Failure Resulting from Variable Loading

6th teaching
What will be learned today?

Stress life method

Fatigue strength
Endurance limit
Endurance limit modification factor
Stress concentration and notch sensitivity
Fluctuating stress
Fatigue Failure Criteria for fluctuating stress
Soderburg
Mod-Goodman
Gerber
ASME-elliptic
Fluctuating Stresses1

Fluctuating stresses occurring in machine parts often take the form of a

sinusoidal pattern due to the nature of some rotating machinery.
The periodic patterns exhibit a single maximum and a single minimum
of force regardless the shape of the wave.

where is the midrange steady component of force and is the

amplitude of the alternating component of force.
Fluctuating Stresses2

Due to such fluctuating force, there are several stresses occurring;

Fluctuating Stresses3

The stresses are as following;

Stress ratio,
Fluctuating Stresses4

The stress components and are dependent of location under

consideration.

Absence of a Presence of a
notch notch
Fluctuating Stresses5

When the steady stress component is high enough to induce localized

notch yielding, plastic strain occurs. This means that the materials
properties (yielding strength and ultimate strength) change and cannot
be determined.
To avoid this situation, several possible ways to quantify what is
occurring under the situation.
Nominal mean stress method (for ductile materials)
Residual stress method
Dowlings method (for ductile materials)
 The steady, or static, stress is
not the same as the midrange
stress.

The steady stress may have any

value between min and min .

The steady stress exists because
of a fixed load or preload applied
to a part.

The steady load is independent

of the varying portion of the
load.
 A helical compression spring is always loaded into a
space shorter than the free length of the spring.

The stress created by this initial compression is called

the steady, or static, component of the stress.
Fluctuating Stresses6: Nominal mean stress method

Absence of a Presence of a
notch notch
Fluctuating Stresses7: Residual stress method

Absence of a Presence of a
notch notch
Fluctuating Stresses8: Dowlings method

Kfm: Steady stress compenent stress consantration factor

No notch Notch yielding

yielding
Fatigue Failure Criteria for Fluctuating Stresses1
7-12 Fatigue Failure Criteria for Fluctuating
Stress
After having defined the various components of stress associated with
a part subjected to fluctuating stresses, we want to vary both the
midrange stress and the stress amplitude or alternating component, to
learn about the FATIGUE RESISTANCE of parts when subjected to such
situations.

Many machine elements involve fluctuating stresses about a non-zero

mean.

The influence of non-zero mean stress is estimated by using one of

several empirical relationships that determine failure at a given life
when both alternating and mean stresses are nonzero.
Fatigue Failure Criteria for Fluctuating Stresses2
EXAMPLE 6-10
EXAMPLE 6-12
Combinations of Loading Modes1