Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 6 – Well models

• Vertically fully penetrating well, skin

• Variable skin
• Fractured wells
• Limited entry
• Horizontal well
• Anisotropy
• Slanted well
• Time dependent skin (well model)

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 6 – Well models

6.A

Vertical fully penetrating well

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 Vertical well

• Simplest well model

• Ex ‘wellbore storage and skin’
• Shape of loglog response a function of CDe2S

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Vertical well

Loglog plot, skin Semilog plot, skin

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 6 – Well models

6.A.2

Rate dependant skin

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Rate dependent skin Non Darcy flow

dP μ
Forscheimer = ⋅ u + β ⋅ ρ ⋅ u2
dx k

0.005
β=
[Φ ⋅ (1 − Sw)]5.5 ⋅ k 0.5

dS
Simplified S ' = S0 + Dq or S ' = S0 + q
dq

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 Rate dependent skin

Loglog plot History match, constant skin

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Rate dependent skin

dS
S ' = S0 + Dq or S ' = S0 + q
dq

Skin vs. rate plot History match, rate dependant skin

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 6 – Well models

6.B

Fractured wells

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High conductivity fractures

• Infinite Conductivity
• No Pressure Drop along
the fracture

• Uniform Flux
• Uniform Production per
unit length of fracture

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 High conductivity fractures

Flow regime sequence:

• Wellbore Storage
• Linear flow
• Infinite Acting Radial Flow

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Linear flow

4.064qB μ
p = pi − Δt
h kΦct X 2f

dΔp A 1
Δp = A Δt ⇒ Δp ' ≈ Δt ≈ Δt = A Δt
dΔt 2 Δt 2

Half unit slope straight line on loglog

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 High conductivity fractures

Infinite conductivity fracture behavior

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Linear Flow Specialized plot

4.064qB μ
Xf =
mh kΦct

Specialized plot : Square root plot infinite conductivity fracture

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 Finite conductivity fracture

kf ; w

k ; xf
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Finite conductivity fracture

Flow regime sequence:

• Wellbore Storage
• Bilinear Flow
• Linear flow
• Infinite Acting Radial Flow

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 Finite conductivity fracture

Finite conductivity fracture

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Bilinear flow Specialized plot

2
1 ⎛ qBμ ⎞
k f w = 1944.8 ⎜ ⎟
Φμct k ⎝ hm ⎠

Specialized plot : Fourth root plot

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 6 – Well models

6.C

Limited entry well

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Limited entry

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 Limited entry

Sensitivity to anisotropy Spherical and hemi-spherical

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Limited entry

2 3
⎛ Φμct ⎞ 3
kv ⎛ k s ⎞
k s = 3 k x k y kv k s = ⎜ 2452.9qBμ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎝ m ⎟
⎠ kr ⎜⎝ kr ⎟⎠

Spherical flow specialized plot; P vs. 1/√t

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 6 – Well models

6.D

Horizontal well

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Horizontal well

Early time (pseudo) radial flow

Horizontal well geometry

Linear flow Reservoir radial flow

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 Horizontal well ideal response

(kh )early = hw k z k r (kh)late = k r h

Horizontal well behavior

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Horizontal well

Loglog response variable horizontal drains Loglog response variable well placements

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 Horizontal well

(kh )early = hw k z k r (kh)late = k r h

Horizontal well behavior

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Variable horizontal anisotropy

Horizontal well loglog response, variable horizontal anisotropy

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 Horizontal well linear flow

• Returns hw if h=h, match on ‘late radial’

• Returns h if h=hw, match on ‘early radial’

Early radial

Square root plot

Late radial
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Increase confidence

Horizontal well flow regime dependencies

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 Field examples

Negative geometrical skin Positive geometrical skin

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 6 – Well models

6.D.2

Horizontal well with area anisotropy

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 Anisotropy

• Early radial hw k y kv

• Late radial h kxk y

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Anisotropy

Horizontal well loglog response with horizontal anisotropy

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 6 – Well models

6.F

Slanted wells

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General slanted well

General slanted well (partially penetrating)

General slanted well loglog response

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 General slanted well influence of angle

h=100 ft
hw=100 ft
kv/kr=0.3

h=100 ft
hw=100 ft
kv/kr=0.1

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General slanted well influence of kv/kr

h=100 ft
hw=1000 ft
kv/kr=0.3

h=100 ft
hw=1000 ft
kv/kr=0.01

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 General slanted well influence of angle and hw

h=100 ft
hw=10 ft
kv/kr=0.001

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Fully penetrating slanted well

Fully penetrating slanted well

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Fully penetrating slanted well loglog response 40

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 6 – Well models

6.A.3

Time dependent skin (well model)

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Time dependent well model

1. Constant wellbore storage and skin for each status

2. Changing wellbore storage and skin for each status
3. Mixture of changing and constant wellbore storage
and skin for each status
4. Rate dependent skin coupled with any items
5. Infinite, uniform flux or finite conductivity fracture
coupled with any items
6. Changing horizontal well
7. Changing limited entry well

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 Pre and post frac

Changing well loglog plot Changing well history match

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Time dependent skin

Cleaning up horizontal well

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