College of Engineering

Department of Civil & Construction Engineering

CONEN 452: Foundation Design

Design of Shallow Foundations

2nd Semester Dr. Zaheer Kazmi

2023-2024 Email: zakazmi@iau.edu.sa
 What is footing

It is the lower part of the

foundation which is constructed
below the Ground level in
solid surface.
 Purpose of footing

❖ Transfer the live and

dead loads of the
structure to the soil
over a large enough
area so that neither
the soil nor the building
will move.
❖ Resist settlement &
lateral load.
 Types of Shallow Footings

Footing

Spread Combine
Strap Footing
Footing footing

Strip/
Isolated
Continuous
Footing
footing
Data/information Required for footing design

1. Allowable Bearing capacity of soil(Building

codes of various organizations in different
countries give the allowable bearing capacity
that can be used for proportioning footings)
2. Total load(live load + dead load)
3. Length and width of column
 Types of isolated foundations
a) Uniform Thickness of the slab
b) Stepped Foundation
c) Tapered Foundation
General Design procedure of Spread footing

Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method

Step:(USD)
❑ Area=Total load /𝑞𝑎
Self weight is assumed to be 4 to 8% of column
Load

❑ Factored load(𝑃𝑢 )=(1.2*DL + 1.6*LL)

❑ Net under pressure 𝑞𝑢 = Factored load/Area
 Punching shear :

The column rested on the footing tends to punch through the

footing due to the shear stress that act around the footing,
the fracture forms a truncated pyramid shaped failure
section.

truncated pyramid
 Punching shear :
❑ Assume thickness (t)of footing
❑ d= t-3
𝑏+𝑑 ∗(𝑐+𝑑)
❑ Nominal punching-shear,𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐵 ∗ 𝐿) −
144
 Allowable Punching Shear Strength
❑ Allowable Punching shear Strength
∅𝑉𝑐 = 4Ø 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏0 d
❑ For elongated Column Cross section
4
∅𝑉𝑐 = (2+ )Ø 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏0 d
𝛽
❑ For very large 𝑏0 /d
𝛼𝑠 𝑑
∅𝑉𝑐 = ( +2)Ø 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏0 d
𝑏𝑜
𝑏0 = Critical perimeter
𝛽 = Length to width ratio of column
𝛼𝑠 = 40 for interior loading, 30 for edge
loading & 20 for corner loading

❑ If 𝑽𝒖 > ∅𝑽𝒄 , Increase t.

 Beam shear

Shear failure can also occur, as in a

beam or one way slab at a section a
distance d from the face of column.
 Beam shear
𝐵−𝑐
• Nominal Beam-shear strength,𝑉𝑢 = − 𝑑 *(𝑞𝑢 )𝑛𝑒𝑡 x B
2

• Allowable Beam-shear strength, ∅𝑉𝑐 = 2Ø 𝑓′𝑐 bd

• If 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 , Increase t.

Critical section
 Reinforcement Calculation
Critic al Section for Bending Moment

For footings with pedestals, check

at the face of column as well as at
the face of pedestal
 Reinforcement Calculation

❑ For square footing: Same re-bar in both direction.

𝑤𝑙 2
❑ 𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 =𝑀𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 =
2
𝑀
❑ 𝐴𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 =𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 𝑎
0.9𝑓𝑦 (𝑑− )
2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
❑ a=
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏
❑ 𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) =200bd/𝑓𝑦

❑ “d” is different for two

Directions, so use an average
Value which is applicable for
Both directions
 Reinforcement Calculation
• For rectangular footing:
𝑤𝐿2
• M=
2
𝑀
• As= 𝑎
0.9𝑓𝑦 (𝑑− )
2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
• a=
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏
• L should be changed for Long and short direction.
• In case of short direction calculate As(band),which is provided along
the band-width length. Band width is always shortest dimension.
2
• As(band)=𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠 (short)
+1
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

• Rest (T𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒔(𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕) − 𝑨𝒔(𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒅) ) of the re-bar is provided at

remaining portion.
 Reinforcement Placement

Fig: Transverse and longitudinal section

Example 1

Df=5ft

𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓
q = 125*5 = 625psf
 Solution

Surcharge = 𝑞 = 5 ∗ 125 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝒑𝒔𝒇

Net allowable bearing Pressure = 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 5000 − 625
= 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒇 = 4.375𝒌𝒔𝒇
225+175
Footing area = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕2
4.375

Chose 9.5 ft by 9.5ft square foundation giving A = 90.3 ft2

1.2∗225+1.6∗175
Factored Upward Pressure = 𝑞𝑢 = = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
9.52
/𝒇𝒕𝟐
 Solution
Calculation of Thickness by Punching Shear

18”+d
P𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑏𝑜 = 4 18 + 𝑑

9’-6”

18”+d
Column
18 + 𝑑 2 18” x 18”
2
𝑉𝑢 = 6.10 9.5 −
144

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 4 × √4000 × 4 × 18 + 𝑑 × 𝑑 /1000

𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄
9’-6”
2
18 + 𝑑
6.10 9.52 − = 0.75 × 4 × √4000 × 4 × 18 + 𝑑 × 𝑑 /1000
144

𝒅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟖"
 Solution
Calculation of Thickness by Beam Shear
6.10*9.5 = 57.95k/ft

d
9’-6”
Column
18” x 18”
1.5’
4’ 4’ d

𝑉𝑢 = 57.95 × (4 − 𝑑/12) 9’-6”

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 2 × √4000 × 9.5 × 12 × 𝑑 /1000

𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄

57.95 × (4 − 𝑑/12) = 0.75 × 2 × √4000 × 9.5 × 12 × 𝑑 /1000

𝒅𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟏"
 Solution
Adopted Value of d

d= larger of d1 and d2
d = 18.08”
t = d+4.5”
t = 22.58”
Round “t” to upper 3 inch multiple
Adopted value of “t” = 24”
Adopted value of “d” = t-4.5”=24-4.5
Adopted value of “d” = 19.5”

Note: Use new “d” value for calculation of bending moment

and reinforcement
 Solution
Calculation of Bending Moment
6.10*9.5 = 57.95k/ft

9’-6”
Column
18” x 18”
1.5’
4’ 4’

𝑤𝑙 2 57.95 × 42 9’-6”
𝑀𝑢 = = = 463.6 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑓𝑡
2 2
𝑀𝑢 463.6 × 12 × 1000
𝑅= = = 142.60 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∅𝑏𝑑 2 0.9 × (9.5 × 12) × 19.52
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
200 200
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑑 = 9.5 × 12 × 19.5 = 7.41𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 60000

𝟏𝟑∅𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

Solution
Chart for Steel Ratio
Table for Steel Ratio
Area of Steel Bars
Development Length
 Rectangular Footing- Example

An interior column for a tall concrete structure

carries total service load: D = 500 kips and L = 514
kips. The column is 22 x 22 inch in cross section and
is reinforced with 12 No. 11 bars. The bottom of the
footing is 6ft below the ground surface. Design a
rectangular footing, with the width (B) fixed as 18
ft., determining all concrete dimensions and
amount and placement of reinforcement. The
allowable soil bearing pressure is 3000 𝑙𝑏⁄𝑓𝑡2 and
unit weight is 100 𝑙𝑏⁄𝑓𝑡3. Material strengths for
the footing are 𝑓𝑐′ = 4000𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60000𝑝𝑠𝑖.
 Solution

Surcharge = 𝑞 = 6 ∗ 125 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝒑𝒔𝒇

Net allowable bearing Pressure = 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3000 − 750
= 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒇 = 2.250𝒌𝒔𝒇
500+514
Footing area = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 𝟒𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒇𝒕2
2.250

450.67 450.67
Length = 𝐿 = = = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟑 𝒇𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟎 𝒇𝒕
𝐵 18

1.2∗500+1.6∗514
Factored Upward Pressure = 𝑞𝑢 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔/𝒇𝒕𝟐
25×18
 Solution
Calculation of Thickness by Punching Shear
22+d
P𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑏𝑜 = 4 × 18 + 𝑑

18’

22+d
Column
22” x 22”
2
22 + 𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 3.16 25 × 18 −
144

25’
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 4 × √4000 × 4 × 22 + 𝑑 × 𝑑 /1000

𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄

22 + 𝑑 2
3.16 25 × 18 − = 0.75 × 4 × √4000 × 4 × 22 + 𝑑 × 𝑑 /1000
144

𝒅𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟖"
 Solution
Calculation of Thickness by Beam Shear in “L” direction
3.16*18 = 56.88k/ft

d
18’
Column
22” 22” x 22”
25 − 22/12
11.58′ d = 11.58′ d
2

25′

25’
𝑉𝑢 = 56.88 × (11.58 − 𝑑/12)
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 2 × √4000 × 18 × 12 × 𝑑 /1000

𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄

56.88 × (11.58 − 𝑑/12) = 0.75 × 2 × √4000 × 18 × 12 × 𝑑 /1000

𝒅𝟐 =? ? ? "
 Solution
Calculation of Thickness by Beam Shear in “B” direction
3.16*25 = 79.0k/ft

d
18’
Column
22” 22” x 22”
18 − 22/12
8.08′ d = 8.08′ d
2

18′

25’
𝑉𝑢 = 79.0 × (8.08 − 𝑑/12)
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 2 × √4000 × 25 × 12 × 𝑑 /1000

𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄

79.08 × (8.08 − 𝑑/12) = 0.75 × 2 × √4000 × 25 × 12 × 𝑑 /1000

𝒅𝟐 =? ? ? "
 Solution
Adopted Value of d

d= larger of d1, d2 and d3

d = 32.68”
t = d+4.5”
t = 37.18”
Round “t” to upper 3 inch multiple
Adopted value of “t” = 39”
Adopted value of “d” = t-4.5”=39-4.5
Adopted value of “d” = 34.5”

Note: Use new “d” value for calculation of bending moment

and reinforcement
 Solution
Calculation of Bending Moment in “L” direction
3.16*18 = 56.88k/ft

18’
Column
22” 22” x 22”
25 − 22/12
11.58′ = 11.58′
2

25′

25’
𝑤𝑙2 56.88 × 11.582
𝑀𝑢 = = = 3815.90 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑓𝑡
2 2
𝑀𝑢 3815.90 × 12 × 1000
𝑅= = = 197.90 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∅𝑏𝑑2 0.9 × (18 × 12) × 19.52

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝜌 = 0.0034

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0034 × 18 × 12 × 34.5 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝟐

 Solution
Calculation of Bending Moment in “L” direction
3.16*18 = 56.88k/ft

18’
Column
22” 22” x 22”
25 − 22/12
11.58′ = 11.58′
2

25′

25’

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0034 × 18 × 12 × 34.5 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝟐

200 200
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑑 = 18 × 12 × 34.5 = 24.84𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 60000

𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟑𝟐∅𝟐𝟓 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

 Solution
Calculation of Bending Moment in “B” direction
3.16*25 = 79.0k/ft

18’
Column
22” 22” x 22”
18 − 22/12
8.08′ = 8.08′
2

18′

25’
2 2
𝑤𝑙 79.0 × 8.08
𝑀𝑢 = = = 2580.90 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑓𝑡
2 2
𝑀𝑢 2590.90 × 12 × 1000
𝑅= = = 96.40 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∅𝑏𝑑2 0.9 × (25 × 12) × 34.52

𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠

200 200
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑑 = 25 × 12 × 34.5 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟒𝟒∅𝟐𝟓 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝑓𝑦 60000
 Solution
Drawing
22"

32∅25
44∅25 39"

18′
 Combined Footing
• If two columns are so close to each other that their individual footing overlaps,
then they are combined to form one.
• Combined footing is also provided if one footing goes beyond the property line.
• The load is evenly distributed.
• A combine footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan
 Combined Footing

Grid
Foundation
 Combined Footing

Mat
Foundation
Combined Footing
 Design of combined footing

• Punching is to be checked for both interior and

exterior footing
Punching shear:
➢ 𝑉𝑢 =load from column- area of critical section ∗ 𝑞𝑢
➢ Allowable shear strength, 𝑉𝑐 = 4Ø 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏0 d
➢ If 𝑉𝑢 > 𝑉𝑐 , Increase t.
 Design of Combined Footing

Beam shear:
Design of combined footing
 Example

Design the combined footing shown in the figure below. The exterior column
carries a load of D=170Kips, L=130Kips while interior column carries
D=250Kips, L=200Kips. fc=3000Psi and fy=60000psi. The net allowable
bearing capacity is 5ksf.

18" × 24" 24" × 24"

𝐵

18𝑓𝑡
𝐿
 Example

18" × 24" 24" × 24"

𝐵

170 + 130 = 300𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠 250 + 200 = 450𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑅 = 300 + 450
= 750𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠

9" 18𝑓𝑡
𝐿
 Example
170 + 130 = 300𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠 250 + 200 = 450𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑅 = 300 + 450
= 750𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑜
𝑥

𝑥′

9" 18𝑓𝑡
𝐿
Σ𝑀𝑜 = 0
750 × 𝑥 = 450 × 18 300 + 450
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = 150𝑓𝑡 2
𝑥 = 10.8′ 5.0

𝑥 ′ = 10.8′ + 0.75′ = 11.55′

150
𝐵= = 6.45′
𝐿 = 2 × 𝑥 ′ = 2 + 11.55 = 23.1′ 23.25

𝑳 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟓′ 𝑩 = 𝟔. 𝟓′
 Example
𝐷𝐿 = 170 𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐷𝐿 = 250 𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝐿𝐿 = 130 𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐿𝐿 = 200 𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑞𝑢 = 6.83 = 6.83 × 6.5 = 44.40
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡

1.2 × 170 + 250 + 1.6 × (130 + 200)

𝑞𝑢 = = 6.83 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠/𝑓𝑡 2
23.25 × 6.5
 Example
25’
24 + 𝑑 2
𝑉𝑢 = 620 − 6.83
144
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 4 × √3000 × 4 × 24 + 𝑑 × 𝑑 /1000
𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄
2
24 + 𝑑
620 − 6.83 = 0.75 × 4 × √3000 × 4 × 24 + 𝑑 × 𝑑 /1000
144
𝒅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗"

18" + 𝑑/2 24" + 𝑑

18" × 24"

24" + 𝑑
24" × 24"
24" + 𝑑

6.5′

25.25′
 Example
25’
𝑑
(24 + 𝑑) × (18 + 2 )
𝑉𝑢 = 412 − 6.83
144
𝑑
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 4 × √3000 × 24 + 𝑑 + 2(18 + ) × 𝑑 /1000
2
𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄
𝑑
(24 + 𝑑) × (18 + )
412 − 6.83 2 = 0.75 × 4 × √3000 × 60 + 2𝑑 × 𝑑 /1000
144
𝒅𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟕"

18" + 𝑑/2 24" + 𝑑

18" × 24"

24" + 𝑑
24" × 24"
24" + 𝑑

6.5′

25.25′
 Example
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram

𝑉𝐴 = −412000 + 44400 × 1.5 = −345400 𝑙𝑏

𝑉𝐵 = −345400 + 44400 × 16.25 = 376100 𝑙𝑏

𝑉𝐶 = 376100 + 44400 × 2 − 620000

= −155100 𝑙𝑏
 Example
Calculation of thickness (Beam shear)

𝑉𝑢 = 376000 − 44400 × 𝑑/12

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 2 × √3000 × 6.5 × 12 × 𝑑

𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄

376000 − 44400 × 𝑑/12 = 0.75 × 2 × √3000 × 6.5 × 12 × 𝑑

𝒅𝟑 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟗"
 Solution
Adopted Value of d

d= larger of d1, d2 and d3

d = 37.19”
t = d+4.5”
t = 41.69”
Round “t” to upper 3 inch multiple
Adopted value of “t” = 42”
Adopted value of “d” = t-4.5”=42-4.5
Adopted value of “d” = 37.5”

Note: Use new “d” value for calculation of bending moment

and reinforcement
 Example
Calculation of Reinforcement

𝑀𝑢 = 19230000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛

𝑀𝑢 19230000
𝑅= = = 195. 0 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∅𝑏𝑑2 0.9 × (6.5 × 12) × 37.52

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝜌 = 0.0034

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0034 × 6.5 × 12 × 37.5 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝟐

200 200
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑑 = 6.5 × 12 × 37.5 = 9.75 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 60000

𝑨𝒔 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟎∅𝟐𝟗 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

Fig: Reinforcement placement
 Homework #1 (Q1)
Design a rectangular footing for an 18 in. square interior column with a dead load of 185 k
and a live load of 150 k. Fix width of the footing to 7 ft. The material properties are,
𝑓𝑦=60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑐′=4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑞𝑎=4000 𝑝𝑠𝑓. Assume the base of the footing to be placed 5
ft below grade. Make the complete design in clear steps and show reinforcement in a neat
sketch. Use unit weight of soil as 90 𝑝𝑐𝑓.
 Homework #1 (Q2)
A combined footing supports a 24in x 16in. exterior column carrying a service dead load of
200 kips and a service live load of 150 kips, plus a 24-in.-square interior column carrying
service loads of 300 kips dead load and 225 kips live load. The distance between the columns
is 20 ft, center to center. For shallow foundations, the allowable soil bearing pressure is 5000
psf. The of the foundation is 4 feet below the ground surface. The density of the fill above
the footing is 120lb/ft3. Design combined footing assuming 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3000𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 =
60000𝑝𝑠𝑖