Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 3 – Pressure Transient Analysis

PTA Tools and Techniques

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 1

PTA Tools and Techniques

3.B
The old stuff

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 2

 Semilog approximation

Specialized plots specific to a flow regime: IARF

162.6 qBμ ⎡ ⎤
(p i− )
pwf =
kh
⎢ log t + log
⎣
k
Φμ ct rw 2
+ 0.8686S − 3.2275 ⎥
⎦

Straight line slope = 162.6 qBμ

kh

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 3

Miller Dyes Hutchinson (MDH) Plot

162.6 qBμ ⎡ ⎤
(p
i− )
pwf =
kh
⎢ log t + log
⎣
k
Φμ ct rw 2
+ 0.8686S − 3.2275 ⎥
⎦
Δp m

162.6qBμ
m=
kh

162.6qBμ
kh =
m
⎡ p − p1hr k ⎤
S = 1151
. ⎢ i − log 2 + 3.227 ⎥
⎣ m Φ μ c r
t w ⎦

Drawdown MDH plot

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 4

 MDH Analysis Limits

MDH
=
First constant rate production
period

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 5

Build-up Superposition IARF

Drawdown: 162.6qBμ ⎡ k ⎤
Effect of q during tp+Δt: pi − pwf = ⎢log(t p + Δt ) + log − 3.22 + .87 S ⎥
Φμct rw
2
kh ⎣ ⎦

Shut-in: 162.6(− q ) Bμ ⎡ k ⎤
Effect of -q during Δt: pwf − pws = ⎢log Δt + log − 3.22 + .87 S ⎥
kh ⎣ Φ μc r
t w
2
⎦

162.6qBμ (t + Δt )
Final result: pws = pi − log p
kh Δt

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 6

 IARF: Horner Analysis

pws = pi −
162.6qBμ
log
(
t p + Δt )
kh Δt

162.6qBμ
m=
kh

162.6qBμ
Horner plot
kh =
m

⎡ p1 hr − p w f ⎛ t p + 1⎞ k ⎤
S = 1.151 ⎢ + log ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − log 2 + 3.227 ⎥
⎢⎣ m ⎝ tp ⎠ Φ μ c t rw ⎥⎦

p*=pi only when reservoir infinite

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 7

Principle of Superposition: Multi-Rate

The Horner method is the solution of the

superposition of ONE rate change.

cumulative production
t pe =
last rate

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 8

 Superposition plot

162.6qn Bμ ⎡ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎤
Δpws (Δt ) = ⎢ Sn(Δt ) + log⎜⎜ ⎟ − 3.228 + 0.8686 S ⎥
2 ⎟
kh ⎣ ⎝ Φμct rw ⎠ ⎦
n −1
q − qi −1 ⎜ ⎛ ⎡ n −1 ⎤ ⎞
Sn (Δ t ) = ∑ i log ⎢ ∑ Δ t j − Δ t ⎥ − log Δ t ⎟
q − q ⎜ ⎟
i =1 n n −1 ⎝ ⎣ j =1 ⎦ ⎠

General semilog: superposition plot

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 9

PTA Tools and Techniques

The ‘Type curve’ approach

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 10

 PTA Tools and Techniques

A “typical behaviour” must be

independent of units and parameters

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 11

Dimensionless variables
Example : Infinite Acting Radial Flow

162.6 qBμ ⎡ ⎤
(p i− )
pwf =
kh
⎢ log t + log
⎣
k
Φμ ct rw 2
+ 0.8686S − 3.2275 ⎥
⎦

kh kt
pD = ( pi − p ) t D = 0.0002637
141.2qBμ Φ μct rw2

1
pD (t D ) =
2
[
ln t D + 0.80907 + 2 S ]

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 12

 Loglog type curves

Real data plots and type curves comparison:

t D = A ∗ Δt A = f (k , μ , rw ,...)

p D = B ∗ Δp B = g ( k , h, μ ,...)

log(t D ) = log (Δt ) + log ( A)

log( pD ) = log(Δp ) + log(B )

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 13

Drawdown Type Curve match

Manual type curve match

Drawdown type curve:

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 14
 Type Curves
Real dimension Dimensionless

Δp vs Δt Match pD vs t D / C D

A&B

Reservoir
parameters

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 15

Usage of type curves

103
Actual data

102
Δp = 100 psi
Δt = 0.008 Hr

101

100
Type Curves

PD = 0.5
TD/CD = 0.3
10-1
103 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104

Dp (psia) versus Dt (hr)

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 16

 Other specialized plots

Specific flow regime specialized plot

Flow Regime Model Linearity vs…

Infinite Acting Radial Flow Homogeneous Infinite logarithm of time

Pseudo-Steady State Closed systems time

Pure wellbore storage Wells with storage time

inverse of square root of
Spherical flow Limited Entry wells
time
Fractures with Finite
Bilinear flow fourth root of time
Conductivity
Linear flow Fractures square root of time

Linear flow Channel shaped reservoirs square root of time

Semi-linear flow U-shaped reservoirs square root of time

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 17

IPR & AOF

• Well performance:
• Absolute Open Flow Potential
• Inflow Performance relationship (IPR)
• Result from Multirate Test Analysis

History plot AOF plot

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 18

 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 3 – Pressure Transient Analysis

3.C
The right stuff

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 19

The modern approach

• Microcomputers
• Electronic high accuracy downhole measurements
• Bourdet derivative
• Modeling

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 20

 Bourdet Derivative

• Pressure derivative = superposition plot slope.

dΔP dΔP
P' = = Δt
d (ln Δt ) dΔt

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 21

Bourdet Derivative

Infinite Acting Radial Flow :

Derivative stabilization

Superposition plot Derivative loglog plot

Calculation principle

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 22

 Bourdet Derivative
Infinite Acting Radial Flow

When IARF occurs: ΔP = m′ sup(Δt )

dΔP
Derivative in case of IARF: ΔP′ = = m′
d (sup Δt )

dPD
On Dimensionless T.C. : PD′ = = 1/ 2
d (ln t D )

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 23

Bourdet Derivative
Wellbore Storage

Pure Wellbore storage Δp = CΔt

At early time sup(Δt ) ≈ ln (Δt )

dCΔt
The derivative is therefore: Δp' = Δt = CΔt = Δp
dΔt

Unit slope straight line on a loglog scale

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 24

 Bourdet Derivative
Pseudo Steady State

The pressure response is: Δp = AΔt + B

The superposition can be approximated: sup(Δt ) ≈ ln (Δt )

d ( AΔt + B )
The derivative is therefore: Δp ' = Δt = AΔt
dΔ t

Unit slope straight line on a loglog scale.

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 25

Bourdet Derivative
Type Curve Match
Type curve match with the derivative:

• Infinite acting radial flow stabilization

• Wellbore storage unit slope

Unit slope straight line

Horizontal stabilization
© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 26
 Matching Models with Data

Log-Log plot: dp and dp' [atm] vs dt [hr]

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 27

LogLog Analysis – Model Match

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 28

 LogLog plot

A very useful and general loglog scale diagnosis property:

If Δp = mΔt n

Then log Δp = n log Δt + log m

And the loglog plot exhibits a « n slope » straight line

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 29

Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 3 – Pressure Transient Analysis

3.D
Modern PTA methodology

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 30

 PTA workflow

Saphir

Initialization

Loading data

No
Synchronization QA/QC
Yes
Select and Edit

Load rate history

Extract Delta P

Loglog Plot Superposition plot Pressure history plot

Loglog Match Diagnosis, choice

Model Generation IMPROVE

Log Log Plot
No
Superposition plot Consistency Manual Match
Yes
Pressure History plot
Model Parameters Sensitivity

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 31

Initialization

General conditions
© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 32
 Initialization

Slightly compressible fluids Gas PVT

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 33

Loading Data

Define data source Data Format

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 34

 Quality control

Drifting gauge Data Quality control

using dual gauges

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 35

Editing Data

Pressure and production histories adjustment

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 36

 Extraction and diagnostic

Pressure and derivative Loglog plot

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 37

Model Definition

Model description Parameters evaluation

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 38

 Model Generation

First attempt

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 39

Model Refinement

Parameters value numerical optimization (non linear regression)

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 40

 Sensitivity study

Sensitivity to individual parameters and cross-correlations

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 41

Reporting

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 42

 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 3 – Pressure Transient Analysis

3.E
Test design

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 43

Test Design
• Set objectives
• Define operational constraints
• Set scenario
• ‘What if’ sensitivity
• Meet objectives

Skin sensitivity Wellbore storage sensitivity

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 44

 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 3 – Pressure Transient Analysis

3.F

Gathering Data

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 45

Data

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 46

 Data

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 47

Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 3 – Pressure Transient Analysis

3.G

QA/QC

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 48

 Acquisition path

Pressure and rate data

Reporting

Measured pressure data History plot

Hydrostatic Delta P
and friction

Reservoir pressure
and production
Diagnostic loglog plot

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 49

QA/QC

• Concept of ‘validation’ QA/QC

• Understand the wellbore environment

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 50

 QA/QC

DATA
ACQUISITION

CLIENT SERVICE
COMPANY COMPANY

ECONOMICAL TECHNICAL COMMERCIAL

CONCERN CONCERN CONCERN

MAXIMUM INFORMATION COMPETITIVE AND

TO BE EXTRACTED SATISFACTORY PRODUCT

QUALITY ASSURANCE
REQUIRED

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 51

QA/QC

UNDESIRED WELLBORE ACQUISITION AND GAUGE

PHENOMENA PROBLEMS

PHASE SEGREGATION GAUGE DRIFT

FLUID INTERFACE PRESSURE GAUGE

MOVEMENTS OUT OF SPECIFICATIONS

TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES ELECTRONIC MALFUNCTION

AFFECTING GAUGE

WELLBORE CROSS FLOW

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 52

 Wellbore problems

QAQC consequences on the test design:

When the wellbore problems are expected :

• Downhole shut-in
• Placement of pressure gauges
• Gas lift issues
• Procedures adapted to well and completion

Final test design objectives :

• Avoid the undesired wellbore effects
• Select the best acquisition conditions
• Reach the test objectives

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 53

Objectives

• Review of the data

• Time synchronization

• Gauge Comparison

• Differential Pressure Analysis

• Establish Gauge Offset (measure of quality)

• Check Gauge Offset within specifications

• Establish Fluid Phases for pressure correction

• Validity of Transient Analysis

• Selection of the most representative data channel

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 54

 Pressure simulation
Differential Pressure Analysis Simulation
1489
Tandem Pressure
Gauges
Upper
1490
sensor

1491
Depth (m)

1492
Upper Gauge
Lower Gauge
Lower
1493
sensor

1494
525 524 523 522 521 520

Pressure (psia)

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 55

Pressure difference

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 56

 Convention

Lower Gauge – Upper Gauge(s)

Water

Δp
Oil
Gas

time

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 57

Differential pressure analysis, events

Typical phase segregation example, early build-up

QA/QC Plot 58
© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401
 Differential pressure analysis

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 59

Impact on diagnostics

Upper gauge Lower gauge

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 60

 Drift

QA/QC plot with difference

Non drifting gauge, no fault Drifting gauge, with fault

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 61

Water influx from bottom

The reverse if
oil/water
replacement

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 62

 Gas humping

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 63

Identification

• Phase segregation
• Gauge drift
• Anomalies not reported
• Gauges reported up-side-down
• Fluid phases for pressure correction
• Accuracy and resolution
• Pure reservoir response
• Discount wellbore effects
• Validity of Pressure Transient Analysis

© KAPPA 1988-2007 - 070401 64