You are on page 1of 7

! " # " !

"$ %
• " # "
" &% &" "
' %
• # " ( &
" % " # " " #
# %
• " # " #
( &" #

) *

+ # + %
>, -# .
− %/ < ,%
= #
% %
[ ]= = % −

0 # "

• "
∂•
" 1 232 =,

• " "$ " $ "

" " ( = = %
"
43 ( " %
/ ) & %+
( ) 3 !
# +
) # ) +

! +
( + = ( + − )

⇔ ( + − ( = − ) = ( − ( )

⇔ = ( − ( )

% =,
( = ( )

&" " 2 ( 56/


+ 7 " " # $

/ ( , 3 , # ( , 3 , +∆ 8∆

" ! " # 3 1 232 ∆ =

( , = ( 1 , +∆

( , = ( 1 , +∆

, , +∆

∆ << ( " # 9 ( ≈ ( 1 = (

∆ << ⇔ << ⇔ <<



: "% * << <% ,; = ≈ , @ >?

)
%
5

A
"

B A & <$ %

" ! 56/

# " ) < C D
" % + 3
+ % + ) + C = D + < + ) + C = D+ <

+ )− <+ C− D =,
ε =
εE =, 8
$ ε =−

+ " !& ! 3 !
( % 3
7 = × (

0 F . "

1 ( = ( − ( 1

<
+ 7 %B " "$ "
" $ "

+
= )
= ) = < )
=%%%= = °
=%%%= =
+ ) + %%% + = )
− + <
− )
+ %%% + − =,
!8 " "" " 3,3
"" "
ε = "G"
εE =, 8
$ ε =− #
[ ]= [ ]= H (H = E %" ) % −<
% −

! &

$ %
" " 7" &
2 * # %
2 F $ %

0 I # !

→ # % → =− →

= − =−
2 #
2 # "G"

!
J " ( ( ( # 2#

C
= ( ( 2
/
= ( ( 2
# K %

&" ( #

5" ( $ $ !'
%

. .

(+ "
&"
5

5 2 "

/ > , = 1+
/ < , = − 1+
/ ∈ [− 1 = 1] = ,

D
( #

=, ≤
" &
= >,

B
≠ , "G" = ,% & " %

"
&"

( " 3 3
( # 3 ( # %*
3 ! &%

/ < = = = >,

/ > = = =,

L M

+ % = = =
+ % 1= =

@
×
" 1×
δ ( M + = × − 1×
δ = × ×( − = × ×
δ
+ = M %

= × = × ( # =− × (
/ >, M ! ! #
" (" " ( " ( "
( ' % %
/ <, ! " !
" ( ' " " ( " ( %
%

You might also like