Concrete Beam and Column Design Aid
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weynConcrete Beam and Column Design Aid
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weynDesign Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
1 Introduction
The tables and charts in this handbook are intended for use in design of singly and doubly reinforced
concrete beams with or without normal loads, solid as well as hollow rectangular reinforced concrete
columns subject to uniaxial and biaxial bending, and solid as well as hollow circular reinforced concrete
columns subject to uniaxial bending by the limit state design method. The tables and charts have been
based on the assumptions laid down in ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 [1], use being made of the parabolic-
rectangular stress-strain diagram for concrete throughout.
2 Notes on the Derivation of the Design Charts
2.1 General Design Tables and Chart
General Design Tables 1a and 1b, and the General Design Chart No. 1 are prepared using Eq. 1 up to 6,
which give the expressions for the relative compressive force in the concrete c, and its relative location
from the most compressed surface c. The strains o and cm are in per mil.
(i) cm o and neutral axis within section
cm
c 6 cm k x (1)
12
8 cm
c kx (2)
4 6 cm
(ii) cm o and neutral axis within section
3 cm 2
c kx (3)
3 cm
cm 3 cm 4 2
c kx (4)
2 cm 3 cm 2
(iii) cm o and neutral axis outside of section
1
c
189
2
125 64 cm 16 cm (5)
c 0.5
40
cm 2 (6)
2
7 125 64 cm 16 cm
In using the General Design Tables 1(a) and 1(b) and Design Chart No. 1, moments are taken about the
tension steel, i.e.:
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
MSd,s = MSd - NSd ye (NSd is +ve when tension) (7)
EBCS-2 [1] specifies the upper limit for the relative neutral axis depth, k x, as a function of percent
plastic moment redistribution as:
kx = 0.8 ( - 0.44) (8)
Accordingly,
kx = 0.448 for condition of no redistribution and
kx = 0.208 for a recommended maximum redistribution of 30 %.
The General Design Table 1b, for doubly reinforced section is prepared for cover ratio of the
compression reinforcement, = d2/d = 0.07. Corrections for other cover ratios are obtained using Eq. 11
and 12. Eq. 9 and 10 are used to prepare the tables for ks and k s’.
1 k z k m* / k m k z
2
ks
(9)
k z 1 f yd
'
k
1 k m* / k m 2
(10)
s
1 s 2
k s for actual
(11)
k s for 0.07
k s for actual
' (12)
k s for 0.07
2.2 Column Interaction Diagrams
The determination of the ultimate limit states of reinforced concrete sections through direct integration
of the stress distribution in the ultimate limit state is not immediately useful for the production of biaxial
interaction diagrams, because the corresponding points do not necessarily lie on planes of constant
normal force and therefore the trace does not represent a load contour. In the case of uniaxial bending
also, the points determined through direct integration would be clustered together in some region, while
widely dispersed in other regions, making it unsuitable for a systematic generation of interaction
diagrams.
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Therefore, an iterative procedure using a modified Newton-Raphson method was adopted to determine
the governing strain distribution in the ultimate limit state and with it the ultimate limit state in bending
with or without normal load, associated with an arbitrarily chosen initial vector Ri (Ni, Myi, M zi) through
a stepwise improvement of an approximate strain distribution in the ultimate limit state. Detailed
description of the iteration for the preparation of the interaction diagrams in the design aid is given in
Ref. [2, 3].
The shapes of the interaction diagrams of Circular, hollow circular, solid rectangular and hollow
rectangular columns with reinforcement uniformly distributed along the perimeter are affected by the
number of bars and their orientation relative to the direction of the neutral axis. Since the designer has
little control over the arrangement of the bars in such types of columns, the interaction diagram should
be computed using the least favorable bar orientation. For circular columns with more than 8 bars and
for rectangular columns with more than 16 bars, this problem vanishes since the bar placement
approaches a continuous ring [4, 5]. In the design aid 36 bars were used for solid and hollow circular
sections. For solid and hollow square columns 32 bars were used to approximate uniform distribution of
reinforcement. 48 and 72 bars were used for hollow rectangular columns with side ratio equal to 2 and 5
respectively.
The column interaction charts are based on design yield strain of steel, yd = 0.002, corresponding to
S460 grade steel.
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
3 Design Examples
3.1 Singly Reinforced Section without Normal Load
Given:
Cross-section: b/h/d = 300/600/550 mm
Action Effects: Design moment = 180.0 kNm
Material Data: Concrete C16/20
Steel S 460
Required: Amount of tension reinforcement
Solution:
Using General Design Table 1a:
M Sd , s b 180.0 0.3
km 44.5
d 0.55
k s 2.87
k s M Sd , s 2.87 180.0
As1 939.3 mm 2
d 0.55
Using General Design Chart No. 1:
M Sd , s 180.0 10 6
Sd , s 0.219
f cd bd 2 9.07 300 550 2
k z 0.87
z k z d 0.87 550 478.5 mm
M Sd , s 180.0 10 6
As1 940.4 mm 2
z f yd 478.5 400
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
3.2 Singly Reinforced Section with Normal Load
Given:
Cross-section: b/h/d = 300/600/550 mm
Action Effects: Unfactored moment due to permanent load = 96.0 kNm
Unfactored moment due to variable load = 72.0 kNm
Unfactored permanent normal load = -180.4kN
Material Data: Concrete C20/25
Steel S 460
Required: Amount of tension reinforcement
Solution:
Using General Design Table 1a:
MSd,s = 1.3596.0+1.572.0+1.35180.40.25 = 129.6+108.0+60.9
= 298.5 kNm
M Sd , s b 298.5 0.3
km 57.4 k m* 57.83
d 0.55
Compression reinforcement is not required
k s 3.06
k s M Sd ,s N Sd 3.06 298.5 1.3 180 10 3
As1
d f yd 0.55 400
1660.7 585.0 1075.7 mm 2
Using General Design Chart No. 1:
M Sd , s 298.5 10 6 *
Sd , s 2
2
0.290 Sd , s 0.295
f cd bd 11.33 300 550
Compression reinforcement is not required
k z 0.82
z k z d 0.82 550 451 mm
M Sd , s N Sd 298.5 10 6 1.3 180 10 3
As1
z f yd f yd 451 400 400
1654.7 585.0 1069.7 mm 2
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
3.3 Doubly Reinforced Section with Moment Redistribution
Given:
Cross-section: b/h/d = 300/600/550 mm
Action Effects: Design moment = 240 kNm (after moment redistribution)
Material Data: Concrete C20/25
Steel S 460
Percent Moment Redistribution: 20%
Required: Amount of tension and compression reinforcement
Solution:
Using General Design Table 1a and 1b:
M Sd , s b 240 0.3
km 51.4 k m* 48.23
d 0.55
Compression reinforcement is required. Assume d2/d = 0.07
km 51.4
*
1.07
k m 48.23
k s 2.83 from Table No. 1b
k s' 0.33 from Table No. 1a
k s M Sd , s N Sd 2.83 1 240
As1 1234.9 mm 2
d f yd 0.55
k s' ' M Sd , s N Sd 0.33 1 240
As 2 144.0 mm 2
d f yd 0.55
Using General Design Chart No. 1:
M Sd ,s 240 10 6
Sd , s 0.233 u*,s 0.205
f cd bd 2 11.33 300 550 2
Compression reinforcement is required. Assume d2/d = 0.07
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
k z* 0.880
z * k z* d 0.88 550 484 mm
mu*,s u*, s f cd bd 2 0.205 11.33 300 550 2 210.84 10 6 Nmm
M u*, s M Sd , s M u*, s N Sd 210.84 10 6 240 210.84 10 6
As1
z * f yd d d 2 f yd f yd 484 400 550 38.5 400
1089.1 142.5 1231.6 mm 2
s 2 2.7% yd 2.0% s 2 f yd
M Sd , s M u*, s 240 210.84 106
As 2 142.5 mm 2
d d 2 f yd 550 38.5 400
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
3.4 Design of Slender Braced Column Subject to Uniaxial Bending Using Nominal Curvature
Method
Given:
Action Effects: factored normal load = 1360.0 kN
factored first order equivalent constant moment including
the effect of imperfections = 130.0 kNm; effective creep
ratio eff = 3.0
Geometry: lo 7.0 m (effective length)
Material Data: Concrete C25/30
Steel S 460
Required: Quantity of reinforcement
Solution:
Assume column size, b/h = 400/400 mm with cover to reinforcement = 20 mm.
Reinforcement consists of 20 mm diameter bars and 10 mm diameter ties:
h' = 20+10+0.520 = 40
d'/h = 40/400 = 0.10
According to 6.1(4) the minimum eccentricity, ea = h/30 but not less than 20 mm
Calculation of e2:
According to [Link](3), [Link](1), [Link](3), and [Link](4)
2
1l
e2 o
r c
1 1
K r K
r ro
1 yd 0.002
12.345 10 6 mm 1
r0 0.45d 0.45 360
Assume = 0.4
1 .4 0 .6
Kr 0.85
1.4 0.46
K 1 0.71 3.0 1.213
1
0.85 1.213 12.345 10 6 12.7283 10 6 mm 1
r
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
7000 2
e2 12.7283 10 6 63.4 mm
10
130.0 10 6
e0 95.6 mm
1360.0 10 3
etot = 95.6 + 20.0 + 63.4 = 179.0 mm
N Sd 1360.0 10 3
Sd 0.60
Ac f cd 400 400 14.17
Sd
M Sd
1360.0 0.179 10 6 0.268
Ac h f cd 400 400 400 14.17
Using Uniaxial Chart No. 2, = 0.44. Iteration may be stopped.
Ac f cd 0.44 400 400 14.17
As ,tot 2494 mm 2
f yd 400
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
3.5 Design of Column Subject to Biaxial Bending Bending
Given:
Action Effects: From analysis, including load factors and slenderness
effect,
NSd = 1360.0 kN
MSd,y = 208.6 kNm
MSd,z = 108.8 kNm
Material Data: Concrete C25/30
Steel S 460
Required: Quantity of reinforcement
Solution: Assume column size, b/h = 400/400 mm and
cover ratio h’/h = b’/b = 0.1
N Sd 1360.0 10 3
Sd 0.60
Ac f cd 400 400 14.17
M Sd , y 208.6 10 6
Sd , y 0.23
Ac h f cd 400 400 400 14.17
M Sd , z 108.8 10 6
Sd , z 0.12
Ac b f cd 400 400 400 14.17
= 0.54 Biaxial Chart No. 2
= 0.58 Biaxial Chart No. 10
= 0.64 Biaxial Chart No. 18
= 0.65 Biaxial Chart No. 26
= 0.70 Biaxial Chart No. 34
Ac f cd 0.54 400 400 14.17
As ,tot 3060.7 mm 2
f yd 400
Provide As,tot/4 = 765.2 mm2 at each corner and for the rest, according to the reinforcement
arrangement in the design chart.
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
3.6 Design of Hollow Square Column subject to Biaxial Bending
Given:
Action Effects: From analysis, including load factors and slenderness
effect,
NSd = 870.4 kN
MSd,y = 133.5 kNm
MSd,z = 69.6 kNm
Material Data: Concrete C25/30
Steel S 460
Required: Quantity of reinforcement
Solution: Assume column size, b/h = 400/400 mm, wb = 80 mm = 0.2b, and wh = 80
mm = 0.2h (Ac = 0.64bh = 102400 mm2)
N Sd 870.4 10 3
Sd 0.60
Ac f cd 102400 14.17
M Sd , y 133.5 10 6
Sd , y 0.23
Ac h f cd 102400 400 14.17
M Sd , z 69.6 10 6
Sd , z 0.12
Ac b f cd 102400 400 14.17
0.56 from Chart No. 45
Ac f cd 0.56 102400 14.17
As ,tot 2031.4 mm 2
f yd 400
Provide As,tot/4 = 507.8 mm2 each uniformly distributed on end faces
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
3.7 Design of Hollow Rectangular Column subject to Biaxial Bending
Given:
Action Effects: From analysis, including load factors and slenderness
effect,
NSd = 11424.0 kN
MSd,y = 822.7 kNm
MSd,z = 13026.4 kNm
Material Data: Concrete C25/30
Steel S 460
Required: Quantity of reinforcement
Solution: Assume column size, b/h = 3000/600 mm, wb = 120 mm = 0.04b, and wh
= 120 mm = 0.2h (Ac = 0.448bh = 806400 mm2)
N Sd 11424.0 10 3
Sd 1.0
Ac f cd 806400 14.17
M Sd , y 822.7 10 6
Sd , y 0.12
Ac h f cd 806400 600 14.17
M Sd , z 13026.4 10 6
Sd , z 0.38
Ac b f cd 806400 3000 14.17
1.4 from Chart No. 58
Ac f cd 1.4 806400 14.17
As ,tot 39993 mm 2
f yd 400
Provide As,tot/12 = 3332.8 mm2 each uniformly distributed along the shorter sides, and
5/12As,tot = 16663.8 mm2 each uniformly distributed along the longer sides
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
4 Design Tables and Charts
4.1 General Design Tables and Chart for Bending with or without Normal Loads, with or without
Compression Reinforcement
4.1.1 General Design Table 1a: Rectangular Section - Moment with or without Axial Load, with or without
Compression Reinforcement
km ks Redist-
C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 S300 S400 S460 c s1 kx kz ribution
15 17 19 21 24 3.95 2.96 2.58 0.94 10 0.09 0.97
19 22 25 27 31 3.99 2.99 2.60 1.27 10 0.11 0.96
23 26 29 32 37 4.04 3.03 2.63 1.59 10 0.14 0.95
26 30 33 37 42 4.08 3.06 2.66 1.92 10 0.16 0.94
29 33 37 40 47 4.12 3.09 2.69 2.24 10 0.18 0.93
31 35 40 43 50 4.17 3.13 2.72 2.56 10 0.20 0.92
31.12 35.94 40.18 44.02 50.83 4.18 3.13 2.72 2.63 10 0.208 0.918 30%
33 38 42 46 53 4.21 3.16 2.75 2.89 10 0.22 0.91
34 40 44 49 56 4.26 3.19 2.78 3.22 10 0.24 0.90
36 42 46 51 59 4.31 3.23 2.81 3.50 9.7 0.26 0.89
37.36 43.13 48.23 52.83 61 4.36 3.27 2.84 3.50 8.7 0.288 0.880 20%
37 43 48 53 61 4.36 3.27 2.84 3.50 8.6 0.29 0.88
39 45 50 55 63 4.41 3.30 2.87 3.50 7.7 0.31 0.87
40 46 52 56 65 4.46 3.34 2.91 3.50 6.9 0.34 0.86
41 47 53 58 67 4.51 3.38 2.94 3.50 6.2 0.36 0.85
41.42 47.83 53.47 58.58 67.64 4.53 3.39 2.95 3.50 6.0 0.368 0.847 10%
42 49 54 60 69 4.56 3.42 2.98 3.50 5.6 0.38 0.84
43 50 56 61 71 4.62 3.46 3.01 3.50 5.1 0.41 0.83
44 51 57 63 72 4.67 3.51 3.05 3.50 4.6 0.43 0.82
44.79 51.72 57.83 63.35 73.15 4.71 3.53 3.07 3.50 4.3 0.448 0.814
No redistribution (kx=0.448)
km ks Notes:
km/k* m C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 S300 S400 S460 1 See Table 1b for
44.79 51.72 57.83 63.35 73.15 4.71 3.53 3.07 Design Equations
1.03 46 53 59 65 75 4.68 3.51 3.05
1.05 47 54 61 67 77 4.65 3.49 3.04 2 Initial values for
1.08 48 56 63 69 79 4.63 3.47 3.02 0%,10%,20%&30%
1.11 50 58 64 71 81 4.60 3.45 3.00 Moment Redistribution
1.15 51 59 66 73 84 4.57 3.43 2.98 are shown shaded
1.19 53 61 69 75 87 4.54 3.40 2.96 in Tables No.1a & 1b
1.23 55 64 71 78 90 4.51 3.38 2.94
1.28 57 66 74 81 94 4.48 3.36 2.92 Factors and ks ' are
1.33 60 69 77 84 97 4.45 3.34 2.90 applicable to all values
1.39 62 72 81 88 102 4.43 3.32 2.89 of moment redistribution
1.46 66 76 85 93 107 4.40 3.30 2.87
Correction factor
d2/d ks'
km/k* m 0.07 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 k m/k* m S300 S400 S460
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1.03 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.03 0.20 0.15 0.13
1.05 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.05 0.40 0.30 0.26
1.08 1 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.08 0.60 0.45 0.39
1.11 1 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.11 0.80 0.60 0.52
1.15 1 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.15 1.00 0.75 0.65
1.19 1 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.19 1.20 0.90 0.78
1.23 1 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.23 1.40 1.05 0.91
1.28 1 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.28 1.60 1.20 1.04
1.33 1 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.33 1.80 1.35 1.17
1.39 1 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.39 2.00 1.50 1.30
1.46 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.46 2.20 1.65 1.43
Correction factor '
All K m/K*m 1 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
4.1.2 General Design Table 1b: Rectangular Compression Zone - Bending with or without Axial load, with
or without Compression Reinforcement
10% redistribution (kx=0.368)
km ks
k m/k* m C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 S300 S400 S460
1 41.42 47.83 53.47 58.58 67.64 4.53 3.39 2.95 Notes:
1.03 42 49 55 60 69 4.52 3.39 2.95
1.05 44 50 56 62 71 4.52 3.39 2.95 1. k *m is k m value
1.08 45 52 58 63 73 4.52 3.39 2.95 corresponding to *sd,s
(shown shaded in table No.
1.11 46 53 60 65 75 4.51 3.38 2.94
1a & 1b)
1.15 48 55 61 67 78 4.51 3.38 2.94
1.19 49 57 63 70 80 4.51 3.38 2.94 2. units:
1.23 51 59 66 72 83 4.50 3.38 2.94 M (kNm)
1.28 53 61 68 75 86 4.50 3.37 2.93 b, d (m)
1.33 55 64 71 78 90 4.50 3.37 2.93 As (mm2)
1.39 58 67 74 82 94 4.49 3.37 2.93
1.46 61 70 78 86 99 4.49 3.37 2.93
Correction factor '
d2/d
All 0.07 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
K m/K*m 1 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 M Sd , s M Sd N Sd y e
20% redistribution (kx=0.288) M Sd ,s / b
km ks km
k m/k* m C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 S300 S400 S460 d
1 37.36 43.13 48.23 52.83 61 4.36 3.27 2.84 M Sd , s N Sd
1.03 38 44 49 54 63 4.34 3.26 2.83 As1 ks
1.05 39 45 51 56 64 4.33 3.25 2.83 d f yd
1.08 40 47 52 57 66 4.32 3.24 2.82
1.11 42 48 54 59 68 4.31 3.23 2.81 M Sd , s
1.15 43 50 55 61 70 4.30 3.22 2.80 As 2 k s' '
1.19 44 51 57 63 72 4.29 3.22 2.80 d
1.23 46 53 59 65 75 4.28 3.21 2.79
1.28 48 55 62 68 78 4.26 3.20 2.78
1.33 50 57 64 70 81 4.25 3.19 2.77
1.39 52 60 67 74 85 4.24 3.18 2.77
1.46 55 63 71 77 89 4.23 3.17 2.76
Correction factor '
d2/d
All 0.07 0.08 0.1 0.12
K m/K*m 1 1.01 1.03 1.06
30% redistribution (kx=0.208)
km ks
k m/k* m C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 S300 S400 S460
1 31.07 35.88 40.12 43.95 50.74 4.18 3.13 2.72
1.03 32 37 41 45 52 4.17 3.13 2.72
1.05 33 38 42 46 53 4.17 3.13 2.72
1.08 34 39 43 48 55 4.17 3.13 2.72
1.11 35 40 45 49 57 4.17 3.12 2.72
1.15 36 41 46 50 58 4.16 3.12 2.71
1.19 37 43 48 52 60 4.16 3.12 2.71
1.23 38 44 49 54 62 4.16 3.12 2.71
1.28 40 46 51 56 65 4.16 3.12 2.71
1.33 41 48 53 59 68 4.15 3.11 2.71
1.39 43 50 56 61 71 4.15 3.11 2.71
1.46 46 53 59 64 74 4.15 3.11 2.70
Correction factor '=1 for d2/d 0.07
(higher values of d2/d not recommended)
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
General Design Chart No. 1
12.0 1.2
d1 /d = 0.15
11.0 0.10 1.1
0.05
s1
10.0 1.0
9.0 0.9
kz = z
/d
8.0 d2 c 0.8
Cs
As2 Mu x s2 Cc
k z , k x, c
7.0 hd z 0.7
ye Nu
As1 s1
d1
Ts
6.0 0.6
5.0 0.5
0.05
0
0.10
c
4.0 d1 /d = 0.15 0.4
s
'
3.0 0.3
s
x/ d
kx =
2.0 c 0.2
1.0 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 M Sd,s
0.0 Sd,s =
d2 2
/d = fcd b d
-1.0 0.1
5
0. 1
0 s2 d1 /d = 0.15 0.10
-2.0 0.0 0.05
5
c
-3.0
-4.0
*Sd,s = 0.143 0.205 0.252 0.295
(1) If Sd,s *Sd,s compression reinforcement is not required
M Sd , s N Sd
As1
z f yd f yd
(2) If Sd,s > *Sd,s compression reinforcement is required
M Sd , s M * Sd , s
As 2
(d d 2 ) s 2
* *
M Sd ,s M Sd , s M Sd ,s N Sd
As1
z f yd d d 2 f yd f yd
Rectangular Compression Zone…Bending with or without Normal Load, with or without
Compression Reinforcement
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 1
3.00
b
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcdAch
A h'
h'/h = 0.05 Sd = NSd/fcdAc
h
As,tot = 2A = fydAs,tot/fcdAc
2.50
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Sd
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 2
3.00 b
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcdAch
A h'
h'/h = 0.10 Sd = NSd/fcdAc
h
As,tot = 2A = fydAs,tot/fcdAc
2.50
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Sd
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 3
3.00 b
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcdAch
A h'
h'/h = 0.15 Sd = NSd/fcdAc
h
As,tot = 2A = fydAs,tot/fcdAc
2.50
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Sd
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 4
3.00
b
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcdAch
A h'
h'/h = 0.20 Sd = NSd/fcdAc
h
As,tot = 2A = fydAs,tot/fcdAc
2.50
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
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Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 5
3.00 b
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcdAch
A h'
h'/h = 0.25 Sd = NSd/fcdAc
h
As,tot = 2A = fydAs,tot/fcdAc
2.50
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Sd
20
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 6
b
3.00
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
A h'
h'/h = 0.05 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
A A h
2.50 As,tot = 4A = fyd As,tot / fcd Ac
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
21
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 7
3.00
b
yd = 0.002 Sd = M Sd /fcd Ach
A h'
h'/h = 0.10 Sd = N Sd /fcd Ac
A A h
2.50
As,tot = 4A = fyd As,tot / fcd Ac
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
22
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 8
3.00 b
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
A h'
h'/h = 0.15 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
A A h
2.50
As,tot = 4A = fyd As,tot / fcd Ac
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
23
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 9
3.00 b
A yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
h'
h'/h = 0.20 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
A A h
2.50
As,tot = 4A = fyd As,tot / fcd Ac
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Sd
24
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 10
3.00 b
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
A h'
h'/h = 0.25 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
A A h
2.50
As,tot = 4A = fyd As,tot / fcd Ac
A h'
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Sd
25
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 11
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
A
h'
h'/h = 0.05 Sd = N Sd/fcd Ac
h
As,tot = A = fyd As,tot/fcd Ac
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
26
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 12
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
A
h'
h'/h = 0.10 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
h
As,tot = A = fyd As,tot/fcd Ac
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Sd
27
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 13
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
A
h'
h'/h = 0.15 Sd = N Sd/fcd Ac
h
As,tot = A = fyd As,tot/fcd Ac
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Sd
28
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 14
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
A
h'
h'/h = 0.20 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
h
As,tot = A = fyd As,tot/fcd Ac
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40
Sd
29
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 15
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
A
h'
h'/h = 0.25 Sd = N Sd/fcd Ac
h
As,tot = A = fyd As,tot/fcd Ac
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40
Sd
30
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 16
3.00 d'
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.5 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-r i) = 0.2 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.75r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
31
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 17
d'
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.5 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-r i) = 0.3 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.75r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
32
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 18
3.00 d'
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.5 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-r i) = 0.4 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.75r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Sd
33
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 19
d'
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.5 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-r i) = 0.5 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.75r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Sd
34
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 20
3.00 d' yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.7 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-ri) = 0.2 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.51r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
35
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 21
d'
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.7 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-r i) = 0.3 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.51r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
36
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 22
d'
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.7 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-r i) = 0.4 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.51r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
37
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 23
d'
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.7 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-r i) = 0.5 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.51r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
38
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 24
3.00 d'
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.9 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-r i) = 0.2 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.19r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
39
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 25
3.00 d'
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.9 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-ri) = 0.3 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.19r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
40
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 26
3.00 d'
yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.9 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-ri) = 0.4 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.19r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
41
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Uniaxial Chart No. 27
d'
3.00 yd = 0.002 Sd = MSd/fcd Ach
ri/r = 0.9 Sd = NSd/fcd Ac
r
ri d'/(r-ri) = 0.5 As,tot = A , h = 2r
2.50
Ac = 0.19r2 = fyd As,tot/ fcd Ac
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Sd
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Sd
42
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 1
b
b' b'
A h' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
MSd y NSd h
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A h'
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80
Sd
Sd
0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd
-0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
43
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 2
b
b' b'
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A A h'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
MSd y NSd h As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A h'
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80
Sd
Sd
0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80 -0.80
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
44
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 3
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A h'
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd
Sd
0.70
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
45
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 4
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
0.60
Sd
Sd
0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60
Sd
Sd
-0.60
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
46
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 5
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
47
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 6
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
48
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 7
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A h'
MSd z
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
0.70 0.70
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.70 -0.70
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
49
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 8
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A h'
MSd z
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
0.60 0.60
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.60 -0.60
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
50
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 9
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A h'
As,tot = 6A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80
Sd
Sd
0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd
-0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
51
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 10
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 6A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80
Sd
Sd
0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80 -0.80
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
52
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 11
b
b' b'
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A A A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 6A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd
Sd
0.70
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
53
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 12
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 6A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
0.60
Sd
Sd
0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60
Sd
Sd
-0.60
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
54
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 13
b
b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 6A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y N Sd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
55
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 14
b
b' b'
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A A A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 6A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
56
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 15
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A A A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 6A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
0.70 0.70
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.70 -0.70
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
57
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 16
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A A A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 6A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.60 0.60
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.60 -0.60
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
58
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 17
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A A A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 8A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y A N Sd A h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
59
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 18
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 8A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40
0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
60
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 19
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 8A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
0.60
Sd
Sd 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
61
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 20
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 8A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y A NSd A h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
0.70 0.70
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.70 -0.70
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
62
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 21
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A h'
As,tot = 8A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
A A Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
0.70 0.70
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.70 -0.70
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
63
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 22
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 8A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y A N Sd A h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
0.70 0.70
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.70 -0.70
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
64
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 23
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 8A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
A A Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
0.60 0.60
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.60 -0.60
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
65
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 24
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A A A h'
As,tot = 8A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A A
A A A h'
MSd z
-0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50
0.50 0.50
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.50 -0.50
-0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50
66
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 25
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A h'
As,tot = 2A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y N Sd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80
Sd
Sd
0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd
-0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
67
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 26
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A h' As,tot = 2A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
N Sd Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
MSd y h
A h'
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80
Sd
Sd
0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80 -0.80
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
68
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 27
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A h'
As,tot = 2A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y N Sd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd
Sd
0.70
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
69
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 28
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
h'
As,tot = 2A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
0.60
Sd
Sd
0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60
Sd
Sd
-0.60
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
70
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 29
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 2A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y N Sd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
71
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 30
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 2A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
72
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 31
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A h'
As,tot = 2A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
0.70 0.70
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.70 -0.70
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
73
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 32
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
h'
As,tot = 2A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.60 0.60
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.60 -0.60
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
74
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 33
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y A N Sd A h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
75
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 34
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd A h
A
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
76
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 35
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd A h
A
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
0.70 0.70
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.70 -0.70
-0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70
77
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 36
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.10 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y A NSd A h
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
0.60 0.60
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.60 -0.60
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
78
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 37
b
b' b'
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A
h'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
MSd y NSd h As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
A A
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
0.60 0.60
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.60 -0.60
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
79
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 38
b
b' b'
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A
h' h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd h
A A
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
0.60 0.60
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.60 -0.60
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
80
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 39
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b' b'
h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
A
h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y A NSd h Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A
A h'
MSd z
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
0.60 0.60
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.60 -0.60
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
81
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 40
b
b' b' yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
A h'/h = b'/b = 0.20 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
h'
As,tot = 4A Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
MSd y N Sd h
A A
Ac = bh = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
A h'
MSd z
-0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50
0.50 0.50
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
Sd
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.50 -0.50
-0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50
82
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 41
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb wb
b/h = 1.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
wh wb = 0.05 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
MSd y N Sd
h wh = 0.05 h As,tot = 4A
wh
wh/2 Ac = 0.19 b h = A s,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80 0.80
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd
-0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
83
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 42
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb wb
b/h = 1.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
wh wb = 0.05b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
MSd y NSd
h wh = 0.05 h As,tot = 4A
wh
wh/2 Ac = 0.19 b h = A s,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd
Sd
0.70
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
84
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 43
b
wb wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
b/h = 1.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
wh
N Sd
MSd y h wb = 0.10 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
wh
wh/2 wh = 0.10 h As,tot = 4A
wb/2 Ac = 0.36 b h = A s,tot fyd / Ac fcd
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd 0.70
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
85
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 44
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb wb
b/h = 1.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
wh
NSd wb = 0.10 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
MSd y h
wh wh = 0.10 h As,tot = 4A
wh/2
Ac = 0.36 b h = A s,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd
Sd
0.70
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
86
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 45
b
yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb wb
b/h = 1.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
wh
NSd wb = 0.20 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
MSd y h
wh wh = 0.20 h As,tot = 4A
wh/2
Ac = 0.64 b h = A s,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
Sd
0.60 0.60
Sd
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
87
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 46
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb wb
b/h = 1.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
wh wb = 0.20 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
MSd y N Sd
h wh = 0.20 h As,tot = 4A
wh
wh/2 Ac = 0.64 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
0.80 0.80
Sd z
Sd z
0.60
Sd
Sd 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.80 -0.80
-0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
88
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 47
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb wb
b/h = 2.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
2A
wb = 0.025 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
wh
MSd y NSd
A A h wh = 0.05 h As,tot = 6A
wh
wh/2
2A Ac = 0.145 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
1.00 1.00
Sd
0.80 0.80
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80 -0.80
Sd
Sd
-1.00 -1.00
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
89
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No.48
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb wb
b/h = 2.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
2A
wb = 0.025 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
wh
MSd y NSd
A A h wh = 0.05 h As,tot = 6A
wh
wh/2 2A Ac = 0.145 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80 0.80
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40
-0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd -0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
90
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 49
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 2.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
2A
wh
MSd y NSd wb = 0.05 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.10 h As,tot = 6A
wh/2
2A
Ac = 0.28 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80 0.80
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd
-0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
91
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 50
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 2.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
2A
wh
MSd y NSd wb = 0.05 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.10 h As,tot = 6A
wh/2
2A
Ac = 0.28 b h = A s,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80 0.80
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd -0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
92
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 51
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 2.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
2A
wh
MSd y NSd wb = 0.10 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.20 h As,tot = 6A
wh/2
2A
Ac = 0.52 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd 0.70
Sd
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd
Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
93
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 52
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 2.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
2A
wh
MSd y N Sd wb = 0.10 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.20 h As,tot = 6A
wh/2
2A
Ac = 0.52 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd
Sd
0.70
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y
Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
94
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No.53
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 5.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
5A
wh
MSd y N Sd wb = 0.01 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.05 h As,tot = 12A
wh/2 5A
Ac = 0.118 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.20 -1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
1.20 1.20
Sd z
Sd z
1.00 1.00
Sd
Sd
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80 -0.80
Sd
Sd
-1.00 -1.00
Sd z
Sd z
-1.20 -1.20
-1.20 -1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
95
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 54
b yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb wb
b/h = 5.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
5A
wb = 0.01 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
wh
MSd y NSd
A A h wh = 0.05 h As,tot = 12A
wh
wh/2
5A Ac = 0.118 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
1.00 1.00
Sd
Sd
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40
0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40
-0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80 -0.80
Sd
Sd
-1.00 -1.00
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
96
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 55
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 5.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
5A
wh
MSd y NSd wb = 0.02 b Sd = N Sd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.10 h As,tot = 12A
wh/2
5A
Ac = 0.232 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
1.00 1.00
Sd
0.80 0.80
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80 -0.80
Sd
Sd
-1.00 -1.00
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
97
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 56
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 5.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
5A
wh
MSd y NSd wb = 0.02 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.10 h As,tot = 12A
wh/2
5A
Ac = 0.232 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80 0.80
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd -0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
98
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 57
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 5.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
5A
wh
MSd y N Sd wb = 0.04 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.20 h As,tot = 12A
wh/2
5A
Ac = 0.448 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1.00 1.00
Sd z
Sd z
0.80 0.80
Sd
Sd
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
Sd y
Sd y
0.00 0.00
Sd y
Sd y
-0.20 -0.20
-0.40 -0.40
-0.60 -0.60
-0.80
Sd
Sd
-0.80
Sd z
Sd z
-1.00 -1.00
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
99
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
Biaxial Chart No. 58
b
wb yd = 0.002 Sd y = MSd y / Ac h fcd
wb
b/h = 5.0 Sd z = MSd z / Ac b fcd
5A
wh
MSd y NSd wb = 0.04 b Sd = NSd / Ac fcd
A A h
wh wh = 0.20 h As,tot = 12A
wh/2
5A
Ac = 0.448 b h = As,tot fyd / Ac fcd
wb/2
MSd z
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
0.90 0.90
Sd z
Sd z
0.70
Sd
Sd
0.70
0.50 0.50
0.30 0.30
0.10 0.10
Sd y Sd y
Sd y Sd y
-0.10 -0.10
-0.30 -0.30
-0.50 -0.50
-0.70 -0.70
Sd Sd
Sd z
Sd z
-0.90 -0.90
-0.90 -0.70 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
100
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
5. References
1. ES EN 1992 1-1:2015, Design of Concrete Structures, Ministry of construction, Addis
Ababa, 2015.
2. Zerayohannes, Girma, “Biaxial Charts for Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns in
accordance with the Ethiopian Building Code EBCS-2, 1995: Part 1”, Zede, Journal of
the Ethiopian Association of Engineers and Architects, 1998.
3. Zerayohannes, Girma, “Bemessungsdiagramme fuer schiefe Biegung mit Laengskraft
nach DIN 1045-1:2001-07”, Schriftenreihe der Fachgebiete Baustofftechnologie und
Bauschadenanalyse, Massivbau und Baukonstruktion, und Stahlbau des Studienganges
Bauingenierwesen, Technische Universitaet Kaiserslautern, Band 4 (Design Aids for
Biaxial Bending based on DIN 1045-1:2001-07, Research Series of the Institutes of
Material Technology and Damage Analysis, Concrete Structures and Building
Construction, and Steel Structures of the Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Band 4)
4. Ultimate Strength Design Handbook”, Volume 2, Columns, ACI Special Publication No.
17A, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1990.
5. Grasser, E., Linse, D., “Design Tables for Reinforced Concrete Sections on the Basis of
DIN 1045”, 2 nd Edition, Werner-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 1984.
6. Rüsch, H.,”Bruchlast und Bruchsicherheitsnachweis bei Biegungsbeanspruchung von
Stahlbeton unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Vorspannung”, Beton-und
Stahlbetonbau, Heft 9.1950
101
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
102
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
6. Appendix
A.1 The General Design Chart
In the general design chart No.1 proposed for the first time by Rüsch [6], all values necessary for design
are entered as a function of the relative moment about the centroid of the tension steel. This diagram can
be used for any concrete or steel grade. In the region where s1 is also negative, no accurate reading is
possible and the use of interaction diagrams described in section A.3 are recommended.
The graphs of the following are plotted as a function of the design relative moment resistance Sd,s:
kx = x/d relative neutral axis depth
kz = z/d relative lever arm between the internal forces
c = Cc / (fcd b d) relative compressive force in the concrete in
ultimate limit state.
c compressive strain in outer most concrete fiber
s1 strain in tension reinforcement
s2 strain in compression reinforcement
The upper limits of the design relative moment resistance (without compression reinforcement) about
tension steel, for 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% moment redistribution are shown by the broken vertical lines
*Sd,s = 0.295, 0.252, 0.205, and 0.143 respectively. Compliance with these upper limits implies
compliance with the upper limit specification for the relative neutral axis depth, k x, given by Eq. (8) in
chapter 2, thus ensuring ductile response of the cross-section. For the cases that Sd,s > *Sd,s, ductile
behavior can be achieved by providing compression reinforcement.
The areas of reinforcement required are determined from the following equations:
If Sd,s *Sd,s, then compression reinforcement is not required and
103
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
M Sd , s N Sd
As1 (A.1)
z f yd f yd
If Sd,s > *Sd,s, then compression reinforcement is required and
M Sd ,s M u*, s
As 2
(d d 2 ) s 2
(A.2)
M u*, s M Sd , s M u*, s N
As1 Sd
z f yd ( d d 2 ) f yd f yd
A.2 Method with Dimension-Bound Coefficients (km - Method)
The method involving dimension-bound expressions for the design of rectangular cross-sections for
bending with or without axial force can be applied as shown below:
The value km determined from Eq. A.3 is used to enter the tables and read the design parameters ks, ks’,
, and ’.
M Sd , s / b
km (A.3)
d
For k m km*, compression reinforcement is not required and the area of reinforcement can be
determined using Eq. A.4.
M Sd ,s N Sd
As1 ks (A.4)
d f yd
If k m > km*, compression reinforcement is required and the amount of tension and compression
reinforcement are calculated using Eq. A.5.
M Sd , s N Sd
As1 ks
d f yd
(A.5)
M Sd ,s
As 2 k s' '
d
The units in Eq. A.3 up to A.5 are:
As (mm2), MSd,s (kNm), b & d (m), and N & fyd in consistent units.
104
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
The correction factors , and ’account for relative cover ratios that exceed d2/d = 0.07. In most
practical design situations, d2/d < 0.07 and the assumption that = ’ = 1.0 lies on the safe side.
A.3 Solid Rectangular Sections under Uniaxial Bending and Axial Load
These charts are used in the design of symmetrically reinforced columns subject to uniaxial bending
with axial load. They are prepared for steel grade S460 which is common for all interaction diagrams
and cover ratios, d’/h = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25. Using the relative values of the design action
effects, Sd = NSd/(Ac fcd) and Sd = MSd/(Ac fcd h), the mechanical ratio of reinforcement can be
obtained from the charts and the total amount of reinforcement determined from:
Ac f cd
As ,tot (A.6)
f yd
A.4 Solid Rectangular Sections under Biaxial Bending and Axial Load
These charts are used in the design of symmetrically reinforced columns subject to biaxial bending with
axial load. The charts are prepared for different re-bar arrangements, and two cover ratios, h’/h = b’/b =
0.1, and 0.2. The mechanical reinforcement ratio is read from the charts using the relative values of
the design action effects Sd = NSd/fcd Ac, Sd y = MSd y/(fcd Ac h), and Sd z = MSd z/(fcd Ac b). The total
amount of reinforcement is then determined using Eq. A.6, and distributed in accordance with the
chosen reinforcement arrangement.
A.5 Hollow Square or Rectangular Sections under Biaxial Bending
These charts are used in the design of symmetrically reinforced hollow square or rectangular columns
subject to biaxial bending with axial load. Compared to the solid rectangular section, the rectangular or
square hollow section has one additional parameter, which is the ratio of the wall thickness to the
corresponding edge length. In preparing the charts, it was assumed that the reinforcement is uniformly
distributed along the centerlines of the walls. The mechanical reinforcement ratio is read from the
charts using the relative values of the design action effects Sd = NSd/fcd Ac, Sd y = MSd y/(fcd Ac h), and
Sd z = MSd z/(fcd Ac b). The total amount of reinforcement is then determined using Eq. A.6.
105
Design Aid - ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
A.6 Solid Circular Sections
These charts are used in the design of solid circular columns subject to uniaxial bending with axial load.
The mechanical reinforcement ratio is read from the charts using the relative values of the design
action effects Sd = NSd/fcd Ac, and Sd = MSd y/(fcd Ac h). The total amount of reinforcement is then
determined using Eq. A.6.
A.7 Hollow Circular Sections
These charts are used in the design of hollow circular columns subject to uniaxial bending with axial
load. Compared to the solid circular section, the hollow circular section has one additional parameter,
which is the ratio of the inside radius to the outside radius. The mechanical reinforcement ratio is read
from the charts using the relative values of the design action effects Sd = NSd/fcd Ac, and Sd = MSd y/(fcd
Ac h). The total amount of reinforcement is then determined using Eq. A.6.
106
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