Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 8 – Boundaries

• Different types of boundaries

• Single sealing fault
• Intersecting faults
• Parallel faults
• U type reservoir
• Closed systems
• Constant pressure boundaries
• Leaky and incomplete boundaries
• Conductive faults
• Superposition effects
• Common problems and errors

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 8 – Boundaries

8.B

Different types of boundaries

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 No flow boundaries

⎡ ∂p ⎤
⎢⎣ ∂nr ⎥⎦ = 0
Σ

Profile near a no-flow boundary 3D perspective of the pressure profile

Between a producer and a no-flow boundary
Pressure, in the z direction is a function of x and y

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Constant pressure boundaries

[ p]Σ = pi

Profile near a constant pressure boundary

Approximating a very active pressure support

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 Leaky boundaries

Profile near a leaky boundary

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Conductive boundaries

Conductive fault

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 8 – Boundaries

8.C

Single sealing fault

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Single sealing fault

Representation of the additional

pressure drop due to a boundary

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 Single sealing fault

X-Y representation of an image well

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Single sealing fault semilog analysis

kt int
L = 0.01217
φμct

Drawdown response for a Sealing fault

semilog plot - P vs. log(Δt)

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 Single sealing fault loglog analysis

Loglog response for a sealing fault

Log(ΔP) and Log(ΔP’) vs Log(Δt)

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Build-up multi-rate rate response

Horner plot sealing fault

P vs. Horner time

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 Influence on distance and time

Influence of the boundary distance Loglog response for a sealing fault

Incomplete response

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Field example

Example of sealing fault model match

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 8 – Boundaries

8.D

Intersecting faults

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Intersecting faults

Schematic of intersecting faults Schematic of intersecting faults

point A closer to one fault – point B at the bisector wider view showing ‘final’ semi radial flow

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 Semilog analysis

Horner plot for intersecting faults – point B

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Loglog analysis

Second
stabilization
level: 360/θ

Loglog plot for intersecting faults – points A & B

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 Field example

Example of intersecting faults match

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 8 – Boundaries

8.E

Two parallel faults

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 Parallel faults

Schematic of parallel faults

wider view showing the ‘final’ linear flow

Δp = A Δt + B
Schematic of parallel faults
∂Δp 1
A closer to one fault – B in the middle
Δp ′ = Δt . = A Δt
∂Δt 2
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Semilog analysis

Horner plot for parallel faults – point B

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 Loglog plot

Loglog plot for parallel faults Loglog plot for parallel faults – point B
points A & B - drawdown only Production and two build-up responses

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Specialized analysis

Square root plot for parallel faults Tandem square root plot for parallel faults
point B - production period

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 Field example

Field example

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 8 – Boundaries

8.E.5

U-shaped reservoir

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 U-shaped reservoir

Schematic of a U-shape reservoir

wide view showing ‘final’ linear flow

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Loglog analysis

Parallel faults vs. U-shape – loglog plot

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 8 – Boundaries

8.F

Closed systems

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Closed systems

Circular reservoir Rectangular reservoir

Δp = A.Δt + B
Pseudo steady state (PSS)
∂Δp
Δp ′ = Δt . = A.Δt
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 Loglog analysis

Circle and Rectangle solutions Circle and Rectangle solutions

Production period, loglog plot Shut-in period, loglog plot

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Semilog analysis

Production semilog plot Build-up semilog plot

circular reservoir circular reservoir

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 Specialized analysis

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Drainage area

One well One well being shut-in One well shut-in

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 Field examples

Closed system, production Closed system, shut-in

just reaching Pseudo-Steady State Just stabilizing to average reservoir pressure

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 8 – Boundaries

8.G

Constant pressure boundaries

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 Constant pressure boundaries

Flow profile in a rectangle with Rectangular reservoir

3 sides sealing and 1 at constant pressure

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Constant pressure boundaries behavior

Ct pressure, flowing Ct pressure, shut-in

Linear and Circular boundaries Linear and Circular boundaries
Comparison with sealing equivalents Comparison with sealing equivalents

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 Constant pressure boundaries behavior

Rectangle, production Rectangle, shut-in

Last boundary sealing or constant pressure Last boundary sealing or constant pressure

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Constant pressure boundaries behavior

Loglog match of a shut-in History match

with constant pressure and close system with constant pressure and closed system

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 8 – Boundaries

8.H

Leaky and incomplete boundaries

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Leaky and incomplete boundaries

3-D pressure profile with a leaky fault

The red lines correspond to the level of pi

Schematic of a leaky fault

3D pressure profile with an
incomplete fault
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 Leaky and incomplete boundaries

Loglog plot, leaky fault, homogeneous reservoir

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Leaky and incomplete boundaries

Half fault – Points A, B, C and D

Half fault

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 8 – Boundaries

8.I

Conductive faults

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Conductive boundaries

Conductive fault

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 (k μ )well side (k Φμct )well side
M= D=
(k μ )other side (k Φμct )other side

Effect of distance to fault Effect of distance to fault

low conductive fault high conductive fault

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Conductive faults

Effects fault skin Effects of mobility changes

high conductive fault low conductive fault

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 Conductive faults

Comparison Conductive Fault and Linear Composite

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 8 – Boundaries

8.M

Superposition effects

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 Superposition effects

Loglog response for a sealing fault

drawdown response vs. shut-in for a short production time

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 8 – Boundaries

8.N

Typical errors diagnosing a boundary effect

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 Typical errors

• Incorrect production history

• End effect in the derivative calculation
• Gauge drift
• Reservoir trends
• Interference from other wells

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Production time

Loglog response with IARF

incorrect production histories

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