DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCTRETE

STRUCTURES
 Bialystok University of Technology
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department of Building Structures

CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1
Practical Classes
Subject : Design for reinforced concrete girder slab floor of
industrial building using the following data
Data:
Projection and dimensions of the floor
B

H2
B

H1
s s s s s B B
L

Assumptions for designer: Slab structure are monolithically jointed with

secondary R C beams.
Secondary beams are supported by two span (continuous) R C main beam.
The support for this main beam is a central column. The external walls
are construct as masonry walls. Dimensioning of the slab should be done
according to Eurocode 2.
Main data for the calculations:
1. Floor dimensions:
B 1 =6,0 m
B 2 =9,9 m
S =6,6 m
H 1 =4,2 m
H 2 =4,2 m
1. Imposed Load for the slab p =5,8 kN/m 2
2. Concrete class C20/25
3. Environmental exposure class XC1
1.1. Floor slab
1.2. Layout of structural system
Data:
 reinforced concrete frame spacing - 6,6 m
 length of the building - 6,6 x 5 = 33,0m
 span of beams - L1 = 6,0 m
L2 = 9,9 m

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Reinforced concrete column of the beam

Reinforced concrete beam of the frame

Reinforced concrete beam

Reinforced concrete slab

2 2 2 1,98 1,98 1,98 1,98 1,98

6 9,9

15,9
 lastriko bezspoinowe 20mm
jastrych cementowy 50mm
płyta żelbetowa 80mm
1.3. Loads calculation tynk cementowo-wapienny 15mm

Summary of loads on 1 m2 of the floor slab

Type of load Thickne Densi characteristic Partial design

ss ty value factor value
mm kN/ kN/m2 γG γ kN/m2
m3 Q
Self-weight
1 Reinforced 80 25 0,08 x 25 = 1,3 - 2,7
concrete slab 2,00 5
2 cement screed 5 21 0,05 x 21 = 1,3 - 1,42
1,05 5
3 seamless terrazzo 2 22 0,02 x 22 = 1,3 - 0,59
0,44 5
4 Plaster cement – 15 19 0,015 x 19 = 1,3 - 0,39
limestone 0,29 5
Σgk 3,78 Σgd 5,1

Imposed load
5 Imposed load - - 5,80 1, 8,7
5
Σqk 5,80 Σqd 8,7

1.4. The initial adoption of the dimensions of the ribs

slab thickness – hf=80 mm

rib height – (1/14-1/18)s =(0,47-0,36 m) assumed h=0,45 m
width of the rib - (1/2-1/2,5)h =(0,0,2-0,16 m) assumed b=0,2 m
L- span of slabs – 1,98/2,0 m
hf
h

b leff b
l
1.5. Determination of internal forces using plastic alignment moments
Adoption of the static scheme
Continuous slabs monolithic combined with ribs is calculated as pivotally supported.
Span of reinforced concrete slabs is taken as a dimension plates in the light of the
ribs.
The calculations were performed for plates unidirectional reinforced adopted band
plate with a width of 1 m.

aBA

M1 MMIN M2 M2 M3 M4

M1 M2 M2 M3 M4

ln ln ln ln ln ln

l eff  l n  b
l eff  2,0  0,2  1,8 m
Calculation of moments
for extreme spans and supports V
( g d  qd )  leff
2

M Ed 1 
11
(5,1  8,7) 1,8 2
M Ed 1   4,06kNm
11
for intermediate spans and supports
( g d  qd )  leff
2

M Ed 2 
16
(5,1  8,7) 1,8 2
M Ed 2   2,79kNm
16
qd
Equivalent load: q p  g d 
4
qd kN
q p  gd   5,1  8,7 / 4  7,28 2
4 m

Values of minimum moments in spans:

 M C  M B q p leff
2

M Ed ,min  
2 8
 4,06  2,79 7,28 1,8
2

M Ed ,min    0,25kNm
2 8
Range of supporting moment
( g d  q d )  leff
2

a BA 
8q p
(5,1  8,7) 1,82
aBA   0,71m
8  7,28
1.6. Design of reinforcement in the slab
Assumptions
 monolithic reinforced concrete slab
 concrete C20 / 25
fck = 20 MPa
fcd = 20/1,5=13,3 MPa
 reinforcement steel RB500
fyk = 500 MPa
fyd = 500/1,15=435 MPa
 the largest diameter used aggregate dg = 16 mm
 exposure class XC1
 ø6 mm - diameter of the bar 6 mm
h=0,08m

d
a1
Asi
b=1,00m

Determination of the thickness of concrete cover

cmin = 6 mm - due to the diameter of the rod
= 15 mm - due to the exposure class (XC1)
= 10mm
cnom = cmin + Δcdev
Δcdev – for monolithic elements is 10 mm
assumed Δcdev = 10 mm
cnom = 15 + 10= 25 mm
assumed a1 = 25+6/2=28 mm
Effective depth d = h – a1 = 80 – 28 = 52 mm

Design of flexural members using simplified approach

For extreme spans and support MEd1 = 4,06 kNm
coefficient
M Ed

  f cd  b  d 2
α – coefficient α = 1,0 in accordance with EN1992 [N3]
fck =20 MPa – Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
fcd =20/1,5=13,33 MPa – design value of compressive strength of the concrete
fctm =2,2 MPa – Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
fyk =500 MPa – Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
fyd =500/1,15=435 MPa – Design yield strength of reinforcement
Ecm= 30 GPa – module of elasticity
b = 1,0 m – the width of the cross section
d = 5,2 cm = 0,052 m– height of the effective depth
0,00406MNm
  0,11
1m  13,3MPa  0,052m2
In rectangular cross section the resultant of compressive stress block is located in
the centre of gravity of such block what is equal to
 eff  1  1  2  1  1  2 * 0,11  0,12
Limit range of compression zone
0,0035
 eff  0,12   eff , lim  0,8  0,493 , and
f yd
0,0035 
Es
internal lever arm is equal to zc  (1  0,5 eff )d  (1  0,5  0,12)0,052  0,0489cm
sectional area of the tensile reinforcement
M 0,00406MNm
As 2  Ed   0,00019m 2  1,9cm 2
z c f yd 0,0489m  435MPa
Assumed As1,prov=1,98cm2 (7ø6)

Minimum flexural tension steel area

f 2,2MPa
As1, min  0,26 ctm bd  0,26 1m  0,052m  0,000058m2  0,58cm 2  As1, prov  1,98cm 2
f yk 500MPa
As1, min  0,0013bd  0,0013 1m  0,052m  0,000066m2  0,66cm 2  As1, prov  1,98cm 2
where:
b – mean width of the cross-section,
d – effective depth of the section,
fctm – mean concrete tensile strength
fyk – characteristic yield stress of steel.
Calculation of spacing between the bars
𝑏 1
𝑠= = = 0,14𝑚
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 7
The spacing of bars should not exceed smax,slabs - no more than - 2h=2*80 mm=160
mm according to EN 1992-1-1 point 9.3.1.
𝑠 = 140𝑚𝑚 < 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 160𝑚𝑚
We can assumed As1,prov=1,98cm2 (7ø6) every 140 mm.

For middle spans and support MEd1 =2,79kNm

coefficient
M Ed

  f cd  b  d 2
α – coefficient α = 1,0 in accordance with EN1992 [N3]
fck =20 MPa – Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
fcd =20/1,5=13,33 MPa – design value of compressive strength of the concrete
fctm =2,2 MPa – Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
fyk =500 MPa – Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
fyd =500/1,15=435 MPa – Design yield strength of reinforcement
b = 1,0 m – the width of the cross section
d = 0,052 m – height of the effective depth
0,00279MNm
  0,08
1m 13,3MPa  0,52cm 2
In rectangular cross section the resultant of compressive stress block is located in
the center of gravity of such block what is equal to
 eff  1  1  2  1  1  2 * 0,08  0,08
Limit range of compression zone
0,0035
 eff  0,08   eff , lim  0,8  0,493 , and
f yd
0,0035 
Es
internal lever arm is equal to zc  (1  0,5 eff )d  (1  0,5  0,08)0,52m  0,499m
sectional area of the tensile reinforcement
M 0,00279MNm
As 2  Ed   0,000128m 2  1,28cm 2
zc f yd 0,499cm  435MPa
We can assumed As1,prov=1,42cm2 (6ø6)

Minimum flexural tension steel area

f 2,2MPa
As1,min  0,26 ctm bd  0,26 1m  0,52m  0,000058m 2  0,58cm 2  As1, prov  1,42cm 2
f yk 500MPa
As1,min  0,0013bd  0,0013  1m  0,52m  0,000066m2  0,66cm 2  As1, prov  1,42cm 2
where:
b – mean width of the cross-section,
d – effective depth of the section,
fctm – mean concrete compressive strength
fyk – characteristic yield stress of steel.
Calculation of spacing between the bars
𝑏 100
𝑠= = = 16𝑐𝑚
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 6
The spacing of bars should not exceed smax,slabs - no more than - 2h=2*80 mm=160
mm according to EN 1992-1-1 point 9.3.1.
𝑠 = 160𝑚𝑚 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 160𝑚𝑚
We assume steel area equal to 6ø6 every 16cm (As1=1,70cm2)
1.7. Check flexural capacity in spans due to the negative moments
M min  M cr
1,44<2,0 there won’t be cracks in the top zone in span
M min 
1
M sup port  M min span   1 4,06  0,25  1,44kNm
3 3
bh 2 1,0  0,08 2
M cr  f ctmWc  f ctm  2,2  0,002MNm  2,00kNm
6 6
Cracking control of flexural reinforced concrete members
The characteristic values of bending moment - Extreme span
 
M  gk p  qk p leff - using Winkler tables
2

M 1  (0,07  3,78  0,07  5,8) 1,82  2,15kNm

Cracking moment at bending
M cr  f ctm Wc
fctm = 2,2MPa - mean strength of concrete for tension ,
Wc – sectional modulus with regard to bottom tension fiber
bh 2 1,0  0,08 2
M cr  f ctm  2,2  0,0023MNm
6 6
M 1  2,15kNm  M cr  2,35kNm
The slab will crack in tensile zone.
As1 0,000198
The degree of reinforcement beams   100%  100%  0,4%
bw  d 1  0,52
MEdk = 2,15𝑘𝑁𝑚 - characteristic values of bending moment
Es 200
𝛼e = = = 6,67
𝐸cm 30
As1 0,000198
𝛼1 = 𝛼e = 6,67 = 0,039
bd 1 ∙ 0,52
z=0,9d when a1<0,06
z=0,85d when 0,06<a1<0,18
z=0,8d when 0,18<a1<0,48
M 0,00215MNm
Stress in steel reinforcement σs = zAEk = 0,9∙0,52∙0,000198 = 232,2MPa
s1
Practical simplified approach may be used by restricting the bar diameter and bar
spacing at the length of the beam
wmax  0,4m for XC1
Control of cracking without direct calculation
  s
The maximum bar diameter should be modified as follows:
Bending (at least part of section in compression):
 f ct ,eff
 k c h cr
 s   s* 
 2,9
 2(h - d)
 2,2MPa  0,4 * 0,5 * 0,08m
s  23mm   0,0499m  4,99mm
 2,9  2(0,08m - 0,052m)
where:
¢s is the adjusted maximum bar diameter
¢*s=23 mm is the maximum bar size given in the Table 7.2N
h is the overall depth of the section
hcr is the depth of the tensile zone immediately prior to cracking, considering the
characteristic values of prestress and axial forces under the quasi-permanent
combination of actions
hcr =0,5h=0,5*0,45=0,225 m
d is the effective depth to the centroid of the outer layer of reinforcement
kc=0,4 is the coefficient taking into account stress distribution prior to cracking
Control of cracking without direct calculation
  s
 =6 mm >  s=4,99 mm
Is need to calculate the crack width in RC beams.
Calculation of crack width according to Eurocode 2

Es 200GPa
e    6,67
E cm 30GPa
Taking moment about the natural axis:
x
bx   e A s (d  x)
2
x
100 x  6,67  1,98(5,2  x)
2
Where x=10,47 mm
Stress in steel reinforcement
M Ek
s 
x
As1 (d  II )
3
0,00215MNm
σs = = 230,4MPa
0,0147m
0,00198m2 (0,52m − )
3

Crack width
wk  sr ,max  sm   cm 
The strain difference may be expressed according to Eurocode 2 provision
f ct, eff
σs - k t (1  α e ρ p,eff )
ρ p,eff σ
ε sm - ε cm   0,6 s
Es Es
2,2MPa
230,4MPa - 0,4 (1  6,67  0,0085)
0,0085 230,4MPa
ε sm - ε cm   0,001699  0,6  0,00069
200000MPa 200000MPa
where:
k1=0,4 – for long-term loading

Effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement with the depth
hc,eff (see figures below)
Ac ,eff  b  hc ,eff
Ac ,eff  1m  0,23m  0,023m 2
Effective tension area in concrete (typical cases) Act,eff
2,5h  d 
hc ,eff  min 
 h  x  / 3
2,580mm  52mm   70mm

hc ,eff  min 


80  10,47  / 3  23,18mm

As
 p ,eff 
Ac ,eff
0,00198m 2
 p ,eff   0,0085
0,023m 2
The maximum final crack spacing
Checking of spacing between the bars
S=14cm = 5(c+∅/2)=5(25+6/2)=140 mm

General formula

sr ,max  k3  c  k1k 2 k 4 
 p ,eff
k1=0,8 – for ribbed bars
k2=0,5 – for flexure
∅-6 mm – diameter of bar
k3=3,4
k4=0,425
6mm
s r ,max  3,4  25mm  0,8  0,5  0,425  205mm
0,0085

wk  205mm  0,001699  0,34mm

wmax - 0,4mm for element in exposure class XC1 and reinforced concrete
wk  wmax
0,34mm  0,4mm
Crack width of the element is satisfied.
2.1.1. Deflection control of flexural reinforced concrete members
Extreme span
Cases where calculations may be omitted
l  0 1 * 
   K  11  1,5 f  f 
   * 12  0 
ck ck
 d  lim  If ρ > ρ 0
  3
l  0  0   2
   K 11  1,5 f ck  3,2 f ck   1 If ρ < ρ0
 d  lim      
 
where:
(l/d)lim is the limit span/depth
ρo is the reference reinforcement ratio
 0  f ck 10 3
0  f ck  10 3  20  10 3  0,0045  0,45%
p is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to
the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
p' is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment
due
to design loads (at support for cantilevers)
p' =0 – beam single reinforcement
fck is in MPa units
As1 0,000198
The degree of reinforcement beams   100%  100%  0,4%
bw  d 1  0,052
ρ=0,4% < ρ0=0,45%
K is the factor to take into account the different structural systems K=1,3 - extreme
span
  3

l   
 1   24,93
0, 45 0, 45 2
   1,3 11  1,5 20  3,2 20 
 d lim  0,58  0,4  
 
Expressions (7.16.a) and (7 .16.b) have been derived on the assumption that the
steel stress, under the appropriate design load at SLS at a cracked section at the
mid-span of a beam or slab or at the support of a cantilever, is 310 MPa,
(corresponding roughly to fyk = 500 MPa).
Where other stress levels are used, the values obtained using Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 3101 as. It will normally be conservative to assume that:
310 500 As1prov
=
σs fyk As1req
where:
as is the tensile steel stress at mid-span (at support for cantilevers) under the
design
load at SLS
As,prov is the area of steel provided at this section
As,req is the area of steel required at this section for ultimate limit state
It was used fyk = 500 MPa
l *  l  2000mm
   24,93mm >     39,22mm
 d lim d  52mm
There is need to calculate the deflection in RC slab.

Checking deflections by calculation

Where a calculation is deemed necessary, the deformations shall be calculated under
load conditions which are appropriate to the purpose of the check.
 𝛼 = 𝜁𝛼𝐼𝐼 + (1 + 𝜁)𝛼𝐼

where
a - is the deformation parameter considered which may be, for example, a strain, a
curvature, or a rotation. (As a simplification, a may also be taken as a deflection)
𝛼𝐼 , 𝛼𝐼𝐼 - are the values of the parameter calculated for the uncracked and fully cracked
conditions respectively
𝜁 - is a distribution coefficient (allowing for tensioning stiffening at a section) given by
𝜁=0 - for uncracked sections
𝜎 2
𝜁 = 1 − 𝛽 (𝜎𝑠𝑟 )
𝑐𝑟
𝛽 - is a coefficient taking account of the influence of the duration of the loading or of
repeated loading on the average strain
= 1,0 for a single short-term loading
= 0,5 for sustained loads or many cycles of repeated loading
𝜎𝑠𝑟 - is the stress in the tension reinforcenlent calculated on the basis of a cracked
section
𝜎𝑐𝑟 - is the stress in the tension reinforcement calculated on the basis of a cracked
section under the loading conditions causing first cracking
𝜎𝑠𝑟 𝑀
may be replaced by 𝑀𝑐𝑟 for flexure, where Mcr is the cracking moment
𝜎
𝑐𝑟

Calculate curvature due to uncracked section.

1 MEk 0,00215MNm 1
( ) = = = 0,0133
rcs uc Ec,eff Iuc 7,69 ∙ 1000MPa ∙ 0,000021m4 m
Method for determining the creep coefficient ϕ(∞, t 0 ) for concrete under normal
environmental conditions according to 3.1.4 EN 1992-1-1:2004
2𝐴 2(1m∙0,08m)
h0 = u 𝑐 = 2∙1m+2∙0,08m = 0,074m = 74,07mm

ϕ(∞, t 0 ) = 2,9 (according to fig. 3.1 EN 1992-1-1:2004 for RH = 50%, concert C20/25
loaded in 28 day after concreting, notional size h0 = 200mm)
Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ecm 30
Ec,eff = 1+ϕ(∞,t )
= 1+2,9 = 7,69GPa
0

Ics - is the second moment of area of the uncracked section.

Effective modular ration
Es 200
αe,t = E = 7,69 = 26 GPa
c,eff

Es 200
αe = = = 6,67 GPa
Ecm 30
0,000198m2
ρL = = 0,0038 = 0,38%
1∙0,052

Taking moment about the natural axis:

x
bx   e A s (d  x)
2
x
100 x  6,67  1,98(5,2  x)
2
Where x=10,47 mm
Calculate the moment of area of uncracked section
bh3 0,5∙0,083
Jcs = 12 = 12 = 0,000021m4
Calculate the curvature of the cracked section.
1 MEk 0,00215MNm 1
( ) = = 4
= 0,7 ∙ 10−4
rcs uc Ec,eff Ics 7,69 ∙ 1000MPa ∙ 0,0462m mm
Calculate the neutral axis position of cracked section
Taking area moments about the neutral axis:
a2
xII = d [√α2e (ρ1 + ρ2 )2 + 2αe (ρ1 + ρ2 ) − αet (ρ1 + ρ2 )]
d

xII = 0,052 ⋅ [√262 ⋅ 0,00382 + 2 ⋅ 26 ⋅ 0,0038 − 26 ⋅ 0,0038] = 0,0185m

Calculate the second moment of area of cracked section

bxII3
JII = + αe,t ρ1 bd(d − xII )2 + αe,t ρ2 bd(xII − a2 )2
3
1⋅0,01853
JII = + 26 ⋅ 0,0038 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 0,052 ⋅ (0,052 − 0,0185)2 = 0,0000077m4
3

Cracking moment at bending

M cr  f ctm Wc
fctm = 2,2MPa - mean strength of concrete for tension ,
Wc – sectional modulus with regard to bottom tension fiber
bh 2 1,0m  0,08m 2
M cr  f ctm  2,2MPa  0,0023MNm  2,35kNm
6 6
Calculate ζ
Mcr 2,35kNm
= = 1,09
MEd 2,15kNm
Mcr 2
ζ = 1−β( ) = 1 − 0,5(1,09)2 = 0,4
MEd

Calculate the average curvature 1  r

1 1 1 1 1
( ) = 𝜁 ( ) + (1 − 𝜁) ( ) = 0,4 ∙ 0,0133 + (1 − 0,4)0,0000077m4 = 0,0053
𝑟 𝑟 𝑐𝑟 𝑟 𝑢𝑐 m 𝑚
For span subjected to a uniformly distributed load, the maximum mid-span deflection
is given by the following expression:
5 𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵
𝛼𝑘 = ⋅ (1 − )
48 10𝑀𝑚
𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝐵 = −3,87 𝑘𝑁𝑚
5 0 + 3,87
𝛼𝑘 = ⋅ (1 − ) = 0,085
48 10 ⋅ 2,15
1 1
𝛼 = 0,085 ( ) 𝐿2 = 0,085 ∙ 0,0053 2𝑚2 = 0,0018 𝑚
𝑟 𝑚
This value almost exactly matches the allowable value of L/250 and would be
considered acceptable nothing the inherent uncertainty of some of the parameters
used in the calculation.
𝐿 2000𝑚𝑚
𝛼 = 1,81 𝑚𝑚 < 𝛼𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = = 8𝑚𝑚
250 250
The obtained result is satisfactory and for this slab.

3.0. Beam of the slab

3.1. Loads calculation
Summary of loads on 1m of the beam

Type of Thickness/ Density characteristic value Partial design

load area factor value
mm kN/m3 kN/m2 γG γQ kN/m2
Self-weight
1 self- 200x450 25 0,2*0,45*25=2,25 1,35 - 3,04
weight of
the beam
2 Reaction - - 3,78*2,0=7,56 1,35 - 10,206
from floor
slab
3 Plaster 15 19 2*0,015*0,45*19=0,251 1,35 - 0,339
cement-
limestone
15mm
ΣGk 10,06 ΣGd 13,585

Imposed load
4 Reaction - - 5,8*2,0=11,6 1,5 17,4
from floor
slab
ΣQk 11,6 ΣQd 17,4

Substitute load:
- Permanent load - gsd= Gd+ Qd/4=13,58+17,4/4=17,93 kN/m2
- Imposed load - qsd= 0,75 Qd=17,4*0,75=13,05 kN/m2
3.2. Determination of internal forces
Adoption of the static scheme.
According to EN multi-span beams rigidly connected to the supports they are counted
as continuous regimes pivotally supported.
When the supports of a width b <h is chosen as a range of calculation of ribs span
the axes of supports.

A B C D E F

660 660 660 660 660

For the calculation of the bending moment we will follow formula:
Mmax=(agd+bpd)leff2
Mmin=(agd+cpd)leff2
Section a b c gsd= 17,93 psd= 13,05 l0= 6,6
x/l EXTREME span Mmax Mmin
0,0 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,00 0,00
0,1 0,0345 0,0397 -0,0053 49,51 23,93
0,2 0,0589 0,0695 -0,0105 85,51 40,03
0,3 0,0734 0,0892 -0,0158 108,03 48,35
0,4 0,0779 0,0989 -0,0211 117,06 48,85
0,5 0,0724 0,0987 -0,0263 112,65 41,60
0,6 0,0568 0,0884 -0,0316 94,61 26,40
0,7 0,0313 0,0682 -0,0366 63,22 3,64
0,8 -0,0042 0,0381 -0,0423 18,38 -27,33
0,9 -0,0497 0,0183 -0,0680 -28,41 -77,47
1,0 -0,1053 0,0144 -0,1196 -74,06 -150,23

SECOND span Mmax Mmin

0,0 -0,1053 0,0144 -0,1196 -74,06 -150,23
0,1 -0,0576 0,0140 -0,0717 -37,03 -85,75
0,2 -0,0200 0,0300 -0,0500 1,43 -44,04
0,3 0,0076 0,0563 -0,0487 37,94 -21,75
0,4 0,0253 0,0726 -0,0474 61,03 -7,18
0,5 0,0329 0,0789 -0,0461 70,55 -0,51
0,6 0,0305 0,0753 -0,0447 66,63 -1,59
0,7 0,0182 0,0616 -0,0434 49,23 -10,46
0,8 -0,0042 0,0389 -0,0432 18,83 -27,84
0,9 -0,0366 0,0280 -0,0646 -12,67 -65,31
1,0 -0,0789 0,0323 -0,1112 -43,26 -124,84

CENTRAL span Mmax

0,0 -0,0789 0,0323 -0,1112 -43,26 -124,84

0,1 -0,0339 0,0293 -0,0633 -9,82 -62,46
0,2 0,0011 0,0416 -0,0405 24,51 -22,16
0,3 0,0261 0,0655 -0,0395 57,62 -2,07
0,4 0,0411 0,0805 -0,0395 77,86 9,65
0,5 0,0461 0,0855 -0,0395 84,61 13,55
-200,00

-150,00 -150,23
-124,84
-100,00
-85,75
-77,47
-74,06
-74,06 -65,31 -62,46
-50,00 -44,04 -43,26
-37,03
-28,41
-27,33 -27,84
0,0 0,5 1,0 -21,751,5 2,0
-12,67
-22,16 2,5
-7,18-0,51-1,59-10,46 -9,82
0,00 0,00 3,64 1,43 -2,07
9,65
18,38 18,83 13,55
23,93 26,40 24,51
40,03 41,60 37,94
50,00 49,51 48,3548,85 49,23
57,62
63,22 61,03 66,63
70,55 77,86
85,51
100,00 94,61 84,61
108,03
117,06 112,65

150,00
For the calculation of the shear force we will follow formula:
Tmax=(αgd+βpd)leff
Tmin=(αgd+γpd)leff

Section α β γ gsd= 17,93 psd= 13,05 l0= 6,6

x/l EXTREME span Tmax Tmin
0,0 0,3947 0,4474 -0,0526 85,24 42,18
0,1 0,2947 0,3537 -0,0590 65,34 29,79
0,2 0,1947 0,2726 -0,0779 46,52 16,33
0,3 0,0947 0,2039 -0,1091 28,77 1,81
0,4 -0,0053 0,1471 -0,1524 12,04 -13,75
0,5 -0,1053 0,1017 -0,2069 -3,70 -30,28
0,6 -0,2053 0,0669 -0,2722 -18,53 -47,74
0,7 -0,3053 0,0419 -0,3472 -32,52 -66,03
0,8 -0,4053 0,0257 -0,4309 -45,75 -85,08
0,9 -0,5053 0,0169 -0,5222 -58,34 -104,77
1,0 -0,6053 0,0144 -0,6196 -70,39 -125,00

SECOND span Tmax Tmin

0,0 0,5263 0,5981 -0,0718 113,80 56,10

0,1 0,4263 0,5018 -0,0755 93,67 43,94
0,2 0,3263 0,4141 -0,0878 74,28 31,05
0,3 0,2263 0,3364 -0,1101 55,75 17,30
0,4 0,1263 0,2697 -0,1434 38,18 2,60
0,5 0,0263 0,2146 -0,1882 21,60 -13,10
0,6 -0,0737 0,1717 -0,2448 6,07 -29,81
0,7 -0,1737 0,1391 -0,3182 -8,57 -47,96
0,8 -0,2737 0,1179 -0,3916 -22,23 -66,12
0,9 -0,3737 0,1063 -0,4800 -35,07 -85,57
1,0 -0,4737 0,1029 -0,5766 -47,19 -105,72

CENTRAL span Tmax Tmin

0,0 0,5000 0,5909 -0,0909 110,06 51,34

0,1 0,4000 0,4944 -0,0944 89,92 39,20
0,2 0,3000 0,4063 -0,1063 70,50 26,35
0,3 0,2000 0,3279 -0,1279 51,91 12,65
0,4 0,1000 0,2604 -0,1604 34,26 -1,98
0,5 0,0000 0,2045 -0,2045 17,61 -17,61
150,00

113,80 110,06
100,00 93,67
85,24 89,92
74,28 70,50
65,34
56,10 55,75
50,00 42,18 46,52 43,94
51,34 51,91
38,18 39,20 34,26
29,79 28,77 31,05 26,35
16,33 17,30 21,60 17,61
12,04 12,65
2,60 6,07
0,00 1,81 -3,70 -8,57
-1,98
0,0 2,0 -13,75
4,0 -18,53 6,0 8,0 10,0-13,10 12,0-22,23 14,0 16,0 -17,6118,0
-30,28 -32,52 -29,81 -35,07
-50,00 -47,74 -45,75 -47,96 -47,19
-58,34
-66,03 -70,39 -66,12
-85,08 -85,57
-100,00 -104,77 -105,72
-125,00

-150,00
Calculation of the steel area of reinforcement in beam
3.2.1. Assumptions
 monolithic reinforced concrete slab
 concrete C20/25
fck = 20 MPa
fcd = 20/1,5=13,3 MPa
 reinforcement steel RB500
fyk = 500 MPa
fyd = 500/1,15=435 MPa
 the largest diameter used aggregate dg = 16 mm
 exposure class XC1
 diameter of the bar Φ=16 m
 diameter of the stirrup Φs=8 mm

3.2.2. Determination of the thickness of concrete cover

16 mm – due to the diameter of the bar
cmin 15 mm – due to the exposure class (XC1)
10 mm

cnom = cmin + Δcdev

Δcdev – for monolithic elements is 10mm

assumed Δcdev = 10 mm
cnom = 15 + 10 = 25 mm
Assumed a1 = cnom +Φ+Φs /2=25+8+16/2 = 41 mm
Effective depth d = h – a1 = 450-25-8-16/2 = 409 mm

16 mm – due to the diameter of the bar

s≥ 16 mm + 5 mm – because of the diameter of the aggregates s ≥ 21 mm
20 mm
Assumed spacing reinforcing bars s = 21 mm

3.2.3. Determination of the effective width of flanges

beff
beff1 beff2

100 20 100

220

 For spans extremes:

beff  bw  beff ,i  bw  b1  b2
beff  0,2  2 * 0,761  1,722m  0,2  1,0  1,0  2,2m
beff ,i  0,2bi  0,1l0  0,2l0
beff ,i  0,2 *1,0  0,1* 0,85 * 6,6  0,761m  0,2 * 0,85 * 6,6  1,122m
 For intermediate spans:
beff  bw  beff ,i  bw  b1  b2
beff  0,2  2 * 0,662  1,524m  0,2  1,0  1,0  2,2m
beff ,i  0,2bi  0,1l0  0,2l0
beff ,i  0,2 *1,0  0,1* 0,7 * 6,6  0,662m  0,2 * 0,7 * 6,6  0,924m

3.2.4. The calculation of steel area for T-shape beam

 For spans extremes: MEd1 =117,06 kNm
Assumed the compressive zone has not true T- section
- coefficient
M Ed 0,11706MNm
   0,03
  f cd  beff  d 1,0 13,3MPa 1,72m  0,4092
2

α – coefficient α = 1,0 in accordance with EN1992 [N3]

fcd – design value of compressive strength of the concrete
b – the width of the cross section
d – height of the effective depth
 eff  1  1  2   1  1  2 * 0,03  0,03
8 hf
  0,03    
 0,2 , and
d 40,9
the compressive zone has no true T- section
Limit range of compression zone
0,0035
 eff   eff ,lim  0,8  0,493 , and
f yd
0,0035 
Es
internal lever arm is equal to zc  (1  0,5 eff )d  (1  0,5 * 0,03)0,409m  0,4028m
The tensile steel area we compute analogically, as for simple rectangular section
from the formulas:
M 0,11706MNm
As 2  Ed   0,00068m 2  6,68cm 2
zc f yd 0,4028m * 435MPa
There was a 4 bars ø16mm of the cross sectional area As,prov=8,04 cm2
Minimum flexural tension steel area
f 2,2
As1,min  0,26 ctm bd  0,26 0,20  0,409  0,000094m 2  0,94cm 2 < As,prov
f yk 500
As1,min  0,0013bd  0,0013  0,20m  0,409m  0,000106m 2  1,06cm 2 < As,prov
where: b – mean width of the cross-section,
d – effective depth of the section,
fctm – mean concrete compressive strength
fyk – characteristic yield stress of steel.
Maximum flexural tension steel area
As1,max  0,04bd  0,04  0,20  0,409  0,003272m 2  32,72cm 2 > As,prov
 As1, prov 0,000804m 2
The degree of reinforcement beams   100%  100%  0,98%
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
Check if it necessary to make two row in reinforced bars
a1: 2 * 25  2 * 8  4 *16  3 * 21  193mm >b=200mm

 for the second span MEd2 = 70,55 kNm

Assumed the compressive zone has not true T- section
- coefficient
M Ed 0,07055MNm
   0,021
  f cd  beff  d 1,0 13,3MPa 1,524m  0,409m 2
2

α – coefficient α = 1,0 in accordance with EN1992 [N3]

fcd – design value of compressive strength of the concrete
b – the width of the cross section
d – height of the effective depth
 eff  1  1  2   1  1  2 * 0,021  0,021
8 hf
  0,021    
 0,2 , and
d 40,9
the compressive zone has no true T- section
Limit range of compression zone
0,0035
 eff   eff ,lim  0,8  0,493 , and
f yd
0,0035 
Es
internal lever arm is equal to zc  (1  0,5 eff )d  (1  0,5 * 0,021)0,409m  0,4047m
The tensile steel area we compute analogically, as for simple rectangular section
from the formulas:
M 0,07055
As 2  Ed   0,000401m 2  4,01cm 2
zc f yd 0,4047m  435MPa
There was a 2 bars ø16mm of the cross sectional area As,prov=4,02 cm2
Minimum flexural tension steel area
f 2,2
As1,min  0,26 ctm bd  0,26 0,20m  0,409m  0,000094m 2  0,94cm 2 < As,prov
f yk 500
As1,min  0,0013bd  0,0013  0,20m  0,409m  0,000106m 2  1,06cm 2 < As,prov
where: b – mean width of the cross-section,
d – effective depth of the section,
fctm – mean concrete compressive strength
fyk – characteristic yield stress of steel.
Maximum flexural tension steel area
As1,max  0,04bd  0,04  0,20  0,409  0,003272m 2  32,72cm 2 > As,prov
As1, prov 0,000402
The degree of reinforcement beams   100%  100%  0,49%
bw  d 0,20  0,409
Check if it necessary to make two row in reinforced bars
a1: 2 * 25  2 * 8  2 *16  1* 21  119mm <b=200mm
 for the central spans MEd2 = 84,61 kNm
Assumed the compressive zone has not true T- section
- coefficient
M Ed 0,08461MNm
   0,025
  f cd  beff  d 1,0 13,3MPa 1,524m  0,409m 2
2

α – coefficient α = 1,0 in accordance with EN1992 [N3]

fcd – design value of compressive strength of the concrete
b – the width of the cross section
d – height of the effective depth
 eff  1  1  2   1  1  2 * 0,025  0,025
8 hf
  0,025    
 0,2 , and
d 40,9
the compressive zone has no true T- section
Limit range of compression zone
0,0035
 eff   eff ,lim  0,8  0,493 , and
f yd
0,0035 
Es
Internal lever arm is equal to zc  (1  0,5 eff )d  (1  0,5 * 0,025)0,409m  0,4039m
The tensile steel area we compute analogically, as for simple rectangular section
from the formulas:
M 0,08461MNm
As 2  Ed   0,000482m 2  4,82cm 2
zc f yd 0,4039m  435MPa
There was a 3 bars ø16mm of the cross sectional area As,prov=6,03cm2
Minimum flexural tension steel area
f 2,2
As1,min  0,26 ctm bd  0,26 0,20m  0,409m  0,000094m 2  0,94cm 2 < As,prov
f yk 500
As1,min  0,0013bd  0,0013  0,20m  0,409m  0,000106m 2  1,06cm 2 < As,prov
where: b – mean width of the cross-section,
d – effective depth of the section,
fctm – mean concrete compressive strength
fyk – characteristic yield stress of steel.
Maximum flexural tension steel area
As1,max  0,04bd  0,04  0,20  0,409  0,003272m 2  32,72cm 2 > As,prov
As1, prov 0,000603m 2
The degree of reinforcement beams    100%  100%  0,74%
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
Check if it necessary to make two row in reinforced bars
a1: 2 * 25  2 * 8  3 *16  2 * 21  156mm <b=200mm

3.2.5. The calculation of steel area for supporting zone (rectangular sections of
the compression zone)
 MB
L P
MB MB

L,P
MB MB

L,P
VB
20

The calculation of the bending moments at the edges of the supports:

l = 6,60m
Gd = 13,58 kN/m
Qd = 17,4 kN/m
 support B - the extreme
b = 40cm – assumed width of support for beam (main beam od frame)
Gd + Qd =13,58+17,4=30,98 kN/m
MB = 150,27 kNm
VBL = 125,0 kN
VBP = 113,8 kN
2
b 1
M B  M B   g o  po       V B 
L L b

2 2 2
1
M B  150,27  30,58  0,20 2   125,0  0,20  125,85kNm
L

2
2
b 1
M B  M B   g o  p o       VB 
P P b

2 2 2
1
M B  150,27  30,58  0,20 2   113,8  0,20  127,34kNm
P

2
Maximum banding moment is M B  127,34kNm
P

a1 = 41 mm
a2 = 41 mm
Effective depth is d  h  a1  0,45m  0,041m  0,409m
coefficient
0,12734MNm
  0,29
1,0  13,3MPa  0,20m  0,409m2
In rectangular cross section the resultant of compressive stress block is located in
the center of gravity of such block what is equal to
 eff  1  1  2   1  1  2 * 0,29  0,35
Limit range of compression zone
0,0035
 eff  0,35   eff ,lim  0,8  0,493 , and
f yd
0,0035 
Es
Internal lever arm is equal to zc  (1  0,5 eff )d  (1  0,5  0,035)0,409m  0,3374m
The tensile steel area we compute analogically, as for simple rectangular section
from the formulas:
M 0,12734MNm
As 2  Ed   0,000868m 2  8,68cm 2
zc f yd 0,3374m  435MPa
There was a 5 bars ø16mm of the cross sectional area As,prov=10,05cm2
Minimum flexural tension steel area
f 2,2
As1,min  0,26 ctm bd  0,26 0,20m  0,409m  0,000094m 2  0,94cm 2 < As,prov
f yk 500
As1,min  0,0013bd  0,0013  0,20m  0,409m  0,000106m 2  1,06cm 2 < As,prov
where: b – mean width of the cross-section,
d – effective depth of the section,
fctm – mean concrete compressive strength
fyk – characteristic yield stress of steel.
Maximum flexural tension steel area
As1,max  0,04bd  0,04  0,20  0,409  0,003272m 2  32,72cm 2 > As,prov
As1, prov 0,001005m 2
The degree of reinforcement beams   100%  100%  1,23%
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
Check if it necessary to make two row in reinforced bars
a1: 2 * 25  2 * 8  5 *16  4 * 21  230mm >b=200mm
The bars should be in two rows
4  (25  8  8)  1(25  8  16  21  8)
a1   48,4mm
8
Check
d  h  a1  45  4,8  40,16cm
0,12734MNm
  0,3
1,0  13,3MPa  0,2m  0,4016m 2
 eff  1  1  2  1  1  2 * 0,3  0,37
Limit range of compression zone
0,0035
 eff  0,37   eff ,lim  0,8  0,493 , and
f yd
0,0035 
Es
Internal lever arm is equal to zc  (1  0,5eff )d  (1  0,5  0,037)0,4016m  0,3273m
The tensile steel area we compute analogically, as for simple rectangular section
from the formulas:
M 0,12734MNm
As 2  Ed   0,000894m 2  8,94cm 2
zc f yd 0,3273m  435MPa
There was a 5 bars ø16mm of the cross sectional area As,prov=10,05cm2
 support C – middle
b = 40cm – assumed width of support for beam (main beam od frame)
Gd + Qd =13,58+17,4=30,98 kN/m
MC = 124,84 kNm
VCL = 105,72 kN
VCP = 110,06 kN
 2
b 1
M C  M C  g o  po       VC 
L L b

2 2 2
1
M C  124,84  30,58  0,20 2   105,72  0,20  104,32kNm
L

2
2
b 1
M C  M C  g o  po       VC 
P P b

2 2 2
1
M C  124,84  30,58  0,20 2   110,06  0,20  103,45kNm
P

2
Maximum banding moment is M C L  104,32kNm
a1 = 41 mm
a2 = 41 mm
Effective depth d  h  a1  0,45m  0,041m  0,409m
coefficient
0,10432MNm
  0,21
1,0  13,3MPa  0,2m  0,409m 2
In rectangular cross section the resultant of compressive stress block is located in
the centre of gravity of such block what is equal to
 eff  1  1  2  1  1  2 * 0,24  0,27
Limit range of compression zone
0,0035
 eff  0,27   eff ,lim  0,8  0,493 , and
f yd
0,0035 
Es
Internal lever arm is equal to zc  (1  0,5 eff )d  (1  0,5  0,027)0,409m  0,3539m
The tensile steel area we compute analogically, as for simple rectangular section
from the formulas:
M 0,10432MNm
As 2  Ed   0,000678m 2  6,78cm 2
zc f yd 0,3539m  435MPa
There was a 4 bars ø16mm of the cross sectional area As,prov=8,04cm2
Minimum flexural tension steel area
f 2,2
As1,min  0,26 ctm bd  0,26 0,20m  0,409m  0,000094m 2  0,94cm 2 < As,prov
f yk 500
As1,min  0,0013bd  0,0013  0,20m  0,409m  0,000106m 2  1,06cm 2 < As,prov
where: b – mean width of the cross-section,
d – effective depth of the section,
fctm – mean concrete compressive strength
fyk – characteristic yield stress of steel.
Maximum flexural tension steel area
As1,max  0,04bd  0,04  0,20  0,409  0,003272m 2  32,72cm 2 > As,prov
As1, prov 0,000804m 2
The degree of reinforcement beams   100%  100%  0,98%
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
Check if it necessary to make two row in reinforced bars
a1: 2 * 25  2 * 8  4 *16  3 * 21  193mm >b=200mm
3.2.6. Calculation of share reinforcement
 support A and BL - the extreme
the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement.
1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ∙ 𝑘 ∙ (100 ∙ 𝜌𝐿 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ] ∙ 𝑏𝑑
1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [0,12 ∙ 1,7 ∙ (100 ∙ 0,01 ∙ 20)3 ] 0,2 ∙ 0,409 = 0,04502𝑀𝑁 = 45,02𝑘𝑁
with a minimum of
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 ∙ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ) ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = (0,35 + 0)0,2 ∙ 0,409 = 0,02836𝑀𝑁 = 28,36𝑘𝑁

Where:
d- effective depth d=0,409 m,
b- is the smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area [mm]; b=200 mm,
fck- is in MPa fck=20 MPa,
k- in mm
200
𝑘 =1+√ < 2,0
𝑑

200
𝑘 =1+√ = 1,7 < 2,0
409
ρL- degree of tensile reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝐿
𝜌𝐿 = ≤ 0,02
𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑑
As1 0,000804m 2
   0,01
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
AsL- is the area of the tensile reinforcement, which extends 2 (lbd + d) beyond the
section considered;
σcp- stress
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = ≤ 0,2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐴𝑐
NEd- is the axial force in the cross-section due to loading or prestressing; NEd=0,
Ac- is the area of concrete cross section,
cRd,c- coefficient:
0,18 0,18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = = = 0,12
𝛾𝑐 1,5
vmin- coefficient:
3 1
2
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0,035 ∙ 𝑘 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
3 1
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0,035 ∙ 1,72 ∙ 202 = 0,35
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟕𝟖, 𝟐𝟔𝒌𝑵 > 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟒𝟒, 𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵
Is needed to design the shear reinforcement
 150,00

113,80 110,06
100,00
93,67 89,92
85,24
74,28 70,50
65,34
VRD,c 56,10 55,75 51,91
50,00 46,52
51,34
42,18 43,94
38,18 39,20
31,05 34,26
29,79 28,77 26,35
21,60
16,33 17,30 17,61
12,04 12,65
2,60 6,07
0,00 1,81 -1,98
-3,70
-8,57
0,0 2,0 -13,754,0
-18,53
6,0 8,0 10,0-13,10 12,0 14,0 16,0 -17,61
18,0
-22,23
-30,28 -32,52 -29,81
-35,07
-47,74 -45,75 -47,96 -47,19
-50,00
VRD,c -66,03
-58,34
-66,12
-70,39
-85,08 -85,57
-100,00 -104,77 -105,72

-125,00

-150,00

Note: VRdc values are marked as horizontal lines

For members with vertical shear reinforcement, the shear resistance VRd,s is the
smaller value of:
𝐴𝑠𝑤 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = ∙ 𝑧 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠
0,000201𝑚2 ∙ 435𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = ∙ 0,9 ∙ 0,4009𝑚 ∙ 1,0 = 0,10739𝑀𝑁 = 107,39𝑘𝑁
0,30𝑚
fywd- is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement, fywd= 435 MPa ,
Asw- is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement; Asw= 2,01 cm2,
S= 0,30m = 30cm is the spacing of the stirrups,
smax=0,75d=0,75*0,4009 m = 0,30 m according to 9.2.2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
θ- is the angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
perpendicular to the shear force
no less then:
𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝜈𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1,0 ∙ 0,20𝑚 ∙ 0,3614𝑚 ∙ 0,6 ∙ 13,3𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 0,28840𝑀𝑁 = 288,40𝑘𝑁
1+1
Where:
𝛼𝑐𝑤 =1,0 is a coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression
chord
v1 is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
𝜈1 = 0,6 𝑑𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑐𝑘 < 60𝑀𝑃𝑎

For members with inclined shear reinforcement, the shear resistance is the smaller
value of
Asw f ywd 0,0021m 2  435MPa
VRd , s  z cot   cot  sin   0,9  0,409m1,0  1,0 0,77  117,23kN
s 1,2  0,4016m
a is the angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the
shear force (measured positive as shown in Figure 6.5)
cot   cot  1,0  0,71
VRd ,max  f cd bw z  f cd bw z
1  cot 
2
1  cot 2 
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟖𝟓, 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵 < 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒔 + 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕, 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎𝟕, 𝟑𝟗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒, 𝟔𝟐𝒌𝑵 – support A
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓, 𝟎 𝒌𝑵 < 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒔 + 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕, 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎𝟕, 𝟑𝟗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒, 𝟔𝟐𝒌𝑵 – support BL

Minimum shear reinforcement

-stirrups
Asw1 0,08 f ck
w    w,min 
s1bw f yk
0,000201m 2 0,08 25
w   0,00335   w,min  0,0008
0,30m  0,20m 500
- bent bars
Asw 2 0,08 f ck 0,08 25
 w2    w,min   0,0008
s2bw sin  f yk 500
0,000201m 2 0,08 25
 w2   0,0029   w,min  0,0008
1,2  0,4009m  0,20m  sin 45 0
500

 support BP and CL
the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement.
1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ∙ 𝑘 ∙ (100 ∙ 𝜌𝐿 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ] ∙ 𝑏𝑑
1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [0,12 ∙ 1,7 ∙ (100 ∙ 0,005 ∙ 20)3 ] 0,2 ∙ 0,409 = 35,73𝑘𝑁
with a minimum of
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 ∙ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ) ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = (0,39 + 0)0,2 ∙ 0,409 = 28,36𝑘𝑁
Where:
d- effective depth d=0,409 m,
b- is the smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area [mm]; b=200mm,
fck- is in MPa fck=20 MPa,
k- in mm
200
𝑘 =1+√ < 2,0
𝑑

200
𝑘 =1+√ = 1,7 < 2,0
409
ρL- degree of tensile reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝐿
𝜌𝐿 = ≤ 0,02
𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑑
As1 0,000402m 2
   0,005
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
AsL- is the area of the tensile reinforcement, which extends 2 (lbd + d) beyond the
section considered;
σcp- stress
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = ≤ 0,2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐴𝑐
NEd- is the axial force in the cross-section due to loading or prestressing; NEd=0,
Ac- is the area of concrete cross section,
cRd,c- coefficient:
0,18 0,18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = = = 0,12
𝛾𝑐 1,5
vmin- coefficient:
3 1
2
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0,035 ∙ 𝑘 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
3 1
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0,035 ∙ 1,72 ∙ 202 = 0,39
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑, 𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓, 𝟕𝟐𝒌𝑵 > 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟒𝟗𝒌𝑵

Is needed to design the shear reinforcement

For members with vertical shear reinforcement, the shear resistance VRd,s is the
smaller value of:
𝐴𝑠𝑤 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = ∙ 𝑧 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠
0,000201𝑚2 ∙ 435𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = ∙ 0,9 ∙ 0,4009𝑚 ∙ 1,0 = 0,119𝑀𝑁 = 119,32𝑘𝑁
0,27𝑚
fywd- is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement, fywd=435 MPa ,
Asw- is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement; Asw=2,01cm2,
s=0,27 m= 27 cm is the spacing of the stirrups,
smax=0,75d=0,75*0,4009m=0,30 m= 300 mm < 400mm according to 9.2.2 EN 1992-
1-1:2004
θ- is the angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
perpendicular to the shear force

no less then:
𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝜈𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1,0 ∙ 0,20𝑚 ∙ 0,3681𝑚 ∙ 0,6 ∙ 13,3𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 0,28𝑀𝑁 = 288,40𝑘𝑁
1+1

Where:
𝛼𝑐𝑤 =1,0 is a coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression
chord
v1 is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
𝜈1 = 0,6 𝑑𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑐𝑘 < 60𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑, 𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓, 𝟕𝟐𝒌𝑵 < 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 + 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 119,32𝑁 – support BP, support CL

Minimum shear reinforcement

-stirrups
Asw1 0,08 f ck
w    w,min 
s1bw f yk
0,00021m 2 0,08 25
w   0,0059   w,min  0,0008
0,17m  0,20m 500
 support CP
the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement.
1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ∙ 𝑘 ∙ (100 ∙ 𝜌𝐿 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ] ∙ 𝑏𝑑
 1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [0,12 ∙ 1,7 ∙ (100 ∙ 0,007 ∙ 20)3 ] 0,2 ∙ 0,409 = 40,9𝑘𝑁
with a minimum of
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 ∙ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ) ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = (0,39 + 0)0,2 ∙ 0,409 = 28,36𝑘𝑁
Where:
d- effective depth d=0,409 m,
b- is the smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area [mm]; b=200mm,
fck- is in MPa fck=20 MPa,
k- in mm
200
𝑘 =1+√ < 2,0
𝑑

200
𝑘 =1+√ = 1,7 < 2,0
409
ρL- degree of tensile reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝐿
𝜌𝐿 = ≤ 0,02
𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑑
As1 0,000603m 2
   0,007
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
AsL- is the area of the tensile reinforcement, which extends 2 (lbd + d) beyond the
section considered;
σcp- stress
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = ≤ 0,2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐴𝑐
NEd- is the axial force in the cross-section due to loading or prestressing; NEd=0,
Ac- is the area of concrete cross section,
cRd,c- coefficient:
0,18 0,18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = = = 0,12
𝛾𝑐 1,5
vmin- coefficient:
3 1
2
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0,035 ∙ 𝑘 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
3 1
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0,035 ∙ 1,72 ∙ 202 = 0,39
𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵 > 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟗𝒌𝑵
Is needed to design the shear reinforcement
For members with vertical shear reinforcement, the shear resistance VRd,s is the
smaller value of:
𝐴𝑠𝑤 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = ∙ 𝑧 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠
2
0,000201𝑚 ∙ 435𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = ∙ 0,9 ∙ 0,4009𝑚 ∙ 1,0 = 0,107𝑀𝑁 = 107,39𝑘𝑁
0,30
fywd- is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement, fywd=435 MPa ,
Asw- is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement; Asw=2,01 cm2,
S=0,3 m=30 cm is the spacing of the stirrups,
smax=0,75d=0,75*0,4009 m=0,30 m= 300 mm according to 9.2.2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
θ- is the angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
perpendicular to the shear force
no less then:
 𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝜈𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1,0 ∙ 0,20𝑚 ∙ 0,3614𝑚 ∙ 0,6 ∙ 13,3𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 0,288𝑀𝑁 = 288,40𝑘𝑁
1+1
Where:
𝛼𝑐𝑤 =1,0 is a coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression
chord
v1 is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
𝜈1 = 0,6 𝑑𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑐𝑘 < 60𝑀𝑃𝑎

For members with inclined shear reinforcement, the shear resistance is the smaller
value of
Asw f ywd 0,00021m 2  435MPa
VRd , s  z cot   cot  sin   0,9  0,409m1,0  1,00,77  0,117 MN  117,23kN
s 1,2  0,4016m

a is the angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the
shear force (measured positive as shown in Figure 6.5)
cot   cot  1,0  0,71
VRd ,max  f cd bw z  f cd bw z
1  cot 
2
1  cot 2 

𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵 < 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 + 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕, 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎𝟕, 𝟑𝟗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒, 𝟔𝟐𝒌𝑵 –support CP
Minimum shear reinforcement
-stirrups
Asw1 0,08 f ck
w    w,min 
s1bw f yk
0,00021m 2 0,08 25
w   0,0059   w,min  0,0008
0,17m  0,20m 500

Maximum spacing smax along the longitudinal axis

s  0,75d, s  400 mm
max max

The length of second orded shaer sector aw2

VEd  VRd ,c
aw2 
Gd  Qd
as2 VEDA 1,30
VEDBL 2,58
VEDBP 2,52
VEDCL 2,26
VEDCP 2,23
3.2.7. Cracking control of flexural reinforced concrete members
The characteristic values of bending moment
Substitute load:
- Permanent gsk= Gd+ Qd/4=10,06+11,6/4=12,96 kN/m2
- temporary qsk= 0,75 Qd=11,6*0,75=8,7 kN/m2
-150,00

-104,77
-100,00
-86,68

-59,69
-53,83-53,99
-50,00 -53,99 -45,14 -43,13
-32,30
-27,21-30,24
-18,40-21,12 -18,74
-14,17 -14,73
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 -6,17
2,0
-10,05 -8,03 2,5
-3,68
0,00 0,00
3,80
0,08 1,10 0,28 -0,23
8,23
11,06
12,07 12,37
17,47 16,39
20,09
25,63
29,27 30,91
34,52 35,45 35,98 33,62
41,80 39,56
43,52 45,75
50,00 48,47 53,71
59,59 58,43
65,57
75,24 78,28
81,46
100,00

Extreme span
Cracking moment at bending
M cr  f ctm Wc
fctm = 2,2MPa - mean strength of concrete for tension ,
Wc – sectional modulus with regard to bottom tension fiber
bh 2 0,20m  0,45m 2
M cr  f ctm  2,2MPa  0,0185m3
6 6
As1 0,000804m 2
The degree of reinforcement beams   100%  100%  0,98%
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
MEk = 126,98𝑘𝑁𝑚 - characteristic values of bending moment
Es 200
𝛼e = = = 6,67
𝐸cm 30
As1 0,000804m2
𝛼1 = 𝛼e = 6,67 = 0,065
bd 0,20m ∙ 0,409m
z=0,9d when a1<0,06
z=0,85d when 0,06<a1<0,18
z=0,8d when 0,18<a1<0,48
M 0,08146MNm
Stress in steel reinforcement σs = zAEk = 0,85∙0,409m∙0,000804m2 = 291,4MPa
s1
Practical simplified approach may be used by restricting the bar diameter and bar
spacing at the length of the beam
wmax  0,4m for XC1
Control of cracking without direct calculation
  s
The maximum bar diameter should be modified as follows:
Bending (at least part of section in compression):
  f ct ,eff
 k c h cr
 s   s* 
 2,9
 2(h - d)
 2,2MPa  0,4  0,5  450mm
s  14mm   11,66mm
 2,9  2(450mm - 409mm)
where:
¢s is the adjusted maximum bar diameter
¢*s=11mm is the maximum bar size given in the Table 7.2N

h is the overall depth of the section

hcr is the depth of the tensile zone immediately prior to cracking, considering the
characteristic values of prestress and axial forces under the quasi-permanent
combination of actions
hcr =0,5h=0,5*0,45 m=0,225 m
d is the effective depth to the centroid of the outer layer of reinforcement
kc=0,4 is the coefficient taking into account stress distribution prior to craking
Control of cracking without direct calculation
  s
 =16 mm ≰  s=11,66 mm
Is need to calculate the crack width in RC beams.
Calculation of crack width according to Eurocode 2
E 200GPa
e  s   6,67
E cm 30GPa
Taking moment about the natural axis:
x
bx   e As (d  x)
2
x
0,20mx  6,67  0,000804m 2 (0,409m  x)
2
Where x=0,1236 m= 123,6 mm
Stress in steel reinforcement
M Ek
s 
x
As1 (d  II )
3
0,08146MNm
σs = = 275,5MPa
2 0,1236m
0,000804m ∙ (0,409m − )
3

Crack width
 wk  sr ,max  sm   cm 
The strain difference may be expressed according to Eurocode 2 provision
f ct, eff
σs - k t (1  α e ρ p,eff )
ρ p,eff σ
ε sm - ε cm   0,6 s
Es Es
2,2MPa
275,5MPa - 0,4 (1  6,67  0,039)
0,039 275,5MPa
ε sm - ε cm   0,0013  0,6  0,0014
200000MPa 200000MPa
where:
k1=0,4 – for long-term loading

Effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement with the depth
hc,eff (see figures below)
Ac ,eff  b  hc ,eff
Ac ,eff  0,20m  0,1025m  0,0205m 2
Effective tension area in concrete (typical cases) Act,eff
2,5h  d 
hc ,eff  min 
 h  x  / 3
2,5450mm  409mm   102,5mm
hc ,eff  min 
 450  123,6 / 3  108,8mm

As
 p ,eff 
Ac ,eff
0,00804m 2
 p ,eff   0,039
0,0205m 2

The maximum final crack spacing

General formula

sr ,max  k3  c  k1k 2 k 4 
 p ,eff
k1=0,8 – for ribbed bars
k2=0,5 – for flexure
∅-16 mm – diameter of bar
k3=3,4
k4=0,425
16mm
s r ,max  3,4  25mm  0,8  0,5  0,425  154,74mm
0,039

wk  154,74mm  0,0013  0,2mm

wmax - 0,4mm for element in exposure class XC1 and reinforced concrete
wk  wmax
0,20mm  0,4mm
Crack width of the element is satisfied.
3.2.8. Deflection control of flexural reinforced concrete members
Extreme span
Cases where calculations may be omitted
l  0 1 * 
   K  11  1,5 f  f  If ρ > ρ0
d  
ck
   *
12
ck
 
0 

 3

      
 3,2 f ck   1  If ρ < ρ0
l 2
   K 11  1,5 f ck 0 0

d      
 
where:
(l/d)lim is the limit span/depth
po is the reference reinforcement ratio
 0  f ck 10 3
0  f ck  10 3  20  10 3  0,0045  0,45%
p is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to
the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
p' is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment
due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)
p' =0 – beam single reinforcement
fck is in MPa units
As1 0,000804m 2
The degree of reinforcement beams   100%  100%  0,98%
bw  d 0,20m  0,409m
ρ=0,98% > ρ0=0,45%
K is the factor to take into account the different structural systems K=1,3 - extreme
span
 l  0,45 
   1,311  1,5 20  18,3
d   0,98 
Expressions (7.16.a) and (7 .16.b) have been derived on the assumption that the
steel stress, under the appropriate design load at SLS at a cracked section at the
mid-span of a beam or slab or at the support of a cantilever, is 310 MPa,
(corresponding roughly to fyk = 500 MPa).
Where other stress levels are used, the values obtained using Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 3101 as. It will normally be conservative to assume that:
310 500 As1prov
=
σs fyk As1req
where:
as is the tensile steel stress at mid-span (at support for cantilevers) under the
design
load at SLS
As,prov is the area of steel provided at this section
As,req is the area of steel required at this section for ultimate limit state
It was used fyk = 500 MPa
l l 6,6m
   18,3 >     16,13
d   d lim 0,409m
There is no need to calculate the deflection in RC beams.
4.0. Anchorage of longitudinal reinforcement
4.1. For bars in slab
The basic required anchorage length, 𝒍𝒃,𝒆𝒓𝒒 for anchoring the force Asσsd in a straight
bar assuming constant bond stress equal to 𝒇𝒃𝒅 follows from:
∅ 𝒇𝒚𝒅
𝒍𝒃,𝒆𝒓𝒒 =
𝟒 𝒇𝒃𝒅
𝟔 𝟒𝟑𝟓
𝒍𝒃,𝒆𝒓𝒒 = = 𝟐𝟗𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟒 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓

Where σsd is the design stress of the bar at the position from where the anchorage is
measured from.
The design value of the ultimate bond stress 𝒇𝒃𝒅 for ribbed bars may be taken as:
𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓𝜼𝟏 𝜼𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅
𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 - is the design value of concrete tensile strength according to 3.1.6 (2)P. Due to
the increasing brittleness of higher strength concrete, 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌𝟎,𝟎𝟓 should be limited here
to the value for C60/75, unless it can be verified that the average bond strength
increases above this limit
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 = 𝜶𝒄𝒕 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌𝟎,𝟎𝟓 /𝜸𝒄
𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟓
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 = = 𝟏, 𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟏, 𝟓
where:
𝜸𝒄 is the partial safety factor for concrete, see 2.4.2.4, and
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌𝟎,𝟎𝟓 is a coefficient taking account of long tern1 effects on the tensile strength
and of
unfavourable effects, resulting from the way the load is applied.
𝜼𝟏 - is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the position of the
bar
during concreting (see Figure 8.2):
𝜼𝟏 - 1,0 when 'good' conditions are obtained and
𝜼𝟏 - 0,7 for all other cases and for bars in structural elements built with slip-forms,
unless it can be shown that 'good' bond conditions exist
𝜼𝟐 -is related to the bar diameter:
𝜼𝟐 - 1,0 for ¢ < 32 mm
𝜼𝟐 - (132 - ¢)/100 for ¢ >32 mm

The design anchorage length, 𝒍𝒃𝒅 is:

𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝜶𝟏 𝜶𝟐 𝜶𝟑 𝜶𝟒 𝜶𝟓 𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒 ≥ 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝜶𝟏 -is for the effect of the form of the bars assuming adequate cover (see Figure
8.1). 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝟎
𝜶𝟐 - is for the effect of concrete minimum cover (see Figure 8.3)
𝒄𝒅 − ∅
𝜶𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟎, 𝟏𝟓
∅
𝟐𝟓−𝟔
𝜶𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟎, 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎, 𝟓𝟐𝟓 >0,7 or <1,0 assumed 0,7
𝟔
𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒄𝒅 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏( = 𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎; 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎; 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎)
𝟐

𝜶𝟑 - is for the effect of confinement by transverse reinforcement 𝜶𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝟎

𝜶𝟒 - is for the influence of one or more welded transverse bars (Φt > 0,6¢) along the
design
anchorage length 𝒍𝒃𝒅 (see also 8.6) 𝜶𝟒 = 𝟎, 𝟕
𝜶𝟓 - is for the effect of the pressure transverse to the plane of splitting along the
design
anchorage length 𝜶𝟓 = 𝟏, 𝟎
The product 𝜶𝟏 𝜶𝟐 𝜶𝟑 > 0,7
𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝟎 > 𝟎, 𝟕

𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒- is taken from Expression (8.3)

 𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟎, 𝟕 ∙ 𝟎, 𝟕 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟐𝟗𝟎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎

𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏- is the minimum anchorage length if no other limitation is applied:

𝟎, 𝟑𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒
- for anchorages in tension: 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 10Φ }
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟎, 𝟑𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒 = 𝟎, 𝟑 ∙ 𝟐𝟗𝟎 = 𝟖𝟕𝒎𝒎
𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎 > 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 10Φ = 10 ∙ 6 = 60mm }
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
assumed 142mm
𝟎, 𝟔/𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒
- for anchorages in compression: 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 10Φ }
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟎, 𝟔𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒 = 𝟎, 𝟔 ∙ 𝟐𝟗𝟎 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝒎𝒎
𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎 < 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 10Φ = 10 ∙ 6 = 60mm }
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
assumed 174mm
4.2. For bars in beam
The basic required anchorage length, 𝒍𝒃,𝒆𝒓𝒒 for anchoring the force Asσsd in a straight
bar assuming constant bond stress equal to 𝒇𝒃𝒅 follows from:
∅ 𝒇𝒚𝒅
𝒍𝒃,𝒆𝒓𝒒 =
𝟒 𝒇𝒃𝒅
𝟏𝟔 𝟒𝟑𝟓
𝒍𝒃,𝒆𝒓𝒒 = = 𝟕𝟕𝟑, 𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝟒 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓

Where σsd is the design stress of the bar at the position from where the anchorage is
measured from.
The design value of the ultimate bond stress 𝒇𝒃𝒅 for ribbed bars may be taken as:
𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓𝜼𝟏 𝜼𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅
𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 - is the design value of concrete tensile strength according to 3.1.6 (2)P. Due to
the increasing brittleness of higher strength concrete, 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌𝟎,𝟎𝟓 should be limited here
to the value for C60/75, unless it can be verified that the average bond strength
increases above this limit
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 = 𝜶𝒄𝒕 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌𝟎,𝟎𝟓 /𝜸𝒄
𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟓
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 = = 𝟏, 𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟏, 𝟓
where:
𝜸𝒄 is the partial safety factor for concrete, see 2.4.2.4, and
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌𝟎,𝟎𝟓 is a coefficient taking account of long tern1 effects on the tensile strength
and of unfavourable effects, resulting from the way the load is applied.
𝜼𝟏 - is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the position of the
bar during concreting (see Figure 8.2):

𝜼𝟏 - 1,0 when 'good' conditions are obtained and

𝜼𝟏 - 0,7 for all other cases and for bars in structural elements built with slip-forms,
unless it can be shown that 'good' bond conditions exist
𝜼𝟐 -is related to the bar diameter:
𝜼𝟐 - 1,0 for ¢ < 32 mm
𝜼𝟐 - (132 - ¢)/100 for ¢ >32 mm

The design anchorage length, 𝒍𝒃𝒅 is:

𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝜶𝟏 𝜶𝟐 𝜶𝟑 𝜶𝟒 𝜶𝟓 𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒 ≥ 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝜶𝟏 -is for the effect of the form of the bars assuming adequate cover (see Figure
8.1). 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝟎
𝜶𝟐 - is for the effect of concrete minimum cover (see Figure 8.3)
𝒄𝒅 − ∅
𝜶𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟎, 𝟏𝟓
∅
𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟔
𝜶𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟎, 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟓>0,7 or <1,0 assumed 1,0
𝟏𝟔
𝟐𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝒄𝒅 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏( = 𝟏𝟏𝒎𝒎; 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎; 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎)
𝟐

𝜶𝟑 - is for the effect of confinement by transverse reinforcement 𝜶𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝟎

𝜶𝟒 - is for the influence of one or more welded transverse bars (Φt > 0,6¢) along the
design
anchorage length 𝒍𝒃𝒅 (see also 8.6) 𝜶𝟒 = 𝟎, 𝟕
𝜶𝟓 - is for the effect of the pressure transverse to the plane of splitting along the
design
anchorage length 𝜶𝟓 = 𝟏, 𝟎
The product 𝜶𝟏 𝜶𝟐 𝜶𝟑 > 0,7
𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝟎 > 𝟎, 𝟕

𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒- is taken from Expression (8.3)

 𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟎, 𝟕 ∙ 𝟏, 𝟎 ∙ 𝟕𝟕𝟑, 𝟑𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝒎𝒎

𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏- is the minimum anchorage length if no other limitation is applied:

𝟎, 𝟑𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒
- for anchorages in tension: 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 10Φ }
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟎, 𝟑𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒 = 𝟎, 𝟑 ∙ 𝟕𝟕𝟑 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝒎𝒎 > 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 10Φ = 10 ∙ 16 = 160mm }
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
assumed 309mm
𝟎, 𝟔/𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒
- for anchorages in compression: 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 10Φ }
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟎, 𝟔𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒 = 𝟎, 𝟑 ∙ 𝟕𝟕𝟑 = 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝒎𝒎 < 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 10Φ = 10 ∙ 16 = 160mm }
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
assumed 463mm