146.54

t:~1~:
JL_J.i..
underside of the bridge is level and is (69)2 - (75)2
12 m. wide. find the actual clearance at the· Y2 = 1.27
left edge of the bridge. Elev. 0 = 146.24 + 0.05 (6) + 1.27
@) If the underside of the brtdge is level and is Elev. 0 = 147.81
12 m. Wide, find the actual clearance at the h2 = 152.74 - 147.81
right edge of the bridge.
~ =4.93m.
 S·341

PARABOliC CURVES

L2 ID
36 _4 (4,40 2 +400)
L- L2
J\~f~d~Vd~*4~f@ngattherate(}L·4% 36L = L2 - 80L + 1600
inw@ct$.~99tl)~tgl'Me.a$~ndio~atthf1.ralE!
L2_116L +1600=0
()f.+8%at~taUon.2·.+ . 0pg, • ElleVaJi9rt.100.ni.••.• A ~----
vert~al·~(iW~i$M • poilW~cLlh~ • !Wtlsuch.lhat L= 116+.y(116f- 4 (1)(1600)
lhe.cll@.wm.clearabOulderJocatedal.statkln
1f~~Q,~IElV#I~h161,34rn. ' '.' 2
- 116 + ...J7056
L-
IQ~~~i~~ • 1D~• • n~~ssary • • length•• •Of•• lhe.
2
.G) •••
L= 116+84
® Determiriethe·slatkliloflhelocalionof.a· 2

l!l.li1l1~llm.1
L = 100m.

@ Station of the location of a sewer:

_.E.1..!:.....
Solution:
51 - g1 - f/2
G) Length of the CUNe:
5 - - 0.04 (100)
1 - _ 0.04 - 0.08
51 =33.33

Sta. = 2 +000 -16.67

Sta. = 1 + 983.33

@ Elevation of station where sewer is

located:
Elev. 1 +980 = 100 + 20 (0.04)
Elev. 1 + 980 = 100.80
Y= 101.34 - 100.80 p.
y=O.54
.---l:'- _--.tL
(~_ 20)2 - (~y
0.54 _ (~_20)2
H - (W L
H ="8 (g1 - f/2)
L 100
H="8 (g1 - g2) H=S(-0.04-0.08)
. L
H ="8 (0.04 +0.08) H =- 1.5 (sag cUNe)
L ----L-_J.&..
H="8(0.12) (33.33)2 - (50)2
Y= 0.667
8 (0.54) _ i~' 20l (4)
L (0.12) - L2 Elev. of A = 100 + 16.67 (0.04) + 0.667
Elev. of A =101.334 m.
5-342

PARABOLIC CURVES

Sta. of P.C. = = (2 + 700) - 80

Sta. oW C. = 2 + 620

On a ~aUrQad a • 0.8% grade meters a +0,4% Sta. of lowest point =(2 + 620) + 106.667
grad~$tation 2 + 700 whose elevation of Sta. of lowest point = 2 + 726.667
300 m, The maximum allowable change in
gradaper station having a length of 20 m. is ® Elevation of the invert of the culvert·
0.15: .... .
El. 300.214
@ .' Compute the length of curve.
® CQmpute the stationing where a culvert be
...•...• lo¢~ted. . ....
® Atwhatelevation must the invert of 1he
cJtvert b~ set iflhe pipe has a diameter of
(l.~m: and lhebackfill is 0.3 m. depth.
•. Ne9lect thickness of pipe.

Solution: INVERT

26.667
H=~(g2·g1)
H= 1~0 (0.004+0.008)
H= 0.24 m.
C -lL_--L-
£1.300 m
LcW~Sl
2+700
(8W - (53.333)2
Point
0.24 _--L-
(8W - (53.333)2
CD Length of curve:
one station = 20 m. long y= 0.107 m.
r = rate of change per station
Elev. E = 300 +0.004 (26.667) + 0.107
r=JlLIl1=O
n .15 Elev. E =300.214
Elev. of invert = 300.214 • 0.3 - 0.9
r= 0.4· (- 0.8) = 0.15
. n Elev. ofinvert = 299.014 m.
1.2
n = 0.15
n = 8 stations
L =8 (20)
L = 160m.
The grade ora symmetrical parabolic curve
@ Stationing of the lowest point on the curve:
from station 9+000 to the vertex V at sta.
9 + 100 minus 6% and from station 9 + 100 to
5-~ 9 + 200 is minus 2%. The. elevation at the
1- gl - g2
vertex is 100.00 m. His required to.connect
S - ·0.008 (160) these grade lines with a vertical parabolic
1 - _ 0.008 . 0.004 cur,e that shall pass 0.80 m. above the vertex.
51 = 106.667
 S-343

PARABOLIC CURVES

CIi Depth of cut at station 9 + 080:

9+000 10e,20 • • • • • ~ :?9.65

9+020 105.:m9+140 98.36
9+040 102A9 9 + 160 99.00
9+000 102.00 9+180 98.00.
9+080 ., 102,18" '9 +200 ,98.00
19+10(Y 101.80 " I

"I-l-l-+-+-+-

STATIO!o1NG

Solution: L
H='8(grg1)

H= 1:0 (-0.02+0.06)
H=0.80
.Jl_ 0.80
)02 (60)2 - (80~
~~ 101 Y3 =0.45
::~I'"
'" .:.~ Elev. of 9 + 080 = 100 + 20 (0.06) +0.45
Elev. of 9 + 080 =101.65 m.
" Depth of cut =102.18 - 101.65
Depth of cut = 0.53 m.
" :;g
~ ~ ~
® Depth offill at sta. 9 + 140:

CD Length of the vertical parabolic curve:

L
H='8(g1- g2)
2x
H =8 [- 0.06 - (- 0.02)]
2x
0.80 =8 (- 0.04)
0.08x =0.080 (8)
x= 80 m. ;,f-·+-+-+-+-+-++-f
2x= 160 m,
L" 160m.
STATro.V1.'V(,
8-344

PARABOLIC CURVES

A_-lL @ Lowest point of curve:

(40)2 - (80)2
S-~
A_0.80 2 - g2 - g1
(40)2 - (80)2 S - 0.01 (300)
Y4 = 0.20 2 - 0.01 + 0.05
S2 = 50 m. from P. T.
Elev. of st~. 9 + 140 = 100 - 40 (0,02) +0,20
Elev. of sta. 9 + 140 = 99.40 m. @ Elevation of station 10 + 000:
Depth of fill = 99.40 - 98.63 L
H ="8 (g2 -91)
Depth of fill = 1. 04 m.
300
H =8 (0.01 + 0.05)
H=2.25
_1.-_ 2.25
(100)2 - (150)2
y= 1.0
A gradeQf ;5%is followed bya grade af
1', 1Q~,thegrades intersecting at station EJ. B = 374.50 +0.05(50) + 1.0
10 +050 of eleva,lion 374.50 n'\.,. The Change of EJ. B= 378 m.
graders testridedioO,4%in 20m.•

A vertical summit curve has its highest point of

the curve at a distance 48 m. from the P,T.
The back tangenthasa grade of + 6% and a
Solution: forward grade of· 4%. The curve passes thru
CD Length of curve: point A on the curve at statiori25 + 140. The
elevation of the grade intersection is 100 m, at
station 25 + 160, ,

p.

Solution:
CD Length of curve:

r = g2 - g1
n
0.4 = 1 + 5
n
n = 15
L =20(15)
L = 300m.
 5-345

PARABOliC CURVES

S-~ g1 - g2
Rate of change =-.-n-
2 - 92 - g1
-0.04L
0,3 -
_U1L
n
48 =_0.04 - 0.06
L = 120m. n = 20 stations
L =20 (20)
@ Stationing of P. T. L = 400 m.
Sla. of P. T. = (25 + 160) + (60)
Sta. of P. T. = 25 + 220 @ Sta. ofhighest point of curve:
g1 L
@ Elev. of A on the curve: S --.-
L . 1 - 91 - g2
H=a(g2 - g1) 0,04 (400)
S1 - 0.04. (- 0.02)
120(0.06 +0.04) S1 =266.67 m. from p.e.
H= 8
H= 1.5 @ Elevation of highest point of curve:
.....L_J.:§... L
H=- (91 - 92)
(40)2 - (60)2 8
y= 0.67 400
H=g (0.04 +0.02)
Elev. ofA = 100 - 20(0.06) - 0.67
H=3
Elev. of A =98.13 m.. _H__ ---l.-
(200)2 - (133.33)2
= 3(133.33)2 = 1 33
Y (200)2 '
Elev. of highest point
A symmetrical vertical summit· curve. has = 142.63 +133..33(0,02) -1.33
tangents of +4% and· 2%, The allowable rate Elev. of highest point =143.97
of change of grade is 0,3% per meter station.
Stationing and elevallpnof PT, is at10 + 020
and 142.63 m. respectively.

~i) Compute the length of curve. .

A vertical symmetrical sag curve has a
Compute the distance of the highest point
of curve from the P.C. .' .... . '. . descending grade of· 4.2% and an ascending
.'31 Compute the elevation of the highest point grade of +3% intersecting at. station 10 +020•
of curve. whose elevation is 100 m.The two grade
lines are connected by a 260 ni, vertical.
Solution: parabolic sag curve.
CD Length of curve:
d). At what distance from the P.Ccis the
lowest point of the curve located? .' . :
What Is the vertical offset of the para\J<llic
~~~:n:~r~hd::,oint of interj)ection of the
If a 1 m. diam. culvert is placed at the
lowest point of the curve with the top of the
culvert buried 0.60 m, below the subgrade,
what will be the elevation of the invert of
the culvert?
S-346

PARABOliC CURVES

Solution:
CD Lowestpoint ofthe curve from P. C.

21.67

@ Nearest distance ofcurve from

pt. ofintersection of grades
Illjll
Solution:
CD Sfa. ofhighest point of curve:
L
H=a (g1 - g2)
260
H =8 (- 0.042 - 0.03)
H =- 2.34 m. (sag curve)

@ Elevation ofinvert.

El.I02.27B

O.6m
s;:...9.t!:.-.
gl-g2
S = 0.03 (120) = 78 26
0.03 + 0.016 .
Sta. of highest point = (5 + 21p) + 18.26
invert
Sfa. ofhighest point = 5 + 234.26
----L- _ 2.34 @ Bev. of highest point of curve:
(108.33)2 - (130)2
y= 1.62 m.

Elev. ofB =100 + 21.67(0.03) + 1.62

Elev. of B = 102.27 m.
Elev. ofinvert ofculvert.
Bev. = 102.27 - 1.6
Elev. = 100.67 m.
 5-347

PARABOLIC CURVES

L
H=a(gl· ~
120
H ="8 (0.03 + 0.016)

(ft11
H=0.69

-1L-_ 0.69
(41.74)2 - (60)2
Y1 = 0.33 m.

;1'lifJllli
Bev. of highest point = 27 -18.26 (0.016) - 0.33
Elev. of highest point = 26.378 m.

@ Depth of cover over the pipe:

.·.·.···.·.··Qt#l$~~~ii}}.<·· . . ...................\ • ».•. .•.
Solution:
ill Length of curve:

1'.T.
p.c.

...lL_ 0.69
(48)2 - (60)2
Y2 =0.44

Elev. of B= 27 -12(0.016) - 0.44

Elev. of A = 223.38 . 0.03 (75)
Elev. ofB =26.368 m. Bev. of A = 221.13 m.
y= 221.13·220.82
EI. 26.368 m
y= 0.31
L
H=a(gl'~

H=~ (0.02 t 0.03)

H=0.00625L
-lL_.--L-
(~ )2 - (~_ 75)2
INVERT
(4)O.00625L_~

Depth of cover: L2 - (~. 75)2

h = 26.368 • 26 0.025 0.31
h= a.368m.
-L-= (~. 75)2
 S-348

PARUDUC CURVES

(~. 75)2 = 12.4L

L2
4- 75L + 5625 = 12.4L
L2 - 349.6L + 22500 = 0
L=264.55

r=!l1:J12.
L
_ 2- (-3)
r- 264 .55
r=0.0189
'''WI
@
r= 1.89% < 2% ok

Stationing ofhighest point ofcurve:

S1-_..Bib.-
g1 - g2
S - 0.02 (264.55)
1 - 0.02 -(- 0.03)
III'.
Solution:
CD Length ofcurve:
S1 = 105.82 from P.C.

Sfa. ofhighest point = (4 + 135). 2~.55+ 105.82

Sfa. ofhighest point =4 + 108.545

® Elevation of highest point of curve:

p' =200 -20 (0.06)

p'= 198.80
y= 198.80 -198.13
y= 0.67
1 L
h=4(g1-~2
H=0.00625L
H = 0.00625 (264.55) L
h=8(gl-~
H= 1.65
H _----L- L
h =8(0.06 + 0.04)
(132.275f - (105.82f
1.65 ----L- h=O.10L
(132.275f - (105.82f 8
y= 1.056 m. h= 0.05L
4
Bev. of B = 223.38 • 76.455 (0.02) h=0.0125 L
Elev. of B= 222.85 m.
Elev.· of highest point of curve at C
= 222,85 -1.056
(~- 20)2 {~)2
-y-=-h-
= 221.794m.
 S-349

PARABOLIC CURVES

(~_ 20)2 (~)2 Solution:

CD Stationing ofhighest point of CUNe:
0.67 =0.0125 L
(~- 20)2 = 13.4 L
Hilhatpmntofarnoc

L2
'4- 20L + 400 = 13.4L
L2_113.6L+1600=0
L=240
2
L';' 120m.

@) Stationing and elevation of P. C. 5-t682

5+432 5+592
Sta. of P.C. = (35 + 280) - 60
~"ta. of P.C. = 35 +220
Using squared property ofparabola.
Elev. of P.C. =200 - 60 (0.06) o 1.._~
Elev. of P.C. = 196.40 x2 - (90 + x>2
@ Stationing and elevation of P. T. 1.._~
Sta. of P. T. = (35 +300) +60 8 x2- (160.x)2
Sta. ofP. T. = 35 + 360
o 4.7x2+x2y=y(8100+180x+x2)
Elev. of P. T. = 200 - 60 (0.04) 4.7x2 • 180xy- 81OOy= 0 (multiply by 3)
Elev. of P. T. = 197.60
14.1x2 - 540xy - 24300y = 0

8 3x2 + yx2 = Y(25600 - 320x +x2)

3x2 + 320xy - 25600y =0 (multiply by 4.7)
14.1x2 + 1504xy • 120320y ,;, 0

0&8
14.1x2 - 540xy - 24300y =0
14.1x2 + 1504xy-120320y =0
• 2044xy + 9P020y =0
<··.·•• elfMilj6:ri~) 96020
()~;®ffitUt
x= 2044
. .·4$;Q06«> x=46.98m.
················!Q;~Qqt)<.·
Sta. ofhighestpoint =(5 + 592) - (46.98)
Sta. ofhighest point = 5 + 545.02

® Elevation of highest point of CUNe:

o 4.7x2 - 180xy· 8100y =0
4.7 (46.98)2 -180 (46.98) y- 8100y= 0
y=0.63 m.

Elev. ofhighestpoint of CLiNe =48 + 0.63

Elev. ofhighest point of CUNe =48.63 m.
S-350

PARABOliC CURVES

@ Elevation of P. T. Solution:
CD Length of vertical parabolic CUNe:

$, = 160 - 46.98
$, = 113.02
$-~
1- g1 - g2 Bey. of A = 78.10 - 5
11302 =0.05 (200) Elev. ofA= 75.10 m.
. 0.05 - f12 Elev. of B = 70 + 0.08 (5)
0.05 - f12 =0.088 Bev. of B = 70.40 m.
g2=-0.038 y= 73.10·70.40
g2 =·3.8% y=2.7

Elev. P.I. = 45 + 100 (0.05) L

Elev. P.I. =50 m. H=a(g,· fh)
Elev. P. T. = 50· 100 (0.028) L
H=a(- 0'(~4. 0.08}
Elev. P. T. =46.2 m.
H=· 0.015L (sag curve)
---L.-=...!L
(~. 5)2 .(~Y
(~. 5)2 =45L
L2
"4. 5L + 25 = 45L
L2. 200L + 100 =0
[= f99.50m.·

® Stationing of catch basin:

 5-351

PARABOliC CURVES

s _.1l.tl-. Solution:
1- gl- g2 CD Length of vertical parabolic curve:
S - - 0.04 (199.5)

~
-8
1- -0.04-0.08

~
Sl =66.5 m. from P.C.
EL120m
S
;c
-_.-----r--
HI IS.Sm
---
Sta. of the point where catch basin is placed:
= (7 + 700) - 33.25 .
=7+ 666.75.

@ Elevation Of the point where catch basin is

placed:
--.i'.- __ H_
(66.5f - (99.75)2
H= 0.015 (199.5) L
2H 2' (112 • gl)
H=2.99
T=-L-
--.i'.-_~
(66.5f - (99.75)2 2
y= 1.33 m. L
H='8(g-rgl)
Bev. of the point where catch basin is placed: L
Elev. 0 = Bev. C +Y H='8 [0.03 - (- 0.04)]
Elev. C=70 + 33.25 (0.04) H=0.00875L
Elev. C=71.33 m.
Bev. of 0 = 71.33 + 1.33 S _-921:...
Elev. of 0 = 72.66 m. 2- gr gl
_ 0.03 (Ll
S2 - 0.03. (- 0.04)
S2 =0.429 L
L_L
(~2 - (~)2
Y _0.00875 L

•••,
.~J~I~IC~'Jl~~~~ll~lr~il~l..
~H4%aMthattifttiep·nl$f$%H
(0.429 Lf -

y= O.00644L
(~)2

Elev. ofA = 120·5.5

Bev. ofA = 114.5 m.
Elev. of B = 105 + x (0.03)
L
X=2'- S2
@()¢t~rtnjl'l~Jti¢l~n~lthq((~~y~rtl¢M x= 0.5 L· 0.429 L

;:llerliili.;
x= 0.071 L
Elev. of B = 105 + 0.071 L (0.03)
Elev. of B = 105 + 0.00213 L
Elev. ofA = Elev. of B + Y
CUrve. 114.5 =105 + 0.00213 L + 0.00644 L
L = 1108.52 m.
5-352

PARABOLIC CURVES

® Stationing ofpoint 'p.: 0.41 H

x =0.071 L (54~ = (60)2
x =0.071 (1100.52) I:f=O.5rem.
x= 78.70m.
L
2H (gl- gV"2
Sta. ofpoint .p. = (5 + 800) + 78.70
Sta: ofpoint .p. = (5 + 878. 70) 1:.=-,-'L-
2
@ Elevafjon of P. T. L
H=a(g1- gV
Elev. of P. T. = 105 + 110;.52 (0.03)
120
Elev. of P. T. = 1~1.63 m.
0.506 ="8 (0.02 - ~
0.02 - 92 =0.0337
92 =-0.014
92 =-1.4%

® Stationing of highest point of curve:

, ~
SI=

Illtll
91- 92
_ 0.02 (120)
SI - 0.02 - (- 0.014)
SI = 70.59 m. from p.e. ,

Sta. ofhighestpoint = (4 + 100) + 70.59

Sta. of highestpoint;: 4 + 170.59

ii~.I.
Solution:
@ Elevafjon of highest point of CUNe:

CD Grade of forward tangent:

-,1
rr Elev. of e;: 22.56 + 60 (0.02) -10.59 (0.014)
e
Bev. of =23.61 m.

..J:L;:--L-
(60)2 (49.41)2
0.506_--L-
Elev. of B =22.56 + 54 (0.02) (60f - (49.41)2
Elev. of B = 23.64 m. y= 0.343 m.
y =23.64 - 23.23
y=0.41 m. Elev. ofD = 23.61 - 0.343
Elev. of D = 23.267 m.
 5-353

PARABOLIC CURVES

1------------------ Solving for Ll:

2H _(g1 •gz) Lz
L1 - L1 + Lz
2HL1+2HLz::: L1 Lz(g1- gz)
L1[Lz(91 • gz) • 2H] ::: 2HLz
A vertical highway curve is at times
designed to include a. particular elevation at a
certainstalion where the grades ofthe forward
and backward' tangents have already been
established. It is therefore necessary to use a
curve with unequal tangents or a compound Applying the squared property of parabola, in
curve which is usually called "unsymmetrical" solving for the vertical offsets of the parabola.
or asymmetrical parabolic curve where one
parabola extends from the P.C. to a point ~/1
directly below the vertex and a second ./ i
parabola which extends from this point to the
P.I. In order to make the entire curve smooth I
and continuous, the two parabolas are so !
i
constructed so that they will have a common ~~-+----+--+---"""~p.T.
tangent at the point where they joined, that is
at a point directly below the vertex.
Let us consider the figure shown below: jL_J::L
(X1)Z - (L 1)Z
~_J:L
(xz)Z - (Lz}z

Location of the highest or lowest point of the

curve.

a) From the P.C. When¥<H

l1 ::: length of the parabolic curve on the left
side of the vertex.
Lz ::: length of the parabolic curve on the right
side of the vertex.
g1::: slope ofbackwarcj tangent

I-~-
gz ::: slope of forward tangent

I
S-354

PARABOLIC CURVES

Let g3' be the slope of the common tangent Likewise, the location of the lowest or
of the parabolic curve. highest point of the curve could be
computed from the P.T. of the curve, this
holds true when ~ is greater than H.
B
Considering the figure shown, let us
assume that the highest or lowest point of
1-g~/2 the curve is found on the right side of the
IJ!!/I$!!E:..------~E
parabola.

Considering the symmetrical parabola

AVF, thelocalion of the highest point of
b) From the P. T. when ¥ >H

the sag is obtained from the relation.

CD 5
1
=.9i.h
gl- g3

SUbstitutintg these values and solving for

g3, we have:

Considering the right side of the parabola,

VFCD.
v

Solving for g3 in equation ®.

2H =L2 g3 - L2 g2
51 = location.of the highest or lowest point _2H +L2 92
of the curve from the P.C, @ g3- L
2
 S-355

PARABOLIC CURVES

Solution:
CD Height offill needed to coverthe outcrop:

ilI
<frr,)U2

When ¥ > H. the highest or lowest point of

2H _ L2 (91 - gz)
L1 - L1+L2
the curve is localed on the right side of lhe H= [1 L2 Ish - fb)
curve. 2(L1 +L0
H- 40 (60) [0.05 - (0 0.08)1
- 2(40 +60)
CD When ¥>H H= 1.56
. _.9.t!£ -.lL_A
Use. 52 - 2H (from the P. T.) (40'1 - {20'f
_ 1.56 (20)2
Yl - (40'1
® When ¥<H
YI =0.39
Use: 51 = 1h11!.
2H (from the P.C.) B EL=1O.6Im

Ijill=2.21 m
p.e EL=108.40m
EL=llOrn

\
Outcrop
Bev. ofB =110 + 0.05 (20) •0.39
AriunsYmmefrtc~lpataqoll~.9ilr@.nalla Elev. orB =110.61 m.
fOrWar9·.tang®19f·•• S;%~rida~~C~fangflot~f: Depth offill at the outcrop =110.61 -108.40
t5~ ..... Th~lenglh .• tif.(;prvl'.·qrtth~ . le~ •. $id~9f Depth offill = 2.21 m.

i~,liiliilii
13111v~ijpnQtlOMQro. '.' . ". ..... . .
® Elevation of CUNe at sta. 6 + 820:

0)·•• Q9@PW~··t!'Ie.hEli9htqfnt@~e¢~.t(lcqV~

!!li_!~~!~t~~!~!t!~~
.~··oflhecU~.
• • • qPmp~f~.~e • ele't@~n.9fltlE! .• l'ii~MM.paiilt
..... ..... Efev. ofC =110 + 40 (0.05) -1.56
Efev. of C = 110.44 m.
5-356

PARABOLIC CURVES

@ Elevation of highest point of CUNe: Solution:

CD Length ofCUNe:

b1.9J. =40 (0.05) =10 < H

2 2 .

Sl --~
x2=24.24
2H from P.C. 6O--4--'--L2-
S _ 0.05 (40)2
1- 2(1.56) Elev. B =230 - 30 (0.07)
Sl =25.64m. Bev. B =227.90 m.
Y1 =227.90 - 227.57
-lL_-lL Y1 =0.33
(4Of - (25.64)2 iLA
_1.56 (25.64)2 x2 - (L 1f
Y2 - (40)2 0.33 _-lL
Y2 =0.64 (3Of- (60f
H- 0.33 (60f
Bev. ofE= 110 + 0.05 (25.64) - 0.64 - (30)2
Elev. ofE= 110.642m. H= 1.32 m.
2H _ b2JfI.c.922
L1 - L1 +L2
2 (1.32) _ L2 (0.07 +0.04)
60 - 60+ L2
2.64 (60 + L~ = 60 (0.11) L2
158.4 + 2.64 L2 =6.6 L2
~.96 L2 = 158.4
L2 =40m.

@ Stationing of the highest point of the CUNe:

\91 = 60 (~.07) =2.1 > H
Therefore the highest point of hte CUNe is
on the right side.

1.1'li~~
fl2l-i
8-<= 2H
~_ == 0.04 (40)2
VOl 2 (1.32)
S2 =24.24 m. from P. T.
 5-357

PARABOliC CURVES

Sia. ofP. T. =(6 + 300) + 40 2H 1320

Sia. of P. T. = 6 + 340 160 = 280
Sia. ofhighest point = (6 +340)· 24.24 H=3.77m.
Sia. ofhighest point = 6 + 315.76 ...lL_-...!:L
(60}2 - (120}2
@ Elevation of the highest point of the curve:
..YL_.l!..- . _3.77 (60f
Y, - (120}2
(X2}2 - (L2f
Y, = 0.94
-l'L._ 1.32
(24.24)2 - (40}2 Bev. of B =30 - 60 (0.04) •0.94
Y2 =0.48 ~ Elev. of B= 26.66 m.
Bev. of C =230 -15.76 (0.04) Bev. of curb =26.66 ·4.42
Bev. of C= 229.37 m. Bev. of curb =22.24m.
Elev. of highest point =229.37 - 0.48
Elev. of highest point = 228.89 m. ® Length of CUNe on the forward tangent:

Elev. of A = 30 • 0.04 (50)

EJev. of A =37.6 m.
Elev. of B =22.6385 + 4.42

!II!~!
Bev.ofB=27.0585

Y2 = 27.60 - 27.0585
Y2 =0.5415
--h-=.1L
(L2 - 6O}2 (tj
2H _ 0.11 L2
Solution: 160 - (160 +L2)
CD Elevation of curb:
H=~
160 + L2
0.5415 _ 8.8L2
(L2 • 6O}2 - (160 + LV (l..2}2
0.5415 (160 + L2) L2 = 8.8 (L2 - 60)2
86.64L2 +0.5415Li = 8.8 (Li - 120 L2 + 3600)
. 8.2585Ll-1142.64L2 + 31680 = 0
Li -138.359L2 + 3836.048 = 0
L2 = 100m.
S-358

PARABOliC CURVES

@ Stationing of highest point of curve based

on second condition:

AC•• 3!o/;,•• grGlde • /ll~~t~)r+§%i.~W!e/Mar.(In

UtJd~rp~S5,.···mQrdett(lmamt~ln.meml~jmUm
·91El~rllll~~'()W~d~llclEl(th~q~~g~@d.~I.~b~
$aroe.tlrtla·.intrt1dtlP~.avertipal~s«t9n • Ptlrv~·
fn.tI)eW"'®.li!l~, • jt.~ •. ryege~§aWIR •.~e • <i.•.ClJrve.
Ih1!lnil:l~.~Og.rn·pn9ne.sid~.ofthe·Verl~Xofth~
.$lt~igm.9rade.and1Qri • ro,•• dn.the•• qiher,.t~e
$1~~i()m()f.the • ~~giflning • 9f.tt@9t1rv~(2()().I'lI.
skle)·iS.10.+.000M¢·it$.ele~ali¢n·i$·228·m.

ill Oetermll'le·.·.··lne.·•• ele'1ation·•• af•• • statloll·

2H_~ 1o•.f64Q..•... •.• • • i >.. . . •.•· /.. / ?•• • • •
160 -260 @ Iflh~ • uphill.~dse.af.th~uriqer$~~Clf·the
. bridge • • i~N • • staUon • • 1O·•• t··•• f2g/~im2 • • ~t
H= 3.385 elevatiClrl.229.2Q~·.m.,·Wttat·is.lne~rtiC<:lI·.
!::l.Jll. _160 (0.07) clearanceUnd~th~~n~lll(l~ntilsP9rrit1 ••..•
2 - 2 ® Dl:llerrtllne • • ttt~.·.ttaliQning • • ()f.ltle.fowest
painl ofthe Curve, . . . .
¥=5.6>H
Solution:
ill Elevation at station 10 + 040:
The highesfpoint of curve is on the right
side.
fl21l
S2= 2H

S - 0.04 (100)2
2- 2 (3.385)
S2 = 59.08 m.

Sta. ofhighest point of curve

8 2H
= (12 + 200) + (40.92) 300 = 200
=12+ 240.92 H= 2.67
--lL_~~
(40)2 - (200)2
Y1 =0.107

Etev. of sla. 10 + 040 = 228·0.03 (40) + 0107

Etev. of sla. 10 + 040 =226.907 m.
 5-359

PARABOliC CURVES

@ Clearance under the bridge:

:~ea[~~~~~o~~~;~~tY ~I~lal·
IQqryfJl3et.a~fdlallgEllltot:a~~M~bllCf(
•

..1:'2-_~
(80)2 - (100)2
litill
the • • !?rojEict .• ~~91~e~fij~Ci~~ijtq~ijm~.·lhe
vertiC<ll.par~l~cUrve.jnsUc.h~·weYlhatth~
..1:'2-_ 2.67
.(80)2 - (100)2
Y2 = 1.71
1I1'~1I.18r~1
Elev. of P.I. = 228 • 200 (0.03) ill o.eterrnme•• • th~ • • 19tal•• len~th • • of•• t~e • • new
Elev. ofP.l. = 222 m. patab9Iip¢9t\1~,.>.
Elev. of C = 222 +0.05 (20) ® QetEl!1Tlin¢tM.·~t~tiQni~~.afJd;l:lt$vati®.()f
Elev. of C = 223 m. tffitne\',lp.r,<i
Elev. of 0 = 223 + 1.71 @ [}ElWnnineW~~I~¥ati()ll9ft~ell)~elil.B9lnt
QfthecW:ile~> . ..
Elev. of 0 = 224.71 m.
Vertical clearance h = 229.206 - 224.71 Solution:
Vertical clearance h =4.496 m. G) Total length of new parabolic CUNe:
@ Stationing of lowest point of CUNe:
h21
22
= 200 (0.03) = 3 m > 2 67
. .
The lowest point of curve is on the right
side.

_fl2ii L
S2 - 2H '£!:!L 2. (g2· g1)
S _0.05(10W L - L
2 - 2 (2.67) 2
S2 = 93.63 m.
~
H1 = 8
Sta. of lowest point of CUNe =(10 + 3(0) - 93.63
Sla. of lowest point CUNe = 10 + 206.37 H1 =2 m. < 2.67 (it will hit the boulder)
S-360

PARABOLIC CURVES

Construct an unsymmetrical parabolic CUNe

?!:!2. L2 (g, • fh)
L1 L1 + L2
~ _ L2 (0.03 + 0.05) AWfVIard • ~llge~f&f~~W~~d~~ignEldl~
100 - 5.34 iQIW1~qt~~k.tM9Mt9fc$rci~t~Pf~$~~
1.50 L2 = L2+ 100 .lJIl9~fP<iS~.Clf<m~.~pij~M~·~~IQ~tS~nt8~
L2 =200 m.

Total length of CUNe = 100 + 200

Total length of curve = 300 m.
® Stationing and elevation of the new P. T.
Sta. ofnew P. T. = 10 + 300
Elev. ofnew P. T. = 100 + 200 (0.03)
Elev. ofnew P. T. = 106 m.
IIJItJ.1Utitlll'
gp°tltqlJrvelll'i~Q(lth£l$jd~9ft~~~ac~
tang~rt.Wlle • <i.• 19QI11·••~~~ • li~@tQeslij~
of.ttl~f%'f!ltdI2!nQ~nt' • The$taij@ir\!fand
el~yat!9Q9fthElgt<!d~jlll~r~~9tiqwjs
1f;:$30.2l)aod19Qm;r~$M¢~¥~ly.)rhe
@nWlm~9fme~ri~geffllls~t~tali9{l
·12+.S75·20·•• ·Th~.e~'1CltiQnoflhellllderstd!'l.()f
thepndgei$117A8. . . .
.. ,' .

@ Elevation of lowest point of CUNe:

(2)
. ,

c
.
,
- .

~~
,- ~
ll- ++---·-::;OiIJP.·T. e. ... .'

Solution:
CD Clearance on the left side of the bridge:

kI11
2
= 100 (0.05) - 25 H
2 -. <

The lowest point of CUNe is on the left side.

ill .
81 = 2H
S _0.05 (10W
1 - 2 (2.67)
81 =93.63m.
---L.- _-.!i...
(93.63)2 - (100)2
---L.- _ 2.67
(93.63}2 - (100)2
y=2.34

Elev. oflowest point of CUNe

:; 100 + 0.05 (6.37) + 2.34
= 102.66m.
 5-361

PARABOUC CURVES

2H _ Lz (g, - 9,)
L1 - L1 + L2
H == L1 Lz (gz - 91)
2(L, + L2)
H== 200 (100) (0.06 - 0.03)
2(200 + 100) Sight distance = is the length of roadway
H==3m. ahead visible to the driver. For purpose of
-lL_-.!i- design and operation it is termed stopping
sight distance and passing sight distance.
(Xlr (Lzf
..li.-==_3_ 1.)
(60)2 (100)2
Y1 == 1.08
12- __3_
·.· ~@#~~~·.~~~~.P,~~i:~i· .
Stopping Sight Distance is the total
(50)2 - (1oof
distance traveled during three time
Y2 == 0.75 intervals.
a. The time for the driver to perceive the
Elev. of A == 100 + 0.06 (40) hazard.
Elev. of A == 102.40 b. The time to react
Elev. of B == 102.4 + 1.08 c. The time to stop the vehicle after the
Elev. ofB == 103.48 brakes are applied.
Based on the National Safety Council,
Clearance on the left side = 117.48 - 103.48 average driver reaction time is 3/4
Clearance on the left side == 14 m. seconds.

® Clearance on the right side ofthe bridge:

pr:--
Ht, ofdf'fwr"3 qe
Elev. ofC = 100 + 0.06 (50) ill OPPOSJt e dlf~CIlOll

if objU1 h -6' \ .
Elev. of C = 103 H,.

Elev. of 0 = 103 + 0.75

'-'---'h =3.7S' 1

Elev. of 0 = 103.75

Clearance at right side = 117.48 - 103.75 ,

I: :Ton;NG DISTANCE:
(brahng dlstana)
Clearance at right side = 13.73 m. S

® Clearance at the center. S=Vt+D

.l:'L __3_ A car moving at a certain velocity V after
(55r (100)2 seeing an object ahead of him, will still
Y3 = 0.91· travel a distance Vt before he starts
applying the brakes. The braking distance
Elev. of E = 100 + 45 (0.06) + 0.91 depends upon the speed and type of
Elev. of E = 103.61 m. pavements, in this case we have to
consider the coefficient of friction (f)
Clearance at the center = 117.48 -103.61 between the tires and the pavement. The
time t (sec) is called the perception-
Clearance at the center = 13.87 m.
reaction time as is approximately 3/4 of a
seconds.
5-362

SIGRI'DISTMCE

Using wort<: - energy equation in solving for

the braking distance d. w1J2
D=2gfW

0= 2~f if nis moving on a horizontal plane.

0= 2g (~G) if moving at a certain grade

'Safe Stoppmg Distance Safe stopping distance: S =d + 0

\f.!
S =Vt +2g (f ± G)
<D Distance traversed during perception plus
brake reaction time.
S=stopping distance in meters
d =Vt .t = perceplion.rea~on time in seconds
V =running speed in kph V= velocity of vehicle in meters per
t = reaction time second
t = perception time + action time f =coefficient of friction between tires and
t = 1.5 + 1.0 pavement
t =2.5 sec. g= 9.81 meterslsec2.

d = distance traversed during perception

time plus brake reaction time in meters
d=Vt
@ Distance required for stopping after brakes
are applied (braking distance)
2.)
ell$jll_~
Passing Sight Distance is a shortest
distance sufficient for a vehide to tum out
of a traffic lane, pass another vehicle, and
then tum back to the same lane safely and
comfortably without interfering with the
overtaken vehicle or an on incoming
'vehicle traveling at the design speed
should it come into view after the passing
maneuver is started.

Positive wort<: - Neg. work = ~ ~ (Vi· vlJ

1W
O· OF =29(0- IJ2)

DfN=W\f.!
2g
N'=W
 8-36:3

SI8IT IISTaCE

Stopping Sight Distance B. When S>L

t=--- ----1
:
s

~ ~
o

CD Stopping Sight Distance:

(Summit Parabolic Curve)
when h1 = 1.14 m.
h2 =0.15m.
h1 = 3.75 ft. (height of drivers eye
L =in meters
above the pavement)
h1 =1.14 m. S =in meterS
h2 =6 inches (height of object
above pavement)

A. When S<L
when h1 = 3.75 ft.
h2 = 6 inches
s A=gl-92
L = in feet
S = in feet
1------L-----<01

SIGHT DISTANCES
o Vertical Curves

<D When

when h1 = 1.14 m.
h2 = 0.15 m.
Sight distance is less than the length of
L = in meters curve.
S = in meters

when h1 = 3.75 ft.

h2 =6 inches
A=gl- g2
L = in feet
S = in feet
5-364

SIGIT IISTIICE

L
2H "2(g,-gV ~ = -V 2OOAh, L
b. = L
2 S=d , +d2
L
4H ="2 (9dlv S = ,,1'""2-00-:-,L-+ -V 200Ah L 2

L
H~8(g,-gV S= .y O~ 1 L..J2il;"+ -V O~ .{2ii;1 L
Express the slope In pefCflflt not decimals
A
100 =g1"!n
s=~1~L(m,+~)
LA S2 = 1~ L('';2h, + &)2
H=8100

11.'~.!
.• !i.i.:.'.·.~.•i!.:r•~.'•~.;.,.,.i.·I.f;
H=AL
800
Ex: ·.l.·•.. :.i•.
:-";':'::-::>:/:<::::: •
g, = +2%
g2::: - 3% @ When
A=g,- g2
A=2-(-3)
A=5
Using the squared property of the parabola: Sight disla,nce is greater than the length of
.hL_J:!.. curve.
2
d, - (~)2
~_J:!..
d;.2 - (~)2

·d2_h,L2
1 - 4H
d 2 _ h, L2 (800)
1 - 4AL
2_200h1 L
d1 - A
,r-
- h,-L-
d _'" 200
,- V A
~_J:!..
d;.2 - (~)2

d 2= h2 L2
r 4H
d1-= h2 L2
AL
4 800
d~2 _ 200hzL
r- A
 S-365

SlIIT DISTMeE

SIGHT DIST ANCES

5--,..---1

~---L·-------t

a.

b.

:iil!li!~~II!_!I:i
when h1 = 12 =h
S·3616

Using the previous relation of parabolic

CUNes.

Where
S = length of passing sight distance
L = Length of curve
h1= height of drivers eye
h2 = height of object
a.
C = vertical clearance from the lowest
point of underpass to the curve.

H=C-~
2
Y= t(~) (g2" gl)
L
y ="8(g2" g1)
c.
By ratio and proportion:
S
_2__ S
H+y-S.
"2 (g2 - g1)
S 2S
Passing Sight Distance for 2H +~(91- g0 = S (g2" g1)
Vertical Sag Curve at Underpass

L
S(g2 - g1) =4H +.2(g2· g1)
CD When passing sight distance is greater
than the length of curve. L
.2 (g2 - g1) =S(g2 - g1) -4H

AASHO Specs.
when C = 14 ft.
h1 =6ft.
h2 = 1.5 ft.
A= g2" gl
82
L=2S_
A
 S·367

SIGar DISTANCE

® When the passing sight distance is less . Passing Sight Distance

than the length of curve. (Summit Parabolic Curve)

A. when

(j)

Using the squared property ofparabola. when h,=1.14m.

L hz =1.14 m.
8(g2 -g1) _J=L. L =in meters
S= in meters
(~)2 - (~)2
@

4L (92' 91) _4H

8 L2 - S2

when h1 = 3.75 ft.

hz= 3.75 ft.
A= g1" g2
L = in feet
S=in feet

B. when

l-t:=-.= --.--8'---.=---I:j
:K:".'.'.'.":"'.'.'~
8-368

SlIIT DllTlleE

B. when

--
'.:::.;.:.:.;. :.:.:::.
:::m:i~i~t: +

when h, = 1.14 m.
~=1.14m.
L =in meters
~I-~-p'-,C- -lI!I~:~~?-P.-'T.-' . .-. . -h-l,'

S =in meters

when hI =3.75 ft.

h2 =3.75ft. L = in feet
A=g1"g2 S = in feet
L =in feet
S =in feet

Sight Distance for $19 parabolic curve:

A. when

L = In meters
S=in meters

C. Max. velocity of car moving in a vertical

sag curve.

!:!!!~~!!~!j!!!i
:lill&I:~1
:;:::;::::::::~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~::::::::;:::::;::::::.:::.;.

v = velocity In mph
A= 92" g1
L =lnfeet L =length of curve In feet
S =infeet
A=g2" g1

L =In meterS
V=ln kph

L='in meters
S =in meters
 S-369

SIIIT IISTIICE

SIGHT OISTANCE @ 'Mlen

(Another Formula but VlllIl
some results)

<D When

h~
Ll/~~
JI

Considering triangles ABC and CDE:

By ratio and proportion:
H h
[=sc
5 = sight distance 4 2"-4
L = length of curve
L
h = height of drivers eye above the H=a(91-9V
pavement
By ratio andproporlion: L
a(gl-9V h
L
2H 2(g1- Q2} -L-=28-L
h= L 4 4
2 ~ __h_
L 8 - 25-L
H=a(g1-gV
28 (91- Q2)- L(91- 9v =Bh
U~ng the squared property ofparabola:
h L(91-9v =28(g1- 9V- Bh
(~)2 =(~)2
L .
8(g1-92) h
-L2-=52
11~11;:I~:!II~l.!~;~II!
4 4
1
Lh =a(91-gV 52
5-370

SIGHT DISTANCE

AssumeS<L
L =_ _..:.A=S_2_ _
1oo(fu, + ~)2
A=g1-~
A=5-(-3.4)
A=84

L= (8.4) (83.32)2
100 (..J 2 (1.37) +..J 2 (0.10))2
L = 131.92 m. > 83.32 ok as assumed.

® Elevation ofhighest point of curve:

Solution:
G) Stopping sight distance:

S ,-_AL-g1-~
S - 0.05 (131.92)
0.05 + 0.034
(~ G)
1-
S = Vt + 29 S1 =78.52 m.
V= 60000
3600 L
V= 16.67 m1s H=8(g1-~
_ (~) (16.67)2.
S -16.67'4 + 2 (9.81) (0.15 + 0.05) H_ 131.92 (0.05 + 0.034)
8
S= 83.32m.
H= 1.39
@ Length of curve: -.l.- _-.!lL
(53.4)2 - (65.96)2
y= 0.91

Elev. of highest point

=42.30 -12.56 (0.034)·0.91
Elev. of highest point = 40.963 m.
~----L----..j·
 S~371

SIGHT DISTANCE

.!!:I~~J~.~mt.~~~~~~~#~k 11~111:1'.J~I~m~gll~
If;".)_•
.·~. ·•. COmpul.Ei the.lel'l~ •. l)tthe.$fgljt(1i$t<ilO~~ .•·.. ·.

Solution:
~:~I(111
CD Slope of forward tangent: Solution:
Alfl CD Upward tangent grade:
L =395
Alfl
130 =A (100)2 L=395
395
126 _A(100)2
A =5.135 - 395
A=4.98
A = gl + g2
5.135 =2.5 + g2 A=g2+ 2
g2 = 2.635% 4.98 =92 + 2
fI2 = 2.98%
lID Distance of lowest point of CtlNe from P. c:
S=-.9.1..L @ Sight distance:
gl" 92 A82
S - "0.025 (130) L = 122 +3.5 8
- "0.025· 0.02635
4.9882
S= 63.29m.
126=122+3.58
15372 +441 S =4.98 S2
® Length of sight distance:
Ass: S<L S2. 88.55 S" 3086.75 = 0
AS2 S= 115.32m.
L=122+3.5S
5.135 S2 ® Distance of/owest point from P.C.
130 = 122 +3.5S _..9l.L
5.13582 = 15860 +4555
8 1 - g1' fI2
82 .88.618" 3088.61 =0 8 - ·0.02 (126)
1 - • 0.02. 0.0298
8 = 115.38 m. ok
8, = 50.60m. from P.C.
 5-372

SIGHT DISTANCE

Solution:
G) Length of curve:
AV~liicatMtyehasad¥~Mlldfrlggf<l{j~()f AVl
L =395
c>1.~/o$~artlng.frOllllheF>.g:~ndana~~~lgg
.••g~d$ • ~f • ±~,~%.passln~lhl'\.ltbe~.T. .• ]M•• L = 5 {1(0)2
·cllJ\'~·h$.<ll~rg~t·liislfJ:Oqel)f.tBQtn,···· . 395
L = 126.6 m.
<D•• • Comp~t~.m~ler@h#tMyertff:alfurv~, • •••• • ·
@C°triPJ.lle·them~.yelQ~tYofm~aar1h~r
• .•. Q?Uld•• PWJ~··tfjfUthecul'Ve .• .• ·•.• • • .•.• • • ·•• •.• • • • • •.• • • • • . •.• (2) Sight distance:
@·.q()mpute•• th~dlstarce • Oflp~ • I()west•• p()idt. AS2
Pfttie¢(ll'V~@m IheR,C, .
L= 122 +3.5 S
Solution: 5 S2
G) Length of curve: 126.6 = 122 +3.5 (S)
S<l.
AS2 15445.2 + 443.1 S = 5 S2
L = 122 +3.58 S2 -88.62 S- 3089.04 = 0
A = gr g1 S= 115.39
A=3.5-(-1:2)
A=5
@ Minimum visibility:
_ (5) (180)2
L -122 +3.5 (180) ' VlSI
Mm. "b'l'ty 115.39
~/, = -2-
L= 215.43 m.
Min, visibility = 57.70 m.
(2) Max. velocity:
AVl
L =395
5Vl
215.43 = 395
V = 130.46 kph Avertical surnmtt curve has a back langentof
@ Distance of lowest point of curve from P. C. +2% and a forward. tangent of· 3%
interseCting at station 10 + 220.60 m. and
S=~­ elevatiOn of 200 m, The design speed of the
g,-g2
S =- 0.012 (2J5.43) CUMlis 80 kph. AssumJngcoefficrent of
- 0,012 - 0.038 fiictiQOis 0.30 and a perceptkm reaction lime
of2Bsec.· . . ..
S = 51.70 m.
<D Compute the safe stopping sight
@ Compute the length ofauNe.
@ Compute Ihe elevation of highest point of
. . curve,
The deSign $P~d of a vertical sag curve Is..
equal to 100kph, The tangent grades of the Solution:
curve are, 2% and +3% respectively, CD Safe stopping sight distance:
Compute the length of curve in meIers,
(j)
V= 80 kph
~ Com~utelhe sight distance in meters. V= 80000
@ C;ompuie lhe length of minimum visibifity· 3600
inrn~rs .. V= 22.22 mls
 S-373

SIGHT DISTANCE

V2
s= Vt+ 29 (f+ G)
_ . (2222f
S - 22.22 (2.5) + 2 (9.81) (0.30 + 0.02)
S= 134.19m. ~ndl~~%'WHmml~lm~:tl~eio~l.
® Length ofcurve:
ifJP~~!9Pp;ng~lgflt~~I~nc~·
1~$.ml'M< " • ·.tq..
'.' '• js.eq#~I
For safe stopping sight distance:
h1 = 1.14m.
h2 =0.15m. ~• • [1~r@gt~.~~¢.·n@t~~r~~s~@d¢9~~.·t;.
AssumeS < L ·····~v(Jig . ~II~fQllff .• W~.RElr~pt[onre.~Ctfcm
AS2 ~J'\1~Rfth~dtiv~f!$Z.P$~9;M(l;lfte
L = --====,-=:::-- poElfliCj@I~Mctionise9ualfQo.29'<:
100(W1 +~)2 ®·•• GPfllP9!~!.Mt~tllQt¢tlNll.·.· .• ·.• ·•·.•. .• .•. • • ' i
A = g1 - f12 @•• Pl)mp~t$lti~~~rJl~9Btlh~h~1l~(PQi~1.
ot(:#~.><

A = 2- (- 3)
A=5
L= 5(134.19}2
100 (',./2 (1.4) + -V 2 (0. 15})2
L = 212.64m.
S < L ok

@ Elevation of highest point:

163.78:: V (2) +2 (9.81) (0.25'" 0.03)
0.182 V2 + 2 V-163.78:: 0
V2 :: 10.989 V· 899.89 =0
V:: 25 m/s
V:: 25(3600)
1000
V= 90kph
S _.1h1-
1- g,- g2 ® Length of curve:
S - 0.02 (212.64) Assume S< L
1 - 0.02 + 0.03 AS2
S1 = 85.06m. L::--~-~-

L 100(m1+~)2
H ='8 (g1 - f12)
h1 :: 1.14 m.
H - 212.64 (0.02 + 0.03) h2 :: 0.15 m.
- 8
H= 1.33 m.
J __ ~ A::3-(-2)
(85.06)2 - (106.33}2 A:: 5
\~
y= 0.85 m. L:: 5 (163.78," .
Elev. of highest point of curve: 100 (~+ -V 2 (015))2
Elev. B = 200 - 0.02 (21.26) - 0.85 L:: 316.76m.
Elev. B:: 198.72 m.
 S-374

.SIGHT DISTANCE

® Stationing ofhighest point ofCUNe: ® Stationing ofhighest point of CUNe:

1.68
22.75

SI=~
gl - g2
S - 0.03 (316.76) S-~
1- 0.03 +0.02
, - g, - fJ2
SI = 190.06 S - 0.025 (182)
1 - 0.025 +0.D15
Sta. ofhighest point of CUNe =(20 +040) - 31.68 SI =113.75 m.
Sta. ofhighest point of CUNe =20 + 008.32
Sta. ofhighest point =(12 + 460.12) +22.75
Sta. ofhighest point = 12 + 482.87

® Elevation ofhighest point of CUNe:

L .

lIil."ili
H=g(g,-gi>
H =182 (0.025 +0.015)
8
H=0.91 m.
-L_ O.91

11-=.1.
Solution:
CD Passing sight distance:
hI = 1.14 m.
(6825r - (91)2
y= 0.51 m.

Elev. A =150·22.75 (0.015) - 0.51

Elev. A= 149.15 m.

h2 =1.14 m.
AssumeS> L
·A·l/~rti~I • $a.g.para®li¢.Cl1rv~.@¥al~n91h • of
200({hl+~2 1·Mm.Witnt~ng¢n19tade~pfSJ.50/0aJld
L=2S- A
f~·~%irlll3f$epti~!1.at • $talioll.·1?±Mo,gg•• all~
A = gl - fJ2 ~levatl()tlof24()m,above.sealal/el,
A =2.5-(-1.5}
A=4 ·q)•• •• C@lplJt¢.ttle.l@gth.btth~.$i9ht.{llStaMe.
200(fu+~2 ~• • qofljPlJte•• th~ • • rn~*im(Jm.~p~trth~t.a .ca r
182 =2S- 4 ·•• · •·•·•·•• WOl:lI(!•• ttav~ltl:i.av()jd.coIU$ibn.· ·
¢Pmpute.the.stillionjnS·.oflh~ • lowest.p()int
·r$l•• ••Oflherorve.
2S= 182 +228 ... ....
S = 205m. > 182 ok
 5-375

SleHT DISTANCE

Solution: g) • •.• P(lmPU!lttl'i~~glfl.9f!li~p~IW~>

®11:iil.'~$$I~
CD Length ofsight distance:
AssumeS> L
L =2S. (122 + 3.5S)
A @··.p()ttlpul~ • t~~e~~Pl!~¢l!Qntirli~9f
A=g2-g1
A=2.5 -(-1.5)
A=4
· •·•· · • ·.~~~t~i • ~• ~~Ii~jgl~~~. · · •· l· · ·i~1
····~ehtth~d.3~.·····»····· ··· .
141 =2S- (122 +3.5S) Solution:
. 4
564 = 8S - 122 ·3.5S CD Length of sag curve:
4.58=686 Assume: L > S
S= 152.44 m. > 141 ok AS2
L= 122 +3.5S
@ Max. speed: A =2.98 - (- 2)
AI/l A =4.98
L=395 _ 4.98 (115.32f
41/l L - 122 + 3.5 (115.32)
141= 395 L = 126m. > 115.32 ok
V= 118 kph @ Max. speed of the car:
@ Stationing oflowest point of curve: L=AI/l
395
126 =4.98 I/l
395
V=100kph
p. @ Perception reaction time:
I/l
S=Vt+
2gf
V= 100000
3600
V= 27.78 mls
_ (27.78)2
S1--~
g1 - g2 115.32 - 27.78 t + 2 (9.81) (0.38)
S - - 0.015 (141) t= 0.42 sec.
1 - _0.015 - 0.025
S1 =52.875 m. from P.C.
Stationing of lowest point of curve
=(12 + 640.22) -17.625
= 12 + 622.595 AParap6I1C$a9Ctlry~ • ti~s • ~.sijltdi$tlllJ¢~(lf
11S·.rn;•• >Th~··tllllg~llt~@cl~(jflh~29iy~~r~
·2%alld*3%. '.' .

(i) CQmplitelheIM9thl)1th¢Cu~i< . .
.@).. 9Qmp~~t~~m~x·speedthata~r·t;(l91d
• l'llClVeajoMthiS:@/"i~.@Jlr<lv~llt$l<idl:liDQ; •
Th~$19htdlslance.ofa~~parab°llC¢1l~·I$
155,~2 .• m~··.I()rg • • Witb.·QWcl~.t<!rgel'll~·.gf.<~%
and +2;9a%respectiveJy.·· .
@ ·····~I::tirhjl • 1f~lfus,~r&.t~ei~~~~~·
ltielowElSlpOltifMtheCOtve>'" . '. ". ..
S-376

SIGHT DISTANCE

Solution: HEAD LAMP

CD Length ofcurve:
AS2 SIGHT DISTANCE
L= 122 +3.5 5
A=g2-g1
A =3-(- 2)
Sight Distance Related to Height of the Beam
A=5
of a Vehicles Headlamp
:.. 5 (115)2
L -122 +3.5 (115) Case 1:
L = 126.07 m > 5 ok

@ Max. speed:
L=AVL
395
5Vl
126.07 ~ 395
V= 99.80 kph .

@ Elev. oflowest point of curve:

L =Length of curve
S = head lamp sight distance
h = hI. of headlamps above road surface
fil = angle.the beam tilts upward above the
longitudinal axis of the car.
r =~ rate of change of grade
Change of grade =g2 - g1
To get the offset y, the change of grade
from A to B is multiplied by the average
s-AL
horizontal distance ~.
1- -g1 g2
5 _·0.02 (126.0n
1- _0.02- 0.03
L
51 =5Q.43 m. y= (92 - g1)2"

L
H=a(ffr g1) .If we multiply by f
H = 1~.07 (0.03 + 0.02) y-
-~
2L
H =0.79 1
-..L-_JUL y=2"rL2
(50.43)2 - (63.05)2 y=h+Sfil
y=0.51 m. ~
2 =h+Sfil
Bev. oflowest point= 120 - 0.02 (50.43) +0.51
Elev. of/owest point = 119.50 m.
 5-377

HEAD lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

Case2: ~en Solution:

CD Head lamp sight distance:
V2
Safe stopping distance = Vt + 2g f
V= 120000
3600
V=33.33 m/s
3) . (33.33)2
S=33.33 (4 +2(9.81)(0,15)
S=402.47m.
r=~
1 ® Length of CUNe:
y=2"r52
1
2(g2" gl) 52
y= L
y=5,,+h
(92 " 91) 52 =5 " + h
2L

L
S" + h = (gr g1) 2"
L = 2 (S" + h)
Y2- gl
Tn
,,= 180
,,= 0.01745
L =2 «402.47)(0.01745) +0.75}
0.02 +0.03
pe$lgti¥~IRcll¥:;1~O~plt . • •. ..........>.. L = 310.92 m. < 402.47 m. ok

•8te~~~~.%I1~~i~w;6~d• ~aW~~fit
~Mlir¢$j$Q.t$/ . ® Bevation oflowest point ofCUNe:

mG~fup~~tMh~dl~PP$tQht~l~ta~.'
• ~. If.jh~hElC!dl,,,mP!i·.~r~.M~~ID,··llbclV~.JM

';iila.,II.
@ lfthe•• g;q;i~<~f.~ati(l" • • tO•• f··.540)l.n~·
elflValion • 1QPlll~;(;()mp(lI~·th~~lElvll~()l'jlif
ttte·lowe$tp<:iiNofthe¢UJYe•••·· · · .
S-378

HW lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

s-~
1- -
Solution:
g1 g2 CD Max. speed:
S - - 0.03 (310.92) A=92-g1
1- -0.03-0.02
A =3.2 • (4.4)
Sl = 186.55
A=7.6
L AV2
H="8 (92 - g1) L=395

H = 31~.92 (0.02 + 0.03) 153 = 7.6 V2

395
H= 1.94 V= 89.17 kph
--.L-_~
(124.37f - (155.46)2 @ Max. head lamp sight distance:
y= 1.24 m.

Elev. oflowest point of CUNe:

Elev. ofP.l. = 100·0.03 (155.46)
Elev. ofP./. = 95.43 m.
Elev. ofA =95.34 +0.02 (31.09)
Elev. of A =95.96 m.
Bev. of B = 95.96 + 1.24
Elev. of B = 97.2 m.

/,,- - ".\ L
S"+h-~
- 2
Th~l.andTfah$pO~Udr\ • .()ffl~~.{kr9}·.requjr~s
ltlat.• •~~rli • ·.m~st . l}Vlit~h··.q~· • ~~ij,~.··~~M • Hgh~s -~
., - 180'
i~j~~l~V~~~SP~i~~~~.~W~\uf~gih1J~ • ., =0.01745
Ug~PI\'lMyflMAAs'¢QMilr9~g~My¢m~ S(0.01745) + 0.90 =(0.022 + 0 028) (153)
2
~~gffM~~~~m~~~~~~ri~0~.~t~.~~~B:·· S= 167.62
t1lr()~gry~~CaI~W~¢¢Qo/l:l1531lf'
Icmg••. h~'JlM9tffl1~l~ng~~t$ • •.9t.• +A~i%
. • ~~d·
+3;z%r$P~¢Uvl:llii»··· @ Perception time:
V= 89170
·¢Wm#hl<®~~~~g@~(ll1afle4Ver~~ 3600.
. .·.JhI~ • • ¢Q@~@PijW~rit\$llgj!l9Wltl$· V= 24.77 m1s
·•• ~effl~jent.()flrl(:tlprb~tVI~M*es • • ~nd
p~\i~~tj~lt1§7> S= Vt+~
29 f
~§QmPtJt~JheI'M~<h~MI~mpsI9ht
•.. . . . d(s~~~19~m~¢pIli$i()rJw~~th~C4rv$· (24.77)2
@•• • If!ldrl~r~ppr~¢ljjl1g.~(s·q~rfe • $El~san 167.62 =24.77 t + 2 (9.81)(0.15)
. . . . . ·•.• (lI>jl@~he<!l(!.l'f·ijrrW~Mth~.lj.me· • ~k~rJ t= 1.65 sec.
JrQmlh~!li$m~M~W9Pj~Ctl$¥j$i~IM(jIh~
. effecti\'ely.
dnv~tQt~lo$ti=mltMWlllK~$l:im;applled
. .
 5-379

HEAD lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

S(lJ+h=~
2
_ 0.85 (tt)
AP#r9Q•• truckappt6aq~~~ • Cl~9MfflM~s (lJ - 180'
p(/rve1l(a.$pe~()f10Qkph .••• Th$JeMthPffh~. (lJ = 0.0148
cUlV~I$18Qm.Jpn!:FWiW9t~~~!~~M~~~m 240.19 (0.0148) + h =(0.02 +0 03) (180)
·.30J0.and•• ±2~·.r~$p/¥:~¥ely, • • • l'h~ • lrit¢r$$~~Io~ 2
Offh~.graqe • •tao9~nt~ • j~.m.10.t.43(JWlllt~r h= 0.495m.
elevafion • (jf.24g·60.·%••·•• • T~edrl¥~rhliS.l.o ® Max. design speed:
sWiICh.90 • me•• ~eam • I~t1fs • al.m9ht•• tlm~tra\!~r AV2
\'IiththElb~~m • lig~t.lll~~jng.~R<:lPQle • 9ftil\.9f L=395
O;a5·•• ab('l'e••tnerlongJtlJ~inal.·a~is.(lf.th~ • • car.·.
Tt1ednvWspElrpeptiqnre~9ti()nJjmwls A=2-(-3)
0]8 sec. ..... .... A=5
5V2
CD Assuming a coeff. of friction otO.18, 180 = 395
compute the length of Ihe head lamp sight V= 119.2kph
distance... .' ..•. ..•.. .
® How high was Ihe head lamp above the
pavement at this instant? .. .
@ What is the max. design speed thatacar
coukf maneuver on this ClINe?
(3~~ry·.m~f()II9Wlhg.d#t~for • aheM'amR~IQhr.
di~tli~;i

Solution: Gra(lei)ftl~Cktan~rI#·2,~~· .
CD Head lamp sight distance: Gra9ElpfJ9w~r9l<!~g~nlFt?,W~ • • ·•• .• .· • • • • • ·•.•.• •.• .• i
Oe$iSnv~l~titY¥1j9.lql~............)iii • • • .• • • ).. . . '.'
s= Vt+£
2g f q9Elfficierltgffrigio~~~np~V~l'1let:ltClmi .
tir~$~9A4i
V= 100000 pef<:ep~()l'Itll'lJ~l$q.8P$~l'Id~.i)
3600 ~r~I~9ttiltl:lfth~b~mll~ht::=1'abClveth~>
V= 27.78 mJs lon9lt\ldll1ala~i$Qtthecar.)·
_ (27.78)2 Lel'lm~ ofcu·~•. ~:28P·IJl<.·· . ·.·.•. • • • · • ·.••····.i·•••·••• <•••..·• ·».··•.··•·•.••
S- 27.78 (0.78) + 2 (9.81) (0.18) $laUonlflggfJM);::=10+~2Qlitl'!I~.g{)QI'1'l.·· ".

S= 240.19m. $. qo01J:llltettle~®9J~tte$ighJgl,~!M~: .•. . . . ·.·

® ComputetM•••nefgnlof•• head • lamp. tn;e •
@ Height ofhead lamp: al>oVEltb~I'O<Jd§Urfll~··i
@ qomPlltethe.el~aticJnof.tI1$I()W~t.pOint
ofthecutve,' .... .
Solution:
CD Head lamp sight distnace:
V2
S= Vt+ 29 f
V=110oo0
3600
V= 30.56
_ (30.56)2
S - 30.56 (0.80) + 2 (9.81) (0.14)
S= 364.45m.
5-380

HEAD lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

® Height ofhead lamp:

.t@•• g~~ig#.We@/)1.*v!¥ti~I • MG.·P~f~/:)(jli~.

·b~~:.~~1~~.~~~~~~~\I~I~~I~f ~~~. •

S9+h-(g2-g.,)L
- 2
1;11&,1,"11
·•• • •
·~l~~~~:~~ilii~.~t~:t.·.~~j~~~w~;~~~··
l' (n) • •·>Q,{qfll;<ipqV$tfflro@M~·>.· . . .•. . . . / . . • .
9= 180'. ·~ • ••• pP$PQt¢1lla··M91~.tfW·t~~ipMml19b:tUltsc
9 = 0.017 ~"pV~I~$lc@~ill.lclIM@1'l~()fll1~r!m

h + 364.45 (0.017) = (0.021 + 0 029) (280) Solution:

2 CD Length of CUNe:
h= O.80m. AV2
L =395
@ Elevation oflowest point of CUNe: A=Y2,-g1
A= 2.8 - (- 2.2)
A=5

P.c.-'~-----,f-f- __-l L=~

395
L= 126.58m.

® Head lamp sight distance:

S=vt+
V2
2gf
S --.9.1..f::.... V= 100000
1- g1 -Y2,
3600
_ - 0.029 (280) V=27.78 m/s
51 - • 0.029.0.021
. _ (27.78)2
S1 =162.40 m. S - 27.78 (0.75) + 2 (9.81) (0.16)
L
H=a(Y2,- g1) S= 266.67m.
280 Angle the head lamp tilts:
H =8 (0.021 + 0.029) @

H= 1..75 m.
---..r...--.. _ 1.75
(117.6)2 - (14Of
y=1.23

Elev. oflowest point of CUNe

= 200 • 0.029 (140) + 0.021 (22.40) + 1.23
= 197.64m.
(g,-g,)U2
 S-381

HEAD lAMP'SIGHT DISTANCE

I"--"·\L Ij2
S0+h-~
- 2 8= vt+ 29 f
266.670 + 0.70 =(0.028 + O.O~) (126.58) V= 120000
3600
0=0.00924 V= 33.33 mls
" =0.00924 (180)
n _ (~) (33.33}2
8 - 33.33 4 + 2 (9.81)(O.15)
0=0.53'
5 = 4()2.47 m.

@ Length of curve:
L= 2 (h + 50)
gz- g,
Tf!6$llg@rtioaf¢llrve .. hllsab~cktM~$ot _r.fttl
0- 180
graqij•• 6tS~% • ~nd • ~f°tWa@l~rnJMt.gra(jll.of·
+2$•.!s·to•• f)e.··designed·.on.the·tlasi$ . th8lthe 0= 0.017 rad

.~~n~·11_~J~~ • ~4&~1~et~J • ~I.~~V~~~

$tdppll:\g • • m$~all()e \Vllh .•·•• th~ • ·•• '(jllgWli)g
• L=2 {0.75 + (402.47) (0.017)J
(0.02) - (- 0.03)
L=310.98 m.
sp~4ifi$@ij~. .
.:,':}-:>:>:>::<:}::::::« •...,-'. -•• -::-:::.---:::," • -,'. :::<:<:-:::<:-:::<:'::':,::::>...--::
Veloclty;"120 kph .' •... ..•.••..' . ...• @ Max. velocity:
AVl

:-em::::±~~
L=395
A=2-(-3)
ai1dUre$isO.1~, . < < < .' ..•.• .... . ...•••'. A=5
The:hea(jlamps are O.7Sm. above the road _ (5) Ij2
310.98 - 395
surfacealld theirbeamstiltsi.ipward ·at an
angltlof one degree abQve tlle Ion!;liludinc:if V= 156.74kph
axisofthEH::aL ". . ' ....> > ' . •.

@.·.ROlllPIJ~trenead.lal11PS~hlcJjsl~®e .••••·• ·•.•

®¢O@Jmt~the~ogth.mln~$ag¢(lt·
~)99mptttt!.thel1'lex; • •Vel~ly.ofttiEl.tiSrtl'lat·
COl1/dpa$sthruthesagcurve.inkph. The length of the sag CllNe having gra4Elsof
, 2.5%and +3;5% is e(JualtQ 310 m... , ....
Solution:
CD Head lamp sight distance:

0.25..' .. ' . ' .....

S-382

HEAD lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

Solution:
G) Head lamp sight distance:

.;r8••1t",
~~@Ms>················································ .

L =2 (h + SfIJ)
fh.. gl
1.2n
fIJ = 180 Solution:
fIJ =0.021 rad . G) Length ofsag curve:
310 =2[0.80 + S (0.021)] L=A\f2
(0.035)· (. 0.025) 395
A =1.8· (- 3.2)
0.80 + 0.021 S =9.3
A=5
S=404.76m.
L = (5) (156f
395
@ Max. speed ofcar: L= 284.81 m.
L=AV2 @ Min. safe stopping distance:
395
A=3.5 • (. 2.5) V2
S=Vt+
A=6 2gf
V= 150 (1000)
6V2 3600
310= 395
V=41.67m1s
V= 142.86 kph _ . (41.67)2
S - 41.67 (2.1) + 2(9.81) (0.40)
@ Pemepfion reaction time: S= 308.76
V2
S=VT+ @ Height ofhead lamp:
2gf
V= 142.86 (1000)
3600
V= 39.68 mls

S=VT+
V2
2gf
(39.68f
404.76 =39.68 t + 2(9.81X025)
t'= 2.11 sec.
 5-383

IUD lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

L=2(h+ $0) ® Height of head lamp above the pavement:

gz- g, L>S
_ 1.1 (1t) _S2 (!l2 - g,)
1Il- 180 L- 2 (Sill +h)
III = 0.0192 rad
200 = (164.69)2 (0.02 + 0.03)
284 81 =2 [h + 308.76 (0.0192)] . 2[(164.69) (~':b1t + h]
. 0.018 - (- 0.032)
164.29:.9) 1t + h = 3.39
h + 5.928 = 7.120 1
h= 1.19m h=O.80m.
@ Max. speed that a car could safely travel:
A1f2-
L=395
A=grg,
A=2-(·3)
A=5
2OO=51f2-
395
V=125.70kph

ilitC.!
~lilllmij;··· . . .• . . ):.• • .>

li.,i'iI~(lIll.
Solution:
CD Head lamp sight distance:
1f2-
S = lit + 2g (f + G)
ii.'"liiiBIB
Solution:
CD Length of curve ofa sight distance of 130 m.
V= 80000 h, = 1.5 m.
3600 ~= 100mm
V= 22.22 mfs ~=0.10m.
_22.22 (3) + (22.22f
s- 4 2 (9.81)(0.20.0.03)
S= 164.69m.
S=Sight Distance
1----L=Lmght of Curv,-
S-384

HEAD lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

Assume sight distance is lesser than the Bevation ofhighest point of CUNe:
length of CUNe: Elev. B = Elev. A- Y
A=2.8-(-1.6) Bev. A = 100.94 +0.016 (56.934)
A=4.4 Bev. A = 101.85 m.
Elev. B = 101.85·0.45
AS2
L= ---=-=-----=---
100(m1+~)2
Elev. B = 101.40 m.

L= 4.4 (13Of
100 ({3 + {Qi)2
L = 156.574m. > 130 m. (ok) ·A.·yem~J<1I • c91'V~(;(lOflEl¢ts.~'f~%Qr<!~~ • • @.~.
.4%•• graqe.aS.$h~n- • • Ihesta«(ltiQtth~.pp!nt.
® Stationing of highest point of CUNe: of.W~i~aLinterseq~9"'0fthl:l.ta~~iltslll • at stll'
72tooqanf:lfry~l3.Il!l¥l.Itip~()M~epoil'ltof
S _.E.1..!:- InterseGij(lflJ~.1OQ.m· • • 9~tertnl~tM·I~I1~thof.
1- -
S
g1 g2
~ 0.028 (156.574)
cUrV~f9rtisightdis~~ce.ofjSory ..Jhe®lght
1 -0.028 + 0.016
qfotijeptl.lt1d.·ob$ervE!rbelng•• 1.Sm;~b9vet~e
P~Y~flJE!IlLjfpr • the.ri~hlsKl~·pfm~sul11l'nnof
S1 = 99.64 m.
lI'le~~o/elsanQbj~ln~wn~~l'IeiQN(lf
Q:~QI'll" '..' ' . .
Stationing of the highest point of CUNe:
= (10 +040) + 99.64
=10+ 139.64
@ Elevation of highest point of CUNe:

i
!~~~,
Lf2=;;;;;-=t~;8.287
!
1-----L=156.574--~1

L Solution:
H=e;(g1- fl2)
CD Stationing of the highest point of the cUNe:
H= 156.574
8
H=O.86m.
---l-_~ 3,=93.75
i
I

(59.934f - (78.287)2 Hig~.rt Point I

. y= 0.45 m. ~~.....% I'

Elev. of P. T. = 100 + 78.287 (0.028)

- 78.287 (0.016)
Elev. of P. T. = 100.94 m.
1-----~L=16875'------I
 8-385

HfAD lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

Sta. ofhighest point = (71 + 915.625) + 93.75

Sta. ofhighestpoint = 72 + 009.375
375
,-+--+-75

L
H=a(g1- fh)

H =~ (0.05 + 0.04)
H=0.0112SL
EL
~;;J.-~.375
f----L=168.75-----I

® Length ofnon-passing sight distance:

Jl..._ 0.6
(75f - (x)2
x =47.43
Using the squared properly ofparabola:
H h Non-passing sight distance = 75 + 47.43
Non-passing sight distance = 122.43 m.
(~)2 :: (~)2
L @ Stationing ofnon-passing sight distance:
a(g1-92) h (72 + 009.375) + 47.43 = 72 + 056.805
(72 + 009.375) - 75 = 71 + 934.375
(~Y = (~)2
Lh - S2 (gl - {h}
- 8
_82 (91 - 921
L- 8h
L = (150)2 (0.05 + 0.04)
8 (1.5)
L = 168.75 > 8 = 150 ok.

Sta. ofP.C. :: 72 + 000 _16~.75

Sta. of P.C. = 71 + 915.625
S _51l.L
1- g, - g2
s - 0.05 (168.75)
1- 0:05 + 0.04
S1 = 93.75
5-386

HEAD lAMP SIGHT DISTANCE

Solution: _--.91.L
51 - (gl - 92l
S - 0.05 (168.75)
1 - (0.05 + 0.04)

S1 =93.75m.

168.75
Sta. ofP.C. = 5 + 00 ·-2-

Sta. ofP.C. =4 + 915.625

CD Length ofCUNe: Sta. ofhighest point of CUNe

AssumeS< L =(4 + 915.625) + 93.75
H h = 5 + 009.375
(~)2 =(~)2
® E/ev. ofhighest point ofcurve:
L
a(g1 - 92~ __ h_ L
H=a(g1-92l
(by - (~)2
2 2. H = 16~.75 (0.05 + 0.04)
L= se (g1 - fJ2) H=1.90m.
8h
A =91-92 -.!L_1..
A =5- (- 4) (~)2 - x2
A=9
~_.-L
L= 9 (15W
(84.375)2 - (75]2
100 ('12 (1.5) +..j 2 (1.5))2
y= 1.50 m.
L =168.75 > 150 (ok)
L = (150)2 (0.05 + 0.04)
E/ev. ofP. T. =20 - 0.04 (84.375)
8 (1.5)
E/ev. of P. T. = 16.625 m.
L = 168.75> 150 (ok)
E/ev. ofB = 16.625 + (0.04)(75)
@ Location ofhighest point of curve: . E/ev. ofB =19.625 m.

E/ev. of highest point of CUNe =19.625 - 1.5

Bev. ofhighest point of CUNe = 18.125
 S-387

SIGHT DISTANCE

SIGHT DISTANCES @ VVhen

(Horizontal Curves)

CD When

,
,,
,,
/R ,
..
R..........
,\ r
I

\0.\ "
oM,'

--_ '''I,' ,-'

I
,,'R
,,"
,
-,'
L+2d=8
Sol
'~i''' d=-
2
S = sight distance (AC'1 =(AD)2 + M2
l = length of curve
(AD)2 =(AO'f - (R - M]2
(AC'f =M2 +(AD'f
(AD'f =R2 - (R - M'f (AO)2 =(ftE)2 + R2
(AD'f =R2 - (R2 - 2RM + M2) (AD)2 =(ftE'f +R2 - (R -M]2
(AD'f = 2 RM - M2 lADy =d2+R2_ R2 +2RM-M2
AC =~ S (approximately) (AD)2 =d2+2RM - M2

(~)2 =M2 +2RM _M2 (AC)2 =(AD)2 +M2

(AC)2 =d2+ 2 RM • M2 + M2
82
-=2RM (AC)2 =d2+ 2RM
4
8. L)2
(AC)2= (2 +2RM

M = clear distance from center of roadway S

to the obstruction letAC =-
2
S = sight distance along the center of
roadway S2 =(S-Ll\2RM
R = radius of center - line curve 4 4
L = length of curve S2 =82. 2SL +L2 +8 RM
D = degree of curve
8RM=2SL-L2
R-M
Cos Iil =T
R-M=RCoslil
M=R-RCoS0
M=R(1-COS0)
S-388

SIGHT DISTANCE

Solution:
Solution:

,,
,, ,
I ,'R
"R........ ,I / ,-
\at " -",' R
" '!' ,-
...
\ , ..
....., I,'

M=~
8R
M= L (28- L)
82 8R
R=8M
R= L (28- L)
(190f 8M
R= 8(9)
R_ 550 [2 (600) - 550]
R =450 m. (min. radius ofhorizontal curve) 8 (40)
R = 1117.19 m.
 S-38~

REVERSED VERTICAL 'IUBOlIC CURVE

gl =grade of approaching tangent

g3 =grade of receding tangent
g2 =grade of common tangent
L1= length of first curve
L2 = length of second curve
L = total length of curve
L=L1 + L2
H1=difference in elevation between Aand B
H2 =difference in elevation between Band C
r1=rate of change of grade of first curve
r2=rate of change of grade of second curve L, =S2.:..9.1
r1
r, =.92.:.91
L 1

f2 =.9J..:...92.
L 2
L=L1 + L2
L =92.:.9i + .9J..:...92.
f, f2

L1 =.92.:.91
f,
L2 =.9J..:...92.
r2
Elev. B = Elev. A + [91f- (-E2f)]
Elev. B - Elev. A = (91 + r) L1
- (91 + 92) L1
H1- 2

Elev. C= Elev. B + [93f- (-92f)]

Elev. C• Elev. B = (93 + i2) L2
- (93 + 92) L2
Hr 2
H = H1 +H 2
S-390

REVERSED VERDCll POIBOliC CURVE

~
~= 2(0.5)
16 - n~2
~=1

rliWl H1+~:;=18
~~-
(-to) + 1 - 18
2gi =·18 +20
Y2 2 =1

rlll'III"~
Y2 = 1% (grade ofcommon tangenQ

® Length of first and second CUNeo assume

one station is 20 m.long:
L1 =!l2..:.ll1
(1
1-2
L1 :;: -0.5
Solution: L1 = 2 stations
<D Grade of the common tangent: L1 =2 (20)
L1 = 40 m. (length of first cUNe)

L _fJLJJ2
2- r2
B
4-1
L2 = 0.50
L2 = 6 stations
I------L.- _ L2 = 6 (20)
L2 = 120 m. (length of 2nd cUNe)

Total length = 40 + 120

Totallength= 160 m.

@ Elev. ofB:
Total length of the CUNe = 40 + 120
Total length ofthe CUNe = 160 m.

rJ:L!Jl
H1 = 2(1
-~
H1 - 2(-0.5)
1-4
H1 =---:T
H, =3m.

Elev.ofB=100+3
Elev. of B = 103 m.
 5-391

SPIWCURVE

Elements ofa spiral curve:

1. S.C. = spiral to curve

2. C.S. = curve to spiral
3. S.T. = spiral to tangent
4. Ts = tangent distance
5. Tc = tangent distance for the curve
6. I = angle of intersection of spiral dL = Roo
easement curve dL
7. = angle of intersection of simple ds='R
curve Q::!1:
8. T.S. = tangent to spiral L Lc
9. Rc = radius of simple curve
But 0 is inversely proportional to R:
10. Dc = degree of simple curve
= long tangent
11. L.T.
12. S.T. = short tangent
. --6. L

13. Es

14. L.C.
= extemal distance of the spiral
curve
= long chord of spiral transition
~y
,,
,,
'\
,,
,,
,/
,,
D R
,,
15. Xc = offset from tangent at S.C.

y
\A/
, ,
16. Yc = distance along the tangent from V
the T.S. to S.C.
17. X = offset from tangent at any point
on the spiral
18. Y = distance along tangent at any
point on the spiral
19. Sc = spiral angle at S.C. D =1145.9.16 =!S
20. i = deflection angle at any point on R R
the spiral, it is proportional to K K
the square of its distance. RL =RcLc
21. Lc = length of spiral R-&.h
- L
22. L = length of spiral from T.S. to any
point along the spiral ds = dL L
Rc Lc
ds = L dL
Rc Lc
5-392

SPiRAl CURVE

At S.C.: L = Lc
L3
Xc =6RcLc

L3
L_~
XC - ..!1.
6Rc
(spiral angle at any point on the spiral)

For metric system:

20

20= RcDc
20
9-
Rc=Oc

(spiral angle at S.C.)

dx = dL sin s
sin s = s for small angles
T.S.

S
sidt '~dt
I

dL: dL
T.s.1 :Y

h
c=-
2S
 5-393

SPiRAl CURVE

h =dx AB=RcSc
S=dL
AB-&.h
_(dxf -2Rc
c - 2 dL
AB=b:
2
dy =dL - c
AB = b (approximately)
(dx)2
dy =dL - 2 dL By ratio and proportion:
dx = dL sin s b:
dx = s dL AG 4
s2 dL2 b:=Rc
dy =dL - 2 dL 2
AG=~
s2 dL
dy=dL·--
2

L5
dy =dL - 8f\? L 2
c

From the figure shown:

1
Ts =b+(Rc+p)tan:2

1
1 (Rc+p)tan:2
sin:2= OB
1
(Rc+p)tan:2
OV= 1
sin-
2
 S-394

SPiRAl CURIE

- 3
8. Ye = l.c -~
40Rc
(distance along
tangent at S. C. from T.S.)
9. Ts = ~+ (Rc +~) tan ~
(tangent distance for spiral)
& 1 .
10. Es = (Rc + 4) sec '2- Rc (extemal
distance)
11. Ie = I - 2 se (angle of intersection of
simple cUNe)
X L2
12. P = ~---
4 24Rc
0.0079
R K2 (super-eIe~at'Ion)
13. e =
where K= kph
14. e = 0.00; K2 (considering 75% of
Kto counteract the super-elevation)
15. Le = 0.0~6 K3 (desirable length of
SUMMARY OF FORMULAS spiral)
FOR SPIRAL CURVE i L2
16.
ie
=. 2L (deflection angles val}' as
e
the squares of the length from
L2 180 . the T.S.)
1. S = 2Rc l.c x --;- (spiral angle at 17.
0
= LLe (degree af CUNe vanes .
any point on the spiral) Dc
directly with the length from the
_2. se = D40Le (spiral angle at S.C.) T.S.)

are basis, metric system

3. se = 2ft
L 180 .
x --;- (spiral angle at S.C.)

4. Xc = ~ (offset distance from A spiml80 m,lorig conriec(sa tangent with a

6>30' circular cuMtlHhe stationing of the T,S.
tangent at S.C.) is 10 + 000, and lhegauge of beltact Qn the
L3 curve is 1.5rn. --
5. X = Xc l.c3
G) Determine -the elevation -of the outer rail at
- the trti&pOiot;if Ih~ velocilY¢ the fastest
= ~ (deflection angle at any point
I
6.
train to pass OVer the ctltvels60 kph.
on the spiral) @ ~~~:~rilhe spiral angle at the first
LS
7. Y = L- 40 Rc2 L 2 (distance along ® Determine !he deflection angle at the end
e pOint _.
tangent at any point in the spiral)
@ Determine the offutMrom the tangent at the
second qualterpoinl
 5-395

SPIRAl CURVE

Solution: @ Spiral angle at the first quarterpoint:

CD Elevation of the outer rail: L=20m.
L2 180
s=--
. 2Rc LeTt
_ (20)2 (180)
s - 2(176.3}(80) Tt
5=0.81' ,
s= 0'49'

® Deflection angle at the end point:

At the end point Lc =80 m.
_ Lc 180
sC-2RTt c
_ 80 (180)
Sc - 2 (176.3) Tt
Sc = 13'

i=~
3
. 13'
1=3
i = 4,33' deflection angle at the end point.

@ Offset from the tangent at the second

tan" =-W- quarter point:
V"
tan" =-
fT
V= 1000 K
3600
V=0.278K
g = 9.8 m1sec2
e'
tan" =1" = e
e =(0.278 1\)2
9.8r L = 40 m. at the second quarter point
0.0079 K2
e=
r
_iL
XC -
6Rc
R= 1145.916
L3
D X=Xc L 3
R= 1145.916 c
6.5 _ (80}2
_ 0.0079 (60j2 (1.5) Xc - 6 (176.30)
e- 176.30 Xc =6.05
e =0.241 (outer railj X- 6.05(40f
0.241 - (80}3
e=--
2 X= 0.756m,
e = 0.1205 (at midpoint)
5-396

SPIWCURVE

• t!l~·\MgM~·9f·#.·.~W~f#A~··Mi • ~ij]lAA~.m·.

·~ll'I'~gil.ltltl.~[1
• II~rJI~.~I.~·~~ll~.~ • ~~·.
W.P~W:fulh~ttij@g~()@itl1Pl~#jjlY~;·.·· •.• • •·• • •

IllIi• •fli
Solution:
<D Degree ofsimple CUNe: .·~ • • • P~~~triM~ • •lli~ • • ()ff$~lft()m.t?@~@~\t@.
U 0.004~
see=-R-

e=-R-
0.004~
.
•~.·• ~~IJ~i~I;lpil;~.lh~ •t~~g¢hl.·
Solution:
l0)2
0.10 = o. OO4 <D Radius ofthe new circular CUNe:
R= 196m.
D= 1145.946
R
D= 1145.916
196
D = 5.85" (degree ofcUNe)

® Length ofspiral:
L = 0.036 1(3
C R
. 3
L =0.036 (70)
C 196
Lc =63 m. say 60 m. (use multiple of 10 m.)

® SUper-elevation of the first 10 m. from S. C.

on the spiral:
1
el = 6(0.10)
el =0.017 (at 10m. from T.S. on the spiral)
es =5 (0.017)
es = 0.085 (at 10 m. from S.C. on the spiral)
e =0.085 (9)
e =0.765 m. (super-elevation at 10 m.
from S. C. on the spiral)
 8..397

SPIRAl CURVE

~ +[Rc +~~~] tan 25'

® Distance along the tangent at the mid-point
130.57 = ofthe spiral:
whenL=40m.
90.57 = tan 25' [Rc + ~67] L5
y=L- 40R 2 42
194.22 =R,,2 +;:6.67 c
_ . (40)5
Rc2 + 266.67 -194.22 Rc = 0 Y- 40 - 40 (192.84)2 (80)2
y=40-0.01
Solving for Rc = 192.84 m. y=39.99m.

® Distance that the curve will nearer the

vertex:
Old external distance:
(for old simple curve)
cos 25' =280 ."I1'I~.·.tW91~~@~!$.#.·~$@pl~··.¢~rmM~~
OV a~rnU@lmZr~8M¢·tP+r$~Qve.IWWlja~.~.
OV= 308.95 m.
E= 308.95 - 280
E=28.95m.
For the new curve:
(External curve)
i{fll-tl:l.
(j) ·P~(~lMI@41$~~(lij·~tHMMw
Es -(
- Rc + &)
4 sec !2 - Rc
·..·.· . .·¢tlct~~tM)Tl~W~fi'®)!IJ~¥.~*< •. •·••.•• • •
&_J:L..
@
4 - 24 Rc

Central angle of the circular curve:

Ie = I- 2 Sc
!'ill!lJli~lIt'
La 180 Solution:
Sc = 2 R 1t <D Distance the new curve must be moved
c
_ 80 (180) from the vertex.
Sc - 2 (192.84) 1t

@ Deflection angle at the end point of the

splraf:
1= §.c
3
. 11.80
/=-3-
1= 3.96'

.@ Offset from tangent at the end point of the

spiral:
L2
Xc=~ I P
Cos-=-
_ (80)2 2 DE
Xc - 6 (192.84) P
DE=-I
Xc = 5.53rn. Cos-
2
 5-398

SPiRAl CURVE

h 2.5 super-elevation at quarterpoints.

=Cas 50' e4 = 0.149 (10)
h=3.89m. e4 = 1.49
@ Valueofy: 1
x=b+y el =4(1,49)

tan!=l e1 =0.3725
2 p 1
Y=2.5 tan 50' ~ ='2(1.49)
y= 2.98m.
~ = 0.745
@ Distance from T. S. to P. C. 3
x = 30 +2.98 m. e:J =4(1.49)
x=32.98m. e:J = 1.118

@ Deflection angle at the end point:

T~ • ta!ig~rl&·.MViri9.~~imutn~.of.~4Q.· • ~nQ
.~?~.·?r~R~Q®t~~.pt.~~··.~Q.·m;$irliil.~~

··i'i~~[l~~l~~fu f:~~;.·.~~~~~~~~l~~i~ .• .
.

1111I.III1iilli j

........• P()fllf($i~n ••/·./·•• • • • • • • • • ••• • •·•• ·••••• • • • • • • • • • • .•.• • •.•. • •.

·.~·P~f#®ih~~¢~t~l't@gi$@rJ~; .
Solution:
CD Super-elevation at quarter points:

S=...h- 180
2 Rc 7t
80 180
S = 2 (190.99) 7t
S= 12'
, S
1=-
. 3
. 12
1='3
R= 1145.916
D i= 4'
R = 114~.916 = 190,99 m.
@ External distance:
0.0079 J(2
Es -(
- Rc + &)
4 sec 1
e=
R 2· Rc
_ 0.0079 (60)2
1= 282·240
e- 190.99
1=42'
~ = 0.149 mlm width of roadway
 S-399

SPIWCURVE

L2 CD Length oflong and short tangent:

Xc=~ _ J:L
_ (BOf Yc-4- 40Rc?
Xc - 6(190.99) (BOt'
Xc =5.58 Yc =80 - 40 (190.99f
8 Yc = 79.65 m.
Es = (190.99 + 51 ) sec 21'-190.99
XC -
_lL
Es = 15.0Bm. 6Rc
_ (80f
Xc - 6 (190.99)
Xc =5.58 m.
X
tanS=h
5.58
h=tan 12'
h=26.25m.

Long tangent (L T) = Yc - h
LT= 79.65 - 26.25
LT=53.4m.

Short tangent (ST):

SinS-&'
- ST
5.58
ST= Sin 12'
ST= 26.B4 m.

® External distance:
Es = [Rc+~] Sec~-Rc
Es =( 190.99 +5;a) Sec 21' - 190.99
Es = 15.OBm.
@ Length ofthrow:
p_&
-4
- 1145.916 _5.58
Rc- '0 P- 4

_1145.916 p= 1.395m.
Rc - 6
® Maximum velocity:
Rc = 190.99 m.
I _ 0.036 'Ifl
S=..h- 180 '-C- Rc
2Rc 1t
S- 80 (180) BO = 0.036 ve
- 2 (190.99) 1t 190.99
S=12' V= 75.15kph
 S-400

SPiRAl CURVE

~
~ f4f / ~f] l J ,f f ' ~,

;~li~~~I;~i~~tl~lri~~;~~'I~~

·li\~I!l
~ • •
II,rll&lil.'fi-~~
!m=.!I~
~~.,., ~c·a., ~ ·m.e,·~.p~r.i:.•. ~·.~ 2•·. , ~ '.·~a ~e' ~,.~@idriB~tft~
."t..LlI
,.'~ ~~fi:;~~1
o•.•. :.•. ·.• .• . •.••,•.,..•.•a.•.•.•.,.·•·. .• .•l.'•.,•.•,• .:.• U._.O.•·.•."• .•,•e. •. .m• .• .·•..·.,•·. t.• .• .o..• .• •. •.r.••a.•. •a'. . .•.•.•.•.•.m•.e.•,ll,•. .•. •. i.•.•. . •. •.
'.·• . • •.• .•. •.• • .,.••,.•.•. .••.•. •. .• i ,tt.,
•.•.

•
@s~rti¢nt¢i,l~.<.'.'• · ·,·., · · · ,· · · · . Solution: .
(j) Velocity of car:
Solution: 80
(j) Centrifugal acceleration: C=75+ V
80 80
C=75+ V 0.50= 75 + V
80 V=85kph
C=75+SO
C = 0.484 mlsec2 ® Spiral angle at the S. C.
Rc=t14~916
® Radius ofcurvature:
L - 0.0215
c- CR
va Rc - 114;916
120 =0.0215 (SOf Rc = 229.18 m.
O.484R
R=269.86m. S=~
c 2Rcn
@ Lateral friction on the easement curve: 4 - 0.0215 V3
\Il - CRe
R= 127 (f+ e) _ 0.0215 (85)3
. _ (90)2 4 - 0.50 (229.18)
269.86 -127 (f+ 0.07) 4 = 115.23 m,
f=0.166
 S-401

SPiRAl CURVE

s = Lc 180 @ Length of transition curve to limit

c 2Rc 1t centrtfugal acceleration:
S - 115.23 (180) I _ 0.02151)1
c - 2 (229.18) 1t "'C- CR
Sc= 14.40' I _ 0.0215 (100)3
"'C - 0.457 (360)
@ Length ofsharf tangent: 4= 130.68m
@ Length ofshorf tangent oftransition curve:

L2
·.Aiiii"'-~~""s'C.
_.:::.c.....
Xc-6Rc T.S.
;;:r=0;'"
." S..
s.c.

X = (115.23f
c 6(229,18)
Xc =9.66

S·In 144' = 9.66

. S. T.
S. T. = 38.84 m
Sc-- h..ill!Ql
2R 1t
c
s - 130.68 (180)
c - 2 (360)1t
Sc= 10.4'
Sin 10.4' = iT.
•..A.••.nOQ3
.~••.1.6
.•0 7..•··. ,..•·~:.·,•. '.•:.•[m~.lrlllll.'
•.•.•:. .•
". .• p
."' ".' '."".. '",",' :":>::::::::::::>::::::::::;::;::::::::::;;<;:;::;:':::":>":' .
7.91
S.T. =Sin 10.4'
S. T. =43.82 m.

11111Solution:
CD Centrifugal acceleration:
80
C= 75 + V
80
C= 75+ 100
C = 0.457 nv'sec3
 8-402

SPIRAl CURVE

Solution: Solution:
G) Offset distance on the first quarter point: CD Length ofspiral curve:
L3
x:::--
6Rc Lc
xc -k
-
6Rc
1 p:::&
L :::4"(80)
4
L:::20m. L2
Lc :::80m. p:::2tifc
_ (20)3 , ::: 1145.916
x- 6 (280) (80) Rc 5'
x::: 0.06m. Rc ::: 229.18 m.
Le2
@ Length ofthrow: 1.02::: 24 (229.18)
L2 Lc ::: 74.90m.
xc:::tR;

-~ @ Velocity of car so as not to exceed the

Xc - 6(280) min. centrifugal acceleration:
xc::: 3.81 m. L ::: 0.0215 Vl
c CR
Length of throw::: 4'x 0.0215 Vl
3.81 74.90::: 0.50 (229.18)
Length ofthrow ::: 4 V::: 73.63 kph
Length ofthrow::: 0.95
@ Length of long tangent:
@ Max. velocity:
::: 0.036 J(3
Lc R c
80 ::: 0.036 J(3
280
K::: 85.37 kph .

s:::~
c 2Rc 1t
S ::: 74.90 (180)
'tlle~h~I.l'#rve-otlln~sementcu~ispn.a c 2 (229.18)(n)

l~tI~I:.£oi.~~~:.~*~~$·,~··I~~ Sc= 9.36'

Xc :::4 (1.02)
Xc =4.08m.
··~""PQffiPUte-.ttie • reqijlte~lfm9thOftlffispiral
•••· • • • ~·· • • • ? • • • ·.H • •·••••••••••.••••••••.••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• tan 9.36' =~
~• • P~~~@i~lh~~¢!o/()f.tb~carpa$$in9 4.08
Jh~11:!i~9\ltV~$QJh8tjtwiO.nQt~xce~d tan 9. 36 ' =/1

11.". h::: 24.75

Long tangent::: 73.60 - 24.75

Long tangent::: 48.85 m.
 5-403

SPIRAl CURVE

_JL
XC - 6R
e
_ (80f

11'_111.1
Ihepa$$~llger$·· • •
aOmdCiog.
the••lell9lhof$pif1llcllrVe·f$
. .
Xc - 6(266.61)
Xc =4m.
Ian 8.6' =~
h=26.45
(I) • • CPmpme.·ijj~ • Y~@)ityQt.th~.apprQl@lng
~i~l\Pl1;< LT= 79.30·26.45
®··.·.sdttipute.ltlareq~lfe~~iu$.Qtlb~centr~J· LT= 52.85m.
CQN~()flM • ~Setnerltc~f\I~ • t()•• timil·the
cenlriftlgala~letation. ... . ...........•....•.•
the.len9th•• of.tM.I()n~ • t;tn~~nt«
@ •.••• C?ffiPllte••
tb~.spirlIl •.8Jrve•• if.lIJe•• ~istail~ • !llong • th~
tangentfrOm'T',S, IQS,CLis 79.301Tl;1(M'IQ,.·

Solution: ~~:,:~I~~'~$~~~1~~··.~'~·i,~~·0·Wiltl~
CD Veloctiy of approaching car: l"aditl$6f2()Qrildilttll~~¢l.lM!l'<
80
C=75 + V 92·•• • (:Qll'lPut~umlfll'l9Ih*flhr!lW#I16~m$····
80 @ ColTIPlI~·tb~.f~~gtl1.()f~El.logg~h!l$lt()1

~~~~~~.~~~I.~t~~~61;,~
0.5161 = 75 + V
V= 80kph

® Radius of central curve:

L =0.0215 va
•
@. ~~~~t~'~~~· YaIQ~ • • Bf•• t~~ • • •~tH(J9~1
~fll.~citli~me1l!l'Sl~. .. . .
e CRe
80 =0.215 (80)3
Solution:
0.5161 Re CD Length ofthrow:
Re = 266.61 m. S=~
c 2R 1t e
@LengtIJ oflong tangent:
1146'-~
. - 2 (200) 1t
Lc =80 m.
L2
_..::e-
Xc-6R
e
_K
XC - 6 (200)
Xc = 5.33
s = Le 180 p=~
c 2 Re 1t 4
_ . 80 (180) _5.33
Sc - 2 (266.61) 1t P- 4
Sc =8.60' p= 1.33
5·404

SPIRAl CURVE

@ Length oflong tangent:

"'h~~sigfl • S~~ •. Of<a • t,ar.~$~jngthru~~

~~f!tIl.~rye.i$$(!tlallQ~Ol<pll· • • Tll~.flldtU$
~11:_r~·(Jftl1e$pU!II;!JfV~~ ~~~ •
~~_--~s.c.
Q)i • ¢wPll(e.~ev~ue·pf~.l'lltemC8ll~i

tan 11.46' =~
.
·@ ••••• ~I~~n.~;;.I~.i
~ ~.~,~=$1of..'0~j '.
• puNe.
h= 5.33 Solution:
tan 11.46' G) Min. value ofcentrifugal acceleration:
h =26.29 m. 80
C=75+ V
80
Long tangent = 27.20 -26.29 C=75+80
Long tangent =52.91 m. C= 0.516 m's3

@ Centrifugal acceleration: @ Length ofspiral curve:

I _ 0.0215 V
3
L =0.036 ve '-C- CR
c Rc
l.c =0.0215 (80)3
80 =0.036 ve 0.516 (260)
200 Lc =82,05m.
1/ = 76.31 kph
Llmgth ofthrow:
L = 0.0215 ve @
c CR p=&
, 4
80 = 0.0215 (76.31)3
x,c -_-=-
L2
C(200) 6 Rc
C =0.597 m'sec3 X = (82,05)2
c 6 (260)
Xc =4.32
p= 4.32
4
p= 1.08 m.
 S-404-A
COMPOUND CURVES

@ Stationing of the start of central curve.

Sta. @ S.C. =Sta. @ r.s. + Le
Qta. @ S.C. = (1 + 965.36) + 52.10
The tangents of a spiral curve forms an angle
of intersection of 25' at station 2 + 058. Design Sta. @ S.C. = 2 + 017.46
speed is 80 kmlhr. For a radius of central
curve of 300 m. and a length of spiral of ® Length of central curve.
52.10 m..
S =..s-.
2R
x 180
TT
CD Find the stationing at the point where the e
e
spiral starts.
S = 52.10 x 180
@ Fin.d the stationing of the start of central
e 2(300) TT
curve.
Se =4.975'
® Find the length of central curve.

Solution: le=/-2Se
CD Stationing at the point where the spiral Ie = 25 - 2(4.975)
starts. Ie = 15.05'
2+058
Length of central curve:
1=25'
S=R I ~
e e 180

S =300(15.05') 1;0
S= 78.8m.

A simple curve having a degree of curve equal

to 4'30' has central angle of 50'50'. It is
required to replace the simple curve to another
circular curve by connecting atransitioncul'\Ie
2 (spiral) at each ends by maintaining the radius
Le (R + Lc
T =-+ - - )' tan-I of the old curve and the center of the new
s 2 e 24 Re 2 central curve is moved away by 5 m. from the
T = 52.10 + [300 + (52.10)2] ta 25 intersection point.
'2 24(300) n 2
CD Determine the central angle of the new
T, =92.64 m. circular curve.
@ Compute the tangent distance Ts of the
Stationing @ T.S. = (2 + 058) - 92.64 spiral curve.
Stationing @ r.s. = 1 + 965.36 ® What is the maximum velocity that a car
could pass thnu the curve without
skidding?
S-404-B
COMPOUND CURVES

Solution: @ Tangent distance Ts of the spiral curve.

CD Central angle of the new circular curve.
~c =P =4.52

T = Lc. +(R + ~) tan ~

'2 '4 2
T, = 166.2 + (254.65 + 4.52) tan 25'25'
2
T. =206.26 (tangent distance)

@ Maximum velocity:
3
L = 0.036V
, R,
3
166.2 = 0.036 V
R= Rc 254.65
R= 1145.916 V = 105.54 kph
4.5"
R=254.65

0' A =5 Cos 25'25' A simple curve having a radius of 600 m. has

0' A=4.52m. an angle of intersection of its tangents equal to
40'30'. This curve is to be replaced by one of
p=~ smaller radius so as to admit a 100 m. spiral
24R c at each end. The deviation of the new curve
2
Lc = P (24) Rc from the old curve at their midpoint is 0.50 m.
towards the intersection of the tangents.
Lc2 =4.52(24)(254.65)
Lc = 166.2 m. (length of spiral) (j) Determine the radius of the Central curve.
@ Determine its central angle.
@ If the stationing of the intersection of the
s = Lc 180' tangents is 10 + 820.94, determine the
c 2 Rc n stationing of the T.S. of the spiral curve.
S ~166.2 (180')
c 2 (254.65) n Solution:
Sc :: 18'42' (j) Radius of the central curve.
Cos 20'15 = 600
OA
Ie::; 1- 2 Sc
OA = 639.53 m.
Ie = 50'50' - 2(18'42:) BC =0.50 m.
Ie'" 13'<'6' (central angle of the AC = 639.53 - 600
AC = 39.53
new circular curve)
AS = 39.53 - 0.50
AB = 39.03m.
 S-404-C
COMPOUND CURVES

® Central angle.
Tan 20'15' = ...!.-
600
T =
,
S-2 +(R c + Xc)
4
Tan 20'15'

~=P
4
P=~
24 Rc
p= (100)2
24 (598.73)
P =0.70

p=~
24R c
T, = 1~0 +(598.73 +0.7) tan 20'15'
p= (10W
24R c T, =271.14 m.
p= 416.67
Rc S = Lc 180'
a'A =Rc +39.03 . c 2R c n
S = 100(180)
c 2(298.73) n
Considering Triangle ADO'
Sc =4.78'
Cos 20'15' = Rc +P
Rc +39.03
le=I-2Se
R + ~16.67 Ie = 40'30' - 2(4]8')
c
Cos 20'15' = Rc Ie = 30'56' 24"
Rc +39.03
(central angle of new curve)
Cos 20'15' = R/ +416.67
Rc (R c +39.03)
0.94 R/ +36.62 Rc =R/ +416.67
@ Stationing of the T.S. of the spiral curve.
0.06 Rc2 - 610.33 Rc +6944.50 =0
Sta. ofT.S. = (10 + 820.94) - (271.14)

R = 610.33± 587.13 Sta. ofT.S. = 10 + 549.80

c 2
Rc = 598.73 m. (radius of the central curve)
S-404-D
COMPOUND CURVES

19000 - R = (8W
• c 24 R
c
A simple curve having a degree of curve equal
to 6' is connected by two tangents having an 4583.76 Rc - 24 R/ =6400
azimuth of 240' and 280' respectively. It is
required to replace this curve by introducing a
transition curve 80 m. long at each end of a
new central curve which is to be shifted at its R/ -190.99 Rc + 266.67 = 0
midpoint away from the intersection of the R = 190.99 ± 188.18
tangents. c 2
CD Determine the radius of the new central Rc = 189.59m.
curve if the center of the old curve is
retained.
@ Determine the distance which the new
curve is shifted away from the intersection @ Distance which the new curve is shifted
of the tangents. . away from the intersection of the tangents.
@ Compute the length of throw.
h = R1- Rc
h = 190.00 -189.59
Solution: h = 1.40 m. (amount the new curve is
CD Radius of central curve:
shifted away from the intersection
of the tangents)

@ length of throw:
\ i ' p= (ly
\
,
R~"
\
Rc\
\
J
\ Ie
I

/
/
'Rc'
,
'';'1
,
24 Rc

\~'/
", 0 20 ,, p= {80f
24 (189.59)
.\*~'
o P = 1.41 m.

p=~
24 Rc
R1 • Rc =p
R = 1145.916
1 D
R = 1145.916
1 6
R1 = 190.99 m.
 S-404-E
COMPOUND CURVES

® Spiral angle.
S = Lc 180'
A simple curve having a radius of 200 m. has c 2R c n
a central angle of 50'30'. It is required to be
replaced by another curve by connecting spiral S = 92.95 (180')
(transition curve) at its ends by maintaining the -c 2 (200)n
radius of the old curve and its center but the
tangents are moved outwards to. allow Sc =13'19'
transition. Part of the original curve is
retained. The new intersection of the tangents
is moved outward by 2 meters from its original
@ Central angle:
position along the line connecting the
interseCtion of tangents and the center of the le=I-2Se
curve.
Ie = 50'30' - 2(13'19')
CD Determine the length of the transition Ie = 23'52' (central angle of the
curve (spiral) at each end of the central
new cUNe)
curve.
® Compute the spiral angle.
@ Compute the central angle of the central
curve from the S.C. to C.S.

From the given compound curve, it is required

Solution: to replace it with a transition (spiral) curve
CD Length of the transition curve: 100 m. long starting at A and ends up at B.
The degree of curve of the first curve is 4'
while that of the second curve is 10'. Central
angles are 6' and 15' respectively for first and
second curve.

, , '
' "
" ,,,' ,\Rt::L
\

'.f '
Rc'"' " I".
\0ld To
ang~nI,
R', &' ,
"
,'11 Qld'fa1l;8i!nl

\ , I '
,,~/

P= 2 Sin 64'45'
P= 1.81 m.

P = (L c )2
24R c
L~= P (24) Re .
L~ = 1.81 (24)(200) .
Le= 92.95 m. (length of spiral)
S-404-F
COMPOUND CURVES

CD Determine the radius of central curve. @ Length of short tangent CB.

@ Determine the length of short tangent CB.
® Determine the length of long tangent AC. X =~
c 6 Rc
_ (10W
Solution: Xc - 6(146.46)
CD Radius of central curve. Xc =11.38m.
R = 1145.916
1 4
Y=L __L3
R1 =286.48 m. c_
c c 40Rc2

R. = 1145.916 - 0 (1oW
Yc -10 - 40 (146.46)2
2 10
R2 = 114.59 m. Yc =98.93 m.

0 1 O2 = R1 - R2 - P S = ~ 180
0 1 O2 = 286.48 - 114.59 - P c 2 Rc 11
L2 S = 100 180
0 1 O = 171.89 __c_ c 2(146.46) 11
2
24 Rc
Sc = 19.6'

R1 =Xc + R2 Cos 21' + 0 1 O2 Cos 6'

SinS = ~
c CB
L2
R1 = _c_ + R2 Cos 21'
6 Rc CB=~
Sin 19.6'
( L2 CB= 33,92m,
+ 171- _c_) Cos 6'
24R c

® Length of long tangent AC.

286.48 = (100)2 + 114.59 Cos 21' X
. 6Rc Tan Sc =----'-
. CD
+ (171.89 - (100)2 ) Cos 6' CD = 11.38
24 Rc Tan 19.6'
CD=31.96m.
8.55 = (100)2 _ (10W COS 6'
6 Rc 24 Rc AC=Yc-CD
8.55 = (100)2 (1 _ Cos 6') AC = 98.83 - 31.96
6R c 4 AC = 66.87 m.
Rc = 146.46 m.
 S-405

A ::~
m 2
v.::h[~"~
c 3 2 2 + ~]
2
Derive the prismoidal correction formula for a _ bl +b2
triangular end areas using the prismoidal bm- 2
formula.
hm:: ~
2

v=h[~"~~
c 3 2 2
~]
2+ 2

Solution: V =h[~.~"~ ~"~

c32 4 4"44+2
!ii]
V :: hIb lh1 " b l h2 " bill + b2h2]
c 3 L- 4

V~ :: 1~ [b1 (~1 " h2)" ~ (hI" hv]

L
Vc :: 12 (b 1 " bV (hI" h2)
(prismoidal correction to be subtracted
algebraically from the volume. by end
area method.)

Derive the Prismoidal Formula for determining

Let us consider the triangular prismoidal shown volumes of regular solid.
below:

Solution:

//~:/
/f==A

L
Vc ::"3(A I -2Am +A2)

A-~
1- 2

A-~
r 2
 5·406
UITHWORIS

V --~A
A 2- .1!1.&
3 VOLUME OF EARTHWORK

fu_~
A2 -hi
(1) End area
{A;=b1 ~=!Y2 _ (A, +.4.2) L
..fA; hz fA; h, V- 2

A2 = h,2
~
(2) Prismoidal Formula
V=~.hlAl
3h, 2 3
, _ 11,3 A, - h,3A,
V- 3 h,2
V= A12 (hz3 • h,3)
3 h,
V= A, 2(hz - h,) (hz2 + hzh, + h,2)
3 h,
,A,h 2 h 2\
V=3h,z,(h2 +hzh, + n
'V - At! h22 A, h h2 .~ L
. - 3 h,2 + 3 h, + 3 VP =6(AI +4A",+A2)

V =&!! (~)
+ fu.!! + &J). y;;; Am =area of mid-section
3 A, 3 A, 3
V= ~ (Az + ~ A, A2 + A, ) (frustum ofa
(3) Volume with Prismoidal Correction:
pyramid)
(Applicable only to three level section)

~
~=_2_
A, h,2
4Am =~(hl +2h2h, +h,~
A - A A, h,2 2 A, h2
4 "m-'+
h, 2+'h ,
w:;
4 A", =A, + A + 2 A, _r-
2
V=VE-Vcp
VE = volume by end area
'V A, Vcp = prismoidal correction
4 A", =A, + A2+ 2 ~ A2 A, L
Vcp r1 2 (e, . Cz) (0, • 00
2 .y A, A2 = 4 Am - A, - A2
- r.-:-
'1/
fu &.
A, A2 = 2 A",. 2 - 2
h fu ~
V= 3" (A, + 2 Am - 2 • 2 + A2)

V= ~ [lA, +4A", .~. A2 + 2A2 l

V = ~ (A, +4 A", +A2) Prismoidal Formula
 8-407

® Distance of left slope stake from center of

the road:
2· hi _..!fL
1.5 hL + 3.5 -100

•••
2·hL =0.15hL +0.35
1.15hL = 1.65

I!I,.,·"
hL = 1.43

Distance of left slope stake = 1.5 hl + 3.5

Distance ofleft slope stake = 1.5 (1.43) + 3.5
Distance ofleft slope stake = 5.65 m.

•• •
~ ·Et&nI.~~~t.~~~9fi1 SI~e • @ Diff. in elevation· of right and left slope
stake:

'i!l!t• ••
Solution:
Bev. ofleft slope stake = 152 • 1.43
Bev. of/eft slope stake = 150.57 m.
Bev. ofright slope stake = 152 • 2.76
Bev. ofright slope stake = 149.24 m.

Diff. in elev. = 150.57 -149.24

G) Distance of right slope stake from center of
the mad: Diff. in elev. = 1.33 m

1.5hr
- ·]SI,;i·······!

JlJ'I, ...,j..
2·hL:
r·····_···
i hr., I"
· - ----~;-.·~~·;:~~r

h,·2 _..!fL_
3.5 + 1.5 h, -100 - 0.10
hr' 2 =0.35 +0.15 h,
0.85 h, = 2.35
h,= 2.76

Distance of right slope stake = 3.5 + 1.5 h,

Distance ofright slope stake = 3.5 + 1.5(2.76)
Distance of right slope stake = 7.64 m.
@ compute the side s1ope()f both sect!o(ls•.
® Compute the value ofx at statkln 10 +200
it it has a cross sectiona' area of 14.64 m2.
Compute the volume between stations
10 + 100 and 10 + 200 usfng end area
method with prismoidal correction.
S-408

URTIWHD

Solution: Prismoidal correction:

<D Width ofbase: L
Vp = 12 ('1 - CV (~.~)
100
Vp =12 [(10.95 - 12.9)(1.5 - 1.2))
.
I
I

2.~ : Vp =- 4.875 m3
LL _ V. =VE-V:
V: =1390.125 - (- 4.875)
1=2.35 6 I sn. Vcp= 139Sm3
.45--1---4.

B
2+ 2.35 =6.45
B
2+ 1.05 =4.5
1.35= 1.95
5:; 1.5
2B +1.0(1.5) =4.5
B.=6m.

® Value of x:

t-----Dl"12.99---~~
@~m!tlllwlQth()fthebase.> .
,,
I
p
:2.6 @ c.••. om
• . 2•.•.•.•.•.• • • •. •.•.•.hasailareaOf . • .• •.•. '•. b.•6.•.•• . •. "•.• 16.82m2.
.• . •. . •. •. . . •. t•.•1t. • .•.•.e •. a
. . . .• I.OO
.•. . . •.•.•.•.•. O
.•.•. •.f•.•.•. c• • • •tIt
. •.•. •.•.•.•.••a..•• .•.'•.•. .• .•.S
.•..•..I..•. a ..••.•..•.•.••..••..• ..S
.•.••.•..•.i.OO
t. ..•.•••. J.•f.• •....it.•
________J ·~· • ·.·CQf:llf.Wle•• t~~.·.VOlul'l'le • bf.llW~~n.Aand • .B
With Piismoidal.CotrectiOit
f-----fr-----+----(il~ Solution:
CD Width ofbase:

@ Volume between sia. 10 + 100 and

10+ 200:
A - ~ 1.5(6.45) 4.5(1.5) ~
1- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
Al =13.1625 m2
A2 = 14.64 m2
~ _(At+A,) L
E- 2
~ _ (13.1625 + 14.64)(100)
E- 2
VE =1390.125 m3
 S-409

B <D ~~.~~(M at thecentef ()f

6.3=2.2S+2"

7.2=2.8S+2"
B ~ =t~ ill !he .glJt s10pe
@ C>etermille .1he.·.·~lti~ betw~en $ta;
0.9 =0.6 S .1 +1001tld1 .. 20Q by apPlYing ptismoidal
S= 1.5 c:ol'ftlC1jQft. . . ..
B
6.3 = 2.2(1.5) +2"
SoIufIon:
B=6.m. CD He9It of cut at tM center of sta. 1 + 1()():
@ Value of cut at station B: Stalion 1 + 100
2.2(3} 6.3x ?11& ~ = 1682
2+2+2+2 .
6.75x=9.32
x= 1.38 m.
@ Volume using Prismoidal correction:
- ~ 6.6(2) 4.8(2) ~
A,- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
A, = 16.80 m2
v. -~~
E- 2
A = 100sq.m.

\I
VE-
_ (16.80 + 16.82X20)
2
5h ~ h(5+h) 5(~)_
2+ 2 + 2 + 2 - 100
VE = 336.20 5h +5h + 2ff. + 5h + Iil + 2.5h =200
L
Vp = 12 (e, - C0 (0, - ~) 3h2 + 17.51'1·200 =0
...-_---
20 _ -17.5- ~(17.5f.4(3)(-200)
Vp = 12 (2· 1.38X11.40 - 13.5) h- 2(3)
II =- 2.17
if= VE- II
h- -17.5- WOO .
- 6
V= 336.20- (2.17)
V = 338.37 CU.m. h = -17.5 + 52.2
8
h= 5.7Im.

@ Height of the right slope stake at sta.

t + 200:
At. $taljpn.·.1.+•• 1QO•• maP9rtjon.of~~~tl~ij'. Slalion 1 + 200
an•.
slrelch•• ha~ • <ire,g•• ·Qf.1(}O$q··.m~~~~.m • ~~·
while.that~f.S~tion • 1"'••~.~~.'8~$i$~$A?
melers•• j'l(;Ut••·•.. AI·.~U1lioi.llt~09;~··~·
SUrface•• lo!tleIeft•• ()fllle~ll"~I~'~t·i'll1 ••.

~1'I~'II.tllII
sta.k~ • j~·.3 • till1e!!•• tlil;Ih~tf¥l!lttl<:it·.(jf··.lflj.·.l!i!ft
slope.!lfake; • • ~.~l)tf!tllUljt$@li19.t .... ~'
Thewidthofll1ero~yj$Wm.Wilha~
slopeof~;l. . .. . . A =240sq.m.
5-410

EARTHWORIS

5x 2.89 (5 + 2x) 2.89 (5 + 6x) ~

2+ 2 + 2 + 2 =240
5x + 14.45 + 5.78x + 14.45 + 17.34x+ 15x =480
43.12x = 451.1
x= 10.44 m.
3x= 31.32m.

@ Volume between sta. 1 + 100 and 1+ 200:

CD Compute the area of station 1+040..

. ® Find the $re8 of sfallon 1 + 100, . '.
@Oelermine lhediff. in volume of cutand·fift
using end area melhod~ . .

Solution:
CD Area of station 1+ 040:

62.64

Volume by end area:

1/ _ (A, + A2 ) L
VE- 2
1/ _ (100 + 240) (1oo)
VE- 2 1 1
A~= '2(4)1.84 +'2 (1.22) 6.76
VE = 17,000 cu.m.
L 1 1
Cp = 12 (C l . G.1) (D, - D0 +'2(1.22)4.63 +'2(4) 0.42
100 Afill = 11.47 m2
Cp =12 (5.78 - 2.89}(27.34 - 93.52)
100 @ Area of station 1+ 100:
Cp =12 (2.89) (- 66.18)
Cp =,- 15.94 cu.m.

Corrected volume:
V= VE - Vp
V= 17,000· (-1594)
V= 18,594 cU.m.
 S-411

URr....IS

1 1 Solution:
Acut ="2 (4.5) 0.98 +"2 (3.05) 5.48 CD Value of x:.
1 1
+ "2 (3.05 5 + 2" (4.5) 0.5
~3.7
Acut = 19.31 m2
r-=-!~~-_~I ".,.. .2......5""""'~;;.,;.;;;;~'-r-
I
I

@ Diff. in volume of cut and fill using end 0.8:

I
area method: I

x=3+1.8
x=4.B

® Area offill:
Area offill = 2.5 (D.8)
2
Area of fill = 1.0 m2
1.22 _ 1.22 + 3.05
x - 60 @ Area of cut:
x=17.14 . Area of cut = 3 (1.8)
6O-x=42.86 2
D+ 19.31 Area of cut = 2.7 m2
Vcut = 2 (42.86)

. Vcut =413.18m3
11.47+0
VRlI = 2 (17.14)

VRlI = 98.3 m3 The following is a set of nOtes. of an

Diff. = 315.51 m3 earthworks of a roadcQr'istrtlctitinwhich' is'
underfal(en by the BureauofPubilcWOl'I<$. '., .
:-' " _,.,:- 'c-.'.: . . :-.: -,-.,-.-:,-.'.-"'-'-"_:'-':-:':'.-:'.:-<:'::-::::::<:>':'::::-::::::>~>::':::::

StaliooCross$4!CllOn . .... .".

Jt02O •.•.. ~~••.. ~••..,. +~:~~~>~' .•.

Given the folloWing section of an earthworks
for a proposed road conslruct!t>n ana hiUy
portion of the route. The width of the fOadbase
for cutis 6 m. for alklwance of d~lnage canals
and 5 m. fbffin. Sideulopes rot cut is 1:1 and
for fill is 1.5:1. .

3.7 0 . x
-0.8 + 1.8

CD Compute the value of x.

® Compute the· atealn fill.
@ Compute the area in cut.
5-412

EARTHWOIIIS

Solution: Assume a level section with an average value

CD Area section f + 020: of cut and fill for each stretch.

CD Determine the volume of cut.

,, ® Determine the volume of fill.
3.0: @ If the shrinkage factor is 1.2. determine the
: volume borrow or waste.
t--- ;;i---..+--4.S---I-----4.5-1-;--;.l

- 4(4.5) (4 + 2)(4.5) Solution:

A1- 2 + 2
Average depth of cut:
(2 + 1.5){4.5) ~
+ 2 + 2
A1 = 31.50 m2
® Area of section 1 + 040:

- 7800
C - 850
C=9.18m.

Average depth of fill:

_~ (5 + 4)(4.5) (4 + 2)(4.5) 2(4.5) 8500
A2- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 f= 1200
A2 = 45.75m2 f= 7.08
@ VOlUme between stations:
(A 1 + A2) L 1-----37.54.------1
V= 2
V- (31.50 + 45.75)(20)
- 2
V= 772.5 m3

Side slope =1.5 : 1 Cut

In determining the position of the balance line
in the profile diagram, a horizontal grade line _ (10 + 37.54) (9.18)
A- 2
is drawn such that the length of the cut is· 850
m. and that of fill is 1200 m. The profile area A = 218.21 sq.m.
between the ground line and the grade line in
the cut is 7800 sj:l.m. while that of fill is 8500
sq.m. If the road bed is 10 m. wide for cut and'
8 meters wide for fill and if the side slope for
cut is 1.5 : 1 while that for fill is 2 : 1.
 S-412-A
EARTHWORKS

CD Volume of cut:
Vc :; 218.21 (850) Solution:
Vc = 185,500 cU.m.

(1) Slope of the new road:

Side slope = 2 : 1 Fill Slope = ~.~ = 0.016

_ (8 + 36.32) (7.08) (2) Distance in which the fill is extended:

A-. 2
0.048x = 1.2 + 0.016(50 - x)
A = 156.89sq.m. 0.064x'= 2
x = 31.25
(2) Volume of fill:
V, = 156.89 (1200) @ Stationing of the point where the fill is
V, = 188,000 cU.m. extended:
Sta. = (7 + 110) + (31.25)
Sta. = 71 + 141.25
@ Volume of borrow:
Vol. of borrow == 188000 (1.2) - 185500
Vol. of borrow =40100 cU.m.

428-A CE Board May 200
,h>i/'C;':;>:$"'''''' "kM.',"o/.. }·'·h';'>N'
The center height of the road at sta. 7 + 110 is
2 m. fill while at sta. 7 + 160 it is 12 m. cut.
From sta. 7 + 110 to the other station the
ground makes a uniform slope of 4.8%.
(I) Compute the slope of the new road.
@ Find the distance in meters from station
7 + 110 in which the fill is extended.
@ Compute the stationing of the point where
the fill is extended.
At station 95 + 220, the center height of the
",<' ,,' ",."•., .. " '«l;< road is 4.5 m. cut, while at station 95 + 300, it
is 2.6 m. fill. The ground betweens!ation
95 + 220 to the other station has a uniform
slope of - 6%.
CD What is the grade of the road?
(2)How far in meters, from station 95 + 300
toward station 95 + 220 will the filling
extend?
@ At what station will the filling extend.
 S-412-B
EARTHWORKS

Solution:
CD Grade of road
From station 0 + 040, with center height of
1.40 m. fill, the ground line makes a uniform
slope of 5% to station 0 + 100, whose center
height is 2.80 m. cut. Assume both sections to
be fevel sections with side slopes of 2 : 1 for
fill and 1.5 : 1 for cut.

<D Find the grade of the finished road

surface.
(2) Find the area at each station.
® By end area method, find the amount of
cut and fill.
Slope of road = 2.3 @ Between these two stations, is it borrow or
80 waste?
Slope of road =0.02875 say 0.029 Roadway for fill is 9.00 m. and for cut it is
10.00 m.

(2) Distance from 95 + 300 where filling will

extend:
Solution:
CD Slope of roadway:

0.029(80 - x) + 0.30 =0.06x

0.089x = 0.029(80) + 0.30
x = 29.44 m.
- 1.20
Slope of roadway =. 60 . .
® Station where filling extend:
(95 + 300) - (29.44) = 95 + 270.56 Slope of roadway =. 2% (downward)
 S·413

EARTHWORKS

@ Area at each station: 1.40-0.02 x = 0.05 x

0.07 x= 1.40
x= 20
6O·x=40

L
Vol. of fill =2(A 1 + A2)
Station 0 + 040
20
1--------18.40-------1 Vol. offiH ="2 (16.52 + 0)

Vol. of fill = 165.20 cU.m.

L
~--+--lOl--t--4 Vol. of cut =2(A 1 + A2)
Station 0 +100
40
Vol. of cut = "2 (39.76 + 0)
_ (14.60 + 9) (1.40)
A- 2 Vol. of cut = 795.20 cU.m.
A= 16.52 sq.m. (fill)
_ (10 + 18.40) (2.8)
A- 2
A = 39.76 sq.m. (cut) @ Since the volume of cut is excessive than
the volume of fil" it is then necessary to
throw the excess volume of cut as waste
@ Volumes of cut and fill:
by an amount equal to
795.20-165.20 = 63.00 cU.m.
S-414

EARTHWORKS

@ Area ofsection 0 + 040;

The following data are the cross section notes

r----·--
I
1.5 x 0

I
I
at station 0 + 020 and 0 + 040. The natural
ground slope is almost even. I
Xi
I

Base width
Cut = 9m.
Side slope
Cut=1:1
I
I
!
FiII=8m. Fill =1.5 : 1 I
~ __x_
Station 0 + 020 8 - 1.5x + 8
? +3.0 +1.5 0 8x = 3x + 16
? 4.5 0 0 5x= 16
x= 3.2
Station 0 + 040 A - 3.2 (8)
? - 2.0 -1.0 0 - 2
? 4 0 0 A = 12.8 m2 (fill)

CD Compute the area of section 0 + 020. @ Volume of borrow or waste:

@ Compute the area of section 0 + 040.
@ Compute the volume of borrow or waste
from station 0 + 020 and 0 + 040
assuming shrinkage factor of 1.20.

Solution: 1.5 1.0

CD Area of section 0 + 020: x·= 20·x
x = 30 ·1.5x
2.5x = 30
x= 12
20 - x= 8
(A 1 + A2l L
Vol. of cut = 2
III f _ (20.25 + 0) (12)
va. a cut - 2'
Vol. ofcut= 121.5 m3
(A 1 + A2l L (1.20)
1.5 h Vol. of fill =. 2
4.5 =h+ 9
4.5h = 1.5h + 13.5 Vol. of fill = (12.8 + 0!(8)(1.20)
h=4.5
Vol. of fill =61 .44 m3
A - 4.5 (9)
- 2
A = 20.25 m2 (cut)
Vol. of waste =121.5 - 61.44
Vol. of waste =60.06 m3
 S-415

EARTHWORKS

In a 20 meter road stretch, the following crOSS7

section of the existing ground and
corresponding subgrade cross-section notes
were taken.
1
Existing Ground Cross Sections A1 = '2 [6(- 5.5) + 7(1) + 18(2)+ 12(1) + 4(0)
+ 0(- 1) + (-S){- 2) + (-16.5){-5.5)
Sections Left Center Right
o ~2 -1 o 1 2 1 + (- 7)(- 5) + (- 6)(- 5)]
10 + 280 16.5 9 5 o 4 12 "18
- [- 5(7} + 18(- 5.5) + 1(12) + 2(4) + 1(0)
-3 -2
10 +300 13.5 10
1 1 1 0 - 1.5 + 0(- 5) + (- 1)(- 9) +- (- 2){-16.5) +0(- 7)
7 o 5 917
+ (- 6)(- 5.5) + (- 5){6)]

Subgrade Cross Sections

1
A1 ='2 [(247.75) - (- 69)]
Sections Left Center Right
A1 =158.375 sq.m.
o -5.5 -5 -5 - 5 - 5.5 1
10 +280 16.5 -7- 6 o 6-7-"18
@ Area at station 10 + 300:
- 3 - 7.5 - 7 -7 -7 - 7.5 - 1.5
10 + 300 13.5 -7- 6 o 6-7-"17

CD Compute the cross sectional area at

station 10 +280.
@ Compute the cross sectional area at
station 10 + 300. (1.-1.5)
(-7,-7.."i)
@ Compute the volume between the two
stations.

Solution:
(1) Area of station 10 + 280:
A =.1. [~ x2 ~~ Xs x6 X7 ~ Xg x10:U~ ]
1
2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Y6 Y7 Ya yg Y10 Y11 Y1
A = 1. [2.-_7_. 18 QiQ:1.:1- 16 .5 ...:L.:!2.- ]
1 2 - 5 - 5.5 1 2 1 0 - 1 - 9 0 - 55 • 5 - 5
 I.
5-416

fIIT. . .

1 Q)Coinp!JltJJI)$~~9fc~t~1isla~(Jff
A2 =:2 [6(. 7.5) +7(-1.5) +(17(3) + 9(1) + 5(1)
+(- 7)(- 2) +(. 10X· 3) +(-13.5* 7.5)
+(- 7)(- 7) +(- 6X-7)]
- [7(- 7) + (17)(- 7.5) +9(·1.5) +0(5) + 1(- 7)
+ 1(-10) +(- 2X-13.5) +(- 3)(- 7)
+(- 6)(- 7.5) + (- 7)(6)1
1
A2 =:2 [(194.75)- (-156)}
A2 = 175.375 sq.m.
'19f040. / , > •.•..••.•••••••.••.•••..•..••••..••••..•••.••••••.•.••.•......•.
®.. . 4~mPllte.~tl • ~llffl'l~ • 9f•• ~t.~t • $tatiO~
10tQ60' <
@•• ·.ewnPUt~.f~~.%llJffiff.Qf.!)C)1'I'9wor.~ti~~
frl)lll·••. $:latjon • • 111•• f.~P.to.10 • •.• f(laO·.
.glfI$kt~_li!I:l~~gorQf~$~4. .'
Solution:.
ill .Area of cut at station 10+ 040:

@ Volume between two stations: A1 =1 [!t!2.!.l~~!6.!.L!t]

L 2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Ys Y7 Y1
V=2(A1 +A;il
fQ - 7.5 - 5 - 3 3 5 8.3 0]
20
V= 2"(158.375+ 175.375) 2A1 = LOo -2.5-2 -2 -2.5 0.820
V = 3,337.50 CU.tn. (10,1)

2 A1 =[0(0) + (. 7.5X- 2.5) +(- 5X- 2) +(- 3X- 2)

+3(- 2.5) +5(0,82) +8.3(0)]
- [0(- 7.5) + 0(- 5) + (- 2.5X- 3) +(- 2)(3)
+(- 2)(5) + (- 2.5X8.3) +(0.82XO)]

2 A1 = [(31.35) - (- 29.25)]
2A 1 =60.60
A1 = 30.30 sq.m.(cut)

@ Area(){cut· at sfa, to+{)6();

A2 =1 [!t~!.l&~~!t]
2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Ys Y1
0 3 -3 - 8.1 - 5 - 2 0]
2A2 = [OO.50.5-0.8:-2~O
2 ~ = (0(0.5) +3(0.5) +(- 3X- 0.80) +(- 8.1)(- 2) Volume of cut from station 10 + 060 to
+(- 5X- 1.5) +(- 2XO») 10+080
- (0(3) +0.5(- 3} +(0.5)(- 8.1) +(- O.BO)(- 5} L
V2 ='2(A,+A2l
+(- 2X- 2) + (-1.5}(0»)
" _ 20 (1.70 +0)
V2- 2
2A2 =27.60 - 2.45
V2 = 17 cu.m. (cut)
A2 = 12.575 sq.m. (fill)

Area olcut: Volume of fiff from station 10 + 040

10+ 060
A =1 [~~.&~~]
3 2 111 Y2 Y3 Y4 Yl L
V, =:2 (A, +A2l
L3 56.45 3]
2A3 = lQ501.41 0.5
2 A3 =[3(0} +5(1.4) +6.4(1) +5(0.5»)
v, -20 (0 +212.575)
1/ _

- [0.5(5) +0(6.4) + 1.4(5} +1(3)) Vl = 125.75 cu.m. (fiU)

2 A3 = 15.9 -12.5
2 A3 = 3.4 Volume of fiff from station 10 + 060 to
A3 = 1.70sq.m. (cut) 10+ 080
L
@ Volume ofborrow or waste: V2 =:2 (A l + A2l
Considering station 1 + 080
. . V = 20 (12.57i +25.40)
1 rO 5 8.5 3 - 3 - 9 - 6 - 2 Ql 2
A4 ='2LO 0.5 0.151.51.5 o::-t5::-t5Q.J
V2 =379.75 cu.m. (fiU)
(-3.15) (0.1.5) (3.15)

Total volume ofcut = 320 + 17

Tota/volumeof cut = 337 CU.m.

Total volume offill = 125.75 + 379.75

2 ~= [(0(5)+5(0.1Sf+ 8.5(1.5) + 3(1.5) Total volume of fiN ", 505;50 Gllom.
+(0)(- 3) +(- 9X-1.5) +(- 6)(-1.5) + (OX- 2)1
- [0(5) +0.5(8.5) +3(0.15) +(1.5}{- 3) + 1.5(- 9) Volume of fill reqUired from sta. 10 + 040 to
+0(. 6) +(- 2X-1.5) + (0)(-1.5)1 10+ 080
Vol. offill =505.50 (1.25)
2 A4 =40.5 + 10.3
A4 =25.40 sq.m. (fill) Vol. offill = 631.875 m3

Volume of cut from station 10 + 040, to Therefore there is a need of borrow since
10 + 060 vol. of fill is greater than that of the volume
L of cuI.
V, ='2 (A 1 +A2)
Va. ofborrow = 631.875 -337
_20 (30.30 + 1.70)
V1- . 2 Vol. ofborrow = 294.875 fn3
V1 =320 cU.m. (cut)
 S-418

URTHWORIS

A = (10 + ~.412) (11.603)

A= 385.29
.[h$•• cenl~r#ne • • Qf•• a.·.·prl:lP05ed • toad·•• crOSs
~~c,Uon9fOss~a,stn~llvalleYbelweE!rt
s~l~on • • 10•• t.p??.(ele'9li~tI • 12~'()O • m·)·.~M· ® Vol. offill from (10 + 022) fo (10 + 037)
$tatjonJQ",qaO(elev~llOn1Z2.5Qm.l.The
• Sfationing.at•• th~·txlttom(it • tte.• valley.• iS•• 10 •+ V= (A1 +0) (15)
2
·.037•• •.•.• •.• . (el~v.. l11.2rn.),.The.grade.line .of.fhe· V= (385.29 + OJ (15)
·prqpOsedroagPa#e$.lI'ie·.grOUlld·POinls 3t.lhe
2
edges()f~viJl~Y{$ta·Wt022)an(t \(10
t.~}l!nl.tme~llqn.~ttlny.ofthese.slation$··· V= 2890m3
ate~hree}evel$et66n~.Wldthof toad base;;:
.1Qm·.·lNjtryside~qpeof.?;1~ ••.• Assume•• that.the ® Vol. offill from (10 + 037) fo (10 + 060)
.~!l'~.qM~yaij.eY·.~'9pe.·qlreetlytq.the • lowest
poiIltftofutfleedgM' .. V= (385.29 +0)(23)
2
Q).• Find the .cross si!ctiollal area of fiU at V= 4431 m3
.••••..• statiOO·1Q+63f ..
@}Compute thevolumtt of fiU from station
• {11)H)22}~(10+ 037)· . ... .
® Compijte tIleVQtume of flU from station {10
+03mQ{1ll+000l. . .. .

The location' survey Qf thllproposed road

passes lhrough srough terrain; and crosses a
small valley between two points along the
. center line of the proposed road: One of the
points is at station 40 +536.00 al1d at
elevation (150.42 m.), the other point is at
station 40 + 584.00anl:L ·at . elevation
ELJ1I.2
(149.82 m,). The iowestpoinl~t the bottom of
fbe valley is 23 m. from the highest point arrd
has an elevaUonof its bottom equal to
140:64m. The road ~sesthr'OOglt these
three points. All sections an this proposed
roadway are three level sections having a
width of roadway equal to 12 m. with side
slape of 1.5 : 1. Assume shtlnkage factor to be
1.30. .
Solution: CD Compute the cross sectional area at
CD Area of fill af 10 + 037
station 40 + 559.
L_O.5
15 - 38 @ Compute the volume of fill needed starting
from the highest point of road to the lowest
y=0.197 point of the valley. .
f+ y= 123 -111.2 Compute the volume of fill needed from
f = 123 - 111.2 - 0.197 station 40 + 559 to 40 + 584. .
'f= 11.603
 8-419

Solution:
CD Cross sectional area at 40 + 559:

EL 140.64.

Q).. ~%rlte • •the•• •VOlum1•• • US~g.· • ~~~fI1~1

® C0Jl'lP'*~.th~Yol~l:lllSinsF;tI<J~l'l$.·~h
Prisnl6ld~llffilt~lftln'i«i
L_O.6
23 - 48 .®.. . CqmP~ • ~~e.x~l1llle • usill9l;tld~W~.~h·.
······ClJrv~hlrf!.r.ol'ffl«io~iflhtlrOcidlsl:irt~~'
y=O.29 ClJr":eWhiCh• • turo$wthe.right~ittl.·.·lfI~
giv¢h¢t~$S$e¢ti()illh ..... .
f = 150.42 • 0.29·140.64
f=9.49 m. Solution:
CD Volume using Prismoidal Formula:
Area =(12 +40.47) (9.49)
2
Area =248.97 m2

® Volume offillfrom 40 + 536 to 40 + 559:

V= (0 +248.97) (23) (1.30)
2 @ STA5. +000
V= 3722.10 m3

@ Volume of fill from (40 + 559 to 40 + 584):

V=(0 +248.97) (25) (1.30)
2
V= 4045.76 m3 ® STAS +020
8-420

Use average values of dimensions of AI

and A2 Am (mid-section) As, =A, - [5 (1:.5) + ~l (2)

!Q@ §(ill ~ §@
As, = 150:25 • 85.5
A, = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 As, =64.75 m2
1
A, = 150.25 m2 e'=3 0 ,
6(14) 7(41) 7(17.25) ~ 44.5
~= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
e'=3
A2 =259.375 m2 e, = 14.83 (positive the excess area is
_ 12(6) ~ 6(15.375) 3.75(6) away from the center ofcurve)
Am - 2 + 2 ~ 2 + 2
Am =201.375 m2

L
Vol. =6(A, + 4Am + A2)

Vel - ~o [150.25 + 4(201.375) + 259,375]

Vol. = 4050,42cu.m.
_ [7 (17.25)· 6 (4.5)] (2)
A"2- Ar 2 + 2
@ Volume by End area with PrismoidaJ As2 = 259.375 - 147.75
Correction:
AS2 =111.625 m2
Va. = VE- Vp
v; - (A, + A,) L ~=~.
E- 2
58.25
_ (150.25 + 259.375) (20) 92=-
VE- . 2 3
e2 = 19.42 (positive)
VE =4096.25 m3
Vol. = VE + Vc
L L
Vp =12 (C, - ~ (0, • D-J Vc = 2R(As, e1 +AS2e2)
20 - 1145.916
Vp = 12!(5 • 7) (44.5 - 58.25)] R- 0
.. '1140.916'
Vp =45.83 m3 R
- - 6- -
R= 190.99 m.
Va. = VE - Vp
Vol. =4096.25 • 45.83 Vc 2 (1~~.99) [64.75(14.83) + 111.625(19.42)]
Vol. = 4050.42 m3 Vc =163.78 m3
II _ (A 1 + A2) L
@ Volume with curvature correction: VE- 2
II (150.25 =259.375) (20)
_
VE- 2
VE =4096.25 m3

Vol.=VE+Vc
Vol. =4096.25 + 163.78
Vol. = 4260.03 m3
 8-421

h,-hl _1-
2hL + 12 +2h, -12
9·h/ _1
2hL + 12 + 18 - 6
54-6hL =2hL +30
.
BhL =24
hL =3m.
,. .,
:
...,
..
.. ..
... .
~
• '7
--, ?

<D•.• •ComPuw•• the • volullle • ti~1\¥een • thelWp Al =(3+9)(36)_~_~

2 2 2
·".,.,$taticln~.·lJSlogPnsOl?k1alfort1'IlI~, ....•,.,. • ,•.,•..,.•.•.• ',
®····q(linPute..• • tht~ • ·•• Pri§ml)@ll • • • (:()rt~CtjP" Al =126 m2
"•.• • belWee(llh~lWo. slati()OsJh.CU,m.• \ . •.",•••.••.,•.••.•••••••
®.·•.• CQmputelhe.culVaturecorrectjC)".~Il.· STA5+ 140
the tvl0~ta~0l"is..W.ther(Ja~j~.0l"i.a • 5de9((!e
~!Ve.Which.tums ,tQlhe.right.Qf.
s®t1OMi6cu,m. . . • ~·.¢m~ .
Solution:
CD Volume using Prismoidal formula:
STA 5+ 040

~_1-
12 + 2h, -12
6h,. 36 = 12 + 2h,
4h,=48
h,= 12
hr - hi' _1-
2hL + 12 + 2h, -12
12·h/ _1
h -4 2 2hL + 12 + 24 - 6
~=-
12 +2h, 12 72- 6hL =2hL + 36
6h,- 24 =12 + 2h, 8hL =36
4h,= 36 hL =4.5
h,= 9 m.
S-422

1
e, =3" (O,)

e, =3"1 (36)
e, =• 12 (neg. towards the center of cUNe)
A =(4.5 + 12}(45}.~.~
2 222
A2 =206.75 m2

A~ =206.75 • [6 (~.5) +7 (~5)] (2)

AS2 = 74.75 m2
Am (mid· section) 1
~=3"D:!
A = (3.75 + 10.5)(40.5}. 7.5(3.75}. 21(10.5} 1
m 2 2 2 6:! =3" (45)
Am = 164.25 m2• ~ =-15 (neg. toward$ the center of ClJNe)

L - 1145.916
Vol. =6(A, + 4Am +A2) R- 0
100
Va. ::"6 [126 + 4(164.25) + 206.75] R= 11~916=229m.
. Va. = 16495.83 m3 L
Vc =2R (As, e, + As2 ~)
<il Prismoidal correction: 100
L Vc =2 (229) [(48)(- 12} + 74.75 (- 15))
Vp = 12 (C, . Cz) (0, • ~
Vc =• 370.58 m3
100
Vp =.12[~5·~(~:45))
Vp = 150m3
@ CUNature correction:

As, = 126. [~+ 5 (~2)] (2)

As, =48m2
 5-423

w•• comPllt~ • • .t6&VQ1t!~ .• ~• • mt.lW(f

$tatl<lI1~l.lSillggnsll'\Oic!~lfOfJTlll~;>« ••••
®•• ComJll1t~tb~ • • vqtplJle • PeM'eenffiK.W&
. .··$tatiOf!:;ifJsil1lJ.~lldareaWilhPfj$ITlQi<l~
CQIT~..<
tije/VoflJrrffl • •bAAveen • ttJ¢ • ~·
@ ••••• QomPt!te • •
stalions.if··tbe··roag.js.oll.a•• cUfV~~~ich-
. tllf~ •.·.to •.• lh~ • I~ft· •. Wllh•• ·tb~ •.• giVI:\tl • (1{~$$·
.$~$itithli$·liI·fEldittsQf.200rrk< ..
Solution:
G) VoIiJme by Prismoidal Formula: Am section
I·
,
I Note: Use average dimensions of
2.3: I
sla. 1 + 020 and 1 + 040
: ,:1.0
_2.15(3) 1.35(6.225) ~. 3(1.8L
f;;;-614.~B_n_l--B_n-4.5I--~l Am- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
Am = 13.974 m2
,, L
I Vol. =6(A 1 + 4Am + A2)
2.3:,
,, Vol. = ~ [(13.1625) +4(13.974) + 14.64)
[;~;~-31~..l..- Vol. =279",3
STATION 1+4J20

STA 1 +020 @ Volume by end area with Prismoidal

correction:
B
2" + 2.3S = 6.45
B
2" + S=4.5
1.3S= 1.95
S= 1.5
B .
2"+ 1.5 =4.5 ,,
B=6m. ,
I
,
:2.6
- 2.3(3) 1.5(6.45) 1.5(4.5) M!l ,,,
A1- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
A1 = 13.1625 m2 _ _ _--+-3-.+.-----;.~
STA1+040
,. \I _ (A 1 + A2) L
=-~'}
-",,~C.Y(tT/
,
:
,
VE- 2
,:2.6
,
11_ (13.1625 + 14.64) (20)
VE- 2
--+-__
3---61; -- ;F3 VE = 278.025 m3
8-424

L 1
Vp :: 12 (C, - ~ (0, - ~ &2 :: 3' (12.90)
20 . &2 :: +4.3 (positive away from
Vp :: 12 ((1.5 -1.2) (10.95 -12.90)1
center ofcurve)
Vp :: - 0.975 m3 L
Vc :: 2R (As, e, + AS2 ~)
Vcp :: VE-lip 20
Vcp :: 278.025 - (- 0.975) Vc :: 2(200) [3.4125(- 3.65) + 1.44(4.3)]
Vcp :: 279m3 Vc :: - 0.313 m3
@ Volume by end area with curvature V:: VE+ Vc
correction: V:: 278.025 + (- 0.313)
V:: 277.712 m3

~_:"1i:iltl
'The earthWQrtsdata of a propciSedhlpClYis

===~~c,.c·
----D,slO.95l---

... " t+498,0:3artd 2... 94S,@·· .•. • .

As, :: 13.1625 _[!3)J1) + 1.5 ~4.5)] (2) Stationing of limitsm free haul ••.. . ..• .•..
As, :: 3.4125 Free=h~:I~~~:~~~~3~ 12 . . .
1
e, :: '3 (10.95) AsSume fhegmundsurface to be unifoonly .
. sloping. . .
a, :: - 3.65 (neg. towards the renter of cUNej
STAnON. -:-------,

G).];:~ . Q'l¢rbau4'lol1!!D~'.'.'
® COl1lJlut~~Mvolu~Qfw~st~.
@ COInpuletttevolume of-borrow.
Solution:
G) Overhaul volume:

As.1 :: 14.64 - [(3J1"J+ 1.l}69(2)

"As.1 :: 1.44
 8-425

h 50 SoIuIioIf:
26.88 =300 (j) Urrit of economical /J8UI:
h=4.48
a SO
241.97 =300
a =40.33
Overhaul voIll718 - (4.48 + 40.33) (215.09)
- 2
C,C FHD'
Overhaul volume =4819.10 m3 LEft :: en +

@ Volume of waste:
l.EH =42.0 @J} + 50
21
V:: (40.33 + SO) (58.03) LEH::.lI'L
2
@ Free haufvolum.:
V = 2620.92 m3 h 41.13
x=~1.97
@ Volume of borrow: h= O.17x
C 70 47.85 _-L
208.03 = 300 208.03 - SO - l
C=48.54 y= 0.23 (SO- x)
\ I I Alb _ (48.54 + 70) (91.97) hX_~
vo. UI onow-. 2 2- 2
Vol. of borrow = 5451.06 m3 0.17~ :: 0.23 'SO - xi
2 2
O.86x=50-x
x=26.88
5O-x=23.12
hx
FrH haul volume ='2
The giv~n data off a proposed M<lt'l~ - Cavite h = 0.17 (26.88)
Coastal road is tabulated below. Thetrae tia~ h=4.57
distance is 50 m. andth~ cost of borrOW 1$ y=O.23 (23.12)
P420 per cu.ffl.'\oostof~is-P.350per. y= 5.32
CU.m. and the cost of haul Is P21 perineter
station. The ground sutface is assume to be'
'i
Fret haul val. =4.57 6 .88}
uniformly sloping. Free haul 't'd z 11.42 cu.m.
@ Overhaul voIum8:

10+ 160
10 +401.97
10+610

CD Compute the limit of economical haul. '.

ct Compute the free haUl volume. - (41.13 +•. 57) (215.09)
V,- 2
@ Compute the overhaul volume.
V1 =4915""
 5-426

EARTHWORKS

The!following data are results of the earthwork

computations of areas, free haul distance and
limits of economical haul by analytical
solution instead of graphical solution (mass
di39ratns). iM cross sectional area at station
1 +460 is40sq.m. in fill and at stanon 2 + 060 Overhaul volume
the cross sectional area is 60 sq,m. in cat.
The- balancing point is at slation 1 +- 760 where
+t
=(4.494 o.452 ) (179.79)
area Is equal ro zero, Assume the· ground =4040cu.m.
surface to be sloping upward unifomlly from'
station 1 + 460 to f + '760 and then with @ Volume of waste:
sflghtlysteeper slope to 2 + .060. Assume fr~ V J40.45~ + 60) (97.74)
.hau/distanCe ;: 50 m. and limitofecbfiomical
MLiI;:;4$Om. '. .... , V=4909
Stafloning of lhelimits offree haul distance .
;:; (1 +732.47) and (1+ 782.47) . ® Volume of bofTOW:
StatiOning the ijmits of economiCal haul V = (40 + ;3.032) (52.26)
, =(1 + 512.26) and (1 + 962.26)
V = 1908 cU.m.
(DOIHe@in~tbeoverhaut vOlume.
.~.· • !¥tel1tlinethev0k.lmeafwaste,
@ [)e(eI'fuine1lJevoliJineofborfuw~

Solution:
CD Overhaul volume: Here under' shows a table of quantities' of
earthworks ofa proposed Highway to conned
Sago City and Danao City, The length of the
free haul distance is specified 10 be 50 m. long
and the limit of economical haul is 462,76
long. Assume the ground surface to be slOping
uniforrtlly.

Cut Fill .

10 + 020 80.00 lnitialooirll

x 40 110 +"115.65 54.57 Umltof
27.53 =300 economical haul
x=3.67 10+ 297,92 5.90 L1mitoffteehalll
o
i47=~ 10 + 320
10 + 347.92
Bafanclnoooint
. 4.60 Limit offree haul
y=4.494 10 + 578.41 43.15 Umitof
a 40 economical haul
220.21 =300 10 + 620 50.00 End ooinl
a =29.36
b 60 (D Compute the overhaul volume.
179.79 =300 @ Compute the volume ofbofTow.
6'=35.958 ® Compute the volume of waste.
 S-427

Solution: Solution:
CD Ovemaul volume: CD Umit of economical haul:
LEH = fb..f + FHD
Cb
LEH = 6~;~) + 50
LEH=450m.

® Stationing of limits of freehaul distance:

(54.57 +5.00) (182.27)

Overhaul volume = 2
Ovemaul volume = 5510.93 m3

tID Volume of bOfrow:

""-" (SO +43.15) (41.59)
~~me 01 ~/UW= 2
!!..28.6
Volume ofborrow = 1937.05 m3 x- 200
h=OJ43x
@ Volume of waste: ....L_~
" I f~"" (80 +54.57) (95.65) SO-x-250
vo,ume 0 W"",8 = 2
y= 0.08 (SO· x)
Volume of waste = 6435.61 m3
Vol. of excavation = Vol. of embankment
hX_~
2- 2
0.143 x (x) _ 0.08 (SO - x) (SO - x)
2 - 2
The profile of the ground surface along which 0.143'; =0.08 (50 - x)2
the center line of the rQadWay issJoping 0.378 x = 0.283 (SO - x)
unifOrmly al acertaiJfgrade. At sta.5 '" 400 ih~ 50-x=133697x
cross sectional area is 20.89 I'nL in fill and the x= 21.40 m.
finished roadway slopes upward producing a
cross sectional area of 28.6 m2 In cut at station Limits offreehaul distance
5 + 850 The stationing of the balancing point
= (5 +650) +21.40
isS +650.
=5 +671.40
Free haul distance =SOm.
Cost of haul. =PO.20p¢fmeter$tatioo =(5+671.40)-50
Cost of borrow =P4 perro.m. =5 +621.40

CD Computethelimltof economicalhauL limIts of freehaul distance

@ Compute the stationing of the limits of = 5 + 671.40 and 5 + 621.40
freehautdistance.
@ Compute the freehaul volume.
S-428

EARTHWORIS

@ Freehaul volume: Solution:

hx CD Overhaul volume:
Freehaul vol. ="2
h = 0.143 (21.4)
h=3.06

c: h I I _3.06 (21.4)
rree au vo. - 2

Freehaul vol. =32.74 m3

"".' rha I vol (3.845 + 40.18)(180)

vv8 U ume=2
Overhaul volume = 3962.25
® Volume ofwa$fe = (40.18 ~60X98)

Volume of waste = 4908.82 cu.m.

(33+40)52
@ Volume of borrow = 2
Volume of borrow = 1898 cu.m.
 5-429

EARlHWDRIS

CD Volume of waste:
Vol. of waste:: 350 - 200
Vol. of waste:: 150 m'J
@Overl7aul volume:
Overl7aul volume :: 910 • 350
Overl7aul volume :: 560 m3
@ Volume ofborrow:
Volume ofborrow = 350 + 520
Volume of borrow = 870 m3

Solution:

STATION VOLUME Mass Ordinates

10+000 +200 -+-200
10+040 +100 +300
10 +080 +150 +450
10 +120 +140 +590
10 +160 +110 +700
10 +200 +190 +890
10 +240 t50 +940
10 +280 ·40 +900
10 +320 ·120 +780
10 +360 -90 -tti9O
10 +400 -80 +£10
10 +440 . ·200 +410
10 +480 ·220 +190
10 +520 -110 +80 (D•• • ·~~ • lheQ~lJlv~rnelrieu'lll·> • • •.·.•·
~ • • • (»~t~.tbe~~gth(itovt~\lll(lt@te~if
10 +560
10+600
·320
-280
-240
-520
••
·~ ~~:l-r~.~=~(~~~G~~~·············
Solution:
CD Overl7aul volume:

·130

Overhaul volume =600 - 200

Overhaul volume:: 400 m3
 5-430

EARTHWORIS

@ Length of ovemaul:
LEH= Cb C + FHD @ Mass ordinate of inital point of limit of
Ch economical haul:
450 = 500 (20) + 50 Cost of haul:
Ch
Ch = P25 per cU.m. I meter station 171100 = 25 (201.40) Vol. of overhaul
20
Total cost of haul = P105750.OQ
Vol. of overtlaul =680 m3
105750 - 25(L) (400)
- 20
L = 211.50 m. Mass ordinate of inital point of limit of
economical h8uJ •
® Total cost of borrow:
Vol. of borrow = 200 + 130 =800-68G
Vol. of borrow; 330 m3 = 120m3
Cost of borrow = 330 (500)
Cost of borrow = P165,OOO

+800

Th~ • cO$t.of.l)OrroW.pet.Cl.nn·••I$.·A5po.atld.lbe
cq~t.of.bt:lul.~r.m~tel"~tiPl1i$.P25· • 9q$t·.Q(
~~",\)~li® • • i$ • i!PPt9Xki)~teJy • P6~.pElr • CU.m·
me
Th~.·fO*! • bl:lyl•• djstanl:El.ls50••Itl·•• IoIl~ • ~.IKi • -60
leJlgltlm.()~mallli$.~q®I!P.?Qt4Q·tl1< • • lfthe
.mass • ~rgliJ~t~.Of • lh~ini~~.poJtlt • oftM.ftee , o.Vtrhl1M1
m3••.
.~~l1l •. djsmn:C~ •.• j$ .• t80Q • • 'tld•• • ttl~>roa$$ Was"vQlw,",

·oroinates•• l'fthe • ~urnrnit.ma,sS • diagram.fJ'Ql1l

lQt{)(}QJo10+6()Ollre·60I'I'I~alld. 140m3
respecllvely.

$ • • • CQfuputelhe.length.ofeeonomicalhaut
®•• • COItlPot~ • th~lTlass • • otditl~ • of•• lhe.jrlitial
·PQint.. Qf.lhe•• limit.of.ecQtlOItl!cal•. t18ul.lf.the·
• • • total¢()~of.haulih9.jS.P17H~. ® Cost of waste:
® Computethefotalcostofwaste. Cost = 650 (120 + 60)
Solution: Cost = P11T,()(JO
CD Limit of economical haul:
LEH= CbC+ FHD
Ch
LEH = 5O~~20) + 50
LEH=450m.
 S-430-A
EARTHWORKS

@ Length of overhaul:
192000 = 120(400) x
, 20
The following are the data on a simple summit x=80m.
mass diagram.
STA MASS ORDINATE (m3)
0+000 -80
0+ 500 -130
Initial point of limit.of freehaul distance = +600
Inmallimit of economic haul = +200 Using the following notes on cuts and fills and
Freehaul distance = 60 m. a shrinkage factor of 1.25.
limit of economical distance =400 m. (j) Find the. mass ordinate at station 20 + 040.
Cost of haul = P120 per cU.m per meter station. @ Find the mass ordinate at station 20 + 120.
@ Find the mass ordinate at station 20 + 180.
(j) Determine the volume of waste in m3•
@ Determine the volume of borrow in m3.
STATIONS VOLUMES
@ Determine the overhaul volume in cU.m.
CUHm3) FILLim 3)
@ Determine the length of overhaul if the
total cost of hauling is P192,000. 20 + 000 60
20 + 020 70
Solution: 20 + 040 30
20+ 060 110
(j) Volume of waste:
20 + 080 50
20 + 100 50
20 + 120 40
20 + 140 60
20 + 160 20
20 + 180 30
+600 :f---++-P:dU.~!lIbO.,.
solution:
+2oo~--------.f--~=-",=--">'" CD Mass ordinate at station 20 + 040:

0+000-:-{---------\-..:..'0+5oo MASS
STATIONS VOLUMES ORDINATES
-80 CUT CORRECTED FILL
(m'l m'l
-130 20 + 000 1.25 60 =- 75 20 + 000
Volume of waste = 200 + 80 20 + 020
, 1.25 70 =- 87.5 20 + 020
Volume of waste = 280 m3 20 + 040 1.25 30 =- 37.5 20 + 040
20 + 060 110 + 110 20 + 060
@ Volume of borrow: 20 + 080 50 + 80 20 + 080
Volume of borrow = 200 + 130 20 + 100 50 + 50 20 + 100
Volume of borrow = 330 m3 20 + 120 1.2540 =-50 20 + 120
20 + 140 1.25(60\ =- 75 20 + 140
20 + 160 20 -+ 20 20 + 160 I
@ Overhaul volume:
20 + 180 30 -+ 30 20 + 180
Overhaul volume = 600 - 200
Overhaul volume =400 m3
Mass ordinate at station 20 + 040 =- 200
S-430-B
EARTHWORKS

@ Mass ordinate at station 20 + 120 = • 10 @ Overhaul volume:

@ Mass ordinate at station 20 + 180: =·35

2+040
The grading works of a proposed National Borrow

Road shows the following data of an

_h1_=~
earthworks:
208,03 300
h1 =47,85
Free haul distance = 50 m,
Cost of borrow = P5 per cu,m, ~=~
Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station 23,12 300
Stationing of one limit of Free Haul h2 = 5,32
= 2 + 763,12
Stationing of one limit of Economical Haul ~=~
241.97 300
= 2 + 948,03 h3 =41,13
Assume the ground surface has auniform ~=~
slope from cut to fill. 26,88 300
h4 =4,57
STATION AREA
CUT 1m2) FILL 1m2) Overhaul volume = (h 3 + h4 ) (215,09)
2 + 440 51 m2 2
Balancing Overhaul volume = (41,13 + 4,57) (215 ,09)
2 + 740 0 2
Point
3 + 040 69 m2 Overhaul volume = 4915 ~3
Check:
CD Compute the length of economical haul. (h + h )
Vol. = _2_ _ 1 (184,91)
@ Compute the overhaul volume, 2
@ Compute the volume of borrow,
Vol. = (5.32 + 47.85) (184,91)
® Compute the volume of waste,
2
Vol. = 4915m 3
Solution: @ Volume of borrow:
CD Limit'of economical haul:
Vol. of borrow = (47,85 +69) (91 ,97)
LEH = Cb 20 + FHD 2
Ch Vol. of borrow = 5373.35 m3
LEH = 5(20) + 50 ® Volume of waste:
0.25
LEH = 450m. Vol. of waste = (51 + 41.13) (58,03)
2
Vol. of waste = 2673.15 m3
 5·431

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

3.
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Highway Safety and

Accident Analysis

1.
4.

A (100;000;000) .
R~ ADT x N x 365 x L
It; = sum of all time observations
n = no. of vehicles
R = the accident rate for 100 million
d = length of a segment of the road
vehicle miles }Js = sp'ace mean speed
A = the number of accidents during period
of analysis 5.
ADT = average daily traffic
N = time period in years
L = length of segment in miles

2.

d = length of a segment of the road

ti = time of observation
n =no. of vehicles
. '" A (1,000,000)
RADTxNx 365
6.

R =t'Je accident rate for one million

entering vehicles
ADT = the average daily traffic enteririg the
q= KIJ$
intersection from all legs
N =time period in years
q =rate of flow in vehicles/hour
K =density in vehicIes/hourlmile
IJs = space mean speed
5-432

YRI.SPURllnH _ _• •

7. 10.

N(l••. ~fV#l:iC~$""knt
=.VokC!ftratliCm~U(
·.·~V~.~ot .... 1UJtJtr
Average density = no. rX vthiCJts per kml
Spacing of vehicles'" 1~
.ve. ens y
it Jit =time mean speed
Note: 1km= 1000m. Wi = sum of a" spot speeds (kph)
n =no. of vehicles
8.

11.

S = ave. center to center spacing. of CIJfS

in meters
V = ave. speed of cars inmeters
t =reaction time in seconds
L = Length of one car in meters
C - 1000 (V)
- S L 1- =sum of the reciprocal of spot speeds
C = Capacity of a single lane in fJ1
vehicles/hour n =no. of vehicles
fJs = space mean speed
9.

12.

Ht =time headway in sec.

C " capacity in sec.
C __10OOV
- S
K =density of traffic in vehicles/km
. V" average velocity in kptr
S =spacing between cars q = flow of traffic in vehicles/hr
SO' Vt+ L
fJs =space mean speed in kph
t =reaction time in sec.
L =length of one car in meters

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
13.
K = density of traffic in vehicles/km
R = sum of vehicle lengths
1 length of roadway section
14.
as2 = variance about the space mean speed
III = tim€: meas speed
Ils = space mean speed
15.
P.H.F. = peak hour factof
= sum of flow rate in one hour
P.HF
..
max. peak flow rate x 5
5-433
[)at~()natt!lfficaccidentreg6r#dona~~r
irytersectlQnlarthep~$t5y~ars~~~~n
a%liclelllr~t~()fM69p£(rn!mRnentfmn~
vehlclrS(J@MV)·lftneaveragj·ditlty.traffjc
entefing.theinters~!¢n·.IS •. ~Q4;.Md •. ~~e .tplflll
nUlTlbE!r.()fac~idents9urifl9tl'le$YEl(Jrp~riQd.
Solution:
R= A(1000000)
ADT (N)(365)
4160 = A (1000000)
. 504(5)(365)
A= 3826 (number ofaccidents)
Data ona jraffi£accld$Olreeordegona.¢e(tain
IntElrSe911onf()rJhepast4Ye~r,sN~'~(Jn
~ccjdentrateofP~200p~rflljll!on.enterln9
vehicles•• <ARMYJ. • • • • If•• th.e.·.tolal•. numberj)f·
aC9ident~.ls8Qf, • find • the(JyerCl~e • <:I~ny .fI(lf!iS
entering • •lhe • • jnlersecUon • durlng··the·4 .• y~ar
peliOd. .. .
Solution: .
R =A (1,000,000)
ADT(365) N
9200 = 802(1 ,000,(00)
AOT (365) (4)
ADT= 59.71
The•• accjdent.·rate • ata • shaq>. highway••cUTVe
was•• 124D per.·millionpassing·vehicles.·.· .l~the
liist•• ~.years, • there•. had•• been.. 2607.accidents.
What was the averagedailytrafflc?
Solution:
60
_A(1000000)
R - ADT (365) N
1240 = 2607 (10000001
ADT(365)
ADT= 1152
5-434

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Find lheaceldfinl rate at a road intersection per

mlllkm entering vehiCles If the average datly
lrafficis 348 and 1742 accidents had occurr~d
j r. tt,· last 4 years.

.Q/ution:

A (1000000)
R::: ADT (365) N
_l1i2 (1OQooOO)
R - 348 (365)(4)
R= 3429 Solution:
.. fatal +:.!..!inc:.I·U:.LIY--,-__
Seventy ratio - fatal + injury + property damage
21 + 293
Severity ratio =21 + 293 + 961
Severity ratio = 0.246

Solution:

. " fatal + 0.i!:!!y-__ ~

Seventy raTio =fatal + injury +-property damage
Solution:
24 + 324 .. fatal + injl!!YoL _
Severity ratio;:: 9T7 + 23+324 Seventy ratio fatal + injury + property damage
Severity ratio =0.275 13+x+293
0.24863 =13+7+ 293 .;. 961
31501 + 0.24863x =306 +x
0.75137x =901
. x;:: 12
 5-435

TRAISPORTATIOI EIGIIEERIIG

~~ta • ()~·~ffip • I'~~S!!lglhr~Minte~~iol1·

indl!1ate$ • • th~! • ·Y~iCle$.·m9M~ • ata•• $pa!1(t
m~r~I¥lM()f4()fllPh~iefhede!1~lyis22
y~hlcles.p~h9Y~.®rmlle.qptopqtelheffltepf
ftQWlh'll:lbi¢I&$PE!tb®t:.> ".. .. , '..' .

Solution:

q=KJ.ls
q= 22(40)
q = 880 vehicles per hour (rate off/ow)

Solution:
Severity ratio =. . Injury + Fatal
Injury + Fatal + Prop. damage Compute the tate of flow in vehicles per hour if
_ 318+14+(x+y) the space mean speed is 30 mph and the
dens~y is 14 vehicles per km. . .
0.26 - 318 + (14 + x +y) + 1006
_ 332 + (x+ y) Solution:
0.26 - 1338 + (x + y)
347.88 + 0.26 (x + y) = 332 + (x + y) K =14 vehicles per km
0.74 (x + y) = 347.88 - 332 J.ls =30 mph
_ 30 (5280)
x + ;r = 21.46 say 21
J.ls - 3.281 (1000)
J.ls = 48.28 kph

q=KJ.ls
q = 14 (48.28)
q = 675.92vehic/eslhour
HoW·m~hY.~~j¢l$$P~$lhru • ll•• Cerl~IlPointl~
a..• hi~nW~Y.·.~V~ry • • p~yr • • • jf•• • th~ • ·.#W~itY • • • is
.•
~.~~~w!~,.~rQ.~p~~ 'JT1~~Il."~flllf#J • • iS

Solution:
The rate of flow at a point in lhe highway is
q=K~s 1200 vehicles per hour. Find the space mean
_ :> 50000 (3.28) speed if the density is 25 vehicles per mj(e.
q- ~s 5280
~=31.06mph Solution:

q=K~s q = K fJs
q = 48 (31.06) 1200 =25 fJs
q= 1490 fJs = 48 mph
5-436

TRANSPORTAnOI ENGINEERING

t.~,.
tMav~9~ • $PE!~~~ • efv~hiote$ • • i~• a•• sl!l9!e
.~jghW~y.i$§Q.m;¢l!~f~rt9PEmler· • • J'tl~··YQl~m~
{)flt!1ffj~ • ~ • QO()•• v~h[c/e:sp~r.h()ur. . •. Delel1Tl~e
1b¢W~~g~ • s~q.Qt~e • cars.• u~ll~l~i$lare
illkPO·/ ... .....

Solution: Solution:
800
No. of vehicles per hour = 40 Density = 100(J
50
No. of vehicles per hour = 20 (density)
Density = 20

. 0 f ve h'Ie/es = 20
SpaCing 1000
600
Speed of car = 20
Spacing of vehicles = 50 m.
Speed of car = 30 kph

Delerrnine.theltPproPlial~.$pa¢log.9t\lehlcl~s
9~llt~r.toc~nterin • ~·.cerlaill.l<ln~.if.the:ilvefflge
speed·Bflhe•• C?rs • USmS.that>p?rtICUlarlaneis
10kpr~ndtO~'loIUrneoftraffic)~890
Solution: vehiclesPerh(lUt
Solut/cm:
1000
80 = Density
. 1000 No. of vehicles perkm = 8~g
Denslty=80
No. of vehicles per km =20 (average density)
Density = 12.5

. 1000
Vol. offraffic = 12.5 (50) Spacing of vehicles = 20
Vol. of traffic = 625 Spacing of vehicles = 50 m. center to center
 S-437

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

® Capacity of single lane in vehicles/hr:

60000
C= 15.87
Compute the average
speed inkphthat a C = 3781 vehicleslhr
passenger car should travel hfacertaiil
,treeWq¥ if the spaclngofl~e cars moVing in ® Average density in vehicles/km:
the same lane is 40 m, center 10 center. Vel = Vehicles/hr = km
Volume of traffic at this instant is ,2000 . Vehicles/km fr
vehicles per hour. 3781
Vel. = Density
Solution:
Density = 63 vehicles/hr.•
S . f h' I 1000
pacmg 0 ve Ie es = No. of vehicleslkm
40 = 1000
No. of vehicles/km
. 1000
No. of vehicles per km = 40
. ··In•• an•• qbservaijon.p(}st•• sho~s • thaf$V~h1Cles
No. of vehicles per km = 25 P~s •. through.the•• postal.,nlitryal$Of8•• sec,
9•• • sec, • • •10•..•.sec.•••·•. 11 • seP • • ~od • •·13 • • • sec.
~ I .ty vehicles/hr r~~p~jv~ly·ThespeedS(lf ltle ...eblcle~wre
e OCI = vehicles/km
80kph,•• 1~kph.·.70' kpb,.~(}·kp~ • anli50.kph
Velocity = km/hr resp'ectiveJy. . ."
Velocity =2000
25 @i()ornpute.thetirneW='lfj.sp~d,.............i.
Velocity = 80 kph @.• • cgrnputEl•• I~~ • $®q~ • • m~n • • $pe~if.tM.
• 91~ta~~~.1~lbY.!Wl·.¥eri¢lflsjsf5Pm·
@ AtthedenSjt¥of~affi9.1s • 2(lNl~niel~§~f
lffili•• 9PrnPlll~ • • lh~ • f~tfl9f.1I9W.9ftfaffjgm·
vehipl~hdur: ... ... .

Solution:
··th~ • $p~a()fa.car.movingon • asiogl~Jao~.ts
60 kph/lfthelengthoflhecari$4.2in.an~ CD TIme mean speed:
thfl·v!lltlepfthe~tinleis(H.~, . 80+76+70+60+50
f.i.t= 5
(i)•• • ¢9t'i1@!~ • the•• <iVerage.center•• t()centerOf f.i.t = 67.2 kph

1,.1r411~1'!11I1~
~·····~I~ep~e~tage . de~itY • 9f•• ~~tfW • iD
® Space mean speed:
nd
fJ.s= rt
_ 5 (250)
Solution: fJ.s - 8 +9 + 10 + 11 + 13
CD Average center to center spacing of cars:
S=Vt+L fJ.s = 24.51 mls
60000 _ 24.51 (3600)
s:: 3600 (O.?) + 4.2 p·s - 1000
S= 15.87m,
~l" ~ 88.24 kph
5-438

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

@ Rateofflow:
q=Kl-Ls
q = 20 (88.24)
q = 1765 vehicleslhour

·TW/)•• $efs.onltu~ents • ar¢COI~¢I§gtrafllctt1la

~tlW(jS~A~og~.·A;lOd • 13l?t.• ~ • N9~~~Y2OQm·
at>art·•• • ()t)se~tiQn~tp.··~~PW!l~lltSvehiCl~
P~~$ • ·II'I<lt.$~9~9r • m• •I~t~l\'al~Rf~o18·.~~q,
9p9.5e¢.•• 1{1,23~c, .• 11.~~sElc,~n(ll~;64S@;
r~~~ctively .•• lf.II}~·.$~9.of.~.··¥eftfcl~$,~e
8(},72i64'~;:Ind48kPl'lresj:lec;tiv~ly; ..'

GP••·•• cmnMte;thedeoslly.hf.trafflclnvehicles
p~r~R1·< Solution:
~)., compu~tfiliurnemearspaedillkph. '.• CD Space mean speed:
@ •C911lP\ile!tlesPacemeailspeedirlkpt"
1:S
I-Ls=nT
Solution: 88+86+83+82
CD Density of traffic: I-Ls = 4(3)
5
K=-(1OO) I-Ls = 28.25 m/s
200
K = 25 vehicleslkm. I-Ls = 101.7 kph

@ Time mean speed: @ Flow of traffic:

80+72+64+56+48
I-Lt= 5 q =4 (3600)
3.
I-Lt= 64 kph q =4800 vehicles/hr.

@ Space mean speed: @ Density of traffic:

nd
I-Ls = It q=,usK
5 (200) 4800 = 101.7 K
I-Ls =8.18 +9.09 + 10.23 + 11.68 + 13.64 K = 47 vehicles/km
fls = 18.93 m/s
=18.93 (3600)
I-Ls 1000
f1.s = 68.16 kph
 5-439

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Solution:

"L,d/t n=5
J1t=-n- d=1 km
.. 1 1 1 1 1
96"+"72 +90+102+108
J1t= 5
J1t = 0.0108 km/sec.
.
.
J1t =0.0108(3600)
J1t = 39.23 kph

Solution:

nd
Space mean speed J1s = lJ

n = 4 vehicles
. d::one.km

_ 4(1)
J1s - 1.6 +1.2 + 1.5 + 1.7
J1s = 0.667 km/min.
J1s = 0.667(60)
J1s=40kph

Solution:

5
J1s = 1 1 1. 1 1
-+-+-+--+-
34.20 42.40 46.30 41.10 43.40
fls = 41.05 kph
S-440

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Solution:
LS
J1s=(jf
From tbefoUowingdata of a freeway
a
surveillance; th~i'l~ are 5ve!'iicles counted for
J1s =
25.6 + 19.8 + 24.2 + 23.6
4(3)
length of200m. and the fdllowingdiStance "$"
are thedis\ance that each vehicle have J1s = 7.77 mls
.lravel~dWMnobser\ied on the two _ 7.77(3600)
phcitographslaken 2seconds apart. Compute J1s - 1000
theftow Qftraffic if the density of flow Is 25 J1s = 27.96 kph
\iehicles perkro~ Express in kmlhr. '.
. .' ....•. Vehlc;le . ' .• Oistance"S" (ro.)
< •• ··1 '·24.4 m.·· .

• ·•· •·. ···.·."l>~1~: '

'.' 5·' ' 2 2 . 9 ro.

Solution:

space mean speed J1s,= fIT

LS
24.4 + 18.8 + 24.7 + 26.9 + 22.9
J1s = 5(2)
J1s = 11.77 m/sec.
_ 11.77(3600)
J1s- 1000
J1s = 42.37 kph
Flow of traffic:
q = J1s k
k = density of flow in vehicleslkm
q=42.37{25) Solution:
q = 1059 vehicles/hour CD Flow of traffic in vehicles per hour:
q= 5(3600)
4
q=4500
@ Space mean speed:
LS
Compute the space mean speed from the f.ls=NT
followin9 dafa of an observation of four 96 + 98 + 97 + 95 + 94
vehicles with' the corresponding distance that f.ls = 5(4)
each have traveled when abservEld on two
f.ls = 24 m/s
photographs taken 3seconds apart.
f.ls =86.4 kph
Vehicle Distance (meter)
1 25.6 m. ® Density of traffic in vehicles per km.
2 19.8 m. q= f.ls K
3 24.2 m. 4500 = 86.4 K
4 23.6 m. K = 52 vehicleslkm
 5-441

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

ii,l;lllili
ill c~ut@b~~~~®~@vi;@~~$/Ilr.•.• • •.

~i• •f.'fllll~
Solution:
G) Trafflc intensity:
A,
p=-
f.l
A, =arrival rate
Solution:
A, := 200 vehideslhr.
G) Density in vehicleslkm.
4
K= 0.200 0.833 =200
K = 20 vehicleslkm. f.l
f.l =240 vehicleslhr (service rate)
@ Space mean speed:
® Average waiting time:
IS
f.ls=N7 3600
f.l=-t-
_ (24.4) + ~3.6) + (25.2) + (24)
f.ls - 4(2) 240 =3600
t
f.ls = 12.15 m/s t= 15 sec.
_ 12.15 (3600)
f.ls - 1000
@ Total delay time:
f.ls = 43.74 kph 1
t=-
f.l-A,
@ Flow of traffic: 1
t = 240 - 200
q=f.ls K
t = 0.025 hrs.
q = 43.74 (20)
t= 1;5 min.
q= 875
.5-442

TRANSPORTATION ENGIIIEERING

Vehi¢les~rtivei~fa~topSj~Il • • iltan•• av.erag~ Ast~p$lgn~itll~~11edafl~$COltl~tQf~~~A'

rate¢t.3(J()p~thQur. • • Av~ras~.w~tirlg.~eat
the • $ijlp'•• ~'90i$ • • • tp~q~d~Per • ~HWl~.
~$~~mitl9~()lh.~r1~~ • • ~~~ • • <!~tWll.lr~~~t~.
El:~p(menlicl'lydislfjtj~ted. ' "" ,
·~Il¢ • • Q~ig;J~'J\Y~Jlll~W~l'treYElhi9fEl:$9~~n~
"*t1/l<llJr.~IT@~!~l'lm'ef~e.fat~m~OOw~r
hotlt.Jfth~t$ffiC@ell$lWlSQ:8Q. '"
'(j) .·'Col'rlPlJt!lfQrtb~.~~rag~.Waltillgti@')
• ir

illiallIfr~;
$~~ds~Uh¢~tqp~j9tt'>.)
@ .Whatis •~ • aVElrag~(IE!laytlll1eperv~h19~
.'.', ~1.,mi~·in$tli\ntlry,$e@~(\$, .• ,."."'." • "'•• • • • '••.• • • >•• '.',.,.,••
~. C()mPut('Jmetclt.lld¢laytl/l'lEljfI'SElcQtif:l.~;·'"

Solution:
Solution: CD Average waiting time:
CD Traffic intensity:
3600 'A
p=~
,u=w ,u
,u = 360 vehicleslhr. (service rate) 0.80 = 300
p=~ ~

.u .u= 375
'A = 300 (arrival rate)
,
Average '·t· t' 3600
wal mg Ime = 375
p= 300
360 Average waiting time =9.6 sec.
P = 0.833 (traffic intensity)
® Average delay time:
® Average delay time per vehicle:
'A
'A (0=--
m=---
,u (.u - 'A)
,u(,u-'A)
300
300 (0 = 375 (375 - 300)
m = 360 (360 - 300)
(0 = 0,0107 hrs.
m = 0.014 hrs.
m = 0.83 min. (0 = 38.4 sec.

® Total delay time: ® Total delay time:

t=_1- t=_1_
,u-'A ,u-'A
1 1
t= 360- 300 t= 375 _300
t = 0.017 hrs. t= 0,0133 hrs,
t= 1.02min. t=48sec.
 5-443

TRINSPORTlnON ENGINEERING

@ Max. queue (no. of vehicles)

Max. queue = 1580 vehicles

@ Max. queue length:

No. of vehicles perJane = 15:0

No. of vehicles per lane =395

Total length of queue = 395(5)
Total length ofqueue = 1975 m.

Time Cummulative Cummulative

Demand Capacity
10:00 4000 2960
11:00 7500 5920
12:00 10000 .8880
1:00 12000 11840
2:00 14000 14800 Solution:
3:00 16000 17760 CD .Volume of traffic across the bridge:
4:00 18000 20720 V=2900-10C
C= 50+ 0.5 V
Time Demand-Capacity V= 2900 - 10 (50 + 0.5 \I)
10:00 4000·2960 = 1040 V=29oo·500-5V
11:00 7500 • 5920 = 1580 6 V=2400
12:00 10000 - 8880 = 1120 V= 400 vehicles/hour
tOO 12000 - 11840 = 160
2:00 14000· 14800 =. 800 ® Volume of traffic across the bridge if 25
3:00 16000 -17760 =-1760 centavos is added to the toll:
4:00 18000·20720 =·2720 C=50+0.5 V
C=50 +0.5 (400)
Max. queue occurs at 11:00 A.M
C= 250 cents
S-444

TUNSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

NewC=250+25 h1 =1800 (0.75)

New C=275 cents h1 =1350
~ =3600 (0.75)
V=29OO-10C
V= 2900 -10 (275) ~ =2700
V= 150 vehicles/hour
Length ofqueue =2700 -1350
@ Vol. of traffic if C = 50 + 0.20 V: Length of queue = 1350 cars
V=29OO-10C
V= 2900 ·10 (50 + 0.20 V)
V=2900-500-2 V @ Time to dissipate the back up:
3 V=2400 1350 + 6000 t =2700 + 3600 t
V = 800 vehicles/hour 2400 t =1350
t =0.5625 hrs.
t = 33.75 min.

Total time to dissipate

=45 + 33.75
= 78.75 minutes after the accident

@ Average delay per vehicle:

Solution: Total delay = area of shaded section

CD Length of queue:
Ttl d I t· 1350 (0.75) 1350 (0.5625)
,oa eay lme = 2 + 2
Total delay time =885.94 vehicle-hour

'cI 885.94
Average deayperve
I hI e= 4725
Average delay per vehicle =0.1875 hrs.
Average delay per vehicle = 11.25 minutes
 5-445

TRANSPORTADON ENGINEERING

@ Time the queue dissipate:

3600 x + 650 = 1550 (x + 1)
2050 x = 1500 - 650
It.tl'uck~Sl$$r12:90rioon~SOk#10rl x =0.4146 hrs.
InE!nQnbbOlJod.l'Qiliiltllbli.prq\lifl~.ofC@u, x= 24.9 min.
P9roPIe@Y.b~f:kil)g.tI1<lffJi9~way .• • ForttlflatelY··
Time queue will dissipate is 1:24.9 PM
·ttm•• l@l~~nt • Slt~J$ • N~tpeY~M.anQ~rpa$$,
.• ~e~l1.~r.off·raltlP~r~~OPli~ramp. • •••1"his Average delay per vehicle:
we~nsthlltIJ1Pst'{eniclesYlills~~e
@

.~~~t~~6d~~t~I~~ .•Ib"at&~I·
··ttm·~ttiurofthrougn~bl¢~$ • Si~.Il~ff~r
oflJslngthllse.~rrlPst9~o.~rQlJnt1.tll~ifJcJde6t
sit#·Afferlh~tl1.lck~./l'Ii~h~p,f/1~ramp
• ~pa£itieS.~r~ • g9y~m~Y~~<lp~jgn.~t.lh.~
enq~ft\'lEl •. Pff·rampllfl~lh~lltio~ty • given.·.tlJ
qr9$~.lraffjc,wttlqlt.did.l)ot·.h~Ve.a • ~op.·$lfln;
J"h~rnmpsselVi~@t~.f9I;.dEllCltffitl~tfaffj(;~
~pml(lmateM~50vph.Ate~¢UY11:QQeM
thEl • hi~~W'aY'/tClSrepP#nedt()thr9ugh • trarl¢ Longest vehicle delay = area of shaded section
w~llcapacitYof36()O@I'l.The flOW rate at Area =900 (1) +.900 (0.249)
ltlls6rrte·onhedaYl$.1~$QvPh. .
2 2
Area =562.05 veh-hr.
cv)What~s.tl1~~fl$E!$t8~W~~Qeue? . Longest vehicle delay =562.05 veh·hrs
~N~ppro~jmilJeIY~batlim~#()Elstlle
qUe!le(/i$sipatE!1/ · 562.05
@lG@Pl1tetheave~~¢laY~rVehICl¢/ .. Average delay per vehIcle = 1935.95
Average delay per vehicle =0.29 hrs.
Solution: Average delay per vehicle = 17.42 min/vehicle
CD Longest vehicle queue:

TtieinterSeotioIlQfSD$AandOrtig:a~ A'fflll~e
m~ynot hiveqtialifJed as a MzardOUs
il1~r~c"on.~tmany (jiiverS· perceive it .as
unsafE!•. At~llrii~fOb.$ervers s~e~t4(}~(lutsat
the iJ1terseCflbrt
lnfolTl1atlort . ..arJdcollected
.... . . !he. following
,

h1 =650 (1)
G) ~·~taIConflict$,with54 being
COnflict type. . ..
of rear.end
. . .. .
h1 =650 @ Average hcitmyapproach vdume
11;>= 1550(1) =1205 vehicles.
h2 = 1550 @ Total ti.rrte to cOllision (TIC) ~verity
=190 lor the 94 conflicts.· •.
Longest vehicle queue =1550·650 @ Tatal risk of colUsion(ROC} $llverily .
Longest vehicle queue = 900 vehicles .= 201 for the 94 conflicts.
S-446

TRANSPORTlnON ENGINEERING

Solution:
CD Average hourly conflict per thousand
entering vehicles (AHC):
AHC _ Total no. of conflict
Number of OOseNation hours
94
AHC= 40
Solution:
AHC = 2.35
CD No. of crashes prevented 10 yrs. from now:
N =(EC) (CRF) Forecast ADT
AHC per thousand entering vehicles = 2.3~J~OO) baseADT
AHC per thousand entering vehicles = 1.95 EC =expected no. of crashes over a
specified time
CRF =crash reduction factor
® Total conflict severity (TCS):
TCS = TTC + ROC ADT = average daily traffic
TCS =190 + 201 N= (11) (0.26) (~)
TCS=391
N = 3.5 per year
® Overall average conflict severity (OACS):
res ® Total number of crashes prevented on the
OACS = Total conflict 3rd year:
OACS- 391 N= (ECi (CRF) (1 + r)0
-94 N=(11) (0.26) (1.02}3
OACS=4.16 N= 3.035

® Fatal benefit after 1year:

Crashes prevented = (Ee) (eR?) (1 + r)0
Crash prevented after one year
The.~~llaPltys~gil'E!e~$taff.~elieY~s.lh~t = 11 (0.26}(1.02}1
in~t<I!lmgstMfl}911S<itapr~ViQ~l\I¥ = 2.91 crashes
u~antWll~.iqt~r~ctiop·· Will.fadlJc~pwScn~.
(~C9klent$L~¥?§~r~~nt.lOt~~bll~yei:lr
(lastwar).·~re¥fflre.t1·.right<ingle.oOllisiQl'lllt Fatal benefit =2.917 (0.005) (2854500)
the•• lhWseqti®.Wliose appraacbyql~me.W~ Fatal benefit = P41,633.88
·3273vel'liCle~@rClaY, • •.·.Ten•• year$ftQIl1.{l()W,
theapp,.6aChaveragepaUytrafflcJADT)is
forecasted to be 4000 vehicles per day.
 5-447

TRANSPORTIDON ENGINEERING

® Response time if he was driving at speed

limit:
Distance the car traveled from the first
A.•• ~~l3g~~m~tM~ • • t!llm~~ijlt~M~lirIg~t wamingsign

~.~lwfl1r~;£~~~~II~li~ =300-90
=210m.
·.~~~~.jlo~~~~~~~~~~~~~J..·
.300<TiLbefooHhebaftlcildealldlheseoond
Speed limit = ~6:
. ~'9n~~1~9m.~~f9re • th~.~rtlAA~;<TI1~·
·.il~@m~~f@n~b~l@".PElgi~99m{~~lI1e

•
Speed limit =24.44 m/s
.~mM@,.t@~t~I~9.tol~~~~~n~M~,· 210
··~I~~W~~tLm~~.~~~~'~~~~~.·til~~
Q.~>.< .
Response time = 24.44
Response time = 8.59 seconds

.·m•• • ·~{M·@Iqpty9t!ItlAA9kW§l$.49.mh,.Wfl~t @ Response time to th~second sign:

·• • · · • ·•• w~t@mjjj~IVlll(l¢ily9¢fO~.~.·~Qm?9f speed = 25.56 m/s
(j)•• • ~~~I~~ld • ~ve·b~n • •mij••t~5~n~e • tiM~ • 90
f= 25.56
. . .•• ··.#i:lI1"ltl'1~mstW~mlrJ!l~!96Jotti~ir\~I!l@W
.•••·.• ·~r~.jl~~~~' •·.~• ~j.00~ •~rt~0~ • jl·~0.·
··@j.·•• ·Pm~®j~tner#PoO$E!«IlWWtli#·~MI1d·
Wijilling~@i.< . ... .. ..... . ..
f= 3.52 sec.

Solution:
CD Initial velocity:
Arn~rj$Wmoij~l®g~JO<;alrQa~lrl~~kp~(
VI V2

~I---90m---.--j
. ""'1"'' ' '
Skid marks
started here

vi = V,2 - 29 (Ji) S
Illtlr.
.~~• m9vln.9at~~ptlW~~r.themanfif$!.~~~*
~~$~~~1~~Alffl~~~}W~$?49m.frOmJh~

~A~~ri~i~~~~>~~~ar~~C~I~Otirne~f
4()()()()
V2 = 3600
V2 = 11.11 m/s • • • • • • O.6$~ndfkh(lloYf.fr?'Tl.lb~.i::~$jnQ.'oVjU
l'1~tffl'M1e~h~~eQl~M<la9cel~rat~?>
(11.11)2 = V,2. 2(9.81)(O.30){90) .~ • • • lf•• tl)e.~t~ari • acceler~te.al.therateof
V, = 25.56 m/s .•••.•·•·• ~,phV$~.pU~~Il$ . ~.0)~x:.~PE!~d.of140.~pb;
. ···hpWf<ii$tWIlIJI®gplog'l;'heniUeaCh~
V - 25.56 (3600) th~q()~SIQSf<> • .• •. . .
1- 1000
~.·.·HOWm\.lCh.timedjd·hebE!attbt1!·.trall1?
V, = 92kph
5-448

1IAISPORTInOI EIGIIEERII.

Solution:
CD Distance from crossing when he begins to
accelerate:
Velocity of car = 8~:
Velocity ofcar = 24.44 mls

D= 240 • 24.44 (0.6)

D=225.34m.

@ Velocity of car when it reaches the

crossing:
vi· V,2 + 2aS
- 140000
V,- 3600
V, =38.89 mts
vi =(38.89f + 2 (8.5X225.34)
V2 =73.10mls
V2 = 263.2 kph

® Time he beat the train:

<,1).C¢mPAtedh~t~l@mbef;;ofvehiC1e$.;in

=.11t• •~I~(~
V2= V, +at
73.10 = 38.89 + 8.5 t
t= 4.02 sec.

Velocily of train = ~:
Velocity of train = 22.22 nVs Solution:
CD Total vehicles in queue:
t= 150
. 22.22 Total vehicles in queue = 36 + 32 + 34 + 34
t = 6.75 sec.
Total vehicles in queue = 136
Time he beat the train =6.75 • 4.02
Time he beat the train = 2.73 sec.
@ Total delay:
Total delay = 136 (15)
Total delay = 2040"
Total delay = 34 min.

;lllli~!
ass~mpliprj$mllt~phyehicl~CPUll~~ditl
® Average stopped delay:
2040
Average stopped delay = 41

Average stopped delay = 49.8 seclvehicle

lhiswaYYlillY{alt~~~rl)~l)d~.Tli~J(*~1
appro"cov01UmeotV~bi~le~d4rjn~the
1;0 min. period was4t·;;·,·.,.,. ';" .,.;.,;;
 8-449

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

Vehicles entering the queue after 30 min.

=900·450
= 450 vehicles
AIl.incid~t.reSpClns~.pr-oQ-ram.AAlled.e~9Fis
·'$tatiA~ed.aIQn9 • the.·frfleWaY.duri~g • pea~.traftic @ Reduction in delay for cars on the freeway:
~Qurs, •.• • naffic • i~.l@ni~(lredJJy.®t~(l% • • ~q
ttmt•.
fh$•• IP9ati(ln~t·(lf • ~~ • • jtlqkte~t .•.tba.t•• Cil~$$$ II
• llJ~• 1~p.1Q • lltl~.IlP.·ls.Kn(l~~ • wilhI6•• ~.fe~ !
·.mil1li~es, • • .• •,.raffie•• b~~s • up.qyic~I~ • \l4t•• the 600011
·ERve.·.vetdde~as.abl~.tq • r~~Clt·the·s~m~ • qt =I125 I

tt1ElIl)cid~nLisl~mll~'l!lM)n15~~lfj#()n~1 13600(0.5"1)

• mTriUtes,·•• isable•• Ul•• pl.lStl~jS~b1(ld • c~t(l.·~~El >Ih.-----ll--t =2475

sb()uldef•• inCfe~singttW.~OWfr()Ill • 1f3()()yptlJl'.
3600Vp11. ••• Bec:aIJ~.lhi$nEl~sEl~k:er<l~js 1350

·the•• sa·~·.as • ttl~.d~ermmi~tiCattlVaI • rate·Jh~ 900 h,=lf37 )

sh°ckwav€.. ~ill • n(lt.lTI()ye·.tarlblJlr•• bac~ . ••••ThEl Al""''''-__~+!-- --o±-,--.~8 5 L-t

w~.and.amblJlanc.e@ntearl(j~atlhjn~ i--I----1l.25-
05

·fUlly•. jn.30·miQutes,•• • s()•• m<lt•• ~~e.·.ff~~way.·.ls --0.4375---·

~m.!tl upforftlllflow, .... . ----{).6875----

@ Determine thena.of vehicles enleringlhe 6000 t+ 1350 = 3600 (0.5 + t)

qUeLle after 30 min, .. 2400t=450
@ What is the reduction in delay for cars on t = 0.1875 hrs.
the freeway If it has a max. flOw .of t = 11.25 min.
· 6000VPh. ..• •..... h = 1800 (0.50 + 0.1875)
@Al. P15O(Jper vehlcleMur,what is the h= 1237.5
•. value of the time savings? ..... .
Reduction of delay with ERUP
Solution: = area of shaded section
CD No. of vehicles entering the queue after
30 min. Reduction of delay
_ 2475 (0.6875) 450 (0.25)
Vehicles entering - 2 2
the queue after 30 min.
(450 + 1350)(0.25) {1350 + 2475)(0.18751
2 . 2
Reduction of delay = 183.74 vehicle-hours

@ Value of time savings:

h1 = 1800 (0.5)
h1 =900
h:J = 1800 (0.25)
h3 =450
h-;, =3600 (0.25)
h2 = 900
5-450

TRANSPORTInON ENGINEERING

6000 t + 1350:: 3600 (t + 0.75) @ Distance the driver can travel in 4 sees.
2400 t:: 1350
t = 0.5625 hIS.
t :: 33.75 min.

t I deiay-
7ioc!
I - 1350 (0. 7~ 1350 (0.5625)
2 + 2
Total delay:: 886
Savings:: (886 -183.94)(1500)
Savings:: P1,053,090

Clearing the intersection requires going a

distance of D + L + Wbefore the light turns
red.

AgriverlravelingiOhis4.811(SWafaspeed 1
Iimlt.ot48.kphwa$att~$tEl(!for.wnl'\lng • a.·red xy = V1 t1 + V1 (4 - t1) +2a (4 - t1f
·ligtll.ilfan.i{lte@$-tlim~ti~.18m,.wiQe, • • TM
1
dr~rcl~trml~.lfjra~~lo/,.()n.·W.f!grcWrtd~ • 1t:l~~ xy :: 13.33 (1.5) + 13.33 (4 • 1.5) + 2(0)(4 - 1.5)2
thEl•• t/'(lfflc .Sigrj~$w~rer()t.s~lpropetly .••• Th~
yetlawlighlwas<mforlhestatidard • •·4 xy = 53.32 m.
sllC(:H'!ds,··•• 'fhe.SQV<tijvElrs..•reactlgrl. ·time. i$
aSsumed 10 be 1.5 sell. Comfortable
decele1'a6()nis~t~tat~6t3J11r$? . ® Length of di/lema zone:

g)••••• GolTlPuteth~.·ml~,~I$tMql'ln¥di'!dW$tqp Xc
as soon •asn~ WestheyeHoW traffic
signaL> ··.·i.i<>
®c;ompute th~~I$t~th¢~tlv~r~nMY$t -- -_ .. - .
. •••••• jn•• lI'le••4.sePOrtdstMt•. they!lI~~lig~tVol~s
. Qnat acon$laorSJll:!l!dof4&kph.. . .
@ l"lctwlongiS!vediletrllua zone .•. this
il1lerseplionapP@lcfi? . .

Solution: If the driver was any closer to the

(D Min. distance: intersection than the distance 49.61 rn. just
V2 =V1 -at calculated, he must be able to drive
48000 W + L = 18 + 4.8 ::: 22.8 m. farther than
V1 :: 3600 49.61 to clear the intersection.
V1 = 13.33 rnls
Xc = 49.61 + 22.8
0= 13.33 - 3 t2 Xc =72.41 rn.
t2 = 4.44 sec. time to stop
Xy < Xc =53.32 <. 72.41 a dillema zone exists.
1
0:: V1 t1 + V1 t2 - 2a t2
Length of dillema zone =72.41 - 53.32
D = 13.33 (1,5) + 1333 (4.44) - ~ (3)(4.44)2 Length of dillema zone = 19.09 m.

D= 49.61 m.
 S-451

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

• clear
time ,0 .I
e mtersect'Ion =72.41
th· 13.33
time to clear the intersection =5.43 sec.
A man isdrivlng at Ii speed of 48kph and is
approac;hlng .Em intersecuoo v.tIietl.1$ .1$ Ill,
Ttme the red light was on =5.43 - 4
wide, The length of hisqlr is 4JJ 11'\, .Jhe-
yellow fight . was . on for. the standard Ttme the red light was on :: 1.43 sees.
4 seconds. ··lflhe drivers reaction tfme· is
1.5 sec, and he deCelerates al arate of 3m/&' @ Speed at which a vehicle can clear the
as soon as he sees the yellow light s~nal intersection:
wason.. . V2 =V,- at2
0= V, - (3) t2
CD Compute the min. slopping distance. ...
@ Deten-Nne the length of time. that ftlered _Yi
t2 - 3
light Wi!lS o~ .tor the VehiCletG, etear the
jntersec1IOi1~ •.... . .. . . ...•....•..
® ltall r~clearance Interval iS2 sec; long, .
. determine .lhe spee\l at which a vehicle Max. stopping distance = V, t, + V, t2 • ~ a ti
can clear the intersection.· . . .
Xs = Vd1.5) + ~ 1 (3) (~)
3 -2 9
Solution:
CD Min. stopping distance: Xs -- 1.5 V, +~.!~
3 -2 3
1
D:: V, t, + V2 tr "2 a ti
Xs --1.5 V, +~
6
V2 :: V,· a t2
V - 48000 Distance to clear the intersection =Xs + 18 + 4.8
, - 3600
Distance to clear the intersection = Xs + 22.8
V, :: 13.33m/s
0:: 13.33 - 3 (t2) Xc =1.5 V, +~
6 + 22.8
t2 :: 4.44 sec.
when tred =2 sees. (all red clearance intervaQ

D:: 13.33 (1.5) + 13.33 (4.44) -i (3)(4.44j2 .

Xc =(ty + tred) V,
Xc=(4 +2} VI
D=49.61 m.
. V2
@ Length of time the red light was orr for the
6 VI =1.5 V, + T + 22.8
. V2
vehicle to clear the intersection:
t :: time to clear the intersection
t : 4.5 V, - 22.8
- time of yellow light V12 - 27 VI + 136.8 =0
Distance to clear the intersection V, = 26.98 mls
=49.61 + 18 +4.8 V - 26.98 (3600)
,- 1000
=72.41 m.
VI :: 97.14 kph
S-452

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

QonlP~tet~p~.khl!urfact()r(PHF}ifttle rhe peakhouffa(){Qr.(PfiF} =O.OO.an(Llhe

~()~rtYVf,lI~roe()ftrafllCi$1aOOvehiel~p~r V<llume•• dflraffiel$•• Z400·.vebicteSlhr.•·.·.V\lha!1$
h6utand•.tpe.highest5min.'1OllJlilll.is25ft fhehigliest() mill. VOluftlEl offtaffic?
Solution: Solution:

For one hour = 60 min. 0.60 =.1.400

x(6~)
~ = 12 (there are 12-5 min in one hour)
x=400
1800
PHF = 250(12)
PHF= 0.60

the.njgh~I.1(lmlrl~t~ • ¥()'Wn~9ttrafficj$ • §OO

vehj~les .•••••lf.tflEl••peCil<hQlJrtaptt.)rJ~.q.60,'Wh<l1
i$llJeVQIl.JmeiriYl#1i(;lesl!lpur? .

Solution:
{j)DelermjneJhepeaK.h(jQtv~urne·• • • ·
~• • • qeterrnlflE!lhepeak·hourfsct()1"••••.••.•.•••••• <>.>
060=~ ®.·..OIfueappmaCh.
Det¢l'lllloefbede$~n .• hou~y\l~lume(DHV)
. 500 (~~) . .
Vol. = 1800 Solution:
CD Peak hour volume:
Vol. := 375 t 380 t 412 t 390
Vol. = 1557
@ Peak hour factor:
PHF = Vol. !iurin~~~a~k:.:.:ho~u:...r _
What is the peak hour fa·ctor (PHF} If the
volume of the traffic ls1500 vehicles per hour
~~ x (Vol. during peak 15 min. within peak hour)
and the highest 5 minute volume is 210. PHF= 1557_
60 (412\
Solution: 15 - I
PHF= 0.945
PHF=_1fJJO @ Design hourtyvolume:
210 (W) DHV = Peak-hour Vo/.
Peak-hour factor
PHF= 0.595
DHV= 1557
0.945
DHV= 1648
 5-453

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

Solution:
V2
S=2gf
The•• peak•• hoUf.fr#°r.f()r·!llraflic.~urlng • rtlJ3h
.hour.l$eqU~ltQ • • 9·6Q•• Ylilh•• ahtg~~t • • 5•• rnln. V= 70000
voN!lffi.·.()f•• 259.·.vehicl~ .•••••••• 11J~ • . spa(.;e•• mean 3600
$Pf$:I.ofthe.traffl~·i!l90.kPh. V= 19.44
(19.44f
48 =2 (9.81)(
f=0.40

Solution: Find the length of the skid mark if the average

CD Flow of traffic: skid resistance is 0:15 and the velocity oHM
PHF = Flow of traffic car When the brakes were applied was 40 kph.

traffic (~~) Solution:

0.60 = Flow Of:;;ffic V= 40000
250 (15) 3600
V= 11.11 mls .
q = 1800 vehicles/hour
S=-
V2
2g f
® Density of traffic in vehicles per km. _ . (11.11)2
S - 2 (9.81) (0.15)
?=I-lsK
S =42m.
1800=90K
K = 20 vehicles/km.

® Spacing of vehicles:
. 1000
Spacmg=:- Applylnlffull brakes at a speed of 60 kph, the
20
car traveled 40 m. until it stopped. Determine
Spacing = 50 m. center to center 1heaverage skid resistance.

Solution:
112
S=-
2g f
A car traveling 70 kph requires 48· in. to stop 60000
after the brakes have been applied. What V= 3600
average coefficient of friction was developed V = 16.67 mls
between the tires Rnd the pavement? 40 =i16.67)~
2(9.81)f
f= 0.35
5-454

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERIIG

Solution:
CD Speed of the car in kph:
V2
Fultbtak~sW~~pPljeaWttenthe cats speed S=2g(f+G)
wa$••~• l(p~.lfth~·aVElrage·$~ld reslslallcei$ V2
P.Z4,.flri~l$lellQtbOfl$slddll1afk.
. 48 = 2 (9.81) (0.35 +0.02)
Solution: V= 18.67 mls
V= 18.67 (3600)
V2
s=-2g f
1000
V= 67.21 kph
v- 60000
- 3600 @ Speed if the road grade is 2% downhill:
V= 16.67 mls V2
._ (16.67f S= 29 (f- G)
S - 2 (9.81}(024) V2
S=59m. 48 = 2(9.81) (0.35 - 0.02)
V= 17.63 mls
V= 17.63 (3600)
1000
V= 63.46 kph

Ttlebraktl$;;rgsuddeIllY~Jlplied to stopaf;af
Is.mnnl~at48.lq1t) .• • • Q~~ttlllll~ • the .bra~lrl~
dj:;t~m;~ • ifJ:tt~.·cp~ff/fjf.fticUol1.·belwee11 • the
lires~lhe~sul'f<lceisO.~$. .. .
Solution: A bus is running at a speed of 50 mph downhiH
V2 on a grade of • 2%. The cooff. of friction
S= 29 f between the road surface and the tire is 0.34.
48000 After suddenly appiyingfullbrakes, how far
V= 3600 will the bus travel until ~ stops?
V= 13.33
_ (13.33f Solution:
S- 2 (9.81) (0.35) CD V= 50 mph
S= 25.9m. V= 50 (5280)
3.28 (3600)
V= 22.36 mls

V2
S = 29 (f- G)
A car runs 4S m. from Ihe the brakes were --~~
suddenly applied until it stDpped. The road S- 2 (9.81) (0.34 - 0.02)
grade is 2% up hill and the cooff. of friction S= 79.7m.
between the fires and the road surface Is 0.35,
@ When it is moving uphill:
CD What was Ihe speed of the car in kph, just
before the application of the brakes. @~
® Compute the speed if the road grade is 2%
S == 2(9.81) (Q34 +0.02)
downhHl. S= 70.8m.
 5-455

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Solution:
a••••••
tM'I~;

Solution:
····················/i·••••••••••••••••••• {} ••••• ;> . •.• • •

V= 80000 V= 40(5280)
3600 3.28 (3600)
V= 17.89 m1s
V= 22.22 m/s
If?
S=2g(f-G)
If?
s = 2g (f- G) _ (17.89f
70 - 2(9.81) (f- 0.05)
_ _Q?22)2 f - 0.05 = 0.23
. S - 2 (9.81) (=0.::1..
3 .-0-.04-) f= 0.28
S= 96.8m.

A~rist(aVelingat40ITlphonl:lnuphnlg~de
.1j•• ~W~; • ·.lt·.ttle•• I:)l:~~·.i'lr~sQ~(loolY~pl~d:'.W
• Willtmv~.$~.m.16~n~9P;~~~ffl~~;C#·
6ic®~.~~lWelltttffil.·~r~aM~toad~~,*f

Solution:
.
ilt!lfli
Solution:
V= Va tat
I
_ 40 (5280)
V- 3.28 (3600) V=Va + fo ctdt

V= 17.89 m/s
100000
Va = 3600 =27.78 mls
If?
s = 2g (f+ G) when V =0 (stops)
_--.J1I~ 0= 27.78 + (-T
c(2)
56 - 2(9.81) (f + 0.05)
f= 0.2if 27.78=?-'-~
t = 4.71 sec..
S-456

TRANSPORTAnON EIGINEERIIG

'1'hEl~rof.a~ttraveti?g70kpllrEl(@res.4a··
.met~fOM9P~ft~rthe.f)rak~$ • h~vebetm
·~t!Ife~;.>MJhalaN~~e.we~· • m.~llwa~
dev~ll)rmQ • • • b~tw~en ··tM.·.·.• ~Ir:El$ • • •~n~1he
pave/1Wlt···· .
Solution: Solution:

v- ~(J()oo
- 3600
V= 11.11 mls
i;fia~k9;jjti_
V2 V2
S =29 f s= 2gf
_ill.:.1.!l V= 70000
8.5 - 2 (9.81) f 3600
f = 0.74 (average skid resistance) V= 19.44 mls
_(19.44)2
48 - 2(9.81) f
Eft = 0.74(100)
0.85 f= 0.40
Eft=: 87.09%

Flng••thElt(j~ldis@1ceihata~rtrav~ledftl:lrn
.theyUnm·lhedrtv~.~~.th~'.ha~~(d~b~?,*·
Whel1aJ;;lrlsliav~iQg~t~Pwh,~~~rtHe ·Wl!Is.tt.lY~Hog .~t.7Slit>h.P~t'(;~ijo/l·~m~.i$
bra~~s • ~re§Udq~nIX .• ~pli~d,· • t~~~r~I'sml ~ • ~~ .•a~~th~.~"e(E19~$Kid.resi$ltlrl~isR~,
tr~V~I.3o • m·.·•• ~f()(e • • It • stpPS·•• )•• IfVl1a;t.i$m~ ·ASSllll1~·lIJ~lm~CiJrha$.i:ln.·effl¢iency.()f80%.
coeffiCJerrtl)ffriction·t>etweenthll·ijre~aoo.tne·
toild$9rf~? . .. . ... ... ... ....
Solution:
Solution: f = 0.60 (80)
f= 0.48
s=·~
V2 V= 75000
29 f 3600
V = 20.83 mls
V= 60000
3600
V=: 16.68 m/s S=Vfof--
V2
29 f
_.(16.68j2
30'·2 (9.81) f '2) (20.83)2
S =: 20.83 ( of- 2(9.81)(0.48)
f=: 0.47 .s=: 87.70m.
 5-457

TRINSPORTlnON ENGINEERIIIG

,a,tI\JCK)Vllslra~li@dOWrthinat5()f(ptI·rn~ AVellicll!isryKlVingata(s~ofll(}Mtt"kln~.
.b@k~~ • • a(e•• $1l~9~lyapPIIl!d • • an4 • • the.trU~~ ~ryl~¢nlffl$~~bllv!ngM~()f~f4, • lfth•
stopp®••11l.a.d@llrpe·.Qf32.rik • • lf.· tne .cQeff.• Qf. c~ffi~Il~.Off1i~tion.j~O.~O,~omP~tfl·.·th~
frlctlon.belW~~.ll'\etlr~$alld.lhe.road·s~rfage ~raKlng(U$ltin~,< . ..
jsQAtWilatis!hEIgrad~9f1!lef()ad? .
Solution:
Solution:
\.R
5=29(f+G)
50000
V= 3600 V2
V= 13.89 mls 5= 2g(f+G)
(13.89)2 80000
V= 3600 =22.22 m/s
32 - 2 (9.81) (0.4 + G)
. _ (22.22)Z
G=-O.09
5 - 2(9.81)(0.3t<l.04)
5= 74.01 m.

Ci)tnpute•• W~tpt~ldi~t~M~lhat • :a•• ear•• ~~

traveledfrOll1tnetimellledriversees.a.hazalrl
Wh~ • he.i~ • • tfav~liog· • at•• ~ • • ~P~d.9t7§.·kPh,
.A•.cat.@veUrygat.80•.l<ptl.re~~res • 4a.l'Il.to••S~bP.
a~~.the.~~es·hW~·.~rt···lWpfleq ••• P¢ler{l)ln~
f>~rcepfiCln • ijme··js.2.$~ndSj.ant1.m~.~~e~g~. ·tM.sl8Pe.m.@~ro~d.surt~if • t~~.~'{~e.
··Skld.• reSi$tancei$~ualt()O~@ ..••• As~lIme • the eoefllclentQffrlCUpnfs{);50: . .... . ..
c;arhasilneffic:1~Qf~Q%,
Solution:
Solution:

f = 0.60(0.80) V2
f=0.48 5 =2g(f+G)
75000 80000
V= 3600 = 20.83 m/s V= 3600
V2 V= 22.22 m/s
5= Vt+- _ (22.22)2
2gf
? (20.83)2 48 - 2(9.81)(0.50 + G)
S = 20.83(...) + 2(9.81)(0.48) 0.50 + G = 0.524
5= 87.73m. . G = 0.024
G = 2.4% (upward)
S-458

TRANSPORTlnON ENGINEERING

A•vefliclernQving.~t • 60@IF~loflg.~n.i~cl@! A vehicle moving a 4{). tcph was stopped lly

$lJrfaca.·~ • $tQPpedby•• applyjngbr:al<~$~d applying brakes and the length of the sk~d
ln~t!~~kill9"djstanl:elV$s30m.lfthe mark was 12.2 m.. If the average skId
.M¢fid~nt·.ot • ff,iCtion.hF(},$O'9ompute •. th~ resistance of the !eveLpavement is known to
.S1()p~pfthElinCl~dsudace.· . . . be 0.70, determinetne brake effiCietlCyof the
test vehiCle. .. . .
Solution:
Solution:
v2
S=2g(f+G}
v- 6000Q
- 3600
V= 16.67 mls ".----s:---~

_ (16.67)2
30 - 2(9.81)(0.5 + G) _40(1000) _
V_. 3600 - 1.11 m/sec.
G=- 0.0279
V2
G=·2.79% S = 2g(f+ G)
_ (11.11)2
12.2 - 2(9.81)(f + 0)
f=0.516
1
Brake efficiency = x 100
At/lKlk.W<ls·.trav~llng • doWnhi!lllt.59kpl1.Tbe . 0.516
.bfake~ .• <lfe·•• $lld<je(ily•.• ~pplle~~(iglh~.tfyq< Brake efficiency = 0.70 x 100
slopped.•• irl.lIQlsfanceof.3g.Jn,lfthecQElff_.of Brake efficiency = 73.7%
frietion•• ~lYIeen.lhe.lire$.and.lh~rQadWllfa~
is.0.40,what.islhe·grade·oftheroad?··••.· .

Solution:

V= 50000 A.lnltkdfiVtlrapproachedahal*d.ata~~d
3600 of58mpn.••••• 'What•• wa$ • lhe(}~tanceltav~l~g.
V= 13.89 m/s dUrlns~rcepti(lOreactiontll'llejfm~f'I§V
(percepli()n,identiflcation. emotioll<lnd
VQlition}tlmeJS2.6 SeC.
V2
s= 29 (f+ G) Solution:
_ (13.89)2 D=Vt
32 - 2 (9.81) (0.40 + G) V= 58(5280)
3.28 (3600)
0.40 + G = 0.317 V= 25.93111/5
G =- 0.0927 say· 9.27% 0= 25.93 (2.6)
.0= 67.43 m.
 S-459

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

D=VI
61 = 1112.8)
V =24.79 m/sec.
A.~.~riV(ir.~ppr~~fJI3.~.l'li3z(lrd.~tll~pElEl(!·.()f· V= 21.79 (3.281)(3600)
aQ.kfJh' • ~t • islh~Qjsta,*efnl~re<l • @ilil'lg· 5280
. th¢•• p~rt¢Pti(m..fi!l~9W~Ii.lilM • • jf.••• ~b¢.· • el~V • V=48.7 say 49 mph
(f¥!r¢apti/)n, • • ld~UflcMi()tl; "•.• ~tI1@()6.<arld·
MmIM)~r@i$2.4$ec .

Solution:

d= VI
d =ilO(1000) (24)
3600 .
d = 53.33 meters .
i . . . ;I.
Solution:

V= 52(5280}
AbU$drlvera~proa¢tle$aha~@:l~ta.ll~dl)f 3.28 (3600)
.&O•.·mph•• ~o(f • • travefll•• a~i$tlJ.tlM • ()f.~.~$Ill. V= 23.25 m/s
•duting•• • a•• giv~n • • p$r¥ptiqJHetlsti()n>.~ill'le.
Cl)rnPule•• • tb~ • • • dtjV~r$.· • (I'I§V} • • pet~P:ti~ll. s= VI
identlficatioo;emoUorriffldyolltionlll'll&' .. S =23.25 (2.6)
S= 6O,45m.
Solution:
0= VI
_ 80(5280)
53.33 - 3600(3.28) I
1= 1.49 sec. (PIEV)
Atar~rl¥~r~llw~g~t'I.SpeM • 9f.65•• mp~
apptq~Cheda·.h"~rQl)l1dtr~~I~d • • 7~~~m,

.!t~I.~mf~~ii~~J~I~~@
Acar driver approaChed ahazard and traveled. Solution:
a d~tance of 61 m,durlog thepercep!ion·
reaction time 012.8 s. What was theCal"S V= 65 (5280)
speed of approach iI'l mph? . 3.28 (3600)
V= 29.07 m/s
Solution:
S= VI
v
-...... 1= 72.2
29.07
1= 2.5 sec.
5-460

TUNSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

_ 45 (5280)
v1 - 328 (3600)
V1 = 20.12 m/s
}\.carYlcl$·tr~li~·~~Il~~f§pmp~, • • Tbe
~l'ly~t • ·~~ • ·i;\••·m~.··"'9~~ .• ~9.·% • • ~~ati • ®~. vi = V12. 2a S2
st~pPe~ • •·~nlf,i~ • ~~ • • ¢@~I~ • • lh~ • • ¢<!( • 10. 0= (20.12)2·2 (7) S2
~~I&(~~ • Wl~ .• ~t . . 19mt~(:~~ . . • fi"ti.. ttl~ S2 =28.92

.~i~Jml~.·~:ti.'~~.I;· S1 =100·28.92 ·10

S1 =61.08 m.

Solution: S1 = V1f
_ 50 (5280) 61.08 = 20.12 f
V1 - 3.28 (3600) t=3.04sec.
V1 = 22.36 m1s

S1 = V1f
S1 =22.36 (2)
S1 =44.72

vi = V12. 2aS2 Solution:

0= (22.36)2·2 (10) ~
S2=25m.
x =80·44.72·25
x= 10.28 .

_ 50(5280)
While•• qO\liM~IAS • mph•••l@•• dtlV~rMt~.l V1 - 3.28 (3600)
r()CIcl.l:llclqK.10P.rJl·.~~Y· • •~.!ijlplil¥lll'@.~@~~ V1 =22.36 m/s
ai1~.tb~.Gat~~l¢r~t~.Ui1jfo/"mty.t.7.tllt$~ .• • lt
1@.~r.$topp~d.1q.m·.ffgrJjtti~ • I'l:l~~ • • I;lI()ck. S1 = V1 f
dnvel'1'• tM•• tM@I@QM~MQ®.t@~(lf.thl! .
What.W~s S1 = 22.36 (3)
Sl =67.08m.
82= 110-67.08
So/utioh:
S2=42.92 m.

vi = V12. 2a S2 .
o=(22.36)2 - 2a (42.92)
f1 =5.8 nYs 2
 5-461

TRANSPORTADON ENGINEERING

_ 50(5280)
V1 - 3600(3.28)
V1 = 22.36 m/s
Adr1\@"l'lOliced}lroad•• bll)Cj(.WhiletdlVe!lOO.at.· 81 = V1 t
4O.(llptl,•• H7~PPl~tl)e~r~k~$call$irg~~r. S1 = 22.36(3)
tp·~cc~l~ate~f\i1Brmlwat.6mrs~; • • • Jtie·.qJr. S1 = 67.08 m.
~tQPfJ@.·.1Z • ill· • ft(lJ'll.lhEl.rpag·.P1Pc~ .• • • H9w.f~~.
wa$tneb'ockwllenth~driVer $a~IJt~l'$11 vl = V1 2 • 2aS2
A$$~1M·1I~r¢~pllCm~n:tEl()f3sec.< . . (0)2 = (22.36)2 -2(6) ~
82=41.66 m.
Solution:
Stop Distance from wall upon perception:
V j =40 mph S = 67.08 +41.66 + 12
---- ----
V, a=-6m/s 2

~{:?:;j1i'l> 8= 120.74m

_ 40 (5280) _
V, - 3.28 (3600) - 17.89 m/s
8, = V, t
8, = 17.89 (3)
8 , = 53.67m. 51&111\1'1£":
vl = V,2·2a82
0:= (17.89)2·2 (6) 82
82= 26.67 m.
• •4Blllit:
Total 8 =8 , + 82 + 12 Solution:
Total 8 = 53.67 + 26.67 + 12
Total S = 92.4 m.

A.•• driMr.tRW@@•• ~I~p • mph.~~~~ • ~ • W~I@{.~ •. 8, = V, f

~tl~h~l~tanC~~heaq·rtl~9dyerapPlie~ltle 8, = V, (2.2)
bra~~~ • • • tmrnMj~{~ly • . (p~meptl9tlWn~ • • ·f~ •. vi =V,2 - 2a 82
3•. ~e999d$) •. <1m:l.Mgjl'l$.sl~Qgth~v~N(;I(!.~t •
··I).rnI$~.(d~~r~tin9)· • • • fflpedjSlaM~.m(jm·
o= V,2 - 2 (6.4) 82
.the•• slgppiOgpoipf·tomelllall.fs•• t2rtt;.M\y:far· -~
was.lhegtr.ll'qmt~~w~II~PQI'l·per~Uon7
82 -12.8
8, +82 +5=112
Solution:
1/I
2.2 V, + ~-
12.8 +5-112

---- 28.16 V, + V,2 + 64 = 1433.6

V,2 + 28.16 V, -1369.6 = 0
V, =25.52 mls
V - 25.52 (3.28)(3600)
1- . 5280
break is Car s lOp here
applied here V, = 57.06 mph
5·462

T0II5'ORTITION ENGINEERING

o=(aQ2 ±2aS
a2 + t2 = 2aS

·a:~I~~r~~ig.II~\S:~~
Solution:
•. 2S
a=f2
F=ma
fW=~a
9
w f=~
9
v=o f
- 2S
-t2g
f- 2(7)
- (1.4Y (9.81)
f= 0.728
V2 = V1± at
_40 (1000)
0- 3600 • a (1.8)
a = 6.17 mfsec2
F=ma
W 02••·..·p,•• m~icfe • rnoV~g·aI6(1l<Phwass~oppl':d
fW=-a ·•• • • •bY.applYiOO • l)fakes•• and.the.lengtt\Qflhe
9 •. • • §~%W~·22·Zm .• . lf.thf3·d~t~~~ftpm.tr~
f=5!. • • • • • •PointWl1ere.itstoPs•• to•• the\lehltle.poslt~n
9 . .··wh~n •.• • ttle•• • ·~liyer: • • jl1iliaUy•• JeJ)ctMv"'Js
f= 6.17 ~,2.nl;flfld.lheperceplJontime.
9.81
f= 0.63 @AY911icla••l1l?vihg··at••ah•• il'lmal.·.13~edof§O
·~.~.~~~.~t9f1P.~ • • 'oVittlIQ.3sec,•• {tll'~klng
tOll~) .• • ~117r • Jhe • ~PPHcaWm • • Of·.brake~.
c:qIl'lPl.lte•.•·•th~ • • • aver(lge.~9~fficief1t • • • of
fti¢tlqm~l.()r·skld.resi$tan(:e.··.· • · •••••••.•••••.••..•.•••••..••.•.
@•• CoJ1lPll~ • thelo.iliLclistance.thalaCarhad
~H~~\S~W~~~~~p~glry1,4$~~.~Yf\lIIY . ·•• • t@y~led • jrwn.·.the.tlmetl1e~rIYer~es.~
JaWmmg··•• tM.~n!l~¥ • ·•~fl~th~ • • skjd • • JTlark . . • •~f~rp~r.~~ .• is.fravelin9~t.aspee9of
·riI~~w~]m··.·.~ffirm!r~m~.~v~~e~l<id . ..•. %l•• ~ph, • • • P£!rce~ton • • tTrlie.·l~@5$t!c.llrd
resl$tanceonth~l~el~ve~1lt $i,J~; •...••.•.••...
~v~t~~fJ • ski(tJElsf~t~l'lCe<isiP.60.·· Brake
Solution: . eftiCiefll::yis85%. .
Solution.:
CD Perception time:
~ph

V2 =V1 - at
0= Vl • at
V1 = at 60000
3600 (t) + 22.2 = 34.2
V22 = V1 2 ± 2aS
t = 0.72 sec.
 5-463

TRANSPORTIDON ENGIIIEERING

@ Skid resistance: Solution:

V= 50(5280)
3600 (3.28)
V= 22.36 mlsec.
8=80-10.28 =69.72m.
S1 = 22.36t
V22 = V1 2 - 2a S2
0= (22.36}2 - 2(10) S2
V2 =V, ±at S2=25 m.
60000 81 =69.72 - 25 = 44.72 m.
0= 3600 • a(3}
S1 = Vt
a =5.56 mlsec2 44.72 =22.36 t
F=ma t = 2 sec. (PIEV) time
W
/-IN=--a
g
W
p,W=-a
g
a 5.56 .J\•• dri\leitl'a~~l1g • at5Qriipfj • ~.~Om,fI"dfJl.~.
/-l=-=-
g 9.81 W'~lI~~~t1,ffthedrW~r*p!I~~(tl~.bra~~

liJli~ij[ii
#=0.57

@ Total distance the car had traveled:

~ph=16.67 m/s .

Solution:

S=Vt+-
V2
29 f 1----69.72---1--1
10.28
f= 0.60 (0.85) 1-----80-----'
f= 0.51
_ (16.6?i _ 5O(5280L
S -16.67 (2.5) + 2 (9.81}(0.51) V1 - 3600(3.28}
8= 69.45m. V1 = 22.36 mls

81 = V1 t
S1 =22.36(2}
S1 =44.72 m.
A,.QnVo/•• tl'ave1ih9<ttsn.rnpn.is6Qfu,•• trorn.a S2 =69.72-44.72
W~Uah~$(i·JfmedrIM~LliPplje$tb~braR~s 82 = 25 m.
lTtnedlatelYal1d..~g!&.S~"9.tlJe • veh~e<lt
··1Q•• il'Il~c2.(d~k¥atl9Q),flot1Jlj$.{~I~ • • tjme· V2 2 = V1 2 - 2a 82
W~Efn'lhe .diSlance.• i)f·lhe·•• carfrcimthe .waU o=(22.36}2 - 2 a(25)
When if stopis10.2$tll. ..... . a = 10 m1sec2 (deceleration)
5-464

TRANSPORTIDON ENGINEERING

Solution:
W·

A••~ff'itlfav~liljg@t~() • mllh~~~~~t~i#·
(WA@~nij( • •~ • • ~rn.lq·.~$~M¢l1l • lilfi~M· • • • Tij~
.qriy~t.~®~ppl,@ • • tb~ • W#~~ifflltl~l1j~~fY
(BleV}lllM~Z~oij~®4~I~s~~

·~~I.rl~~'1~11'1~g • ~~I·.
~itllM~.!#llM~~·1Q~~.m«tIoV.ifltrw~m~
li~fmm(@~~ijJXij~Clri'?··/ . _ 30(5280)
V1 - 3600 (3.28)
Solution: V1 = 13.41 mls

V2 = V1- a t
0= 13.41· a(2)
a =6.71 m/s'2.
F=ma
IJN=ma
W
IJW=-a
9
S1 = V1 t a
IJ=-
V - 50(5280) 9
1 - 3600(3.28) 6.71
V1 = 22.36 m/s IJ = 9.81
S1 =22.36(2) IJ = 0.68
S1 =44.72m.

V22= V1 2 - 2a S2
0= (22.36)2 - 2(10)S2
S2=25m. A.Vehi¢lernovingat.~O.mph.Vla$stoppe9.after
theappHca(ionwlhebrakes,lllhesldd
Distance of car from boulder upon perception resisl<ince.is•• O;e6,.l::QrT1pl:llEl·ltil!lstopping·~l'fle
(bfaklrigtlrne), ..
S = 44.72 +25 +10.28
S=80m.
Solution:
W

v=o

A.yehicle.rr@vingat~n.inlli~l.sPee~ • Pf.~ • l'llpb .

Wasstop~ • Wilhlf1g•• s~¢.• (bfaklng.llr!l~) • ::lfter N=W
theaPPHc<ltiol"lofl>t~k~$.qol'tlP~teltlll
aVflragKOoeffl¢ifln!()fJriCtlooal or skid _ 30(5280)
resi$tan~;· .... V1 - 3600(3.28)
V = 13.41 mls
1
 5-465

TRANSPORTADON ENGINEERING

JiN=ma
W
JiW=-a
g
a
0.68 = 9.81
2
a =6.67 mls
V =V • a1
2 1
0= 13.41·6.671 Solution:
1= 2.01 seconds (breaking time)

~~1 • ~:•.••~~~d~be~~~~~~i.l~~'6t.
re$i$t~llc!!lfth~.initi~I.$pe@.~~·.3$mpl:k.····. .

Solution: _ 38 (5280)
V1 - 3.28 (3600)
_ 35 (5280)
V- 3.28 (3600) V1 = 16.99
V= 15.65 m/s
N=W
w
W
F=-a
g
F=p,N
W
-a=p,W
g
a
N=W p,=-
g
F=p,N
F=ma 0.70 =~
g
W
p,N=-a a = 6.867 mls2
g
W
p,W=-a
g V2 =V1 +al
8.
p,=- 0= 16.99 ± 6.867 t
9 1= 2.47 sec.
V2 = V1 +at
0= 15.65 ± a (2.5)
a =6.26 mls2
6.26
P, =9.81
p,= 0.638
S-466

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Solution:
v v
-flo- -flo-

=Vt ~::j
.. Lag Distance. ~~aking DiS~

S= VtI3.6+ Y j 2_ Y ;()~3,6)2(/-+O)

6‫סס‬oo
V1 ;:: 3600 ;:: 16.67 m/s

'_ V12 • vi
S - V1 t + 29 (f· G)
Solution:
_ (16.67)2 -.
S -16.67 (0.75) t 2 (9.81) (0.15 ().02)
S;:: 121.41 m.

v _§0000 C()mPtlf~lheint¢@edialeSlg~ '1jI$Ia@710l'a

, - 3600 lreE!y.'~y·~ilh • a• ®~~%$~E!d.0.a9~p~fftH~.
V, = 16.67 m1s perRepfI9~ • ti~ • l~ • a$Stltl'@1•• ~<>.~Z#l$~~g~·
V - 40000 \¥ith?ski(j• • r~j~I®CEl • ptMQ.As~ometlmk!io·.
E!ffl¢IE!11QYI9bE!@%. .. . ~ ~
r 3600
V2 = 11.11 mls Solution:
v v=o .
.. (V1 2 • Vi)
Brakmg dIstance - 2 (g) (f ± G)
Y
-flo-
.-.- .
................
· d' t . - Jl~&?f.:n!:1.1L
Bra kmg ·d=Vt ·············r·=-·.. · · · . ·. ~
IS ance - 2 (9.81)(0.15 t 0.05)
lAg Distance £-..eaking Distance
Braking distance = 39.33 m.
S=VtI3.6+Vj 2_V,j12 -(3.6)2(/-+0)

80000
V;:: 3600 ;:: 22.22 mls

V2
s;:: Vt t 2(9) f
f=0.70 (0.6) (60%brakeefficincy)
f= 0.42
- t (22.22)2
S - 22.22 (2.5) 2 (9.81) (0.42)
S:: 115.48 m. (stopping sightt.:stance)
Intermediate sight distance
:: twice the stopping sight (,.Stance
= 2 (115.48)
:.: 230.96m.
 5-467

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

9G2 + 50.34G -2.25 =0

G2 +5.59G - 0.25 = 0
G=0.044
The.driver.ofa. vehicl~traveling~t~Q.kph • up.~. G=4.4%
~ram~ • • requjre$ • • ~ • rn.•••• le$s • • to•• stQP • ~fter • • h~
.app'~:;.lhe-.br'al<esthan·tntl'~riv¢rtr<!';'illing",t 0= 25.17 +9
·ltle • $f!me•. lnitJal·.$~e¢,.down.lhl:!.$~.grad~· 0.5 + 0.44
Iflhe·•• coeffltlen16ffilCtlpll'.betW~o··the.·tires' o = 55.27m.
and • •p<lv¢rrient·•• is • O.pO, • whal.is • lh~perqnt
.gt~eand
lheg$de: • 'M1at•.•is•.• th~ . • pr;)kil'i9•• dj$laHce,~9Wn
.

Solution:
TWp.Mrs.~r~aPProachingfl~.@herfrofl)Wlf
a•
ClPPO~il~WrElctlOn~~t • $Beedpf.1g0.~pttard
~q~phte~lffi9iiyely .• • !\ssuming~reacti@lim~
oq.Q.$~on~ • l'IM•• a•• £OeffICIElnt••offrletlon•• of
9:QQ.Wilh.a•• bmke•• effiCi~¢y.pf5Q% .••• 'C9rnpyte
!h~ • rninirTlulTI·:;i9I'lt(:lim~nq~ • t~Yifed • I()••. ,aYoid
a Mad oOcoftislonQflhe.two•• cars,
Solution:

---- ----
V=120 kph V=90 kph

.....An,>, 'j,

8‫סס‬oo
V= 3600 = 22.22 m/s v=1;~~0 =33.33
90000
V=--=25
3600
D = 2 (9.81) (f+ G)
_ (22.22)2 For the 120 kph car:
D- 9- 2 (9.81) (0.5 + G) f =0.50 (0.6)
f= 0.30
D-9= 25.17 Ij2
0.5+ G
S1 = V t + 29 (f + G)
_ (22.22f
D- 2 (9.81) (0.5 - G) _ (33.33)2
S, - (33.33) (2) + 2(9.81) (O.3)
D= 25.17
0.5- G S1 = 255.44 m.
D-9= 25.17 For the 90 kph car:
0.5 + G _. -l?~
D= 25·!L+ 9 S2 - (25) (2) + 2 (9.81) (0.3)
0.5 + G 82 = 156.18 m.
25.17 = 25.17 +9
0.5- G 0.5 + G Sight distance to avoid head on collision
25.17 (0.5 + G) = 25.17 (0.5 - G) + 9 (0.25 • G2) = 156.18 + 255.44
12.585 + 25.17G =12.585 - 25.17G + 2.25 - 9G2 = 411.62 m.
 5-468

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

·A . • •eajero....lnterpoomr.. . skidd,d>inlp.·.lin Compute the passing slght distance·for·the

intersection of M8gsaysayAv~nueandQt.iirina following data: '..' .. ' .' .
Avenoeandslrucklibystanderandeontinued
ul'\tll.lthit•• cme•• ofthe•• colVllln.sllpport.·pf•• the Speed of the pa$sing car :::~. kph
$~y, • • a~$edqn.th~dam~g~ • tgt/)~fra~tof' Speed Of the overtaken vehicle; 88 kph
.mElcar; • • me.poliser~Plll'l.e~tilil~ledt!¥ltlhe.car n~ ofiili.~al maneuver =4.3 sec, .
wa$d()ln~.8 • • kPI"laltM•• lJ1am~nt.()flmpaCt'on Average acceleration ~ 2.37 kphlsec,
IhElg)Il!mn·.• ~4PP()rt" • • • Th~l~mglb • Oflhe••·skid TIme passing vehicle occupies the left lane
ma~$VJasreeor~dt9.M.40.1ll .•••.r~~.raa(j·has = 10.4 sec;
ildpWnhiU•. 9@dll,oftS%, .• • Atest@r•• ~kid(jed Oi5la~ between !he passing Vehicle at the
·.j~Tll .• oh.thesame • ~ctipn.·Af • ltte···roal:twren .end oHIs maneuyerand the opposing" ....
thr•• b@~~·isappli~.,ff:Pll'l.a.spe® •. qi~Okphto vehiCle:;; 76 m. ...
the•• h~I~, •.• Deterrnine,1hEl.prob~bJe.s~d(lfthe Solution:
Car InvQlved inJhe a¢eidentwnen lhe brakes
'tVel"¢aPPljoolhkPh. .... 0ppOSlfli I'(n:c"!{ tlPpeat:> \<then
pa~lfIg whrd t JPproocM.1 A

F1RST PRASE

Solution:

m =96 • 88 =8 kph

V= 40000
d1 =.!.L (V_m +_at1)
3.6 2
3600
V= 11.11 m/s
d1 = 4.3 [96 _8 +
3,6
?]1H:~]
2
d1 = 111.20 m.
s =2 (g)(f- G) Vt2
_ (11.11)2 _ d2=3:6
. 14 - 2 (9.81)(f - 0.05)
d =96(10.4) = 277 33
f-O,05 =0,449 2 3.6 . m,
f = 0.50 (coeff. of friction) d3 = 76 m.

8000 2
V2 = 3600 d4 =3(d2)
V2 =2.22 m/s 2
d4 = '3 (277.33)
._~-=J(l
S- 2 9 (f- G) d4 = 1.84.89 m,
_ V12 - (2.22)2 Total passing sight distance
40 - 2 (9,81) (0,50 - 0.05) =d1 + d2 + d3 '" d4
V12. 64 = 4576,95 = 111.20 + 277.33 + 76 +184,89
V, =68.12·kph = 649.42 m.
 S-469

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

eo!upule•• the.minirnum.pa$Sing131gm.<list<i"qI!. Avehicl~.tray~la • di$tal)ce'9f40·n1·•• llefQr~

forthefollowlllQd13ta; . . .. .... . ..
·~~:~~f~fld~~~t~~r~f::~ • oi$l~l~~~ •
.,.,.,' .. ,.,'.',','.' .. , ... .... ... -, ...
_ ' , ... _.,-.- ... -, .. _._ .. '.'.',' .... , .. -... '.'.- .. ... '.'.,.,.
,'

Speed of the passing car :: 90 •. ~.... A~er • C<lUl$lom • • lfb~WyehlCle$skldthrQQ9h

Speed of the overtaken vehicle:= 80kph . 14•• Il'I..•• bElfor~$wRPi~9 .• c;ofllPute • t~~#*i~t.·
Time of initial maheuver =4sec; •. . . . . ••. i.·.··.· . Sp~oflh~ll\oVi"Q.¥el'li(JJ~·.A§§~lffl@C!I~11
lipeffiejellldfQ,62.} . . . .. ... . . .

~';~=:=::telt~ .. Solution:
Distance belweenthe passingvehlde altful·.•.
end of its maneuiler and IheQpPOSing ••••.. •.
vehicle:: SO m. ..

Solution:
Minim_ pauing si,hl di.lt6llcr-------l
0l'posi.., I'thirl" np~ • ,.,111m
ptusi", whid." <>pp hn A

Vj Vr-O

.~ ....:.I:~
After collision:

(Wa + Wb) 2 2
(80m)
- (Wa + Wb) f S2 = -zg- (V4 - V3 )
Min. passing sight distance =~ d2 + d3 + d4 o-vi
- f8 2=--
_ 2g
but d4 =td2 2
V3 = 2g fS 2
Min. passing sight distance = d2 + d3 i vi = 1(9.81)(0.62)(14)
d3 = distance between passing vehicle at V3 = 13.05 m/s
the end ofits maneuver and opposing
vehicle. Momentum before impact = momentum after
d2= Vt impact
r/... = 90(1000)(9) WaV2 (Wa + Wb)
Ul 3600 -- = V3
9 9
d2 =225m. Wb= 0.75 Wa
WaV2 (Wa +0.75Wa)
Min. passing distance = ~ (225) + 80
-g- -- 9 ·v3
Min. passing distance =380 m. V2=1. 75V3
V2 = 1.75 (13.05)
V2 =22.84 m/s
5-470

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING .

Before coflision Momentum before impact = momentum after

impact
·Wa fS1 = ~; (Vl· V1 2) Wa V2 (Wa + Wb)
--= V3
V1 2
·0.62 (40)~-
vi- 9 9
4oo0V2 = (4000 + 2000) V3
(22.84)2. V1 2 9 9
·0.62 (40) = 2(9.81) V - 10.85(6000)
2 - 4000
(22.84)2. V1 2= - 486.576
V1 =31.75 mls
V2 = 16.275 mls
V _ 31.75 (3600)
1- 1000 Before collision:
V1 = 114.31 kph
Wa (Vi -V1 2)
- Wa f51 = 2g

• f51 =
vi-2g V1 2

Acargo truck having a welghtof 4000 lb. skids (16.275)2. V1 2

lhrougha distance of 461)t .before colliding - 0.60(46) = 2(9.81)
with a parked Toyota land cruiser having a 2
(16.275)2. V1 =- 541.512
weight of 2000 lb. Atter comsJon bOth vehicles VI = 28.40 m/s
skid through a distance equal to 10m. before
stopping. If Ihe coefficient of Uiction between V - 28.40(3600)
1- 1000
tires and pavement is a.a,compute the inilisJ
speed of the cargo truck. . V1 = 102.23 kph
Solution:

A >cargo truck of weight 6000 lb. hits a

Mercedes Benzhavingii weight of 1600 lb.
and both the vehicles skip.togetherfhrough a
dlshmce of 5 m, before &'lmln{f to stop,
Compute the initial speed of the cargo tlUck if it
does not apply brakes before collision. Ass.
coeff. oftnction ;;:0;60.

Solution:
After Collision:
(Wa + Wb) (Wa + Wb) 2 2
· - - - f82 = (V4 . V3 )
9 2g
O· V3 2
. f82 = - - -
2g
V3 2 = 2g f 82
V32 = 2(9.81)(0.6)(10)
V3 = 1085 m.s
 S-471

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

After coalition: After collision:

Momentum before impact =momentum after

impact
W1 + W2 (W1 + W2)
. -g-- = 'g V3
6000V2 = (6000 + 16oo)V3
g g
6000V2 = 7600V3
V - 7600 (7.6?}
2- 6000
V2= 9.72 mts
V - 9.72 (3600)
. 2- 1000 TVf~¢clrsAandEloftiq¥aIWl'~hl,al'e
V2 = 34.99 kph apprO~shi~g!lmjrll$M~qtiOr()fJwo
perpeMicularroads, • A.frQmlhe~st • ~nd •. e
fr0I1'l•• th~ • • solJlll~.g • • c~lid~.wltheClch • gth~r ..
rh~@ti!lI • ~Kid • dj$tarces.of~and.~l>efore
collisl0r! am3PIll.and•• 2qpl..re5~c!tvely.
A~theCOIliS1qn • • ~.$kl<j.~lstah~ofAarlde
·,tvian•• h.aVjn9.~.Weight·Qt8000Ib.htts~ • pa~ed· afe•.14•.• m.•. ~od.~itm .• respe¢ti\lalY.ASkids • a
TOYQt!l~r • • af•• wei9ht•• • 2QO() • • lb.•.•• !lrld • both directjpnof.~.M)· • Vj.'i\lhil~.~skids~direc:tjpn
• Y~iCl¢~Skidt()~ltier • tlir9lig~.ti.(jJs~r~of of•• ~ .•• 3q'.• ~ .••• If.t~ra,V~t~9~.~k!9~~$tflnge.pf
&••·rrJ••• ·~efQre8'!l)lng • • to~toP ••••.CompllI7•• m~ fheptlYernentisfolJnd•• tobep,60·c{llnput~.t~e.·
V~IQCity9f.lrllP~qt.wm~ • • v!ln • !lppl~$.br!lk~s sp@dpf A1~kphb~fQrfJh~appli$S~Qfak~. .
and • skidsthro~h.a.~istar!~of • 4• ro·.·befora
cl:l1Jj$i()Il'.·.•.• ·N>$l.llIl~>9~(;ifll1t·.llf.ffi¢tion.js Solution:
Q.5Q.
Solution: L
. . V~I . .. _,__ ~_

. . ··'0 m~ r 2{m .:

Velocity of Impact
VBf~--+-.l
~~tl .
VAN VJ ....-
5-472

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

L .At collision:
(Alo~fvl.West-East direction only)
momentum before impact = momentum after
impact

WA =WB
VAz =- 8.25 + 10.295
VAz = 2.045 m/s
. WA(VA/- VA1Z)
- WA (0.60)(30) = 29
(2.045)2 - VA12
- 60.30 (30) = 2(9.81)
4.182· VA12 =- 353.16
VA12 = 357.342
VA1 = 18.90 m/s
- 18.90 (3600) = 68 50 k h
VA1- 1000 . P

Compute lheminifuum reqUire<jslgbtdlstanpe

After collision: tg •.~yoid,.a • .• c()Ui~ipn •• for·.t~Yo~,#iJY •.• traffic·.Wlm
Work done in skidding = change in kinetic energy $ln~le • lane.'Nilh.'a•• car approaqhifl9~~fYi.m~
Positive work -negative work opposite djr¢clions.if.bolh.CCjfs.i:J!'El.roolJm9,<lla
= change in kinetic energy speed.Of8tfkPlf••·.T6tal.perceprt6n·and·.t~~et\()1l
HmeJs2, Ssec',60efficiOOI(lftrtCli0l1 is 0040
W (V 2 V 2) ilndbrake efficienqy is 50%."
o. WA (~ (14) = A ~g - Aa
Solution:
0- VAl
- 0.60(14) = 2(9.81)
VA3 = 12.84 mls

ForB:
Wa(Va/ Va})
0- We (0.60)(36) = 2g V=80 kph V=80 kph

.~f~
V 2
·0.60 (36) =.~
VB3 = 20.59 mls
 5-473

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

80000
V= 3600 = 22.22 m/s
f= 0.4 (0.5)

••,1.~
f=0.20
Cf)mp~t~merE1911it~1~n9thoflh~saf~
V2
.s = Vt + 2 9 (f + G)
. (22.22?
s =22.22 (2.5) + 2 (9.81) (0.4 + OXO.S) .re~cijon• lirnEt9fff1edtiv.er'fS?·6~ep,~l\clJ~e
S = 55.56 + 125.85 C(j~fflpltmt9fm~Wm~~t\¥~~tlJtre$~~d
S= 181.41 m. p~v~rnentl$li.40,AS~umethe$k)peQf
Sight distance to ?void, r;01l1~>n
foal:t'NClytobebQtiz(lg@,\. .' .'.
= 2 (181.41)
= 362.82m. Solution:
,"

.C(jmpO.~• • llle•• ··reqUjr~d • • $~fe· • $t6ppiN~.· • $1~ht T"'oLane

dl~~nqElf()r··~·.fMl • 'f/~Ylt<tffi9jr • ~• ·$ifl.g~~fl.e·
to .WaldB9111$iQry.wrtbllcar~ppr93et)ing~~m
thEl.Qppo~itedjreclio~jfb()tbc~~sClr~mQyln~
at•• ~• SPl¥ld • •ot80.l(pb, • • • • Tot~lper~~pli(jm·
re<Wjon.t!nie.bft~e·iiriyer • I$.g.sf¥J· • . COeffi9i~rt
ofJr:lcti<m·.Ilel\v~n • tl1e.tires·and·the.pavet'Ylenf
i$O.l)o.$I()p¢()ft'()~dWClyi$+2%. . ...
V= 60000
Solution: 3600
V= 16.67m/s

S = Vt + 29 (f + G)
Single Lane
_ (16.67i
......
V=80 kph V=80kph
-... S -16.67 (2.6) + 2 (9,81) (0.4 + 0)
S = 78.73 m (stopping distance)

80000
V=.3600 =22.22 m/s
V2 Vehicles often travel city streets adjacent to
S = V t + 29 (f + G) parking lanes at56 kph or faster.. At his speed
_ (22.22)2 and selting detectIon through response-
S - (22.22) (2) + 2 (9.81) (0,5 + 0.02) initiation lime for an alert driver at 2 sec. and
S = 92.85 rn. f =0.50, how far musUhedriver be ~way from
a sUddenly opened car {joot to avoid $trlking
-sate stopping sight distance == 2 (92,85) it?
Safe stooping sight distance = 185.70 m.
5-474

TRANSPORTADON ENGINEERING

Solution: 80000
v1 = 3600
v1 = 22.22 mls
V12 • vi
8 = V1 t + 2 (g) (f + G)
80
I----s;--~ 8=-(6)
16
8=30m.
56000 (22.22f- vi
V= 3600 30 = 22.22 (0.5) + 2 (9.81) (0.65 + 0)
V= 15.56 m/s (22.22)2 . vi = 240.90
V2= 15.9 mls
(15.56f v:2 = 1000
15.9 (3600)
8 = 15.56 (2) + 2 (9.81) (0.50 + 0)
8= 55.78m.
v2 = 57.2 kph

C\)mptJt~th¢headingllght$i9htdl~taoce.fora·
()r¢Whj¢fejs•• fljuowirJ!rari()th'*~fl~ • tWo-lane fr~e't\'ay • with • a.desjgn • • SI¥lElcl.of•• • 75 • • kph.
tWp•• hi9hway • ~t.rtlght~q9qfdir~ • I().·.th~· • s<lfe A$SUl11E!•• tirne()f~tcaPtj® • t().be3.seG.artd
M¥in9tu~ • ~1IhUm~.ot(m~.~tletl9m~Pll(;ing skid.r~~istClnce • l()be • pJ50..•••.• Use •. 80% ·.br<jke
.f0l'~ch.1e.I<pH.()f.sP¢E!l:i·lf·b9thY~~!PIe~.lire effi:clency. . . .
·lra~l~g.at8(J.kp~ •.<l~l:i.WE!.I~~.%1t.crashEl~.W
th<lt~pet'ld·intQ.ltte • rllar.Qf.'ID.9nij@1~dPllr:l<ed Solution:
!ruck,.at.What•• $peE!tiWjQ·.~ • follp~l~gY~hl~e
blt•• th.e;•• ~recki!g~?.A$SIlJrl~· • ac.c~r • •'ength•• I~
~f'rHa~~~og~~~lsO;q • ~.• ~Il~.~.¢effiC~W
Solution:

v= 75000
3600
V= 20.83 mls

\fl
s= Vt+-
2gf
(20.83)2
S= 20.83 (3) + 2 (9.81) (0.48)
S= 108.59m.
 S-475

TRANSPORTATION ENGIIIUIING

Solution:

F=~V2
~icarhavtngaigrt1ssiW~ight6f~f<NiS g r
lffllVill~~ta cerl~jTl~~~Qn$p~~~IO'}9a. 50000
V = 3600 =13.89 mls
OitmWay¢lIrve,•• • •. Ne~~MN~.·.fli¢t~~··b~tlen
trnl••tlre$.apd•• the.paVm'~gf.find*M.tl)r~.{tlat - 1200 (1389)2
wUI•• ~ • t().pull.lt1e~W~~Y:ff9m·~~nter9f F- 70
the.·qu~.iffh~.cul'Ve • ~~.laIIirll~tfal:t()f'·.of . F=3307N
0.00.· .
Solution:

_ Centrifugal force.
Impact factor - weight of vehicle
F
0_30 = 50
F= 15kN il• • •
Solution:

A.tarls•• runlllhg • at ·m.ax•••~IJ6W~Pte • $pe~d

alOl'lQ•• ~ • hjgh\\!a.y.Cl1rve.~t~.~njmPClctf<lclpr(}f
p.gQ.••••• ,f.the·.Wejgl'll • ofW~.:eat~N.tij$~~diS
4{l)kN,•• • \Vhat • i~.th~· • serlll'if1.lSlJl.twCEl.···()n•• ;t
N.e9I$ctfrlcI1Qrybetw~E!Tlffi~III'(j~.al1#]M
p;:lYemtmto . _. . ..

Solution:
F=--
wVl
wV2 g r
. <
Centrifugal ,orce = gf 60000
V2 V=3600 = 16,67 mls
Impact factor = gr
F = 1000(9.81)(16.67)2
Centrifugal force = 40 (0.2) 9.81 (100)
Centrifugal force = 8 leN F= 2778

.Because some railroad track follows a rllfer

A Qlr weighing 1200 kg runs at 50 kph around bed, tightcu~sare' required. The tightest
an unbanked curve with a radius of 70 m. curve has aradius of 21 ~.4 t m. The center to
What force of fnction on the tires IS required to cenler distance between raUs is called the
keep the car on the circular track? effective gage and is equal to 1.5 m.
S-476

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

® ·r()•• Ylhalhelgbt.tll~flheQU1$fd~iail • b~· @ Length ofspiral:

raisel:!•• if.<In.~q'lJilillriI.Jlnspe~()f.64kph.is e = 125 mm = 5 inches
tObetillJlffllllned?ii Note:
®..••• What•. is•• ~h~ • COmf(lrtabltl•• speed<llong • the Length of spiral in feel is usually 62 limes
nvetbe(j? 'e' in inches.
@ ••• ·WMt•• i$.m~.1®9t/) • pf.tb~ • ~a~$illOn.·$pjl'al
with•• ·.·the.·•.• 125 .•·•• mm•.• • elevation jf••·.the· Ls =62 (5)
·¢<lUllibrl@lsp~i$.USedf Ls = 310 ft.
Ls = 94.51 m.
Solution:
CD Height of outside rail:

tMde$ign•• $pee~ • fQra.HqnZ®lal.¢l)rve • of.a

niUroadjslimitedJo6Qkph, '.. . '.'

(j) .' c:ompulelhertmOireg~upe(eleValiof11obe

pmvlde~at .• h9ri4or~~I • CWV~ • qf·a.hm•• mad
naVill9atMhJsPfC9lYeqf40Prrt .....
® 'vVhal.is.the.miJvradjusofflOnzonl~lc~rve
In.ahUly.Joad·.lhal.isJW1Uirediflhe.lalerat
fril)t~nfaclor.is.tak13l'lfs.O.1$and.asuper
elevationofO.06arn;<
® What•• js•• the•• all()wablerat~of • changeof
lane=wa centrifu9<i1•• <icceleraliqn.f()r•• a•• horizont~1
gW curve&fahlllf(lad. ...'
Ian e =~
9 Solution:
y2 CD Required super elevation for a hill road:
a=R V2
v2
lane=-
e= 225 R
gR _ (60f
. e e- 225 (200)
Sin e = 1.5 =Ian e for small angles
e= 0.08
~-~ .
1.5 - gR @ Min. radius of horizontal curve in hill road:
64000 V2
V = 3600 =17.78 mls R= (e + ~ (127)
~_-i!.?~ R= 0.008 (65)2
1.5 - 9.81 (213.41) 0.068 + 0.15
e = 0.226 m. = 226 m R= 155m.
@ Comfortable speed: @ Allowable rate of change of centrifugal
when e = 75 mm (3 inches) acceleration of horizontal curve in hill road:
e y2 80
1.5 - gR c= V+ 75
0.075 _ y2 . 80
1.5 - 9.81 (213.41) C=65+75
V =10.23 mls = 36.8 kph C = 0.571 mlsec3
 S-477

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

A•• carweig~ing.?O • ~N • lTl9ves.a.cElMain • $Peeg A..lVio.l!lne • hjgtW8Y.fl~vio~.avAd!h.Qf3.€lIJI..

arOU.nd.aClrcufSr•• 9tlrve•• CallSi~9a.centlif\lgal· ()I'IAACh.lalle•• Witha~$l$l't.sp~d(lf • 10Pkph
f()r(;El.'Nhl(;~ • tElnds.toP1.lIl.ttJe·~ra'Nayfr9IlltM h~sa40(}i11·r<W~$.~Qri~()ntalcg~ye
c®t~·.()f • tne. .CQfile••. at•• ~ .• l1lagl'lltud~.f!Qlll;lllQ
15k!''t . C011®¢tiIl9.~~n~llts.\VIm.t@:lrillg$9fN·.Z5'l;~
al1dS>78'E. ... ..

@} .90(tlpUtem~.@Ui ...a~nl¢enjrlfyg~l.ral@( .@ p~termln~I~~$O~rel~~ti(mw-telftJe

.~ • •·.WnatisttJe.rnax.••sp¢M•• that.tnis•• C<lrO(llJld jict~~f<!BI()ri§9.t~,\·
tIi~nelJvef.ol1.the.Cl1t\(e • $Othat•• ltWill1'l6t ~q()rnp~temeJ~ij9tb°t$pjt~tffthe
9verttlrr1.ffthe.cllN~hasaradj@0f?8()rr1, •·• • • .• •·.qlffeWllce•• ill.ijr;~¢~~~Jh~.~~~jO~
·~ • • • What\VoUI~ • • be.lh~de!$~p$tlper~~\lati()ll. ... ··aI'\Q$:lg~gflhe~~~W~yi$UIl'lit~~tq
~ertliet~tq·prevElI'I!$lkllog9r(:l',lettUO'\irg.it. 112Pg·•• •••• • • • • • Ui•• • ,.....i•• • • • • • • U•• • •·, • • • U<·•• • • · · · · .....
IWfriction fa¢toris 0.12. .. . . . @bQmpllte.i:fu'.!lpiralili1g1~pflt1e$;C •.·.
Solution: Solution:
CD Centrifugal ratio: CD Super elevation:

Centrifugal ratio = ~ V2
R= 127 (e+0
Centrifugal ratio = ~~ _ (100)2
400 - 127 (e + 0.12)
Centrifugal ratio = 0.25
e= 0.08

@ Max. speed:

~
® Length of spiral:
Centrifugal ratio =
De __1_
V2 L -200
0.25 =9.81 (280)
3.6 (0.08) _ J...:
V:= 26.20 01/$ L - 200
V =26.20 (3600) L= 57.6m.
1000
V= 94.34 kph
@ Spiral angle:
@ Super elevation: S =iL 180
c 2 Rc 1t
R=~­
127(e+0 S =~180
_(94.34)2 c 2 (400) 1t

280 -127 (e + 0.12) Sc = 4.13'

e =0.13 m/m
S-478

TRAISPORTATIOI EIGIIEERIIO

An easement CUlVe has afengthofspiral equal A car having a weight of 40 kN is moving at a

10 60 m.having a central curve of a radius of certail:! speed arotllld a given curve.
400 m. The design velocity ofthe·car allOwed Neglecting friction between the tire and
·to passthru lhisporllonls100kph. pavement arid aSStlming a centrifugal ratio of
0.30.
<D. Compul&therateof increese ofcenlripelal
. acceleration. . .. ..
(j) Compute the force that wUt lend \() pull the
®!fthe ftiCtion factor is 8ClUal to 0.14, .tar.~ from the center.of the curve in
. . cOmpute tlie $lipereievathn rate in mlm . l<N . . . . .•.
~ =~~~j~ofonel~ofrolidwaY
•. ...
® 11 ~e degree of cUrve is 4'. compute the
max. speed hI kplrlhat a car could move
. if the dlff~renoein9ral1ebetweenlhe aroum the clirve. . . . .•.
. centerline andth& ~e of the roadway is ® Compute the value of the super elevation
11220. ..... . to .be actually provided for this speed if the
.skid reSistance Is 0.12. . .
Solution:
CD Centripetal acceleration: Solution:
CD Force that will tend to pull the car away
L - 0.0215 V.J from center of cUNe:
- RC F
Centrifugal ratio =W
60 =0.0215 (100)3
400C F
0.30= 40
C = 0.896 mlsec2 F = 12 kf'/

@ Super elevation rate: @ Max. speed:

V2
.V2 Centrifugal ratio = 9 r
R=127(e+~ 1145.916
r=---
_ .(100)2 4
400 - 127 (e + 0.14) r=286.48
e = 0.06 mlm \fi
0.30 =9.81 (286.48)
V= 29.04 mls
® Width of one lane: V= 104.53kph
De __1_
L - 220 @ Super elevation:
V2
0(0.06) __
1 R= 127 (e+fi
60 - 220 _ (104.53f
0= 4.55m. 286.48 - 127 (e + 0.12)
e = 0.18
 5-479

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

I'I_~'_1.1E"
··pelWeel\••. tn~~r:1erU.® .• al\lith~rqM~e; .
Ra~jllsofcenltal$lrVels420nt . .. . ... ..
___Ii
\1!qOl1lPu~.~heW1dthrequ'~.fclreaWIa~e.<.· • ·•

:iI8'RllI,.lr,
Solution:
CD W(dthfor each lane:
;01.1
Solution:
De __1_ CD Super elevation:
Lc - 250
Vi
D (0.06) __1... R=127(e+~
60 - 250
_ (80}2 •
D=4m.
350 -127 (e + 0.12)
e= 0.024nYm
® Velocity of car:
Vi
® Impact factor:
V2
Impact factor =9 R
420 =127 (0.06 +0.15)
V= 105.84 kph V= 80000
3600
@ Centrifugal ratio: V= 22.22 mls

Centrifugal ratio = ~ _(22.22f

V= 105.84 (1000) Impact factor - 2 (350)
3600 Impact factor = 0.705
V= 29.4 mls
@ Angle of embankment:
... Irat·/0 --~
Cent•lliuga .- 9.81 (420) Vi
tane =-
gr
Centrifugal ratio = 0.21
tan e = 0.705
e =35.20'
S·480

TRANSPORTlnOIL ENGINEERING.

C~Il1Pute • lffll.·.impact.faclOrf9'•• ah9ri~ontal

'JlII'.- ~tl~ •. raqius.t)t'fflQ•• tll·)t1h~(J~sjgl).$~~~~.

12Q1<Ph.

Solution:
'. . .'.

'1!llllllli
Centrifugal ratio or impact factor
_ Centrifugal force
- Weight of vehicle
wv2
Solution: Impact factor = t
CD Radius of CUNe: V2
Impact factor = fT
V2
R= 127(e+~ .V = 120(1000)
_ (90f 3600
R -127 (0.08 + 0.10) V= 33.33m1s
R=354.33m. (33.33f
Impact factor = 9.81 (400)

® Degree of CUNe: Impact factor = 0.283

D = 1145.916
354.33
D=3.23'

@ Impact factor:
Ij2
Impact factor = 9 R

V= 90000
3600
V= 25 mls Solution:

. (25f v2
Impact factor = 9.81 (354.33) Impact factor =gr
Impact factor = 0.18 V2
0.15 = 9.81 (500)
V= 27.12 m1s
- 27.12(3600)
V- 1000
V = 97.63 kph .
 S-481

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Solution:
574. CE Board Nov. 2005 CD Force to pull the car away:
. F
Centrifugal ratio =W
peterniirl~• lb~lllax .••• spe~iin1q)hthata • #ar.

.
CQuldrilnar9l!Ma5q~g~~cuo/~)fth~
.1f~ ~~~~:~~.~~~Ad~h~4~~~I~.I~j •
F
0,30 =40
F= 12kN

Solution: ® Max. speed that a car could move around

the curve:
· 1f1 .
Impact factor =-
gr
Centrifugal ratio = ~
1145.916 1145.916
r=-D-
r= D'
1145.916
1145.916 r=-4-
r=-5-
r= 286.48 m.
r= 229.18 V2
1f1 0.60 = 9.81(286.48)
0.14 = 9.81 (229.18) V=29.04 mls
V= 17.74 mls V= 104.53 kph

@ Super elevation:
v= 17.74(3600) V2
1000 R= 127(e + ~
V= 63.9kph _ (104.53)2
286.48 -127(e + 0.12)
e+ 0.12 =0.30
e=O.18m'm

.1\. carh1!l\lfi'lg~weighlof4(tkN istT!ovirt!il~tt!:

9Wal.n<speed '. around· a given' .¢~tVe;
Neglecting friction between the lirti an4 ·lh~.
pavement and assuming centrifugal .ratio of·
0.40 " ..
..'i~I~~lt~I~~~
CD·' Computi:llhe force that wiU tend topul/the
car <may from the center of lhe curVe. . Solution:
® If the degree of curve is 4'; compute the
V2
· max. speed inkphthat a car could move
around the ci.irve. ... .'. . R=127(e+~
@ Compute the value of the super elevation V= 50 mph
·to be actually provided for this speed if the V- 50(5280}
·skid reslslance is equal to 0.12.' . - 3.28 (1000)
V= 80.49 kph
 5-482

TRANSPORTAnON. ENGINEERING

---.!§Q~ V2
R- 127 (0.10 + 0.16) R=127(e+~
R=196.19m. _ (80)2
D= 1145.916 229.18 - 127 (e + 0.12)
R e + 0.12 = 0.22
D= 1145.916 e= 0.10m'm
196.16
D=5.84'

!N.curvefflad•• •74.m·.·.W•• tM!lls•• ·.~~ • • a••s@l?r

l\~jmpleandihorlZ9htalCUrveroadh~$a
d~.9fcuf\l~.9fa.2' .•••• ()~t~nllillet~e.9¢$i9n
$p~d • o/l.IhI$C~flJell1.·.tnph • if ·e•• ·.'=;•• O.O&ahd.
fWO:1~/·
eIElyalic)ll•• of·O.12.•• aild~.·t1eslgfl·.spe~ • of.~Q
kptLC•• OeterminetM¢®f1l¢ieril • offncIiAIl
betWeenthetiresatlq.the~ent.... .

Solution:
'Solution:
V2
R= 1145.916 R= 127(e+~
3.2 _ (80)2
R=358.1 m. 74 -127 (0.12 + ~
V2 0.12+f=0.68
R=127(e+~ f= 0.56
V2
.358.1 = 127 (0.08 + 0.12)
V=95.37 kph
V= 95.37 (1000) (3.28)
5280
V=59.2 mph A4~ • hP@()rJ!~lcplY~rdadj$gesijrJ@r.~ • s~d
of.59.fllpl1'.·.S~pElr.eleY<ltionis.Q.~ .••• [ffllerrnine
the(;(;)E@s.iei1t2f!~t~U®t[O!L~ .___ ..._._
Solution:
_ 50 (5280)
rhede9~.·of.curve9fa$irnPle··CUl'Vej$ • 5'. V- 3.28 (1000)
COO1Pl.lfe·the.desired.super~levation·tequired.jf
lhedeslgnspeedofacarpassing lhrothe V= 80.48 kph
curve. is 80 l<phanl:ijhe skid resislanceis R= 1145.916
equaltoO.12. 4
R= 286.48
Solution:
= 1145.916 V2
R D' R=127(e+ry
R =1145.91 6.
(.130.48)"
28648 =-"'--'--
5 . 127 (0.06 -;- f)
R=229.18m. {=0.118
 ~ 483

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

PEltel1lliM•• • lrell@9'lh•• l)fth~spifal.9~rve

#~$lgll~l1tilr.~·m~·caf.$,~~.tlt.90kph • lf.fh~
g~9ri$()f • lhEl • qllltr<:lICl.lrye • i~.&\<q~e·.~f'(;
~a$i$. . .

Solution:
·filld.tlj~.I~@th9t • ~ • • trM~~l96P41'f~.a~.m~
~~~$ • Af•• ~· • • ¢~l'ClI • ¢(r&El•• n~0t\9 • •~• • r~l:fi@o~
1~~ • l'Ikhi~lald.$ilib • tffill¢elr~ • tr:aYE!@g•• l ij•• il.· R= 1145.916
• $p@(j9tlQ.kpti~».Mt,$kjd.6t'oVertl.lffi • • • •· · 5
R=229.18m.
Solution:
L = 0.036 j(-l
L =0.036 j(-l
c Rc
c Rc L =0.036(9W
c 229.18
L =0.036 (70}3 Lc = 114.51 m.
c 195
Lc = 63.3m.

At~atmax, • • $~e~jllkph • ¢OlJld••aGarpa$s

lhfOl.l~h.·.a • • ~pir~t • • l!l~;StJm~nt • • (;lm!'e.>~jthollt
()YerfiJ£lllnQ.ifWew~m$9fWe.cen~al.etlrve.ls
1~Om·ijn~the~llP~r¢levadqnJ~OJZPef
fllElter()f~,? . . ..

Solution:
Solution:
0.079 i<!
e=-R-
R= 1145.916
5 0.12 = 0.~7~ J<2
R=229.18m.
K=52.3 kph

L =0.036 j(-l
c Rc
I =0.036(9W
'-C 229.18
Lc = 114.51 m. A spiral easement ClUve has a length of 1(«) rn.
with a central curve haVing a radius O! 3eO 1")
Determine the offset distance fram tt>~ far ~',!!t
[0 the 2n0 quarter poin~ of the spiral.
S-484

TONSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Solution:

A$Plr~I.1ool"rl· • longc6nrttlcl$~.*ngl!ntVlitha
-i.·~~~.·8r(:UlarC\jwe,·· •. AMm~~pil'<ill.ary9Ie
~tlhEi$;C> ...

Solution:
L3
x=--
6Rc Lc R= 1145.916
_ (50)3 , 4
x- 6(300)(100) R=286.48
x=0.69m.

S =lL 180
e 2Re 1t

100 (180)
Se = 2 (286.48) -;-

.Vj.II1~1I Se= 10'

Solution:
L = 0.036 J<3
R
120 =0.036 J<3 • flrtQttledegf~9t<:Ufffl9ia~ottal51mple
260 ·AlIl'V~·ffhasa • ~~ir91.ClJrvNlf • 1QPlTtl~ng.{)~
K= 95.3kph 1Wq • . ~ld~sqnWhiC1)a<:attr~elil'lQatr?kph
WlIllllitskiQ.l.Jsearcbasls. ... .
Solution:

L= 0.036 J(.3
~tls • ·tftEl•• 9ffsetdlstijnll~fr901fH~.~~.ngef}ttA R
.m~~nd·9uafterp0ir1t.l)f~ • $Pi~l99rv~lh~a
has•.~.lerigth.·of8Qll1ililld.ll.·c~1ralraqius
300m' . • of 100 = 0.036 (75)3
R
R= 151.875
Solution:
L3
x=-- 0::;: 1145.91~
6 ReLe
151.875
-~L
x - 6 (300)(80) 0=7.55'
x= 0.444 m.
x= 44.4 em.
 8-485

TUNSPOITIDOII EIIGIIIEERIIII

Solution:
CD Radius of curve:
R- 1145.916
- 6

1i1'lllililB;i @
R= 190.99m.

Length of throw:

~ ~~~~.~:~ ~,tfi.",~.~,"i, ~.l

Xe=lL
6Re
_ (80f
,•.• .•,.• '•.•,.• . ,.•.• ,•. ;• .•. •.•. • .• ....•.,:•... •. ".•,.,• .,•••.,,••..• • ."• .,•. .•,•,. ..-•.•. Xc - 6 (190.99)
. . . . :\AIl.goo.. . ::::::.:;;:}:::<{««</:::>::~:<:::;::::::::. :.;::.:::<:
Xe=5.58
Solution:
CD Offset distance at S. C.
-~
P -4
I p_ 5.88
Es = (Rc +P) sec:2- Rc - 4
13.20 =(230 + P) Sec 18' - 230 p= 1.395m.
p= 1.30
@ External distance:
Xc =4 (1.3)
I
Xc =5.2 Es = (Rc + P) Sec - Rc
2
@ Length of spiral curve: 42'
Es = (190.99 + 1.395) Sec 2-190.99
-.!L
Xc-6Rc Es,= 15,08 m.
_-!:L
5.2- 6(230)
Lc=84.7m.
® Design speed:

• •[~'lRi
L =0.036KJ
Rc
=0.036 K3
84.7 20
K= 81.5kph

A$Pllt.~pjfi!I~~~Il'iEl~t¢ij~.~~ • ~.$i • ~r@

fl)ril$¢E!ntra1cWVf:l" ... ...
Il.[liiili
Solution:
CD Length of throw:
@f•• • lle~~$~e.fi!dm~af~.~n~al<lUrye'·.' •• I
Es = (Rc + P) Sec:2 - Rc
~
• • •••••• •
.·@••••• ff.t®¢elllrl,lIMg~ • ()ft@~~tt~I@WI$·
I~ I~ • •m0~1~ • 6t.~~r9~.; ~ ~I~I • • • . 42'
15.98;:: (190 + P) Sec 2-190
• .•·•• • • • 4Z·; • l:OtllPllfeltte.~~I~~~[$t~M~¥·the· 190 + P =192.30
,. ~ntral~l'¢ofll~pir~l~liS~~lltC9lV~{< P=2.30m.
·S-486

TRUSPORTlnOI EISIIEElIlI

@ Length ofspiral: @ Length ci throw:

L2
X --=:c.....
c-6Rc p=&
4
&=p p= 4.65
4 . 4
><;; =4 (2.3) p= 1.16
><;;=9.2
L2 @ External distance:
9.2=6(190) I
Es = (Re +- P] Sec 2. Rc
4= 102.41 m. Es = (229.18 +- 1.16) Sec 20' - 229.18
Es = 15.94m.
@ Max. speed:
- 0.036KJ
Lc- R
c
102.41 = o.~~KJ
K= 81.46kph 11J!)'.~gtl)«#splr.~twaqm· ·W®·.~~(IlU$M
.th~.fffilll\l,y~Il~I1Q·2()O·m .•·..··>·.·•.•.· ·.·• • • ·• .•.•. . . . .
@)()ompQl.¢.th~wiri,lI~IfJ:at.~.·.~d~~~
~.¢.)<
~• • ··p¢ppW~JMoffset~~tant~Ait.lhe<erid .
~($,¢,)

@C()mptM!hetengthQftb~.< .

Solution:
CD Spiral angle at S. C.
S=~
c 2nR
S - 80 (180)
c - 2n(200)
S(;'" 11;46' .

Solution: @ Offset distance at end point (5. C.)

CD Offset distance at S.C. _4
Xc -
6Rc
- 1145.916
Rc - 5' _K
XC - 6(200)
Rc = 229.18 m. Xc =5.33

L2 @ Length of throw:
Xc =6t p=&
4
_ (80f
Xc - b (229.18) p= 5.33
4
Xc = 4.65 p= 1.33
 S·487

TRANSPORTADON ENGINEERING

·i~'!IIL~i~~~~·~=I~i·

Solution:
ill:!lil
Solution:
ill Length ofspiral: ill Length of spiral:

L =0.0215 Vl P=~
c RC 4

L = 0.0215 (100)3 Xc =4 (1.333)

c 360 (0.6) Xc =5.332
Lc = 99.54m. Q
XC =6Rc.

® Offset distance at S. C. L2
5.332=~

Xc=~ 4=80m.
X - (OO.54?
c- 6 (360) ® Max. velocity:
Xc =4.59 4= 0.036 Vl
Rc
@ Length of throw: 80 =0.036 Vl
200
1
P=-X
4 c V= 76.31 kph
p= 4.59
4 @ Spiral angle at S. C.
P=1.15
S=~
c 2rr: R
_ 80 (180)
Sc - 2 rr: (200)
Sc = 11.46'
S·488

TRUSPORTADOI EIGINURIIG

It••111
1;11-;.
Solution: Solution:
<D Length ofspiral:
I _ 0.0215 y6
t-e- RC
L = 0.0215 (100)3
c. 340 (0.79)
4=80.04m.

@ Length ofthrow:
L2
-~
Xc-6Rc

(80.04)2
Xc = 6(340)
Xc =3.14 400
r= 3.281
R= 121.95m.
p=l4 xc
V=48kph
p=3.14 V= 48000
4 3600
P=0.785m. V= 13.33 m/s
WV2
tan '" = -
grW
@ External distance:
I V2
Es =( Rc + P) Sec 2" . Rc tan '" =-
f1
Es = (340 + 0.785) Sec 20' • 340 _ ( 13.33)2
Es =22.66m. tan",·· 9.81 ( 121.95)
"'=8.45"
 5-489

TRANSPORTIDON ENGINEERING

~.~.~~v~;~l9l~~&~~
·rla:~~.~I=t.~.o.t~=l~ho~.·
Solution:
••Ir.
~f#jijffiOWitl@ijts.l@iM9;>• <····· .}.. .

Solution:
<,•• •.• •}.

~2
tan a -grW

tan a=-
v2
fT
v- 30(5280)
-328(3600)
V= 13.71 m/s
(13.71)2
tan a =9.81 (122)
e =8.92'

wV2
·1.~.~I$.ti.$~~~I~·· fan (9+B) =-.-
gr W
~~: • llll.·~.~~~~~r~I~~ll(!Bti • 9f•• tan (a +6)=-
V2
gr
Solution: tan 6 = 0.30
6 = 16.7'
\fl
tan a =-
gr V2
tan (15 + 16.7) = 9.81 (120)
_ 40(5280)
V- 328 (3600) V= 26.96 mls
V= 17.89 m/s V = 26.96 (3600)
tan T =i1L89}2 1000
9.81 r V= 97kph
r= 265.6m.
5-490

TRDSPORTIDOI ElIIIEElIII

__tti! lir• •
Solution:

Vl Solution:
tane =-
gr
• lfJ.
tan 6 =9.81 (150)
V= 12.44m1s
- 12.44 (3600)
V- 1000
V=44.n kph
- 44.n (1000)(3.28)
V. - 5280
V= 27.81 mph

lfJ.
603. CE Board Nov. 2005 tane=-
gr
Sin e = tan e for srnaH angles

V- 45(5280)
- 3.28 (3600)
Solution:
V=20.12m/s
lfJ. 0.10 _(20.12)2
tane =-
gr 1.5 - 9.81 r
• lfJ.
tan 6 = 9.81 (150) r = 619. 10 m.
V= 12.44m/s
V_ 12.44 (3600)
- 1000
V=44.nkph
- 44.77 (1000)(3.28)
V- • 5280
V= 27.81 mph
 S-491

TRUSPORTlnOIl EIIGIIIEERIIUI

Solution:
Solution:
For small angle tan e = Sin e

~O.15
1.5./'1
tan e = I,P-
gr
0.15 I,P-
15 = (9.81) (420)
V=20.30 m1s
V =20.30 (3.28) (3600)
5280
V=45.39mph

For small angles Sin e = tan e

S·In e =0.15
-
1.5

I • •til
Solution:
tan e=0.15

WV2
tane=grw
V2
1.5

tane=-
I,P- fT
tane=-
gr 0.15 v2
_ 50 (5280) 15 =9.81(420)
V- 328 (3600)
V=20.30mls
V= 22.36 m1s
_ (22.36)2 V =20.30(3600)
tan e - 9.81 (287.5) 1000
8 = 10.05' V=73.70kph
5-492

TRAISPORTlno. EIGIIEERII•

• ,al
:eleValll)j'\ is 10'.<

Solution:
... . .

10"

WCos 10" WCos8

LMA=O
WSin 10' (0.68) + WCos 10' (0.75)
LMA=O
+ W Vl- Sin 10' (075) = wVl- Cos 10' (068) wVl-. .
gr . gr . WCos e (0.70) + gr Sin 8 (0.70)
0.118.+ 0.739 + 0.0000885 Vl-= 0.000455 Vl-
+ WSin 8 (0.6) = ~; (0.60) Cos 8
V=48.35 mls
V=48.35 (3600) - 120 (10001'
V- 3600
1000
V= 174kph V=33.33 mls
 S-493

TRINSPORTlnON ENGINEERING

AY¢hi91Wirtlp~s • • to•• overlUfll9n.··a.sup¢t

'E«~'l.
el~a~~hl~~WIV7~1.~ • ~Il~.91~9mp~·
1]ll'l·~~jQ!Jt.ot.ils • ~mr . of.gf~vi~.~ .• O,6S·W··
artdit$tre8dls.t46j1t.. ·• The$uperelevliuOl'l~
10·,.C(lmp~le.~.l<adillSof.lhe.GUr'IEl.assl/ll'lio/J. [)is@:JCEl•• bl:l~~ • • ftont•• • • ~I~ • • i§•• • 1;2r',.ff
n()s~lcl!lil'lg9Pqur~.
1(~~wJili:~r4_r~~~i~t
. .
Solution:
10' Solution:

WV2 /gr
-t~~
r-~rG~~
0.65'

"'Sin 10'

~ 60 (52.80) _
V- 3.28(3600) - 26.83 mls

LMA=O
WSin 10' (0.65) + WCos 10' (0.73)
+ wV2 Sin 10' (0.73) =wV2 Cos 10' (0.65)
9r 9r
0.113 +0.719 +(26.83j2 :.~~ ~O' (0.73)
_ (26.83)2 Cos 10' (0.65)
9.81 r
~7.67 = 0.832
r
r=45.28
S-494

TII.SPORTID. ElCIIEnll.

DM=O v2
F, Cos 0 (0.8) = WSin III (0.8) + WCoS 0 lane =-
gr
(0.6) + F, Sin 0 (0.6)
F, Cos 9.31' (0.8) = 15000 Sin 9.31' (0.8)
, v2
tan 7 =9.81 (265)
+ 1500 Cos 9.31' (0.6) + F, Sin 9.31' (0.6)
0.79F, = 1941.31 + 8881.45 + O.097F, V= 17.87 mls
0.693 F, = 10822.76 V= 17.87(3.28)(3600)
F, =15617 5280
F1 = 25 V= 39,96 mph
F _ WV,2
,- g-
1500 '1. 2
15617.26 - 9.81 (1do)
V, ::: 35.01 mlsec.
V. - 35.02 (3600)
1- 1000
V, = 126 kph .:ffi• •h'm• •~·.~··
·l)$tWeen.!M··tirasand.ttle.md·I$(J.6Q·.·wnatlS
111~~Xifflllmll~!lt~tlc#lr~roiilid·
IMCtl~Wim<MiOOrldmg1>·· ... . .
Solution:
A~jghwaY~.tVti.·~~t<@WI$M~~m,~6~~~·.
ar~~~()f~~~a~l)l'lmetrl~o~~tQt7n • rlnd•
.~s~~tv~~.~,tt~~;ll~I~~m~tr~.
pre$$tire.b~lVfflenthatir~.~Jlll>lh$tQadWay;··.·.·.·.
Solution:

V= 65(1000)
3600
V=81. 06 m/s.
Vl
tane=-
gr
_ (18.06)2
tan e- 9.81(100)
e=18.4'
tan 0 = 0.60
0' = 31'
 5-495

TRANSPORTlnOIi EIiGINEERIIiG

V2 Power=PV
tan (0 + 8) =- 4000=300 V
fT
V2 V= 13.33 mls
tan 49 . 4'=-
fT
V= 13.33 (3600)
V2 = 9. 81 (100) tan 49. 4' 1000
V= 33. 83 mls V=48kph
V= 33.83 (3600)
1000
V= 121. 79kph.

Solution:

Solution:

W=1200kN

P = WSin 8 + 1doo (3500)

P = jOOO (0.03) + 0.004 (1‫סס‬OO)

P=340kN

Power=PV
3500 =340 V
P=F+ WSin8 V= 10.29mts

P=0.005 (12000) + 12000 (0.02)

p= ~M k'N
5-496

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Metric System:
SIGHT DISTANCE

--Metric System:
s>[
----~.s----_

where: L :: length of curve in meters

L :: length of curve in meters S :: length of sight distance in meters
S :: sight distance in meters V :: velocity of car that could pass thru
A:: g1 - g2 the curve in kph.

·«······vtA
L
>f~95
V :: velocity of car that could pass thru English System
the curve in kph.

English.System
··>S.~·L··>
-----s:---,--_

where:
L :: length of curve in feet
S :: sight distance in feet
A:: g1 - g2 L :: length qf curve in feet
«v2A
L=~···~··
S :: length of sight distance infeel
····...,46,50 V:: velocity of car thaI could pass thru
V :: velocity of car that could pass thru the curve in mph.
the curve in mph.
 5-497

TRANSPORTlnOI ENGINEERING

• I

Metric or English System

A vertical sag curve has tan£j$nt .grapes of
-1.5% and + 3.5%. Compute the following to
have a minimum vl$ibilityofB9m....

(j) Length of sight distance In meters.

@ Length of curve in meters.
® Max. velocity of a car that could pass tnru
1M vertical sag curve inkph.·
Solution:
CD Sight distance:
S = 2 (89)
S= 178m.
where:
L = length of crest of vertical summit in
® Length of curve:
(m) orft
Assume: S< L
S =sight distance (m) or ft.
h1 = height of eye of average driver above AS2
roadway (m) or ft. L= 122 + 3.5S
h2 = height of object sighted above A =3.5 + 1.5
.roadway (m) or ft. A =5
A = algebraic difference in grades in _ 5 (178)2
percent. L - 122 + 3.5 (178)
S>t> L = 212.64 m. ok as assumed

@ Max. velocity of car:

AV2
L =395
_V2 (5)
212.64 - 395
V= 129.6 kph

Metric or English System

A descending curve has a downward grade of
AS2 - 1.4% and an upward grade of +3.6%. The
L = 1400 length of CUM is 220 m, long.· .

S>L (j) ~~:~~~~~~~~~~s?f minimum viSibility

L = 2 S. 1400 Compute Ihe max. design speed of the car
A passing thru the sag curve in kph.
where: @ What is the stationing of the lowesl polnl
L =length of curve in feet of Ihe curve if the p.e. is al station
S = stopping sight distance in feet 12 + 12O.60?
A= g1 - g2
5-498

TRUS'ORTlnOI EIOIIEERIIO

Solution: Solution:
G) Minimum visibility of curve:
Assume: S<L
AS2
L = 122 +3.5S
A= 3.6· (- 1.4)
A=5
5S2 V= 5O(5280)
220 = 122 + 3.SS 318{36(0)
V=22.36m1s
26840 + 770 S= 5 S2
52-154S-5368=0 Vl
5 = V, + 29 (f+ G)
S - 154 ± 212.57
- 2 _ {22.36f
S= 183.29m.
S - 22.36 (2.5) + 2 (9.81)(0.3 +0.02)
S= 135.53 m.
S := 444.54 ft.
Min. visibility = !!!~29 .
Min. visibility = 91.64 m. AS2
L =1400
® Max. design speed: A=gl-~
L=AVl A=2- (- 2)
395 A=4
51fl
220=395 L- 4 (444.54)2
V= 131.8kph - 1400
L=564.62ft.
® Stationing oflowest point ofcurve: L = 172.14m.
S=..911.-
g1'~
S = ·0.014 (2201
-0.014 - 0.036
S=61.60m.

~1.1{i1
Stationing = (12 + 120.60) + (61.60)
Stationing = 12 + 182.20

5Q • • rnph•• 1S • tbe.~e$19~ • • $pe~~ •. ()nA··.Wlrtl~at

SUWgiit.ClJrve(;()nl1~ctifigaf2~.flr~d~mth.~.·
••• 2%.grade•• on.a.hIShWaY,•• • UmllQ.~~,t~pijQn-.
:.,.__1:11
®P9rnp\lte.lliete!lgtIJoflh~.~tl;ll~;· • • • •·
~GUol1.tjme.()t2,5.~~.<l~a·COElff·Bffrit;liQr ® • • • qol'tlPijtl'i•• tl'Ift•• ~~~t.piffe~r~·.·.f~m • ttm·
of•• P·3Ul•• • deterJ1)im;•• • the • mln.• • f~9th • ot.ltte .' beginnlng··.0f1he.
MnzohtallYtromK< . a•. Pdll)t··@.·.m,·
• cuNelo· . .
IlEirfiCalcurve. ' . '. ...
 5-499

TIIISNITln.1 ERIIIEElIII

Solution: @ Length ofcurve:

(j) Height of object abovrt the road surface: . A V2
R= S2 L= 395
2({h, +~)2 A=2.2 +2.8
A=5
3558 = . (13Of
L= 5 (99.79f
2 ({1.5+~)2
395
({1.5 +{h2)2 = 2.375 L = 126.05 m.
m+~=1.54 @ Length ofsight distance:
. ~=0.316 AS2
h2 =,O.10m. L= 122 +3.5S
@ Length of wrrrnif CUIVe: 5 S2
126.05 = 122 + 3.5S
'L _Ry(91" g;)
100 15378.10 + 441.175 S = 5 S2
L ~ 3558 (2.6 + 1.8) ~ • 88.235 S· 3075.62 =0
100 S= 114.98m.
L = 15S.56m.

® Height difference from the P.C. at a

horizontal distance of30 m. from P.C.
.x2
y=g, x+ 2R
A.Vfjltitalsum!llitcurve••hlls.fangent.gradel;pf·
Y = 0.026 (30) + ~
2(3558) +5M>~llq.· • 3\IW~ .••Tb~horl~ont~l~j~t~~~9m .
y=O.854m. ~~rtr~~t~e1fi~~~···tb~ • . 'tl'rt~X.~f .•.m~ .•
(i)(¢ornputefhelElnglhof.lliEl.sull1rpife:t.n'Ve.• i••
~Co/Wll~ili~rad~~qf~$Qm$t~o/~ .••• > .
··@-.··•• GOfl;Ipllt~.1l'lEltange~t.()f1tle.~ulTllTltt~r'J~·······

~1.~a~~~··1~.I·
Solution:
CD Length of summit CUNe:
_A!::..-
S, - g,. fJ2
··(j)<gc@@l~tIj·.r!llIK·~J~l!It~¢ar¢tIDl4·
·•• • • • • • Patl$.!'i• ~.sagttiwi .• • • .• • • • • • ·>•• • • • •.• • • • /•• • • • .•.• •. O.OSL
113.64 = 0.05 + 0.038
~·.· • .C<>mp@~ • thl! • • IMlg~tt • ()f.t~.·$~·~rtlca,·

~• • ~u1e.th~Ien9~·lfuij$~.~.~~fan~.·.·· • ·
L=200m.

® Radius of summit CUNe:

Solution: L = Ry (fb • 92)
CD Speed of car: 100
R= V2 200 = Ry (5 + 3.8)
6.5 . 100
. V2 Rv = 2272.73 m.
1532=-
6.5
V= 99.79kph
5-500

TRANSPORTIDON ENGINEERING

@ Tangentlength:
T =& f91.:9z}
2 100
T = 2272.73 (5 + 3.8)

T= 100m.
200
~~~!~'~~fJl.l;r~1

:J~1t~i~III~:I~~~~~~I_.
lilll1ll_
Solution:
CD Design speed of verlical sag curve:

i':• • •1
If2
Rmin. =6.5
1500=..t
6.5
V=98.74kph
Solution:
CD Length ofcurve: ® Length of vertical sag curve:
AS2 AIf2
L = 122 +3.5S L= 395
A=grg1 A=!h-g1
A =3- (- 2) A =32 - (-1.8) =5
A=5 L=5 (;~4f =123.42 m.
5 (115)2 @ Length of sight distance of vertical sag
L -122 +3.5 (115) curve:
L= 12M7m. AS2
L= 122 +3.5S
................. 58 ..
® Design speed: 2
AIf2 123.42 =122 +3.5S
L= 395
15057.24 + 431.97 S =5 SZ
51f2 S' -86.394 S· 3011.448 = 0
126.07 =395
S= 113.04m.
V= 99.80kph

@ Min. radius ofsag vertical curve:

Ij2 ,
Rmin.:: 6.5
_ (99.80)2
Rmin. - 6.5 p6It1pute·•• thernax.•·.velE)Cityt'·W•• a~t.C()Ul~
·p~sthWCJs~~P9~tl()fi(;ClJlYem~r9asigbt
Rmin. = 1532.31 m. qlstanceof$QQfkWfjell!tleltiPge/lt~tifd¢~~
.1.5%<\nd+2,5%.l!:xpress in mph.
 S~501

TUNSPORTlnOIi ENGINEERING

Solution:
I 5------1

AssumeS> L
.
·¢PmPti.~~·J'lj~*,.W!~Mm~·~rMltwW~
·.I;.~ r~I~III~1(~il~16~'.' •.
~1$tM~Pf.1$2;~m;>:·············

Solution:
L = 2S _(400 + 3.5,s1
A
A= g2- gl
A =2.5 - (-1.5) =4
L'; 2(500) J400 + 3.5(500)} ;"---,5---1
4
L=462.5 ft. AS2
S>L ok L=400 + 3.SS
vQA . A=3.5 - (-1.5)
L =46.5 (Relation of L, Vand A) A=5
· . 5 = vQ (4) S = 182.93 (3.28)
462 . 46.5 S = 600ft.
V= 73.33 mph _ 5(600)2
L - 400 + 3.5(600)
L = 720 ft. .
vQA
L= 46.50

.
r ...
Solution:
AilR 720 = vQ(5)
46.50
V= 81.83 mph

¢(jlllPul~treC~pa¢lW6,fa#lrigl#I~Mjn
y~hjcl~$p~rMQ(ifJM$~ElgpttM¢ar
m~Vil'9l1l.the.W,\gl~.I@e.~ • $olq:ib>.~~S~Clt
AssumeS< L c:arJM.8rn.WithllI'll1l¢tioo til1le O.&$@./· .
A=f12-g1 Solution:
A = 3- (- 2) Spacing of cars = V f + L
A=5 50000
AS2 S = 3600 (0.8) +4.8
L=122+3.5S S= 15.91 m. .
_. 5 (178)2
L -122 + 3.5 (178) 'f f'
Capaclyo I Iane= 50000
smge 15.91
L = 212.64m. Capacity of single Jane =3142 vehicles/hour
5-502

TUIISPORTADOI EIGINEERING

It.I.111.'d1~1
Solution: Solution:
Assume: S<L
S>L
AS2
L= 3000 L =175 (3.28)
A=3- (- 3) L =574 ft.
A=6 A=2-(-2)
A=4
S =160 (3.28)
S= 524.8 ft.
3000
L=2S--
A
- 6 (524.8)2 3000
574=2S-
L - 3000 4
L=550.8 ft. S = 662ft.
L= 167.94m. S=201.83m.

tfnd•• ~h~.M#iMSi9ht9i$~~(,'tJ.9fa.·ggq.·m· f)~lerflli~ • ft)~sig~t4i$~Ilt.e • ()f~>vertigal

.IQI'Ig·.,!~~lqll,t • • ~~m@t~H~ • ~yI119 • • ~'19$1lt P~t~l)QljQ$a9~f\l~~~~m;190g/and
g@dAAQf±2%an<lY~%? •.. . . / .
¢(,",lEil:;ijt@.~·."~%gr<l®Wilbi.l~o/.~r<ld~ .
.. solution: Solution:
A = 2- (- 3)
. Assume: S < L
A=5

S<L AS2
L = 122 +3.5S
L = 220 (3.28) A=3-(-2)
L=721.6
A=5
AS2
L= 3000 5S2
225 = 122 + 3.5S
L =5 (721.6}2
3000 27450 + 787.5 S =5 S2
L =867.84 ft. S2 -157.5 S- 5400 =0
L = 264.59m.
S= 186.9m.
 5·503

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

\!LA
L= 395
_\!L (5)

1.1• •
214.59- 395
V= 130.20 kph
130.20 (1QOOK3.28)
V= 5280
V= BO.9mph
Solution:

Assume: S> L

_ S (122 + 3.5S)

•••i.;
L-2 - A
A=2.3-(-1.7)
A=4
L =2 (150) _[122 + ~5 (150H
Solution:
L = 138.25 m. < S= 150
Assume: S< L
\!LA
L = 395 AS2
_ V2 (4) L = 1400
138.25- 395 A =2- (- 2) =4 .
V= 116.84 kph S =130 (3.28)
V- 116.84 (1000)(328) S =426.4 ft.
- 5280 _ (426.4)2 (4)
V= 72.6 mph L - 1400
L =519.48 ft. =158.4 m.

ilfr.ItJl1l11i IlIl~••'1It~.
Solution:
Solution:
S>L
Assume: S< L L =28- 1~0
AS2 A =g1- fh
L = 122 + 3.5S A = 2.2 - (-1.8) =4
A = 3 - (- 2) 8 = 100 (3.28)
A=5 S =328ft.
._~~­ L =2(328) --4
1400
L - 122 + 3.5 (179.4)
L = 214.59m. L = 306 ft. = 93.3 m.
5-504

TRANSPORTAno. ENGINEERING

@ Perception time:
V= 89170
3600
·IM.@r~·r~.~Mij.·~··(t,t~l.~~ V= 24.77 mJs

r~~~[;~lil~.II!iiryj~l=
.~$i@r~~, • • • 9*•• ~9~~~ic1~~ • ffl~~ • ·~~··
. 8=\11+-
29 f
_
V2
(24.77)2
1f$~~W:~~¥~~~~fflIl~9fli'tefAr~~~m~ . 167.62 - 24.77 t + 2 (9.81)(O.1~)
•19llg@m~I~~·mW~~~~t~#.~j~9f t= 1.65 sec.

•~.6.1rll;t~r.!~••~a!.l.
~'&~~~~~II~j;r~~Wb.·~~~}'·i~

I~• • • •
~y~~tli;~·1~·<
~P9mPM~·1M~~{~~Mllijtip~19~t
11111_••,
·;.~%;!ijllt~$fflAA~~V~M'1'tleill@j~iclll.
Qt.~~~ • g@1#J~il!~~~~19t~~~~.~r.
?·?#~@)\%~#?(j!c1.P9l~i®~!M~@iMNI# eIEiWiliooof240;£O.m, The·riverfias·.t6.sWilch
1~).·.Jtl:l~y~t~p.P@~(#1i~g~P!IIY~~~~)m
·~~~!I~~~~~~W~~i~~4~~'~,~.
~ji:!.iililil. • •·.1jle
~®vel~.I®gjttldin~I.~$(lfllffi~··
4ijY~MI'¢¢p~®@i¢@~~ijtl:!J~Q;7~~·······

(j)~~l'llIn9 • •·.~ • • @eff?QfftlcUo6 • ()f • 04~,

Solution: <..•.
i$fflMt¢#'@~r@tIMlfjij~dJamp$i9~1
<D Max. speed: <li~tall¢~.<
A =g2-g1
A =3.2 - (0 4.4)
~• • _~~®~.;~I~~~I~· • I~ • • jbQve•• ~e
A=7.6
•.~• • Whali$~~~~X . . ~e§iQA.~e(I.(flllt • ~·eaf
·····.······.··~I(fm ..6El~verPhtbl$.~~?·.>··· .
AVl Solution:.
40=395 r:p_Ii~ad/~fT1e ~i~~t distance:

153= 7.6 V2
395
V= 89.17 kph

@ Max. head lamp sight distance:

80 + h = (gr fl1) L
2
_1M
0- 180
0=0.01745
V2
S=Vt+-
8 (0.01745) + 0.90 = (0.022 + O°28) (153} 29 f
2 V= 100000
3600
8= 167.62m.
V= 27.78 mJs
 S-505

TRANSPORTlnOI EIGIIEEBIIG

_ (27.78f
S - 27.78 (0.78) + 2(9.81XO.18) PAVEMENTS
s= 240.19m.
@ Height ofhead lamp:
Sill +h =(fh -2fJ1? L
_0.85 (n)
III - 180
III =0.0148 o Without dowels or tie bars:
240.19 (0.0148) + h =(0.02 + °203X180)
h=O.945m.
The critical section Is at the edge of a
contraction joint. it will crack
@ Max. design speed:
approximately 45' with the edges.
L=A\P
395
M=~
A = 2- (- 3)
A=5 _6M
f
5\P - brJ2
180= 395 M=~
v= 119.2kph b=2x
d=t
_6~
f -2xt2

1....
•.gq•• @~I~~~n~9·1!:tm~J~'fllI$1~!··
~rvf;i!;:>->: >.. :-.-:-:.>:-:-:~ ...
_1 t =~ (thickness ofpavement at
edge and at center)
f = allowable tensile stress of concrete in
W= wheel load in lb. or kg.

• With dowels or tie ban:

Purpose of dowel is to transmit the

stresses due to the load from the adjacent
pavement.

At the edge of pavement:

~
92. - g1 M=-
n=-- 2
r
_0.6 - (-1.2)
n- 0.18 6(~X
f---
n = 10 stations - 2x t1 2

Length of curve = 10(20) _f3W

Length of ClINe = 200 m. t1 ='4 2i
5-506

TUlSPDITln.1 EIG.IEEI.I.

At the center ofthe pavement:

~
M=T
6(~)
f= 2x t22

t2 = ~ (thickness at thecente~

By ratio and proportion:

Cracks . Cracks A1 A2
-'=(t+rl
W
rr? T
-;2= (t+r)2
1W
(t+~=:nT

t+ r=o.564-vf
t =0.564 -vf. r

t1 = 0.5641f- r

P
T= K10 91O S
P = wheel load
S = sUbgrade pressure
K = constant value from table
 5-507

TIlANSPORTATION ENGINEEBIIIG

t _ expansion pressure
- average pavement density

t = thickness of pavement

contact area oftire

~D _ (EB)1/3
SF. - E
p
Subgrade

EB = modulus of elasticity ofsubgrade

w Ep = modulus of elasticity of pavement
SF. = stiffness factor

A
d=-._..:..:...._-
D-E- (D·A) .
F

d = bulk sp.gr. of core

A= weight ofdry specimen in air
[) = weight of specimen plus paraffin

_. ~[1.75
t- " W GBR·
1-]1/2
rm
coating in air
E = weight of specimen pIus paraffin
t =thicknessofpavemenUn em. coating in water
W =wheel load in kg F = bulk specific gravity of paraffin .
CBR = California Bearing Ratio
p = tire pressure in kglcm 2
5·508

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

IG·r/\
V=~x100
G=-WL
Pc Pf
G
-+-
Gc Gf
v= percentage of voids
G = theoritical or absolute sp.gr.
G = absolute sp.gr. of composite
d =bulk sp.gr.
aggregates
Pc =percentages of course material by wt.
Gc = sp.gr. of course material
Pf = percentages of fine materials by
weight
Gf = sp.gr. of fine material

Gsb = bulk sp.gr. of total aggregate

P1 = percentage of total weight of
coarse aggregate
. Pz = percentage of total weight of
G-d
n=- fine aggregate
G
d1 =bulk sp.gr. of coarse aggregate

n =porosity d2 = bulk sp.gr. affine aggregate

G= absolute sp.gr.
d = bulk sp.gr.

d=~
wa - Ww Gse =effective sp.gr. of aggregate
Pmm = total loose mixture
d =bulk sp.gr. Gmm = max. sp.gr. of paving mixture
wa =weight of specimen in air Pb = asphaff (percentage by total weight)
Ww = weight of specimen in water Gb = sp.gr. of asphalt
 5-509

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Gse - GSb) A flexible pavement carries a static wheel

Pba= 100 ( G G Gb
sb se
Pbe = asphalt absorption
Gse = effective sp.gr. of aggregate
Gsb = bulk sp.gr. of aggregate
Gb = sp.gr. of asphalt
load of 53.5kN. The Circular contact area of
thelirt'l Is 85806 mmhmd the trartsmiltedfoad
is dIstributed acro$sa wide area of the
subgrade at an angle of 45'. The sUbgrade
bearing valuei$ 0.14 MPa, while that of the
base Is 0,41 MPa. [)esign the thickness of
pavement and that of the base. '. .

Solution:

PbaPs
Pbe =Pb • 100"
Pbe = effective asphalt content
Pb =% weight of fine aggregates
Ps = sum of % weight of fine and coarse
aggregates
Pba =asphalt,absorption

VA = air voids
Gmm = max. sp.gr. ofpaving mixture
G-mIJ= bUlksp.gr. ofcoJIlfl~te!imix._ ...

VMA = 100 _ Gmb Ps Flexible Pavement:

Gsb A -W -
1 - f1
VMA = percentage of voids in mineral
aggregates A =nr2
Gmb = bulk sp.gr. of compacted mix A A1
Gsb = bulk -'p.gr. ofaggregates -;2 = (t + ,2)
Ps =sum of %weight of fine and n,2 W1f1
course aggregates 7= (t+ 1)2
 5-510

mlSPIRTlng EIIGIIIEERIIG

(t+r)2:0,564~
At the edge: (with dowels)
r W
M=-x
2
t =0,564 ~ 5;,~~O -165 - 6M
f -b~
t= 184 mm
A=nr2 6(~X
f=--
85806 =nr2 2 x /1 2
r= 165 mm

t1=0.564~r t1 =-{iff
. t1 =0.564 -V 535M . 165
~
/r-
t ='" 3-(53-50-0-)
.1 'i 2(1.38)
t1 = 39,mm (thickness of pavement) t1 = 241 mm

t2 = t - t1 At the center:
t2 = 184 - 39 M=~x
t2 '= 145 mm (thickness of base) 4
6M
f= bd2
f- 6 (wf4)x
- 2xt22

A.liQid.PilVelTleNiSto~!!p~m¢<jtt'laWMttl
t2=~
toadpt5a.5kN,~~$lgll~JhickM~$PftM
,...---
_'" /3(53500)
paveTe"t•• • • • tM••.•a.llp',l!al:ll~.· • tel'ls"e$tre$s•• Af t2 - 'i 4(1.38)
concrt!te • i§••. 1,~8Mea. $l.tfficient•• doWels·.are t = 171 mm (at the center)
used. acrossJbe joJnlf,

Solution:

bElt~rTTline.thethicl<rles~6f.~figl~p~'1etnMtQf
Ih~Pf9pQSed Na9taMl'l•• mad·lgC#rl'Y •.~.·.nmx.'
Wheelloa(f.of60RN'N@Ie¢l•• effe¢t9fa~s.
fC'=20MP? .. AI19VJabletensile~lrmof
c<lrlcretepavementisO,06.tcL ..... . .

Solution:

t=~
r---
3(60000)
t.:
0.60(20)
t=387.3mm
 5-511

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

A.53..5.1<NwtiElEll~Mfl8!l • ~·rnaJ(.tire.presstir:e A•• flexlble•• "avemen~ • havlflga•• thlcknessof46··

ofQ.a?MF~·.Th~.pre$$Urejst9.M • ~niformlY:
djstrm~ted(ly~rthEl."re<lo/tirecontact.prlh~
r9a~~y. • • A§surnj~gij~u~9rade • p~s~ureiS
nQt•• • to·•• ex:ceM•• •O·H•• ···MP~, • • d~t~fm~r1fJ • • • th~
req1.lire9·•• • lhi9kl1~ss •.• Qf•• flexible • • • pa.vernlOnt
struCtu%a$P%lio~t9m~pliryClpleofm~.sooe
pressuredi$ttibt.itiOri.<· . .
Solution:
mr:n·•• carr~s·a.sWtr¢ • Wl1eel • IQad • of.. . ~· • • • llIe
cir:()l.dar•• cont<ict•• <Jtll:Clf.tuw~h~s • ~r1e9Ui'ffllellt·
radiu$•• of.150.rn"l; • ~·.thEl·.l~·.·'~'.·~.~ssurnM·
lo~etrans@tt~da(;rQ$$aWi~eare?9f
sUbgr:ade.afanMgle.pf45·,gompute.the"'II11~··
of.the • Vlheel•• IQa<l~.W".ij.lhe.·be@ng • stre$$•• qf
thebasElisOA~MP~/ ..,..
Solution:

I r

_ _TW
t - 0.564 'V f - r
t = 0.564 -vf r
46 = 0.564 ~ ·150
A=~ W= 50723 N
p
W= 50.72kN
A=53500
0.62
A = 86290 mm 2

1t,2 = 86 290 Determine the pavement thickness in em using

r = 165.73 an expansion pressure of 0.15 kg/cm2 and a
pavement density of 0,0025 kgfcm3. Use the
t = 0.564 ~5~.~0 - 165.73 expansion pressure method..

t =182.92 mm (thickness ofpavemenQ Solution:

t = expansion pressure.
average pavement densIty
t= 015_
0.0025
t= 60 em.
5-512

TRANSPOIITlnON ENGINEElliNG

~te1llline.theth@fue$.o1lti~ • di@renl1WeS A q:lmehl coFlCrelepavemenlhas athickness

~t~VemeFltl.l$irigtl1etol~Md~t~W· . af1Scm.alldhastwolariesof 7 meler$wilh~ ..
fOIlgitudirialpitll.Oesign the spaCing ofth~ tie
••
®. RI9ht•• ·.p~v~tnenf WI~h • • aW@~I • t~W baran!l th$~ofbar. . .. ..•. . • . . .•••• ...•.
caPa¢jly(.if•• 54-•• "~ • lf.ttl~ • ~lIfif:/~~I~ • ~Mll~
·stte$S.ofc9~Cf~te.is.M$fAPa'fileglE!¢t.me
effectm~o~~.>i
A~Q -. ~ steelll>tenmon..•
.@ fl~~ible.·.p;3~Ill~~~ • l,Ifith•• a.W~~~I~Il~.·9f Unit weight of cOncrete = 2400kglcu.m ••..•.•.......••
$4.kNw1l'l1•• l:ln .•~lO-Wal:ll~~al'il'lgpl'f!~$l.1te·
onJhe~lls#Qft6eW1yem~Mil!qM[W Coefficient offriclio~ between pavement . . •• .'
and$ubg~e F1.5· . .
·····9.15•• MP.~ • • Lt~S.·tN~.prm:ipl~(W~r.~
qIS~i~ut~fl~n • • YIt1~¢t¥ • ~~ •. a~$om.~~tc.
M•• • lt~l1~rnitt~d • • ffl:ros~ • • ·~ • ·Wide•• .9rf!~()f .AUowablebondslress in concrele:i24kgfri~
~vtlgra~at~n • ~I~t>f4$"~ry~tll~t • the· us~ 16rrimtfiam. sleelbars. . ...
eqUivale!ltfad~~~.tfJ~.epnta~t • ~.on~~
tlre~I~~llalto1R$ll1Itl'/
Solution:
® PilY$rnenl•• §u~jec{~~.I(.i •.• lln·.~p~m~Bn·
·pres$l.1re•• pfO·50•• ~g12f1l2Wilh~nay~e·
pavrllirnt•• • •
Expr~sslnmm.
d~ns.lty ..pf•• •
O.O$ • • • 1(9Jcm~.·
. . ..

Solution:
CD Rigid pavement:

t=~
---
t ='" /3 (54000)
'I 1.6
t= 318mm

® Fle>..fb,'e pavement:

t =0.564 -{f r
1m

t =0.564
-v 54000
0.15 -165
t= 173.4mm l-3.5

® Expansion pressure method: nDL x Bond Stress

...-...-...-
t = expansion pressure
Ave. density of pavement
t = 0.50
0.05
~. ...-----------
L
p
t=10cm.
t= 100mm.
 5-513

TRANSPORTATIOII ENGINEERING

Consider one meter length ofslab.

dLy
Solution:
W= 0.18 (3.5)(1X2400)

-'_':-."'-';".'~.~ :.:~.-"
W=1512kg=N
F=IJN
B / •J.'.'. , ". , :."•. :. . : .. . ••.•
F = 1.5(1512)
F= 2268 kg rf~·::···::·
.
.

As fs = F w
As (1600) = 2268
As = 1.42 sq.cmlmeter

AS=~(1.6f
As = 1.256 sq.cm.

. 1256 Consider only half of the section

Spacmg = 1.42
(Using Principles of Mechanics)
Spacing = 0.88 mUse 80 em on centers
W = (~) ~ (3)(2400)
Note: The length ofbarmust be at least W=720L kg.
twice the computed value. N= 729L kg.

Length ofbars: F=fJN

F= 1.5(720L)
As fs = (n DL) (Bondstress) F= 1080L kg.
1.42 (1600) =n (1.6X24)L
L = 18.83 say 19 mm ' T = 300(20)(0.8)
Use L = 2(19) T=4800 kg.
T=F
L=3Bcm 4800= 1080L
L=4.44m.
. L = 2fx 104 = 2(0.8)(10)4
uD 1.5(2400)
L =4.44m.

i'1••'W
21ookg/cu,m.AlIoW~~leJeri~ll~stf~6f
concrete•• isO.8.kgfcm2and.l&ato/ste~liS800
k9lCmZ·•• • unitwelght··9f:.*~llsT50q.kgtcu,m
A concrete paVement 8m wklei:1nd1l:l9mrn
thick is to be provided wilhaceliter
longitudinal joint usIng 12 tnm o bats; Th~
st~~lbars.~a¥jng • a•• diam~terof.1.~.<:m ••••••T()tal unit weight of concrete is2,400kg/m 3 .
reintwcemeQtis4kg,tm~andi~equally Coefficient of friction of t~e stab ali the
dl5IribUledill.b()JhQi~clion5·.·.Forpl~i119!m1~nt subgrade is 2.0. Assuming Em "llowable
cOncrete(wUb@tdoWel~)' .. . working stress in tension for steel bar$at
b;==3m b~3QOCl1t . 138 MPa, determIne the spacing of the
longitudinal bars in mm. .
5-514

TRANSPORTAnON ENGINEERING

Solution: Solution:
w

~.'
., . . ;"--:.', -?f;t>'
"s.' ~~~~. ". :,. ij.
.,.-··t.'· ~'1·~'
',.;..'.-H' :~,: ~'.~' '.:"~:
4, .. . , . .',,' , /-":"""-T
:,- ,":. -' .' ' .' .

T
/ ...~-T

0.1_,.=<-'--~"......
W::: 0.60 (0.15)(4.5)(2400) 9.81
W=9535.32
W =0,15 (4) (8) (2400) (9.81) =14126.4 S W::: N::: 9 535.32
T= fs As F= IJ N
T= 138~ (12)2 F =2 (9 535.32)
T:::F
T=15600N T= 19070.64
N= W= 14126.4 S T:::ndx U
F=IJN 19070.64 = n (12) x (.83)
F = 2 (14126.4) S::: 28 252.8 S x=609.5 mm
T=F 2x = 1 219 mm (length ofbars)
15600 =28252.8 S
S= 0.552 m
S=552mm

The width ofexpanslon joint gap is 24mmin

a Cement coricrete pavement If the lay1tt9
tbmperature ls12'C and the maximum slab
temperature, is 50'C, calcUlate the ~paCing
A 12-mm0Jlart~. ~~:@.CJ~J~e IQn9lliJ91~!!! betWeen the expatwionjoltit$; , ASsume
bars' of a concrete pavement. It isspac~at !iOefflCienfoHnei'ifiafeXl58nmOnof cont~1tt
600 mm'oocenters. The Width of roadway is he9.5 x 10. 6 per C'. The.expansion joint gap
meters and the coefficient of friction of the slab should be twice the allowable expansi{ln in
an thesubgracie ts 2.0. Thickness of slab Is concrete.
150 mm. ,If the allowable band stresSlS
0,83 Mrs, determine the length of to Solution:
longitudinal bars.
., t 24
ExpanslOn In concre e =2'
Solution:
Expansion in concrete =12 mm
S=600
Expansion in concrete =0,012

:[ifH1H$ 8=600
tl =0.012 m.
tl =KL (Tr T1)
0.012:= 9.5 X 1(J6 (50 -12) L
L =33.24 m.
(Spacing between expansion joints)
 5-515

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

@f(OJTrlh~• result<1fWtPr()gtorSOTp;lction·
·.·t'*tl3~~L fhilfllW1PI~flog ptg(~~iJ'l~
ppei'alionsll.irtdiQateS.l1'IarlhematerlafS
cOmPtlt~tl1emodulus.ofsu~grade. reactlo~if.a @rnpact~dpn th~'PadWl3Y \'Iilth~v~~
forCEi9f.50Ql:lI~ ••.•is••. appJli¥'4.0der • ~ • Clrcylar .···VQi9rmtoof().5Z,•• I~eW)di$!Ultled§~mpl~ .•
pIClt~h~~i1l9aradll.lsofRm·pr()(iuAAsa PtthaO'l<ltMalt~k~Jrorn.th~.IlQtrow~f
d(:l~~(lfQ;t~in9hllflijffl"fh(:lPlate<> h<lsa~idJati()(t72·W~at$tirlnkag~
ta¢tO(ShOl.lld·.beU~e(l(n(;()mpUtln9.~0(I'()V.i
Solution: ·<Jfldembaflkment·.quantiti~.

F=SA Solution;
5000 = S (n)(9)2 CD MOdulUS ofsubgrade reaction:
S = 19.65 psi F=SA
5000 =S(n) (9)2
Modulus subgrade reaction - 0 shre~~ S = 19.65 psi
e eClOn
Modulus subgrade reaction = 19.65 . Stress
0.12 Modulus ofsubgrade reaction = 0 efl ect·JOn
Modulus of subgrade reaction = 163.75 psi
. 19.65
Modulus of subgrade reaction = 0.12
Modulus ofsubgrade reaction = 163.75 psi

® CBR of soil sample:

CD U\?On completion of grading I:Iperationsa p
stibfJrarle waslest~dforbearjhg capacity Stress =;;\
.'. by loading •onl~rg~b~a.rin~rptates .
58
. •. . • ~~fu~~t~~~~gl~~.~~s::fi~e~~p~ Stress=--
~(5~
circular plata having a radius of 9 Inches. 4
produces a defleetiOnof 0.12 inChulider Stress = 2.95 kg/cm 2
lhepl~te. '" ..
CBR = 2.95 (100)
® The sofl sample wa$(lbtiHn~d·fromthe 78.68
project. site after' completioh ofgradlllg CBR=3.75%
operatIons and . the CBR lest was
c?nducled at field density. The'sampte
~th the same surcharged imposed upon it @ Shrinkage Factor:
IS. then sUbjected to apenettatlont~tbya
pIston plunger 5 em. in diameter at a SF
..
=(el-~)100
(1 + e1)
certain speed. The CBR value of a' = (0.72 - 0.52) (100)
standard crushed rock for 2;5rnrn SF
. . (1 + 0.72)
penetration. Is 78.68 kglcm2. Compute the
. CBR of the soil sample when subjected to SF =11.63%
aload of 58 kg it produces apenetratioh 01
2.5mm. .
5-516

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

The soil· sample was obtained from the project COl1lpu~the • • CBR.ofa • • soil•• safllple, • ff. • • the
site and the CBR test was conducted at field
density. The sample with the same sUbgrade $ample • j~ ••• $U~lected • • tQ•• .~ • I();!\d • • Q~ ••• a • pls!qn
plung~rgirt@~lljryd;arn.andprod~~~ • ~
imposed upon it is then subjected to a penetratiOl1.e>fO,1g·.illch.•.•TtieCBR.v8Iue.ofa
penetration test by a plslon plunger 5 em. standardptJ,lshtl9rocKJof<lO·WWc~
dlam. moving at a certain speed. The CaR pel1etratlonW1Q¢O.p$ial1~ • • forfM·.A·2I)..lnc,h
value bf a$tand~rd crushed rock for 2.5 mm 1ratlQO • 1$.1500•• pSi.•••.•ThelOad•• appllEldl$
PeM
penetration is· 70.45 ~g/cm2~ Compute the 1600 lb. . .. .
CBR of the soil sample when subjected to a
toad of 55.33 kg it produces a pen~tration of Solution:
2,5mm. . . p
Stress=-
Solution: A
1600
p Stress=--
Stress =- ~(2)2
A
55.33 Stress =50.9%
Stress=--
~(5)2
CBR= 5~~0 x 100
Stress =2.82 kg/cm2
CBR=50.9%
2.82 100
CBR= 70.45 x
CBR=4%

Thestandaro CBR value of a standard crushed
rock for 5mm penetration IS 105.68kg1cm2. '
.Compute the CBR of the soil. sample whose
r~IHHs follows: ,., ..'.
Load applied::: 752 kg
Penetration =5mm .
Dia.of piston plunger =4 em.
l'h~.C~R.valu~()t~.~ta°gar<f9N$h~r{}Ckfot
it020jnChP€lllelrationis.m1u~l.lo • 150Ppsi.••• A
soil•• sampl~·.W<l$~~ed.bY.llpply.ing.a • ~a<fof.~
pi$tQn.plung~·.\YtJish.~j'()dlJ(;El$<:I •. P;Ell'letr~tionpf
{),20.inct:.ifth~di.lIli~ter.()f.th~p'stonplunger
is.equal•• to • 1•. 98.lOchl:!s••••·lllhe•• cQfllPut~d .CBR
ofthe.·~ •.$.~~.js41~,-j;9ffiPllt~tl:lel()M
appJied.to.the·plul'\ger.
Solution:

Solution: CBR = ~~~s x 100

. p
7 - Stress (100)
Stress =:4 4 - 1500
75.2 Stress = 705 psi.
Stress=--
~(4)2 p
4 Stress =;4
Stress:: 5.98 kg/cm 2 p
Stress=---
598
CBR = 105.68 x 1
00 ~(1.98)2
CBR= 5.62% p= 2171 lb.
 5-517

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

The.COIJlPuted•• B~R..of~~Msarn.~.~.whICh ..
lNas.te$t~ • ~Y.·~BPMI'lQ9J~9f.7S,3 .• ~~ • QI1•• a
piSf()l'lpluDg!lr,V·mi(;hp~~!lfrat~5§rllfltiS' rffi .. _,~ . .. ~

equalt9a·92%.• • • rheqaR\I~uepfa.staO~~rd .
CrU$heq•• rpC~Jot.~.·Swm·Penetrati(m.IS1Q5.&&
.'

··kg/cI'rl2.·.·•• ••CPI'rlPt;lt~ .• th!l••.di<1.rJ'l.()f•

plun~r. . • th~.plston

Solution: Yo

CBR = Stress
105.68 x
100 :~i~$' ~.
362 - Stress (100)
. - 105.68
® Cpmput~@:la~$plut~ • s~tiMg~vityof
Stress =3.83 kg/cm2
." ··lhebnurryl'lous·.mIXfi1fe ,•• • ·» • • • • •·.• \•• • • <•• • • • •.• • • •
p ® COn1pUI~.lhe • blllk.~P(lc~c • 9ravnY • pf•• th~
Stress=- J.X)1'l1@CledspeC1 1m , > m
A @ ··Compple•• th~.P9ro~flY • 1:)flhe·.~mp'We~ • •
3.83 = 75.3 specimen. . ..
'!!:.cf2
4 Solution:
D=5cm. CD Absolute sp.gr. of the bituminous mixture:
G 100
Es..ElEa
+ +
Gs Gf Ga
100

ti¢.ITIBute•• tMll)odqI4S!ir·.~Wti¢ily.t)f.lhe • $Ub'

grad~ifth~1'Jl99\:1lw;otellJ§ticityofJhe
·pav~Iii~~rf$·1~OMR~·WitliK$fitf#e[~]aCior()r
0.50(" . ... ® Bulk specific gravity:
d=~
Solution: Wa-Ww
1140
E 1/3 d= 1140 - 645
Stiffness factor = (r) d= 2.303
p
E 1/3
0.5 =(120) @ Porosity:

_b. Porosity =(G - ~ 100

0.125 -120
P ·t - (2.368 - 2.303)(100)
Es =15 MPa oroSI Y- 2.368
Porosity =2.74%
5-518

TUNSPORTATION OGINEERING

A plant mix is to be made usfnQlhe foil.

percentages by weight Of !he lQtal mile •.,
sand(sp.gf. tt 2.em .' ';9%'·· '.. .
Filler (sp.gr. =2.70) 14 %
AsPhalt Cement (sp,gr; ., 1;01) .7 %
WI. of the wmpacted spedmen in air .
'. '=1265.5 gr '.' . .... .. . .. .
Wt. of the compacted specimen when . . .
suspended inWater =720 gL .
••
··~ ~;~~~lc:etlti'e •• $P'jf·•• • 0f•• •
(i)••·•••lf.thflteSI•.mePilT1~riw..~h$· •.t1~O • gr,ln.<lir
th~' (j) Determine the absolute sp.gr; of the total
. compacted specimen. '.' . . .
.·•• • • am:t.·was•• fouM•• • t().wel~h.·F3~ • gt•. Wb~m ® Delermine the bulk $p.gr. of Ihe compacted
".. ~usp~mjEld • in • Water;··(:oWPul~ • tf)El.pUI\( specimEln. .... .•... "•.'
· ·.·• • ·~P.W,·ilf~he.C9rnPl~~s~~rt •.•.• • .• . •. .•·.•. @ Determine the PQfOsily Of the compacted
@•• ·.Qpmpl.lle•• the•• potpsl!yof.thEl•• FompattEld specimen,'
specimen.··· . .
Solution:
Solution: CD Absolute sp.gr.
CD Absolute sp.gr.
G= 100
G= 100 ~Et.E.a
~frEa. + +
+ + Gs G, Ga
Gs G, Ga
100
100 G = 79 14 7
G= 78 14 8 2.68 + 2.70 +1.01
-+-+-.
2.60 2.70 1.02 G = 2.404
G = 2.324
® Bulk specific gravity:
® Bulk specific -gravity: .
d=~
d=~ Wa• Ww
Wa.Ww
d= 1265.5
1130 1265.5 - 720
d= 1130 _635
d=2.32
d = 2.283
@ Porosity:
@ Porosity:
Porosity - (G - d) 100
_(G-d)(100) - G
Porosity- G
. (2.404 - 2.32) (100)
. _ (2.324 - 2.283) (100) POroSIty = 2.404
Porosity - 2.324
, ' Porosity =3,49%
Porosity =1.76%
 5-519

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Solution:

A@or~or • fOI1lP~8ed"'~sph~lrC()flcn~l~
•
pav~m~nl.~ te$tedfm.$p~lfl~gfa¥ilY·· • • TM
follwting)lil'ligtJISwerep!:>t<lirllQ, .. .. ..
G= 6
Weight.·Of.dry.SP~i@~.in.pir.~.2QQ7.5• 9~nlS.· .
8 41 45
-+-+-+-
1.02 2.75 2.66 2.77
··W~igtJt·()f.~~ffiElll.plll~paraffin.CCl~tihg.ifl!1ir G= 2.47
¥20~·5g~rll$\
.• WEligHI()tspecjillel1·plusparjffircl.l<;l~il1g.1n W=VxO
Wilter'!'113&'()~~rtl$\ • •.•.• • • • • . W= 11500 (0.075)(2.47)(9.81)
Btllks~t;lfjcgra\lity.ofthe.parafjil1·=.{J.903···.·· W = 20898.98 kN
(requiredwt. of surfacing)
Solution:
A 20898.98
No. of batches required = -go--
d= (O-A)
O-E- F No. of batches required = 232.21 batches
d = bulk specific gravity of the core
A = weight of dry specimen in air
0= weight of specimen plus paraffin coating in
air
E = weight of specimen plus paraffin coating in
air t@·.QtYffiMspf.a • SfJmple••(lf•• ~~gregiltesi$
F = bulk specific gravity of paraffin .·~.Wlq9· . . -rn~l1las!Jjn~~!1~rcIl~d9ry.g>n~lti9D
i$~9009'ThElYOluw~ptag~r~gate$
730Ctilh . • .
d 2007.5 ~~q9dillg • ·tr~ \'pllJrlle•• pt@sprbed • • \',I!1ter•• i~
(2036.5 -1135) _(20360~~~07.5)
. '.' . .'.
tj = 2.309 (i) • • • C9nJPYl~th~~pp!1rE!tlt.$Repiftc.graVlty • qf
d = 2.31 (bulk specific gravity of core) JtJ~saMPI~"lg9reg<:!te~.>
@.•. .• (j<;lIR~l!1t~ll1tlR~pent~~abSorplion.
@¢~lqlll~tetr~~lliK$p,gr.¢th~$ample
~gr@ale$. .

Solution:
• G) Apparent sp.gr.:
W= VxO
1980 = 730 (1) Gs
Gs = 2.71

® Percentage absorption:
o . (2000 - 1980)
%absorptIOn = 1980 x 100
%absorption =0.01 =1%
@ Bulk specific gravity:
VVI. of water = 2000 - 1980
VVI. of water = 20 9
S-520

TUNSPORTADON ENGINEERING

Vol. ofabsorption water = ~ ;: 20 cm3

= =
Bulk vol. 20 + 730 750 cm3
W = Vol. x D x GB Fr9lTlt~i9ill~~®ta'~I'\(MfliW~'~!:ltElftlf~
1980 = 750 (1) GB mIX®Sl@fQr~$hij»¢Q6~·········· .' .•. >.••..••.•. .•.•.••.<..
GB= 2.64
Ma1Maf$<~~lk /§P~9p~l!it
1~~;rtl1........ ·~·~· . ·······.······1!03.············ ··5.3···········
fjl'le~ggt~~ .•••.•••·~,~9?······.············ · · · · · · . ·.·4M<
gQ~~S~~gq1~.A7A)
Max.~p@Ijlbg~~ll¥~~.Ji~gmi~\ir:~ • • i/
~lilM:::M3~/<i.<
• •. .•.•.
~WK$~&:i¢g(~WYW@!OOMtl'#@il@i'¢·.·
~~JR2~<442>
PPillPl1t~th~~ff(lc~y~$p~l?if'9<9fi:lVltyi:lf
agg~t~>···· . ..
Solution:
G;:Pavn-Pb
E.mm.Eb.
Gmm -Gb
Pmm = total loose mixture
Gmm ;: max. sp.gr. of paving mixture
Gb = sp.gr. of asphalt
Pb = asphalt (percentage by total wt. of
#6Qgij,lfu$« '.' . mixture)
Solution: G = 100 - 5.3
se 100 5.3
G= 100 2.535 -1.03
Ed.+&+& Gse = 2.761
Gd Gs Ga
100
G= 17 73 10
2.80 + 2.60 + 1.02
G=2.28
A tabulation shown are . materials and lIs
A properties whiCh .are usectll\· a COMPacted
d= B- C paving mixture:" '. .
100
d=114;-60 . MaterialS . $1):9f. 'BuIK •. % of
d = 2.04 (bulk sp.gr.) sp.gr. weigh!
Coarse aggregate .... . 2.69 462
V= (Q,:,g1 x 100 Fineaggtegate . 2.7';. 46.0
G Asphalteemenl . 1.2 7.8.
V= (2.28 - 2.04) 100 Compute' the asphalt absorption of the
2.28 aggregate expressed as percentage by weigh!
V = 10.53% (percentage of voids in the
of aggregate. Max. sp.gr. of paving mixture
laboratory molded specimen) Gmm =2.54.
 8-521

TRANSPORTlnlN ENGINEEBIIIG

Solution: 47.3 +47.4

, Gsb = 47.3 47.4
Pbs = 100 (G se - Gsb)Gb 2.689 + 2.716
, Gsb Gsa Gsb = 2.702 (bulk sp.gr. ofaggregate)
Gse = effective sp.gr. ofaggregate
Gsb = bulk sp.gr. ofaggregate - Pmm-Pb
Gsa - P
Gb =sp.gr. of asphalt rrm Pb
Pbs = absottJed asphalt Gmm - Gb
100- 5.3
G - Pmm-Pb Gsa = 100 5.3
.se- Pmm Pb 2.535 -1.03
Gmn - Gb Gse = 2.761 (effective sp.gr. ofaggregate)
100·7.8 Asphalt absorption of the aggregate:
Gsa = 100 7.8
2.54 -1.02 Pba = 100 (Gsa - Gsb) Gb
Gse = 2.906 Gsb Gsa
P = 100 (2.761 - 2.702) (1 03)
G- P1 + P2 ba 2.761 (2.702) .
sb- P1 P2 Pbs =0.81% by wt. of aggregate
-+-
G1 G2
Effective asphalt content:
G - 46.2 +46.0
sb- 46.2 46 PbsPs
-+- Pbe=Pb-16O
2.69 2.72
Gsb = 2.705 Ps =47.3 +47.4
Ps =94.1
P = 100 (2.906 - 2.705) (102)
bs 2.705 (2.906) . =53- 0.81(94.7)
Pbe· 100
Pba = 2.61
Pbe =4.53 (effective asphalt content)

rilll~~tl~~jt~~Bfllnlt~I~~~~e~
· ·•. • • Ma~~al~ • • • • Perc~n~~].~.fotal • • ~~~.• •
.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • <•• • • • • • • • • • • • • '• • MI*.tW.W#19N...
•·•·•·. . ataVity
f¥lpn~Wt:elllehtl.01'03()
Mll)ernlflll~r. ... 7:<)' . •'. . '. <MOO
fi/lElilgStegale> ·.. ··:3().o g.§~{pcilksP·gr.)
.Coal'$~~gg~gate . ' . ·~2~e11{bl.llk$p.gr.)
Max.•• speCific.gravity•• qf.lhe••p~Vjng • nlixture
Solution: mfTI"'2.478 >
BUlk~pecifi().grayity.qflhe.sqrnp?cle~paving
G - P1 + P2
sb- P1 P2 • •.• • • m~ure.satr\ple·.qIllP.5 • 2.$a4<.>•• ·
-+- COmputethepercent<lg~.ofvoids.inlhe.
G1 G2 .. comp<!ctedmineralaggregales.
5-522

TRANSPORTIDON ENGINEERIN.

Solution: Percentage of voids filled with asphalt:

100 (VMA· Va)
P1 +P2+ P3 VFA= VMA
Gsb = P1 P2 P3
-+-+- VFA = 100 (14.44·3.6)
g1 g2 g3 14.44
56+30+7 VFA =74.58

VMA = % of voids in the mineral aggregates

G bP
VMA = 100---lD........-§. -rti~pmpornotl$bYv.'~lg~}~hCl$P~¢lfl¢
Gsb 9fl:tyiti~~·.·Bt.~ch.()fj~e • l;(m~tillJt!I'lI$9f:~.
Ps =30+56 Pattll:ulafsltijel$Phaltpavlo~~~m~~
Ps =86 MltiWs:>
VMA = 100 _ 2.384 (86)
2.668
":':-:--::'::-:-:"::,:::.:
VMA = 23.154% of voids in the
mineral aggregates AsPha!t(lemern
limestOne dust
Sand ",-<,:,"".,",::.>:'.,-,»"::,,,:::.'.: ':.>:-.. , ..:.::::-:....,':,..

A•.•9'lilldticalisPecimel'l • ofm~ • • n@M'~.~a$

·m~~.in • • lhe•• labpralory.and • W~lmtedmalt'
~iJ(UrrVr.ltetWithJh~f?llO't.'j'1gres\!lts,)
qOITlPll~ • th~ • p~r~ni~ • •()f•• vqiclS••. fiUElcl•• W~h W'eigbtpMry·specilTlElni9.~r::.1t1·95.9rM1s .• •
asph~lt~JhemaXrmum$p'9totP~Vl?9 W~i9nt(lf$alU1'ated;$l.1rlaoo;.({ry$Pecloumkl .• · .·•
ll1il(twe(;mtJl5Z.§~§,6~!Ksp,gr,ef ~rR11Z·09g@Rls.<.
·.~°tnpaCIMmIX • §fflb5?·<442;<•• ·Percenl~g~ . VVeight9fsaNratedsp~oim~in\'later.~.61.29.
V>'e~ht.<lf • #~p~~ltceJ'llent • i~5.SWhjl~thi1tpf. C9mp\JtemebulkspeGlfiC9r",vilYqflh~
fio~ • aggrl:!g~l~s.!lh~~()~I'$~ • ·a~gregaleS~f~ (:(lmpa~eospeCimell.· '. . . ." .
47.3•• ~Od.47.4f~~J)i1i~i~M • ··Th~b1JIK()f$P,gt.·
Qfaggreg~le~G$b7 • f·7Q3 • andthe.• effeptiv~ Solution:
specincgraVltyofaggregateGse '" 2.761. .. A
Bulksp.gc.= B~C
Solution: A = weight of dry specimen in air
A = 111.95 grams
Airvoids(VN = (Gm~::mb) 100 B = weight ofsaturated, surface-<iry
specimen in air
V = (2.535 - 2.442) 100 B = 112.09 grams
A 2:535
C = weight ofsaturated specimen in water
VA = 3.67 (air voids)
C = 61.20 grams
Percentage of voids in the mineral aggregate: A
VMA =100- GmbPs d=B_C
Gsb 111.95
VMA = 100 _ 2.442 (47.3 +47.4) d= 112.09-61.20
2.703 d = 2.20 (bulk sp.gr. of
VMA = 14.44 compacted specimen)
 S·523

TRANSPORTAnOIL ENGINEERIIiG

Solution:
<D Length of heel:
a =length of heel
Tb#.tfo/ma.ssQf~~ttml~ot~ggr.~g*~~. Frog n. heel spread
19Q$gr-!'lll'l$;~m~~~j$~~~Il@tted4ry
c9ffll~@l.j$1~'~9t~~.n\ElV91t@~~n~~· 9 =length ofheel
aOOt~gaf$s ... exqludlrt9thffYtllum~(lf~$Qrtled 336.11
.".at~ri$440.6qn3,P~lcw~t$th$btJtt( length of heel = 3025 mm
~P~~9@yity·ofthe$!lrnP/El<Qf~g~flll'.·.·····

Solution: ® Total length of tumout:

=3025 + 1820
wr. of water = 1226.8 - 1206 =4845mm
wr. of water = 20.8 kg
Vol. of water @ Angle subtended by heel spread:
Vol. ofabsorbed water = Density of water
1 8
Vol. ofabsorbed water = 2~.8 Frog no. = 2Cot 2

Vol. of absorbed water = 20.8 cm 3 1 8

Bulk volume = 20.8 +440.6 9=2 Cot 2
Bulk volume = 461.40 cm 3 e
18 =Cot-
~
Bulk specific gravity: GB 8 .
MD 2=3.18
GB=--
VBW
e = 6'22'
Va = total volume of aggregates
including vol. of absorbed water
1206
GB = 461.40(1)
GB= 2.614
A•• turnouf··haslllength••·.of•• ·heel.·equ~l.to
SOfS 'mtnandah~( spre~dof336.t1 .•·.• lf the
lenwh.oflheto~j519~5ml1'l,.<:Ohlptile.thefrog
numberotthetumoul. .

I~JijiP@tha$a.frognti/tltl(!r~fWWlth{a.l~m Solution:
Wl'iElElI~pr~adequaUo~36,11·mm;· • .• • •·•••.••.•.••.•.••.. . •••••.. •
F no = Heel length
~CQfhPUtethelen9thofh~ .•.••• rog . Heel spread
.·~ • • . lftbl>length ·of~he.tw • ~.~ql@JtQ182l)mlll,. 3025
>H•• • Wtll~t$~etotall~rlQt~Aftt\~tumout Frog no. =336.11
~}¢i>n'lpt.rle~heangle.$ubtl,mQed.by.the·h~1
.
:~d.(·······
Frog no. =9
 5-524

MISCEllANEOUS

.F~t<lt(;~srieS~ • tl)9$eth",t•• te$ult•. jll~tle"st l'n~ • fj9ur~ • • ~b()r-'~ • • V@tcl~.jray~l@l • • • ~1

()@•• ®attl,.Whileetcl$l1~$tfult.~s.ult •. inil)j4rie$ A~n$tant • • $pe~d$ • ·• QQ•• • t\¥Q••·•• I~@nlgh'f~Y
~lltrlQ~<ltl$are.cl~~ifielfa5p~r50JI~Ul'ljUty tl~tWeeIlStlcUOl'l$l<aiJd)'witBtheir.p~~ol1
bl1t¢r~~t¥$ttlatr~$~tt • • h$ttl1~!f.d~lt:il'lor. ~M$fl~~~.()~i~~~rW1.lJ1~tl3m?f.ti~ . ~y
·k@rleSbml'tVi)lVedq~~@lifpro,*nrare. ph9tpgrap~Y+lm9~t'V~r.l~t~· at•• ffllli t• x
~~~fied~~proPfflY~rnage· • • ThjslJle~()(.1gf ol;tsery~s.4.va~iflespas~i~glhl"Oughp~rt • )(
~Umll1Mfjl'lgcra~he~ • • i$ • • Co:mmo~W • I1$ed•• tq gyriMjJ•• P~.~ •. ()t"~~ng~,·· .•. ~ .veloWies
m<ilkflj.complilrjsl)n$~J • diffe~rtl()c"U9nsby· (lf~vehililes~sMea~reoare·4&,4~,40"aod
as~ignlJl~ • <lweight•• $()ale.lP~ch.·craslr.Pllsed 30mPhJespect~ly.< ..••.... . .
WI.jt~~v~ritY; . • .A.typil:<ll.. WEll9hillgsgale.h"¥~ 15' 20' 30' 20' 35' 20' 85' 20' 45'
beefiusedwhichis·asfoHaws,
:::::;:"-.::>,,:":::::-::::-;-:
. ..
Fat~ity =12 30 mph 40 mph 45 mph 45 mph
PetSonalinjury=a.. ... . . . X • • • . • IY
Property damage only ~·1 ... . ... .
___.Vir.ctWn ofjlow
lfon~ fataLcrash,Spersonal trijuriesand 5 l..----.---- ~
property damage crashes occurted durifjga 300'
year at apartfcular slte, compute its severity
nUmbeI"•.. ® CQmputethe~ty¢t~fflc.
@iqoMW\Eltl1efiffi6.M~~spee~·
Solution: @Computethespa~mean~peed·
Solution:
Severity number =12 (1) +3 (3) + 1 (5) <D Density of traffic:
Severity number = 26 4
K=-
300
,5280
K = 70.4 vehicles per mile
@ TIme mean speed:
The density of traffic in acerta:in obsElwation 30+40+45+45
point Oil a highway was recorded to be 30 fJ.t= 4
.vehlcles per km. IfthEl space mean speed·of
fJ.t= 40 mph
Ihe vehicle is 50 kph, haw many vehk:les will
be passing every 30 seconds. @ Space mean speed: .
nd
Solution: fJ.s= 2)
300 300 300 300
Ll " 30 (5280) + 40(5280) + 45 (5280) + 45 (5280)
K=!L
3600 3600 3600 3600
fJ.s
Lt = 6.82 + 5.11 +4.55 +4.55
30 =!L l:t = 21.03 sec.
50
q = 1500 vehicles/hr. _ 4(300L .
fJ.s - 21.03 - 57.06 fps.
. 1500 (30) _ 57.06 (3600)
No. of vehIcles per sec = 3600
fJ.s - 5280
No. of vehicles per sec = 12.5 vehicles fJ.s = 38.9 mph
 5-525

MISCELlANEOUS

OfwoSetsfJfSlll~~~areCOllectiggifaffl¢daW
• ~; • $~~~&~;~ • ~Bt~a$h~i'jh~~!'. :1~1~7i~~i.·
ililfi.__l 1~1~11Bj:l;f
111I1[tlll~~I:I~: 1~_illilli11
So/won: ··~·~r~~()t~~~fWW~I~13IIYtlll~
CD Density of traffic:
5 So/won:
K= 600 CD 24 hr. volume of traffic for Tuesday:
5280 24 hr Vol.
K = 44 vehicles per mile _ 400i29}+S35122.0S}+650118.80)+710117.10l'lil50{18.S2l
- 5 .
= 11,959
® Time mean speed:
50 +45 +40 +35 +30 ® Seven-day Volume oftraffic:
I-lt= 5 7day Vol. of traffic;" 11959 (7.727)
1-4t=40mph 7day Vol. of traffic = 92407.19
@ Average annual daily traffic:
@ Space mean speed: MOT= (MEF) (AD?)
nd
f.4s='iJ MOT=(1.394} 92~7.19
5 (600) MOT= 18402
1-4s 8.18 +9.09 +10.23 + 11.68 + 13.64
f.4s = 56.8 fps.
56.8 (3600)
f.4s - 5280
.the tadiusofthe summit curve having a ~e
1-4s =38.7 mph stoppil1g distance of 130 m~ is e~ualto
35Sa m. The tangent grades of the 5ummit
curve is +2.6% and" l.$%.lflhehelghf of the
observer above the road surface is eqUal 10
IU5. . . ..
(j) Compute the height of the object above the
A•traffjc•• engloeer••utgerltly••needs.·to••del.errnine· road surface that the observer could see at
tt\e·.AADI.()rl•• ~ • rUtal.·primary.rg®•• that.ha$.th~ the other side of Ihe curve.
y()lurn~.·.<:llstribution • chl!lr<tpt~rt5tic5 • • shoWl'l•• ln @ Compute the length of the summit curve.
lhe·Qi"en.tll,ble.•/She.cofl~ted.fhe.data.$hown @ Compute the height difference from the
belowona.Tuesctayduririg.·themonlh•• ofMay. beginning of the curve to a poinf 30 m.
horizontally from il.
5-5]6

MISCELIINEOUS

Solution: ® Length of curve:

CD Height of object above the road surface:
S2 L=A V2
R =---=:.-.-...,..- 395
2 (...fh1 +~}2 A =2.2 + 2.8 =5
L= 5 (99.79f
3558= (130f 395
2(fu+~)2 L = 126.05m.
(fu + -Yh;)2 =2.375 ® Length ofsight distance:
AS2
fu+~=1.54 L= 122 + 3.5S
~=0.316 5 S2
~ =0.10m. 126.05 =122 + 3.5S
15378.10 + 441.175 S =5 S2
® Length 9fsummit curve:
L=/\,(91-&7)
SZ· 88.235 S - 3075.62 =0
S= 114.9Bm.
100
L=3558 (2.6 + 1.8)
, 100
L= 156.55m.
® Height difference from the p.e. at a .~• ¥~~I.$IM@I@~#~$~9~otQrt@M<)f
horizontal distance of 30 m. from P. e.. +~~anli;~.a% .••.• ~. . hllnz9fl1Sl~js~n~frorrl
y=g1 x+ 2R
x2 ~.C.t~r11C~@~~bE!.vartex.(}fJhe
Y-- 0.026 (30) + H..

;.·!··f• ••IIII~ili~~.·
2(3558)
y=0.654m.

Solution:
CD Length ofsummit curve:
s-~
1- g1' Y2

.~~~1.2r~~~J~;~t~~~~:~; ~. • 0.05L
113.64 =0.05 + 0.038
L = 200m.
® Radius of summit curve:
(j) • • • q®iM~e.ib~ • @I~ •. ~p~® • ~hllr~ • •9at(X)UI~.
L=Ry (gl'!b)
/pa~~thNlhEtS®.c.1JlVe,.<r ~oo
• leOfllll•• ?t:.th~ • • sa~• •yertlcal.
.~..9(jrnept~lhT
qy'!'E!,,« ......< ZOO = Rv (5 + 3.8)
@Col1'lputethelengltlQfth$sighldislSf\G8.•.•.•. 100
Rv = 2272.73 m.
Solution: ® Tangent length:
CD Speed of car:
T=&~
R= VZ 2 100
6.5 T =2272.73 (5 + 3.8)
200
1532 = V2 T= 100 m.
6.5
II" 0070 knh
 5-527

MISCEllANEOUS

Solution:
CD Design speed of vertical sag curve:
V2
tnesiqbt•• di~~ncll.<if • ~ • •liaijvett1caI9~1$ Rmin. = 6.5
~uattcl11qm·)Htll:ir~M~~tsrad~~()Hh$
cu~<te~2%<Jn(\+3%.·· . '. ',' .' . . 1500=~
6.5
<$c6mMtetootength6ft~~l:OtIJ~.<> V=98.74kph
®••pom~te • ·tne•• d~i9n • SP~~6f61e¥ert~I • ® Length of vertical sa9 curve:
~~99I.1rv~«>
~ • • compt!t~th~.mlninlum.radius.oflh~sa9' AV2
Yfll'tiqaLcllryEk, .• "..,<,<>i"" L= 395
A=92-9j
Solution: A = 3.2 - (- 1.8)
CD Length of CUNe: A=5
A S2
L= 5 (98.74f
L = 122 + 3.5S
395
A=grg1 L= 123.42 m.
A=3· (. 2) =5
_ 5(115)2 ® Length of sight distance of vertical sag
L -122 + 3.5 (115) CUNe:
L = 126.07 m. AS2
® Design speed: L = 122 + 3.5S
. 5 S2
L=A ~ 123.42 = 122 + 3.5S·
395
5V2 15057.24 + 431.97 S = 5 S2
126.07 = 395 SZ . 86.394 S· 3011.448 =0
V= 99.80kph S= 113.04m.
® Min. radius of sag vertical CUNe:
V2
Rmin. = 6.5
R . = (99.80}2
min. 6.5
A sampl~of.cdlnpMfedasphaHk;C9ncrele
Rmin. = 1532.31 m. wa~cutfrQmthe roadway for laboratory
ancilysjs.ThesamPle Was found· to weigh.
.1020gralTlsin air. Since the sample ¥iasqiJile
POl'Ou$,itWas completely CDafed With paraffin .
havifjg ClsP.9L ofM5..• The coaled sample
~ighed 103M grams in air. .The weight of
A yertteat~ag OUfV& ha¥~ la1l9etl~gr<J~~9f the coate(! sartlple iowater was 575.3 grams,
• 1~8% and -+3.2%. ffthe· Pl'Iiriifl1iim riidius01'
the sag CUNei$ 1500 m. Jong . ..,. ..
(D .. Determine the volume of paraffin,
Q) Compute the design speed of the vertical @ ~:;,~~~~~~Up~; :c%ht .of pavement
sagCUN~. . .... . .... ". '.
® Computelhe length of the vertical sag ® If this asphatllc concrete costs P1QOOO per
, curve, . . . . '.. . fon in place, determine the cosl per stalion
@ Compute lhe length of sight dfstance of the for sUrfacing 8 m. wide and 200 mm. thick
vertiCal sag curve . with side slope of 1:1.
S-S.28

IISCEllI.EIUS \
)

Solution:
ill Volume ofparaffin:
~ ofparaffin =1035.3 - 10.20 ,
. ~. ofparaffin = 15.3 gr.

15.3
.le1~;;-eltlr~~~~~:~~~:I~y
. . . . . .•.
wE@flt()f1¢~Imtx. . .•

<:i:i1;BJI~
Volume of paraffin =0.85 (1)
Volume of paraffin = 18 au.em.

@ Unit weight of pavement sample in grams

per cu.em. •
Vol. ofasphaffic sample =
1035.3 - 575.3 -18

Vol. of asphaltic sample =442 cu.em.

.tJnit weirtht = 1020
(1)
•••~li.~e._~& •1.1.~.~;jtt.~w
442

~iii••:II1i
.~

Unit weight = 2.31 grlce.

@ Cost per station: ® YYf1~tpercen1agemlh:1QtalV~ti~dQthll

<#Jgr~gat$9fl¢1.lPy? .. .... . ..... . .

Solution:
ill Total volume of mixture plus air:
Vol.=~
Gsyw
----8.4-4----
1190·672
Vol. = (1) (1)
( (8 + 8.4XQ.2O)(20)
Volume = 2 Vol. = 518 CU. em.
Volume = 32.8 cu.m. @ Totalpercent of air voids:
0.45 (1190)
W = Vol. x Density Vol. of coarse aggregate = 0.60 (1)
Unit wt. = 2.31 gr/cc Vol. of coarse aggregate = 205.96 eU.em.
. 2.31 (9.81X10W _ 0.45 (1190)
Unit wt. :: 1000 Vol. affine aggregate.- 2.70 (1)
Unit wt. =22.66 kN/m 3 Vol. of fine aggregate:: 198.33 cu.em.
Weight = 32.8 (22.66) . 0.05 (1190)
Weight = 743.248 kN Vol. ofmmeralfiller= 2.76(1)
Vol. ofmineral filler =21.56 eU.em.
1 ton = 1000 kg 0.05 (1190)
1 ton =9810 N Vol. ofasphalt c:ment = (1) (1)
1 ton:: 9.81 kN Vol. ofasphaff cement =59.50 eU.em.
V:: 485.35 eU.em.
IAI • ht _ 743.248 Vol. ofair = 518 •485.35
..elg - 9.81
Vol. of air = 32.65 eU.em.
Weight =75.76 tons'
. . 32.65 (100)
Percent ofair voids = 518
Total cost:: 10000 (75.76)
Total cost =P757,643.22 Percent of air voids = 6.3%
 5-529

MISCELlANEOUS

@ Percentage of total volume occupied by @ Volume ofasphalt:

aggregates: ~. of asphalt =151 -143.81
Vol. ofaggregates =518 -32.65 - 59.50 ~. ofasphalt = 7.191b
Vol. ofaggregates:: 425.85 cU.cm. \I f 7.19
v'oI. a asphalt = (1)(62.4)
._1 425.85 (100)
Percentage VUlume = 518 Vol. ofasphalt =0.115 ft3
Percentage volume = 82.2%
I
@ Percent air voids:
Vol. ofsolids =0.835 + 0.115
Vol. of solids =0.95 ft3
Vol. ofair =1- 0.95
Vol. of air =0.05 tt3
P,ercent air· VOl'ds =0.05 1
(100)

Percent air voids =5%

® Percent voids filled with asphalt:
. (1 - 0.835) 100
Percent aggregate voids = 1
Percent aggregate voids =16.5%
Percent voids filled with asphalt
=0.115 (100) = 69 ....L
0.165 .t 7.

@ Density to which the mix be compacted to

provide a mix with a 75% voids filled with
~.¢I~~i~~I~w~1.~>;
. • · . •·
asphalt:
. 0.115
Volume af voids = 0.75

.•I··.• =·I.II'~~· ·.i·.•.•••

Volume ofvoids =0.153 tt3

1_-
Total volume ofmix =0.153 + 0.835
Total volume ofmix =0.988 tt3
Densl.ty =0.988
151

Density = 153 pcf.

S:;luff(m~
C1J VUIU/llC.ii aggregate:

'
Absolute sp.gr. ofaggregates
100
=-6-1-2-9"':"::':::-'-7--3-

.
-2.8-0 + 2.7 + -2.7-1 + -2.7-3

.
Absolute sp.gr. ofaggregates =2.76
Wt. ofaggregate per cu.ff. =1.05
151
Wt. of aggregate per cu.ft. =143.81 Ib
143.81
,1tw4iillifB
~;~
•• ' ~:Xt~:r~f~;~~·80~Pb
Vol. ofaggregate =2.76 (62.4)
3{NlIO'ltiefOf Iane$"'2> '"
4, .W!J~el~llfltlltk,.~ • ~,1rn' • • • • • • ,.,.,.,'
Vol. ofaggregate = 0.835 ((J 5;~l!s()f¢l:lNe;12501ll;> '.' .'
5-530

MISCELlANEOUS

~••••••t.kll;.~~.··.I~ • ·~I~~~I: Solution:

CD Volume oftraffic across the bridge:
0••llt~~[I; • ·~.J~~~~~i_, V= 2900-10 C
C= 50+0.5 V
··~.· • • ~~m~Jm¥E!$~·~~ffl9·9~#\~ V= 2900 -10 (50 + 0.5 V)
V=2ooo-500-5V
Solution: 6 V=24oo
CD Width of mechanical widening required: V = 400 vehicleslhr.
nL2 Volume across the bridge:
Wm=iR @
C= 50 + 0.5 (400)
n = no. of lanes C=50 +200
L = length of wheel base in meters c= 250 cents
R = radius of curve NewC=250+ 25
_2 (6.1)2 New C= 275 cents
Wm - 2(250)
Wm =0.149m. V=29OO·10C
@ Width of the psychological widening
V = 2900· 10 (275)
V = 150 vehicleslhr.
required:
W,=--
V @ Volume of traffic:
p 9,5-{R V=2900-10C
80 V =2000 -10 (50 + 0.20 V)
W = 9,5~
p V=2900-500-2 V
3 V=24oo
Wp =0.533m. V =800 vehicleslhr.
@ Pavement width required:
Pavement width = 7 +0.149 +0.533
Pavement width = 7.682 m.

#.;tj)ol•• ~rlpOO • .~~S • 1OW9•• v~h@~~@!Y· • • •·1l\~· .

9~mmt.t()QjsP3.00ptlrvehi{:le;St@iestl<!v~
~~()vmt~atf~n~MhfOCm~$~lIit911~t~Q

.11._
~~!ji.~~l~~r~~~r~~~'n~~~r~~~~
pentsjth~t[<mJcvolllJ1iEl~iIl~crea~~6yj(J()o
v~tii(;~~Pf!rd<lY. .lUs$lsir~t9Inq~~~jh~
t<)nJoap9InLrWheteieveO\,le~M!lP~
l1lij)(lIl)iZ#~.Y .. . .. ...

\D Determine the toll

..

charge tomaXlroize
revenue; .... ...• . . .. ..... •..•.....•.•..
@ •petermli'l~the traffic volume per day after
Q)•• • Oetenl'line.lh~\I()lu@(lft@ljc:l~~o~~.ttl~ thEI. toll inerea$6, . . .
.bodge•....•....•... ..··i @ . O~terminethe total re~nUe increase with·
i'<i
@•• 'ta .t()II•• ()f2S•• l::tlnt~·isLWdil •• what·is··tI'lEl thEi new tool. .. .
volumEl~Gro$$thebndgeU"/
~• • A.••190l • bQlh .i~ • tobeadded:,·l~~$ • t~(l~{;il'lg Solution:
the•. traveltlrtlEl • to • cro$$th¢lm~S~' • Tl'le. CD Total charge to max, revenue:
new.c:ost·•• func:tiotl.·.ls••. C;::.SO•• +·.O.2Q.··Y. x = the increase in toll in centavos per
Oeterminethe•• volurneoflra1ficth,it.WO~lfl vehicle
i"ri"\~~ fha.hrinnp..
 5-531

MISCElliNEOUS

300 + x = Rew toll per vehicle Solution:

1000 x , CD Crash rate per million entering vehicles:
10000 - "5iJ' = volume of vehicles per day _A (1‫סס‬OO00)
RMEV - AD7{365)
R = (300 + x) (1 ‫סס‬oo- 20 x)
fiR . . RMEV = 23 (1000000)
dx =(300 +xl (- 2?) +(10000 - 20 xl (1) =0 6500 (365)
RMEV = 9.69 crashes/mil/ion entering
20 (300 + x) = 1CXX1O - 20 x
vehicles
6Poo + 20 x = 10000 - 20x
® Rate of total crashes per 100 million
40x=4000
vehicle miles:
x = 100 centavos • _ A (100000000)
Total charge =300 + 100 RMV¥r- ADT(L) (365)
Total charge =400 centavos '_ 40 (100000000) _
Total charge = P4.00 RMVMr- 5000 (365) (17.5) - 125.24 crashes

@ Traffic volvme after toll increase: @ Rate of fatal crashes per 100 million
V= 1(}{)()O - 20 x vehicles - miles:
V= 1‫סס‬oo- 20'(100) RMVM = A (100000000) x%
V = 8000 vehicles F ADT(365) L
_ 60 (100000000) (0.05) _ .
@ . Total revenu~ increase with newtoo; RMVMF - 6000 (365)20 - 6.85 crashes
R = 8000 (4) -10000 (3)
R = 32000 - 30000
R=P2000

AnlJrbaJl••~rtedalstreEl(segrJlenfO.30km!o@

&>•• • IUsobselYe~lhat4p~r~Ms~ttedon
.•..• • • ~ • • 1],?mIJ~~I¥#1~Il •. ~f:.a.h!9hW~Ylrjmle •.
.·.• .y~~r .• • •. Th~ .• aver~ll.~~¥Jr~ffl~.(APn.·Qn·
'.' ·the.sec!i&iwas·5000vehicles) De.lerinine
. .•• t~~ • • rat~·.qttQt~I~~~t#l$ • eer1pq.Il1111lo0
. yehjples!'I'11~,(BMVMtJ//" .. .
@ • 1l1ereilr~ • ~ • crashe$.·9ccurrlng.·i"a • 2q
rnilesf.lclFqrt • of~ • • ~j9'HW~y.in .•. 9~~ • • Yf.llir.
The.aVf.lrage•• daiIY•.• traffl9.·.on•• m~ $eCtlon
was·6000vehj(:les;•• • ()etElrrninem~.rate • of
• 4amageonlY=h .lfoneJatalcrash'i$
• • fatal.crash~s • • per·1qq•• mllll()r•• Ve~lcle • "
milEls, • • if•.• S%·.·.9f .·ffi e. • ·¢rashf.lll·•. ir\VQlyed
fatalitles,(RM\lMF).· . number,/"
~1i~1.IIBtI
ll1i\l~n.Vetlipl~~))flr.l@fqf.~ • • ~• ¥~~~ ))EItip(I•• P~
•
Vo'hk:h•• 120f~l/plve(j • c1fl~t9 • ~rp • i~jlJo/·.~~(jg~§ •
¢~Q$ed·.pmp¢rtY.·d~i1i~~e • pnly·•. • ·rn.ld¢(\tifYing·.
h~iardP:uslocaliql'l~,8ql'lsicl~{!f)aL$>sil'l~lfl
d£!allr()r.lIlNW.~@$h·j~·~\1iVa~~tt9·.~
d®lageCta~Ms; ' • prmmW
.'. . .'
@ ·CalciJjaliitheiral¥icba$~lnYehiclespE!f
ktrl(ll3@<
@CIl.I~I~I~• 19E!.~ • ·ye4r~Ver~g£! • • cr~$~ • • r~t~
(Ayg}«
.\ID.. One~~hO(jOf.sUfT\In~rizingcrashesi$tg
.·•• • • U$~Cori1pll.rl~on$ • atdi~erent • lb~ti8n~pY.
··<lssignin9 • ~ • ·weight•• SCillfl·.t9Mch•• H~§P··
. baseanit$severity.Atypi~IWeighing
scale•• hav~.been • used .which•• isilS•• follp)Vs;
falality • ::•• 12,personat•• i~jufy • =3,.property .
personal injuries and 5 property damage
crashes occurreoduring a year ala
particul~r site,/compute. ltsseverity
5-532

MISCEllANEOUS

Solution: @ Space taken up by the vehicle in feet of

CD Traffic base (TB): each lane - mile: .
TB = L (MOD (N) (365) Space taken up = 112.35 (15)
100000000 Space taken up = 1685.25 ft.
TB =0.30 (15400) (3) (~
100000000
@ Average spacing between vehicles:
TB = 0.051 vehicles/km.
S - 5280 • 1685.25
- 112.35
@ 3 year average crash rate (A VR): S=32ft.
AVR = 3 (death + injuries) + property damage only
AVR = 3(120) + 255
AVR=615

@ Severity number:
SN=1 (12)+3(3)+5(1) The fenglh ofan average vehicle passing lhru
an eXPress way Is 14 ft. If the average
SN=26 spaCing between~hlcles tS16 ft. .

<D CQmptM the jam density In vehtcles per

mile per lane, ... .
® If them flow speed Is 104.85 mph,
computelhe speeda1 max. flow.
Thedenslly of traffic In an expressway was @ Compute· the maximum flow In vehicles
recorded to be 16>05 vehicles per mile perfatle per hour,
and the free flow speed of 70 mph. . If the.
average speedofa drtverls 60 mph. . . ..• >.. Solution:
CD Jam Density:
CD Cqrnpute. the Jam density In vehiCles per 5280
mUe p~rlaOE!; ..•. ... .•• . •.•.
0=14+16
® ·If·lhe average.• space·between the front
bumper ofafbllowingcar an rear bUmpefof Dj = 176
.the leading car must account for the
number of vehicles in a lane (112~35 per @ Speed at max. flow: .
mile) andlenglhof each vehicle 1515 ft,
-§
compute the space taken up by the Smax- 2
vehicles In feet of each tane·mile. .. ..
®. Compute the average spacing between the S = 104.85
. vehicles. . max 2
Smax = 52.43 mph
Solution:
CD Jam density: @ Max. flow:
D= SrD SrDj
} Sf'S q= 4
, .
D= 70JJ§~ q= 104.~ (176)
j 70·60
q =112.35 vehicles per mile q= 4613 vph
 S-533

MISCEllANEOUS

Solution:
CD Time headway between vehicles 1 and 2:
Vehicle Crossed Line Time headway
·.1'h~it~l)ul~te~ • •~~~.areth~f$$\Jlls.(lfaGQ No. (sec) (sec)
1 6.52
2 11.26 11.26 -6.52 =4.74

tlte",
3 14.59 14.59 - 11.26 =3.33
4 19.33 19.33 -14.59= 4.74
5 28.30 28.30 -19.33 =8.79
6 39.93 39.33 -28.30 = 11.63
7 43.76 43.76 - 39.93 =3.83
8 58.16 58.16 -43.76 =llJQ
51.64
Time headway between vehicle 1 and 2
= 11.26 -6.52
=47.74 sec.
® Average headway for 8 vehicles:
51.64
Mv~~nt• ~$ • ltle•• getftlltlqll.ofth~~\I~n1 • belr~.· Average headway =-7-
@S~tY~(t • • PJt¢rtlallm~~Mit~n59PQ~.·~.~~r.· Average headway = 7.38 sec.

·~Rri~:t~i~~~~.~~~ir~#:lll @ Traffic flow rate in vehicles/hr.

1
Flow rate q=average headway
_ 1 (3600)
q- 7.38

·:111111
q =488 vehicles per hour

Vehicle No.
1
2
3
4
Crossed Line at (seconds)
6.52
11.26
14.59
19.33
liil.l!
4~ry.•<'Dh~«Jl'iElt9.J::har~w.p'~11~!i • inJ~paO)$ .
.49m,n~1~$?JI1~~lffe~.wm~~tdl~ta~~I$.
·r~lisible.; • ··~~tlm~ma!I~.t~~~$;3Q • mlplJt~$W
5 28.30 .giJY~ • !Il!:l.2()l'lJ'I~.f@'rly(j~r~9me.tPttle.~im9rt
6 39.93 ~!Wy.OU.P'lUst.~rrt\le~t • the•• ~itPQrt.90 .m1ryUl$$
~wlylo(;h~qkjn.WI1enYPl.llantlm$iW
7 43.76 W~~¢i.sS9ijttt:lk$$Zqmj119t~$t~9~tYPl.lf
8 58.16 W9gClge•• ~nd • • arM~jti()ral~{) • JJ1inu~~ • lo.th!:l·
dg.vnlovmhptel®.miles.frorn.the airpOlt..• •,.he
airtare.for.the.r911••stop.ftlghl",·.iS. $500•• Wh~$
!l~if11e·.wtIer~as.tlle.lickE!tJor.flight • Bw1tll·.the
trsnsfer atJapani$$3aO.Assumean'oth
costs arelhesal1'le at $60andtha! you valUe
er
your tlmeat$50 per hour.
5-534

••SCllIAIEOUS

li• •JlII
Solution:
Solution:
CD Max. length of the queue:

<D Which flight is cheaper.

forA:
t = 3 + 30 min. + 90 min. + 20 min. + 40 min.
t=6 hIS.
Cost of flight A =$500 + $60 + 6($50)
Cost offfight A = $860

ForB:
t = 4 + 30 min. + 90 min. + 20 min. + 40 min.
t = 7 hIS.
Cost offlight B=$360 +$60 +7 ($50)
Cost offlight B=$770

Fight B is cheaper

@ How much cheaper.

Flight Bis cheaper by 860 • 770 =
® VaT when both flights would be equally
expensive:
500 + 60 + 6 (V01) = 360 + 60 + 7 (V01)
VOT= 560 - 420
VaT =$140
m Arrival CUNe:
After x = 15 min, Y2 = 15 (45.25)
Y2 = 679 vehicles
Departure Curve: .
, After x = 15 min, y, = 15 (22.33)
y, =335 vehicles
Max. queue length =679 - 335
Max. queue length =344 vehicles

@ Max. time in queue:

when x =15 min, y =15 (22.33)

irr8ail~
Y~htpl~B~rllbUr(f2,~~Y~ltIil'il ••• Jl'i~··.AAW
rlilt~<)~th~~ee\\l~yat#'l~.Ull1epfdl:lY.is.2715
V~hl¢!~$P~FPq~f(4?@v ..~Jrpln)<Jl'le
Illocl$geisrernovEl(laft~r1Srnil1t1tes, . .
(j) VVh~tjs!hernax,f~ngthof~q@Il~?
@ vy.hat\'iaf•• thelq~~~titltne.. ·.~ny • •·single
V~hlCjeV&sm·th¢.qge,*? • •·
® AtWhat~lTledldthetl~ElIJe claar?
Y= 335 vehicles '
lime the 335th vehicle enter the queue t,
335 74 .
. =45.25 = . min.
Max. time in queue =15 - 7.4 min.
Max. time in queue =,l.6 min.
.
® lime the queue cleared:
x = time the queue was cleared.
Equation for arrival CUNS Y3 =45,25 x
Equation for departure CUNe = Y4 + 335
where Y4 =60 (x -15)
 5-535

MISCEllANEOUS

Y3 = Y4 + 335 Solution:
45.25 x =60 (x-15) + 335 CD Max. length ofqueue:
14.75 x- 900 + 335 =0
I
x = 38.3 minutes ,
,
, I
I
I
, I
, I
, I
, I
Time the queue was cleared is 8:51.3 AM ,
,
I
I
, I
, I
, I
, I
,,
I ,
,
I
I
,
,
,
I

,,
, I
, I

,,,
, I
!...-Normalp_
,, r =65 \'cJilmin

,,,
, I
, I

,,
:' max. qucMe:

,,,
len,," :
I
I
, I
I
L- =60uWmiJt
Normtfl flpw
Y,

,, ,,
I

, I
I meLt. ,,"GU! t
Im,m :
,
I
I
I

Y1 = 24 (20)
Y1 = 480 vehicles
Y2 =46 (20)
x Y2 = 920 vehicles
Minutes after 8: 15 ll1I1 Blockage

Max. quel1e =920 - 480

Max. queue =440 vehicles

@ TIme the vehicles waited for the queue:

440
t1 =46'

~_III
t1 =9.56 min.

TIme the vehicles waited for the queue

=20-9.56
= 10.44m.
trnfflca~rp~llt . •.• l'h~I(WJlc;v'~$¢l~®l • bYmft
MMDAaf!erZ(lll1inuteS./ .... . .. ® TIme the queue was cleared:
Y3 =46x
• ($•• • PeterO)i~ • th~ • • tM><.• •lellgrh•• 9ftheqtieu~ Y4 = 65 (x - 20)
b~forethe~OCk!l~~¥lasrernOV~d? . ...•.••..• Y3 = Y4 +440
• ®•·',Valt~dfpr>lheJp~gque~~tl~foreJhe
8el~rmiQ~ • • t~~ • • ·titlle.itha,t•• th~ • • V~hICI~s· 46 x =65 (x - 20) +440
19x.-1300 +440=0
·~toCkag~wascleared· . .. . .. x = 45.26 min.
•@·What.liri1~W<ls.thl:lqueue·clElllre(j.
TIme the traffic was cleared = 6:45.26 AM
S·S36

MISCEllANEOUS

Y3 =45.25 x
Y4 =60 (x· '15)
Y3 =335 +Y4
·1:.~.II~1-~I.~·rl-I~11 45.25 x =335 + 60 (x -15)
x= 38.3 min.

1 -
1>1••llllli'lli
Y4 =60 (38.3 -15)
Y4 =1398

Ila_ii
Solution:
<D Total delay to traffic because of lane
blockage:

,
"
,
,
, ":
, I
I
I
I
, I
, I
, I
, I
, I
, I
, I

! yi=1398
:' : .1,,=1733
..-NanM~f!/tw
, =60w'f'"Ur
: : The area of the shaded section represents
, ,
",;~:e:
I
-the total delay on the freeway because of
I
I
the traffic accident.
I
I

I
I A_ _ 1733 (38.3) 335 (15)
2 • 2
,~,=
l'1I",a-
35
't
_335 (23.3). 23.3 ~ 398)
10 1 20 2S 30 3S '0

Atea = 6582.25 veh-min.

x
Minul.. after 7 :00 am Ate~ - 6582.25
- 60
Y1 =45.25 (15) Area = 109.70 veh-hrs.
Y1 = 678.25 vehicles
Y2 =22.33 (15) Total delay = 109.70 veh·hlS.
Y2 = 335 vehicles
 5-537

MISCEllANEOUS

® No. of vehicles ahead ofit in the queue: 60 (x-15) +335=543

x = 18.47 min.
,
I
, I time the 7:12 AM arrival will leave the queue.
,,
, I
,
,
I
I
Waiting time for this vehicle is 18.47 - 12
/ JI = 6.47 min.
,
, I
,
,
,
,
I
I
, I
, I
, I
, I
r, __ I
L-N._l~w
, ,
,
,
,

INU. 'f'IelCI
,
I

, 1LoP I

,
, I

, '
I
I

From 7:00 tWo to 7:12 tWo

t= 12 min.
h1 =22.33 (12)
h1 = 268 vehicles
~ =45.25 (12)
h2 = 543 vehicles
Solution:
Length ofqueue at 7:12 AM = 543 • 268 <D Velocity of car when it reaches the
Length ofqueue at 7:12 AM =275 vehicles intersection:
No. of vehicles ahead of it in the queue
= 275vehicJes
vi= V 2
1 -2aS
80000
® Time the driver have to wait in the queue: V1 = 3600
V1.= 22.22 m1s
vi =(22.22)2 -2 (4.6) (40)
V2 = 11.21 m1s
~ _ 11.21 (3600)
2- 1000
V2 =40.4kph
® Location of man when the light tums red:
V2 = V1 • a t
V2 =22.22 - (4.6) (4 -1)
V2 = 8.42 m1s (his velocity when the
light tums red)
Distance he will have traveled:
Vi=V12-2aS
(8.42)2 =(22.22)2 - 2 (4.6) S
S=45.96 m.
He is 45.96 m. after entering the intersecting
5-538

MISCElIUEI.

@ Time the light have been red when he ® Monthly expansion factor- (MEF) for
clears the intersection: August:
o 28450
t= V MEF = 4550 (12)
0= (15 - 5.96) +4.2 MEF=0.521
0= 13.24m. @ Average Annual daily traffic for month of
- 13.24 May:
t - 8.42 MDT = MEF x ADT
t= 1.54 sec. 28450
MEF = 12 (1700)
MEF= 1.394
MDT = 1.394 (1700)
MDT= 2369.80

f'()r•• 1Q.YAAr~;fb~.Plif~~!l~;M*~emj~
.ba$e.adO"m,.a~.ps( • ~~rt\Ceb~ • ~.S~an: .•

. .1\1>~Omettte~~5roul~ • caifi$$~n*~ri!S~4f·
1Q()(lpa~~l1ge~p~r9aY·.~~~rn~lJn~m~
r~~gelaslicityof .0.33' . .. .
(j)·•• ·HoWll1aflyrider$Wlll.~ • • dfiV~P~~ydu~
• • • •·•• • t6k1Ct~ • 1rlf(lre$? • • • • • • • •·••·•• / • • • • i•• • • ?>•• •.• • •.•. • .
{!) .YlJhlitwoutd•• l>fl•• £Iiff~rer)c~ • •~• • its.rElv~ne~
due\()ttleinCr~il'lf.1lr!'l?>
@ AS!lOl'1'ling • • h~lf.pf.!h~ • Ras~lfflgtlf~,on . • ~
ty~ical .• dayroq~d9~~gthB • A.fW~I1~ • • eM
Solution: .• • peaKperiodsY.'h~.th~P!*J~~n9~~~a~
CD Daily expansion factor (OEF) for .head.. w<lys.were3Qmln.~ • VlHlll.ypuldb~
Wednesday: ••
the.ridef'$bip • Jf•.• m~· hM~VI~y$ • \'I'~re.
75122 jn{\reased·•• to6Q•• • O'lin·•• ··.~tw'eer ··bu5~S?
Assume • • a • peak • M~dW~y·.el~sUClty·.·9f
•
OEF= 11413
-0.37.and an off.-peaKheacIWayelasticity
OEF= 6.582 of-O.46. .
 5-539

MISCELlANEOUS

Solution: Solution:
CD No. or riders driven away due to increase in CD No. ofpassengers on the average:
fares: 138700
Q,-Qo) fu N= 7(3729)
Shrinkage ratio elasticity = ( P, _Po ·Qo
N = 5.3 passengers
_(Q, - 1000) (SO)
·0.33 - (75 - SO) (1000) @ Energy intensity:
Q,·1000 =-165 138700
Q, =835 x= 7(30)
x = 660.5 BTU/passenger-mile
No. ofriders driven away = 1000 - 835
No. of riders driven away = 165 passengers ® Energy intensity:
@ Difference in revenues daily: 138700
50 (1000):: SOOOO x = 28.7 (7)
75 (835) =62625 . x = 690.4 BTU/passenger-mile
Diff. = 62625 • SOOOO
Diff. = P12, 625
® No. of ridership if headways were
increased to 60 min. between buses:
- .. (Q, - Qo) So
Peak headway elastICIty = (S, • So) 00
_ (0, • 5(0) (30)
- 0.37 - (60.30) (500)
o =315
1 .. (0, _5(0) (30)
Off peak headway elastICIty = (60 _30) (500)
Offpeak headway elasticity =- 0.46
0, =270
Total no. of ridership = 315 + 270
Total no. ofridership = 585

11I~~I!i~r~lm~~~~I.
Solution:
.~~sle6Q~~a~~:~~~~7IW~~~~··
..
Pi'l(g;illl~O{ . . . .. ... .. . .
CD Peak hour volume:
Peak hour volume =465 + 480 + 510 + 490
Peak hour volume = 1945 .

i~llll(i~fAI~j
@ Peak hour factor:
1945
Peak hour factor =00---
15(510)
~~r~·carrie9.Wtlllt~lll~th~en~r~¥ Peak hour factor = 0.953
jl)tell$jtyo.1lt\etl1J~~~1>
® Design hourly volume:
®•• ·W~#t*~.theerletgyirter~jti~~9fW~i~~ 1945
····WitijTn~~rs.·inplt!~in~ • ihe•• grtv~c~·m~ftJ~l. Design hourly volume = 0.953
.~C:(lmmlYofftle • blJsise<lUalt8~~;7lr1nes
··patgllll(jll, Design hourly volume =2041
5-540

MISCEllANEOUS

@ Spacing between construction joints:

~~:~~I;~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~eJ~ .• • • "f~El$~m~@.'fflm • tNt~afl1e~~~A~ 0.2758
\mJ)t¥$~4uM~Jthlt~~l}~~I~~~4W~ -'+::---......;.~=--

P~Mlt~~9Vt~$t • bya.~j$t9~PI9~~$9m·
4i~~$rfl1PViIl9a:~rttlin~~eq, • • T~~~~
·\,aIU~Qf:~ • ~tttndatdcnJSb~df~tQrZ.~ • mm
pen~®ti®is7Q.45.l@cmz .• • 1'1"u=•. sWpI8;Wa~ W= ~ (0.2758) (4) (2400)
AA~~tqaloa~Qf83~9· anqUPl'O!:it.ICesa
poo~filti9nQf2,5ttlrfJ; .. W= 1323.84 L
N= 1323.84L
• ~• • PrililPot~[th~ • pB~vl¥l~eefthei$()it~n1Ple. F=p.N
~Q$@t~J$$9i{f()r~stlbgraq~qfa F= 1.5 (1323.84 L)
. . .•. .•·.·.~~¥~J1'\~~t;~e~®I!l~~mlC\(~~~l#.tp~ F= 1985.76 L
......>p~'l~~ntvpe,~~'IhI~~lo/lcl~t~O(}()~9
· .· ••.•.•.• • ~~~ • ~.t~pres~\!reot.~··~~Jsil11P9sed T=F
•.•.•••. ()nJb~sV~ra~e.· • • Us~ • tt§;.• CQrp$•• of T= Ac ft
·•••••.• .!;figine~sfQl1l'lul<t • ·.•· .••.•.•. . . .•.••••..•••..•.••..<•.<•• 27.58 (400) (0.8) = T
•~• • lfum•• mWemehti$~d~ •. UP•• pl(;9P9"ete, T=8825.6 kg
. . . •.•. #~termme • • • ···the•• • .• sp~llj~W • • • • p~WJeen 8825.6 = 1985.76 L
...·.•Q9r@r99ljqryjoin~~ral'l~ItI·Wl~I1Qta L=4.44m.

·•.• .• ~~tlrffis~~'w:~ • t~~~~h§~Wa~0~6j

.< . . p~ytlm~nt •.• ii$ .•. . O,~5> • ·•. NI~~~I~.·t~n.#il~
· •· • ·• ~~~:t.~M~d:=.·~~~rd1d;6.~i~¥$
Solution:
O~sjgl'!ttte thickness of Ii pavemeriHo carry a
wtieetJoad of 30 kN based 6rittieftillOWing
CD CBR of soil sample: conditions. and type of pavement.·· ....
p
Stress =A" <P .A rigJd l?w~ment'With an alkiwa~leteO$j\e
83 .. ..str~~$.ofQol')creteequal to·fc'Witha
Stress=-- . s~lfledcompressive strength of concrete
~(5)2 .• .0(28:$ MPa.•.·Neglecleffect Of dowels,
.. USErOlders Theory;' . •... •.. ••.. . ... ..
Stress = 4.23 kg/cm 2
(g) •.. AfleXlple' pavement w"h an· allOwable
CBR = 4.23 (100\ . . subgrade pressure of 0.14 MPa<and the
70.45 I
..·max, time pre$SUre equlllto· {t8~ MPa.
CBR= 6%
This pressure is assumed to be uniformly
® Thickness of pavement (US Corps of . distributed over the area· Of tire. contact on
Engineers): the roadway according to the principle of
.Cdne pressure distribution. ... .
t={W [1.75._1]1/2 @ A pavemenl with a maximum caR value
CBR Pn of 6% for the subgrade SdnSupportin9 this
t = -Y 3000 [1.75 _
6 8n
-1-] 1/2 load, The tirepresstire is equ.al to
4kglcm 2. Use U.S. Corps o Engineers
t= 27.58 em. Formula.
 S-541

MISCEllANEOUS

Solution: Solution:
CD Rigid pavement: . CD Time after gapers block starts until the
t_A
-\{T
f3W queue will be cleared:
I
I
,---- I

t -'" I 3 (30000) I
I

- 'V 0.06 (28.5) I

I
I
I
t =229.42 mm. I
I
I

\1 ® Thickness of flexible pavement:

I
: 100.
r

t=0.564~
: 54+x)
lOOyplfl
I I
I
I ,
I
I W=AP I
I
30000 =1t r2 (0.82) I
I

[" 107.91 mm. I

I

~3~-107.91
I
: 1350
t=O.564 I
r
t=153.17mm
45 x
® Thickness of pavement based on Us 30(45) = 1350 cars
Corps of Engineers: 60 (45) = 2700 ears
t = {W [lZ§.. _1] 1/2 100 x+ 1350 =60 (45 + x)
40 x= 1350
CBR P1t
W= 30000 x = 33.75 min.
9.81 Time after gapers block starts until queue
W=3058kg will be cleared =45 + 33.75 = 78.75 min.
t = ...j 3058 [1 ;5 _41~ 112 @ Total delay of traffic because of gaper's
block:
t= 25.46 em. Total delay of traffic = area,ofshaded section
t= 254.6mm.
.
,
I

I
,,
,,,
,
,,,
I

,
·~• ~~rr$ • ~'9C~ • QQCI1r$.When.trafflciri•• QO~ . HiO(33.75)
~itectj~nsl()'NstQ .•l99K•• ~tal'! • im;id~~t.·9~.~h~ :=3375~
9Ppo~1t~sjd~ • of.·the.lPad~aYs • rnedfan.•• • • J'~e IOO~",

·9~P~~i~ppKr~u~~.r~W~y.~~qtW • ft9m 2700 ---- :

,,,
4 25

1()O.YElfji¢lIlS.. ~ •. l1lill,·.tq.·(3j)·.v~hiqlEl~~~mir·
J()r~9Il1jrute~.lfJhe~rrlyatrat~staY$~t I
I

!5QvehIQlElllpermin. . .. ... ,,
I

~• • •~~~~~.~~~~i~pat$ • brock•• $mrt$.Wjll 130

~VVh~ti$lheI9talV~hjpledeJaytolraffic
•.. ~i:lQ§Ei'.Of • lhe•• ~~rs.bIOCk • in • vehjcles.
45 33.75

m i n f / i ) ) •.• ..i< 78.75

®.··.Whatis.theaverage.delay.per.Vf:lhicle?
5-542

IISCElll.EOUS

(2700 • 1350) (45) (2700 - 1350) (33.75)

A_
f11 ..a-
_
2 + 2 h, =30 (40) ,
h1 =1200 cars
Area = 53156.25 veh·min. ~=60(4O)
~ =2400 cars
(
@ Average delay per vehie/e:
' perveh'e/ 53156.25 Max. length of queue = 2400 - 1200
Average de,ay J e =~ Max. length of queue = 1200 cars
Average delay per vehicle
= 11.25 minlvehic/e ® Average delay per vehicle:
Total vehicle delay =area of shaded section
100 x+ 1200 =60 (x +40)
4Ox= 1200
x=30min.
Total vehicle delay
·l'~~ • • ~U#~rNOO~~Y, • ffl/g~~I!16 • • t«.hay~ • • ~., _ (2400· 1200) (40) (2400 -1200) (3O)
- 2 + 2

._i.~11B
Tfl~ • ~.sr~&~tIl~'M~Q¥PfI1' • • ·,W~1ro~fflC
thenrasll~~etAQn1ln; ,,', "
Total vehicle delay:: 42000 veh-min.
. 42000
Average delay per vehicle = 4200
Average delay per vehicle = 10 min.

(j) CQIl1PlJt~.,• t~'~.,>Il1~Xlmgm'.', • I~ng!t).',.il>f>$~. @ Longest time any vehicle spent in the

~jl.illli
queue:
,,
,,
@ .'Wfl<tt~th~Ig~~$ttl~,<tnyve~lcl¢~p~W,
,,,
, ',' ',' ",,"' ",' " ,
,,,
IIlifu3q@4~?i

Solution: ,,,
,
CD Max. length of queue: ,,,
,
,,, 100 vpm :

,,r ,o,
,, ,
o
,
,,
o
,,,
o
o
,
,o
:1
: ' IS4+X)
TIoo
,
o
100 'P"! =4200
,,,

.,1 ,,
,,,
, ,
,
1-----40>------

60 t= 1200
t= 20 min.

j
,,
Longest time any vehicle spent in the
~l= 200
queue
~: =40-20
40m x = 20m/n.
 S-543
MISCELlANEOUS

Aclosed traverse has the following data. Given the data of a closed traverse:

LINES BEARING DISTANCE LINES LAT. DEP. DMD 2A

A-B N.30'30'E 46.50 m. AB 446.56 30.731 30.731 1372.324
B-C S.20'30'E 36.50m.
BC Y 75.451 x 2158.023
C-A --- --- CD - 58.328 --- 148.621 -8668.766
® Find the distance of line C-A. DA - 2.090 - 42.43 --- z
® Find the bearing of line C-A.
@ Find the area of the closed traverse. ® Find the value of x..
® Find the value of y.
Solution: @ Find the value of z.
® Distance CA:
Une~ Bearing Distance Lat Dep
Solution:
AB N30'30' E 46.50 +40.07 +23.60
® Value of x:
BC S20'30' E 36.50 - 34:19 +12.78
CA - -- --- - 5.88 - 36.38 LINES DEP DMD
AS 30.731 30.731
Distance AC = ~(5.88f +(36.38)2
BC 75.451 x
AC= 36,85m.

® Bearing CA: 30.731 + 30.731 +75.451 = x

x= 138.913
tan bearing = Dep
La!
. 36.38
tan beanng = _.-
5.88 ® Valueofy:
Bearing =S. 80'49' W.

@ BearinoCA:
Lines Lat Dep DMD Double Area
AB +40.07 +23.60 +23.60 23.60{40.07) 2A = DMD x LAT.
=+945.65 2158.023 = 136.913 (y)
BG - 34.19 +12.78 +59.98 59,98{-34.19) y= 15.762
~
= 2050.72
CA - 5.88 - 36.38 +36.38 36.38{-5.88) .Check:
= 213.91 44.656 + 15.762 =- 58.328 - 2.090
2A = +945.65 - 2050.72 - 213.91 60.418 =- 60.418 ok
A= - 659.49
Area of transverse ABC = 659.49 sq.m.
 S-544
MISCElUNEOUS

@ Value ofz: Using Cosine law:

(DE)2 = (43)2+(27.77)2 - 2(43)(27.77) Cos4S'
LINES LAT. DEP. DMD 2A DE=30.52m,
AB 446.56 30.731 30.731 1372.324 ® Bearing ofline BC:
BC 15.762 75.451 136.91~ 2158.023 (BC)2 = (95)2 + (88)2 - 2(95)(88) Cos 45'
CD - 58.328 -'63.743 148.621 -8668.766 BC= 70.33m.
DA - 2.090 - 42.439 42.439 z Using Sine law:
0 0 95 70.33
--=--
Sin (} Sin 45'
2A=DMDxlAT e=72'46'
z =42.439 (- 2.090) a, = 90' - 72' 46'
z= -88.698 a,= 17'14'
Bearing of BC = S. 17'14' E.

@ Distance AE:
AE=27,77m,
" -A lot is bounded by 3 straight sides A, B, C.
AB is N. 45' E. 95 m.long and AC is due East,
88 m. long, From point 0, 43 m. from A on
side AB, a dividing line runs to E which is on The deflection angles of two intermediate
side CA. The area ADE is to be 1n of the points A and B of a simple curve are 3'15' and
total area of the lot. 8'15' respectively. If the chord distance
between A and B is 40 m.
CD Determine the distance DE.
® Determine the bearing of side BC. CD Find the radius of the curve.
@ Determine the distance AE. ® Find the length of curve from P.C. (0 A.
@ Find the length of chord fr()m P.C. to B.
Solution:
CD Distance DE: Solution:
CD Radius of curve:

(AE)( 43) Sin 45' =..!. (95)(88) Sin 45'

· 5' 20
2 7 2 SIn =1f
!'IE =27.77 m. R= 229.47 m.
 S-545
MISCEllaNEOUS

® Length ofcurve from P.e. to A:

An unsymmetrical parabolic curve has a

forward tangent of - 8% and a back tangent of
+ 5%. The length of the curve on the left side
of the curve is 40 m. long while that on the
right side is 60 m. long. P.C. is at station 6 +
780 and has an elevation of 110m.

<D Compute the elevation of the current at

station 6 + 800.
® Compute the stationing of the highest
point on the curve.
@ Compute the elevation of the highest point
on the curve.
S=R0
S = 229.47 (6'30') 1t
180
Solution:
<D Elevation at sta. 6 t ,800
S = 229.47 (6.5) 1t
180'
S= 26.03m.

@ Length of chord from PC to B:

poel ~~JJp.r.
6+~
EI. 110m
L,=60

~ = Lz (9, -92)
L, L, + L2
2 H = 60 (0.05 +0.08)
40 40+60
H= 1.56
y _ 1.56
(2W - (4W
y= 0.39

Elevation of the curve at sta. 6 + 800

C Elev. A = 110 + 0.05(20) - 0.39
Sin 8'15' = 2 R
Elev. A = 110.61 m.
C = 2(229.47) Sin 8'15'
C= 65.86m.
S-546

MISCELlANEOUS

@ Stationing of highest point of the curve:

Check the location of the highest point of
the curve.
, A parabolic sag curve has a grade of the back
When L, 9 < H it is on the 40 m. side tangent of - 2% and forward tangent of + 3%.
2
The stationing of the P.C. is all0 + 300 with
5 == g, L/ an elevation of 100 m..
1 2H
, CD Compute the length of curve if the rate of
When L 9, > H it is on the 60 m. side
2 change of grade is restricted to 0.20% in
5 == g2 L/ 20m.
2 2H @ Compute the elevation of the P.T.
L, g, = 40(0.05 = 10 < H = 156 @ Compute the slationing of the P.T.
2 . 2 . .
Solution:
Use:
. L2
5, =.fU.-L
2H from P..
C

5 = 0.05 (40)2
, 2 (1.56)
5, =25.64 m.
Stationing of highest point of curve:
Sta. (6 + 780) + (25.64)
Sta. = 6 + 805.64 CD Length of curve if the rate of change of
grade is 0.20% in 20 m.
g1- g2
@ Elevation ofhighest point of curve: r==-n-

0.2 = 1- 2; 3 I
n = 25 stations

Length of curve =25(20)

p.r. Length of curve = 500 m

@ Elevation of the P.T.

Y2 _ 1.56 Elev. P.T. = 100 - 0.02(250) +0.03(250)
(25.64)2 - (4W Elev. P.T. = 102.S0m.
Y2 = 0.64 @ Sationing of the P.T.
Sta. of P.T. = Sta. of P.C. + 500
Elevation B = 110 + 0.05(25.64) - 0.64 Sta. of P.T. = (10 + 300) + 500
Elevation B = 110.642 m. Sta. of P.T. = 10 + 800
 S-547
MISCELlANEOUS

At station 95 + 220, the center height of the At sta. A 12 + 200

road is 4.5 m. cut, while at station 95 + 300, it Section: Level and trapezoidal
is 2.6 m. fill. The ground between station Base width: 12 m.
95 + 220 to the other station has a uniform Side slope: 1.5:1
slope of - 6%. . Depth of cut: 2.25 m.

G) What is the grade of theroad? At sta. B 12 + 220

Section: Level and trapezoidal
<ID How far in meters, from station 95 + 300
Base width: 12 m.
toward station 95 + 220 will the filling
Side slope: 2:1
extend?
Depth of cut::: 1.8 m.
@ At what station will the filling extend.
G) Determine the volume of cut in cU.m. from·
Solution: Sta Ato Sta B.
G) Grade of road <ID If the volume of cut from A to B is 650
cU.m., find the depth at section A?
@ If the volume of cut from A to B is 650
cU.m., what is the top width of the section,
A.

Solution:
G) Volume of cut in cU.m. from Sta A to Sta
B.

Slope of road::: 2.3

80
Siope of road::: 0.02875 say 0.029

<ID Distance from 95 + 300 where filling will

extend: ~-12----l

"~::}~~~
- (18.75 + 12) (2.25)
A1- 2
A1 ::: 34.59 m2

~ 80

0.029(80 - x) + 0.30::: 0.06x

0.089x::: 0.029(80) + 0.30
x::: 29.44 m.
~-12

@ Station where filling extend: - .u..9.2 + 12) (1.~

(95 + 300) - (29.44)::: 95 + 270.56 A2- 2
A2 = 28.08
5-548
MISCEllANEOUS

~ Depth at section A.
Given a side slope of 2:1, a road width of
10 m. and a cross-sectional area of 31.7
sq.m., find the value of x in the follOWing
cross-section notes.
9.8 0 7.4
+ 2.4 x + 1.2

Solution:

_ (3d+ 12+ 12) d

A1- 2
A1 = 1.5d2 + 12d

(A1 + 28.08) (20)

v= 2 31.7 = 9.8(x) + 7.4(x) + 5(2.4) + 5(1.2)
222 2
A1 = 36.92
8.6x = 22.7
36.92 =1.5d2 + 12d x=2.64m.
d= 2.373
(A1 + A2) L
v= 2
- (34.59 + 28.08) (20) Determine the side slope from the following
V- 2 cross section notes of an earthwork.
V= 626.7m 3 7.7 0 8.0
+ 1.8 1.2 +2
Solution:
@ Top width of the section A. I
,
I

: jJ:2.0
181 I
w G____
. I
_ ' . I

1-185-1 XI2±X/2--1--2S==J
1----7.7 8.0

x
1.8S-t-2" = 7.7
x
28 + 2 = 8

0.6S = 0.3
W = 1.5d (2) + 12
3
8=2
W= 8(2.373) + 12
8 = 1.5
W= 19.12 m. Side slope = 1.5:1
 S-549
MISCELlANEOUS

Determine the side slope from the following

cross-section notes of an earthwork.
8.6 0 9.0
+ 1.8 +1.2' rn
Solution:

Solution:
<D Area of cross section:
hL -2;5 _.1-
2hL+ 3.5 - 100
100hL- 250 = 16hL+ 28
84hL = 278
hL= 3.31 m.

2.5 - hr 8
3.5 + 2hr = 100
250 -100hr = 28 + 16hr
116hr = 222
hr = 1.91 m.
Side slope is 2:1
A =~(3.5)(3.3f) +l(2.5)(2 x 3.31 + 3.5)
1 1
+ 2' (2.5)(3.5 + 2 x 1.91) +'2 (3.5)(1.91)
A= 30.935
A= 31 m2
The cross section notes of the ground surface
ata given station of a road survey shows that ® Distance of the left slope stake from the
the ground is sloping at an 8% grade upward center of the road.
to the right. The difference in elevation xL = 2hL .;. 3.5
between the ground surface and· the finished XL = 2(3.31) + 3.5
subgrade at the center line of the proposed
. xL = 10.12 m.
road is 2.5 m. Width of subgrade is 7 m. with
sideslope of 2:1.
@ Distance of the right slope stake from the
<D Determine the area of the cross section. center of the road.
® Compute the distance of the left slope XR= 3.5 t 2h r
stake·from the center of the road. xR = 3.5 + 2(1.91)
@ Compute the distance of the right slope xR:=' 7.32 m.
stake from the center of the road.
S-550
MISCELlANEOUS

Given the following data of the cross section of The longitudinal ground profile diagram and
an earthworks. the grade line shows that the length of the cut
Sta. 2 + 100 is 950 m. and that of the fill is 1320 m. The
2.75 1.5 0.5 road bed is 10 m. wide for cut and 8 m. wide
9.5 0 5.0 for fill. The side slope is 1:1 for cut and 2:1 for
fill. The profile areas between the ground line
sta. 2 + 120 and the grade line are 8100 sq.m. for cut and
2.25 1.:Q. 0.8 9240 sq.m. for fill.
9.0 0 5.6
Width of base is 8 m. <D Find the volume of cut.
<D Compute the area of station 2 +100. o Find the volume of fill.
o Compute the area of station 2 + 120. @ If the shrinkage factor is 1.30, find the
@ Compute the volume between stations volume of borrow or waste,
using average area method.
Solution:
Solution: <D Volume of cut:
<D Area of station 2 +100:
I
I
f

2.75:
I
I

,
I

1:-;;-- .

I 4
Average depth of cut:
C = 1800 = 8.53 m.
9.50 5.0
_ 4(2.75) 1.5(9.5)' 1.5(5) 4(0,5) 950
A1- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
Average depth of fill:
A1 = 17.375 m1
f= 9240 = 7 m.
o Area of station 2 + 120: 1320
f'
f
I 1---~-13.20----l
2,25:I I

: :0.8

r~;--- I n;~--:i
9 5.6
- 4(2.25) 1m lli:§l 4(0.80)
A2 - 2 + 2, + 2 '" 2
A2 = 13.4 m2
Acut = (27.06 + 10) (8.53)
@ Volume between stations: 2
(A1 + A2) Area cut = 158.06 m2
V= 2 L
Volume of cut = 158.06(950)
V= (17.375 + 13.4) (20) = 307.75 cU.m.
2 Volume of cut = 150,157.86
MISCElUNEOUS

® Volume of fill:

(34.40 + 8)
Area of fill = 2 (6.6)
Area fill = (36 + 8)(7)
2 Area offill::: 139.92 m2
Area fill = 154 m2 Vol. of fill = 139.92(1400)
Volume offill = 154 (1320)
Volume of fill :;203,280 Vol. of fill = 195,888 mJ

@ Volume of borrow: ® Volume of cut:

Vol. of fill required = 203,280(1.3)
Vol. of fill required = 264,264 m3
•
1-----13.2:0------,---1
Vol. of borrow = 264,264 -150,157.86
Vol. of borrow = 114,106.14 m3

The longitudinal ground profile diagram and

the grade line shows a length of cut and 880 (29.28 + 10)
Area of cut = (9.64)
m. and a length of fill of 1400 m. The profile 2
areas are 8432 sq.m. for cut and 9240 sq.m. Area of cut = 189.33 m2
for fill. The widths of the road bed are 10 m.
Vol. of cut = 189.33(880)
for cuI and 8 m. for fill. The side slopes are
1:1 for cut and 2:1 for fill. . Vol. of cut = 166,610 m3

CD Find the volume of fill. @ Volume of barrow:

® Find the volume of cut.
Vol. of borrow = 195,888(1.25) -166,610
@ Find the volume of waste or borrow if the
shrinkage factor is 1.25. Vol. of borrow = 18,250 m3

Solution:
CD Volume of fill:

The areas in cut of two irregular sections 40

m. apart are 32 sq.m. and 68 sq.m.,
respectively. The base width is 10 m. and the
8432 side slope is 1:1. Find the corrected volume of
Depth of cut = - = 9.64
880 cut in cU.m. using the prismoidal correction
9240 formula. .
Depth offill = - = 6.6
1400
S-552
MISCEUJlEODS

Solution:
l-------,D 1=lS.1Q------f
f----10+2CI - - - - - i Two irregular sections 50 m. apart have areas
in cut of 32 sQ.m. and 68 sQ.m. respectively.
Side slope is 1:1and base width = 8 m. Using
the Prismoidal correction formula, find the
corrected volume of cut in cU.m.

Solution:

A = (10 + 2C, + 10) C

2 '
32=(10+C,)C,
C/ + 1OG, -32=0
\------,D1=19.2lS--------i
\------eI =2.SS----1
(8 + 2C1 + 8) C1
A1= 2
. (16 + 2C 1) C1
32= 2
2C12 + 16C2 - 64 = 0
C1 2+8C1 - 32 =0
A = (10 + 2C2 + 10) C - -8 ± 13.86
2 2
C1- 2
68=(10+C2 )C2 C1 =2.93
C/ + 10C2 ·68 =0 01 =8 + 2(2.93)
Cz =4.64 01 = 13.86
L
Vc = 12 (D j ·D2 )(C, -Cz)
40
Vc = 12 (15.10 -19.28)(2.55·4.64)
Vc =29.12m3

Ve, =Ve • Vc
Ve , =2000-29.12
Ve , =1970.88 m3
 S-553
MISCELlANEOUS

O2 = 2{5.17) +8 Solution:
A
O2 = 18.33 V= '4 [rh1 + 2rh2 + 3r h3 +4 h4] r
rh 1 =24.8 +23.3 + 16.2 + 1.5
L
Vc = 12 (C1- C2) (0 1- 02) rh2 =22.3 + 20.2 + 18.3 + 15.5 + 12.8
+ 13.5+ 19.2+21.5
50
Vc = 12 {2.93 - 5.17) (13.86 -18.33) rh2 = 143.3
Vc =41.72 Ih3 =0
I~= 19.3 +21.9 + 16.3 + 17.9
(Ai + A2) L
Ccorrected vol. = 2 . Vc rh4 = 75.4

Vcor = (32+ ~8)(50) - 41.72 V= 26~20) [75.8 + 2(143.3) + 3(0) 4(75.4)]

Vcor = 2458.28. V= 66400m3

A square piece of land 60 m. x 60 m. is to be

leveled down to 5 m. above elevation zero. To A square piece of land, 90 m x 90 m, is to be
determine the volume of earth to be removed leveled down to 5 mabove elevation zero. To
by the Borrow Pit Method the land is divided determine the volume of earth to be removed
into 9 SQuares whose comers are arranged as by the Borrow Pit Method, the land is divide
follows with the corresponding elevations, in into 9 SQuares whose comers are arrange as
meters, above elevation zero. Find the follows with the corresponding elevations, in
volume of cut in cu .m. by unit area basis. m., above elevation zero. Find the volume of
cut, in cU.m., by unit area basis.
A= 29.8 B= 27.3 C = 25.2 0 =28.3
E = 26.5 F =24.3 G =26.9 H =23.3 A= 29.8 8 = 27.3 C =25.2 0=28.3
1=24.2 J=21.3 K=22.9 L=20.5 E =26.5 F = 24.3 G =26.9 H= 23.3
M= 21.2 N = 18.5 0 = 117.8 P = 16.5 1= 24.2 J = 21.3 K= 22.9 L= 20.5
M= 21.2 N= 18.5 0=17.8 P= 16.5
A (24.8) B (22.3) C(20.2) D (23.3) A (24.8) B (22.3) C (20.2) D (23.3)
20 20 20 20 20 20
20 20
(21.5) F(19.3) G(21.9) (21.5)
E H(18.3) F(19.3) G(21.9)
E H(18.3)

~
20 20
(19.2) 1(16:3) K07.9) (19.2)
1 L (15.5) J(16.3) K(l7.9)
1 L (15.5)

20 20

M(16.2) N (13.5) 0 (12.8) P (11.5) M(16.2) N(13.5) 0(12.8) P(11.5)'

S-554.
MISCELlANEOUS

Solution: ® Distance from 5 +420 where filling extend:

v = ~ [rh1 +2l:h2 + 3rh3+4r h4]

rh 1=24.8 +23.3 + 16.2 + 1.5
rh 2=22.3 +20.2 + 18.3 + 15.5 + 12.8
+ 13.5 + 19.2 +21.5
rh2= 143.3
r h3=0
rh4 = 19.3 +21.9 + 16.3'" 17.9
r h4=75.4
v= 3~30) [75.8 +2(143.3) + 0 + 4(75.4)]
V = 149,400 m3
Center height of the road at STA 5 + 320 is
4.25 cut. At STA 5 + 420 it is 1.80 m. fill. The
ground slopes uniformly at • 5% from STA
5+ 320.
Q) Find the grade of the finished road.
@ How far in meters from STA 5 + 420
toward STA 5+ 320 will the filling extend?
@ How far, in meters from STA 5 + 320
toward STA 5 + 420 will the excavation
extend?
Solution:
Q) Grade of the finished road.
(100 - x)(0.0105) + 0.75 = 0.05x
0.0605x = 0.75 + 100(0.0105)
x= 29.75m.
(from 5 + 420 where filling will extend)
@ Distance from 5 +320 where excavation
will extend
100· x:: 70.25 m. from 5 + 320
where excavation will extend
From STA 10 + 060, with center height of
1.4 mfill, the ground makes a uniform slope of
~% to STA 10 + 120 whose center height is
2.8 m. cut.
Q) Find the grade of the finished. road.
@ If the roadway", fill is 9 m. 'Wide and the
side slope is 2:1, find the cross-sectional
area of fill at STA 10 + 060 assuming that
it is a level section.
@ If the roadway for cut is 10 m. and the side
slope is 1.5:1, find the cross-sectional area
for cut at STA 10 +120 assuming that it is
a level section.
5%

. d 1.05
Slope of finished roa way = 100
Slope of finished roadway = 0.0105
 S-555

MISCEllANEOUS

Solution:
<D Grade of finished roadway: MASS DIAGRAM
s= ~ (100)
60
S= ·2%
Using the following data of a mass diagram,

@ Cross sectional area of fill at sta. 10 +060 Length of economical haul =450 m.
Free haul distance = 50 m.
Mass ordinate at initial point of mass diagram
(sta ) =• 100 m3
Mass ordinate where length of economical
haul intersects the mass diagram = 60 m3
Mass ordinate where the free haul intersects
the mass diagram = 800 m3
Mass ordinate at the final station
(0+600) =• 200 m3
(14.6 + 9) (1.4)
Area = <D Find the volume of waste.
2 @ Find overhaul volume.
Area =16.52 m 2
@ Find volume of borrow.

@ Area at sta. 10 + 120 Solution:

t..----18.4'O--------I WaSle

vol. of waste
=100+60
=160m'

Area = (18.4 + 10) (2.8) 600

2
Area = 39.76 m2
-200

<D Volume of waste.

volume of waste = 100+ 60
Volume of waste = 160 m3
S-556
MISCELlANEOUS
® Overhaul volume.
V= 800 -60'
V= 740m3
@ Volume of borrow.
V=200+60
V=260m3
The length of economical haul intersecting
horizontally the summit mass diagram is
450 m. The free haul distance is 50 m. The
vertical distance between the free haul
distance and the limit of economical haul is
3 em. The scale of the diagram is 1 em. = 100
m3. Determine the volume of overhaul in m3.
Solution:
Vol. of overhaul = 3(100)
Vol. of overhaul = 300 m3
The mass diagram for an earthwork starts
from sta (8 + 000) where the mass ordinate is
+ 60 cU.m. and ends at sta. (8 + 320) where
the mass ordinate IS· 180 cu.m. The length of
economical haul, plotted horizontally,
intersects the summit mass diagram at a point
where the mass ordinate is + 120 cU.m. The
length of economical haul is 200 m.
CD Determine the volume of borrow in m3.
(i)Determine the volume of waste in m3.
.@ Determine the volume of overhaul if the
length of the free haul plotted horizontally
intersects the mass diagram at a point
where the mass ordinate is 300 CU.m.
length of free haul distance is 50.
Waste
Solution:
CD Volume of borrow in m3.
Volume of borrow = 120 + 180
Volume of borrow = 300 m3
(i) Volume of waste.
V= 120-60
V=60m3
@ Volume of over haul:
V= 300-120
V= 180m3
The mass diagram for an earthwork starts
from STA (12 + 010) where the mass ordinate
is + 60 cU.m. and ends at STA (12 + 340)
where the mass ordinate is - 210 cU.m. The
length of economical haul, plotted horizontally,
intersects the summit mass diagram at a point
where the mass ordinate is + 140 cU.m.
 8-557
MISCElWEOUS

G) What is the volume of the borrow, in Solution:

cu.m.?
@ What is the volume of waste. Wast~
@ If the summit has a mass ordinate of
+240, what is the volume of over haul.

Solution:
"' .... +115-1--~:"""-_- ~

+50

o 0+000

Volume of waste = 115 - 50

0

Volume of waste = 65 m3

G) Vol. of borrow:
Vol. of borrow = 140 + 210 Using the following data on a single summit
Vol. of borrow = 350 m3 mass diagram:
STA MASS ORDINATE (m3)
@ Volume of waste:
0+000 +45
Vol. of waste = 140 - 60
0+500 -175
Vol. of waste = 80 m3
@ Vol. of overhaul: Initial point of limit of economic haul = + 142
Overhaul volume = 240-140 Length of economic haul = 300 m.
Overhaul volume = 100 m3
G) Find the volume of waste .
@ Find the volume of borrow.

The following are the data on a single-summit

mass diagram.
STA Mass Ordinate (m 3)
0+000 + 50
0+400 - 240

Length of economical haul = 270 m.

Initial point of limit of economical haul is + 115
What is tli:) volume of waste in cU.m.?
S-558
MISCEllANEOUS

Solution:

+700:

+2

soo ll+800

-so
ll+OOO -130

-l1S
Solution:
CD Overhaul volume:
Overhaul volume = 700 - 230
Overhaul volume =.470 m3

@ Volume of waste:
Volume of waste:: 230 + 80
Volume of waste = 142 • 45
Volume of waste:: 310 m3
Volume of waste:: 97 cU.mo
@ Volume of borrow:
Volume of borrow = 175 + 142
Volume of borrow:: 230 + 130
Volume of borrow = 317 cU.m.
Volume of borrow:: 360 m3

A single-summit mass diagram has the

following data:
STA MASS ORDINATE (m3)
0+ 000 ~ 80
0+800 -130

Initial pointof freehaul distance :: + 700

Initial point of economic haul:: + 230
Freehaul distance:: 60 mo
Limit economical haul:: 400

CD Determine the overhaul volume, in cU.mo

@ Determine the volume of waste.
@ Determine the volume of borrow 0