NAME: GROUP NO.

: 6
BOLIVAR, Leonilyn SECTION: BSN1-A
LEGASPI, Ma. Lara Micaela INSTRUCTOR: SAMPOLLO, Leslie
OSUMO, Betiara Jazel
SCORE:
PELINGON, Robert Kris
PIO, Krea Joy
YSULAN, Cyky Mae DATE: November 27, 2020

Module 2: pH and Buffer Solutions

I. MATERIALS
PART A. Determination of pH of various solutions using pH paper/ universal
indicator.
White glazed tile pH paper or universal indicator
solution
Test tube stand Distilled water
Test tubes

Dropper

PART B. Properties of Acid and Bases.

Test Tube Rack Red lithmus solution

Dropper Blue lithmus solution

Spatula HCl

Stand with a clamp NaOH

Single bored cork Small piece of zinc

Jet tube Distilled water

Bunsen burner
Sodium carbonate

Match box Lime

Flat bottom flask Phenolphthalein solution

Thistle funnel

Connecting glass tube

Beaker

Stand with a clamp

Dish

Double bored cork

Test tube

PART C. Buffers and Buffer Capacity Demonstration.

Beaker HCl at a concentration of 1.7x10-15M in

250 mL

pH meter 3.40 g of NaCH3COO in 250 mL

0.1 M of NaOH

0.1 M Acetic Acid

Methyl Red indicator (pKa= 4.95)

II. PROCEDURES
PART A. Determination of pH of various solutions using pH paper/ universal
indicator.
 Using pH paper:
1. Take 6 cleans and dry test tubes.
2. label the test tubes as A, B, C, D and F, and place them in order in a
test tube stand.
3. Take 10 ml of each given sample in the test tubes
4. Place a small piece of pH paper (about 2 cm) on a white glazed tile.
 5. With the help pf the dropper, transfer 1 to 2 drops of dil. HCI from test
tube A on the pH paper.
6. Observed developed on the pH paper and compare it with the colors in
the chart on the cover of the pH paper booklet.
7. Note the pH against the color which tallies the developed color on the
pH paper.
8. Repeat the same procedure for other samples and note their pH in the
observation table.

 Using universal indicator solution:

1. Take 6 cleans and dry test tubes.
2. label the test tubes as A, B, C, D and F, and place them in order in a test tube
stand.
3. Take 10 ml of each given sample in the test tubes.
4. Add universal indicator with the help of the dropper to each test tubes.
5. Observed carefully the color of solution on each test tube and match it with
different color shades given on the universal indicator bottle.
6. Note the pH given against the color which tallies the developed color in the
solution of each sample.
7. Repeat the same procedure for other samples and note their pH in the
observation table.

PART B. Properties of Acid and Bases.

 Reaction of HCl with lithmus solution
1. Take the red lithmus solution.
2. Pour the red lithmus solution into a test tube.
3. Take the blue lithmus solution and pour it into another test tube.
4. Take a few drop of HCI solution from the bottle using a dropper.
5. Add this to test tube containing red lithmus solution.
6. Again take a few drop of HCI solution from the bottle using a dropper. Add this to
test tube containing blue lithmus solution and note the change in colour.

 Reaction of NaOH with lithmus solution

1. Take the red lithmus solution.
2. Pour the red lithmus solution into a test tube.
3. Take the blue lithmus solution and pour it into another test tube.
4. Take a few drop of NaOH solution from the bottle using a dropper.
5. Add this to test tube containing red lithmus solution and note the change in
colour.
6. Take a few drop of NaOH solution from the bottle using a dropper.
7. Add this to test tube containing blue lithmus solution.

 Reaction of HCI with zinc metal

1. Using the spatula transfer some of the zinc metal from the dish into the test tube.
2. Take a few drop of HCI solution from the bottle using a dropper.
 3. Add this to the test tube containing the zinc metal.
4. Clamp the test tube to the stand then close the mouth of the test tube with the
cork.
5. Pass the jet tube through the hole in the cork, into the test tube.
6. Bring the clamped test tubes downwards to heat it over the Bunsen burner.
7. Take a match box and light a match stick.
8. Bring the burning match into the mouth of the jet tube.

 Reaction of NaOH with Zinc Metal

1. Using the spatula transfer some of the zinc metal from the dish into the test tube.
2. Take a few drop of NaOH solution from the bottle using a dropper.
3. Add this to the test tube containing the zinc metal.
4. Clamp the test tube to the stand then close the mouth of the test tube with the cork.
5. Pass the jet tube through the hole in the cork, into the test tube.
6. Bring the clamped test tubes downwards to heat it over the Bunsen burner.
7. Take a match box and light a match stick.
8. Bring the burning match into the mouth of the jet tube.

 Reaction of HCI with Solid Sodium Carbonate

1. Place the flat bottom flask on the clamp stand and clamp the neck of the flask.
2. Using the spatula take some sodium Carbonate from the dish.
3. Put this into the flat bottom flask.
4. Take the beaker containing the distilled water.
5. Pour some of it into the flat bottom flask.
6. Cork the flask with the double bored cork and insert the thistle funnel into the flask
through one of the holes into the cork.
7. Take the beaker containing with lime water.
8. Place this into the other stand next to the bottom flask.
9. Carefully insert one end of the connecting into the flat bottom flask through the hole
in the cork.
10. Ensure the tube does not touch the solution in the flask.
11. Place the other end of the tube in the beaker containing lime water.
12. Take the bottle containing the solution of HCI.
13. Pour some of it through the thistle funnel into the flat bottom flask.

 Reaction of NaOH with Solid Sodium Carbonate

1. Take the test tube.
2. Using the spatula take some sodium carbonate in a dish.
3. Transfer the contents into the test tube.
4. Take the solution of NaOH
5. Pour some of it into the test tube.
6. Shake the test tube well.
7. Take few drops of Phenolphthalein from the bottle using the dropper.
8. Pour a few drops into a test tube and note the change in colour.
PART C. Buffers and Buffer Capacity Demonstration.
1. There are two beakers and two solutions with equal pH approximately, 4.7 that
were prepared.

 The right beaker contains as simple strong acid of HCl at a

concentration of 1.7 x 10-15 M and comes out to a pH of 4.7 in 250 mL.
 The left beaker contains acetic acid as well as sodium acetate in 250
mL buffer solution. The amounts of the acid and its conjugate base
such as, the pH is again at 4.7.
 M sodium hydroxide solution were also prepared and methyl red
indicator will be added to determine what will happen to the pH when
strong base is added.

2. Methyl red indicator were added to the two solutions and stir the solutions to give
it some color.

3. Add equal volumes of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution to each beaker and add
10 drops of it to the HCl solution. Add also same number of drops to the buffer
solution and stir.

III. RESULTS and DISCUSSION

PART A. Determination of pH of various solutions using pH paper/ universal

indicator.

Solution pH Discussion Conclusion

1 pH less than 7 is a characteristic HCI is an acid

dil. HCI
of an acidic
14 pH more than 7 is a NaOH is a base
dil. NaOH
characteristics of a base
6 pH less than 7 is a characteristic CH3COOH is an acid
dil. CH3COOH
of an acidic

2 pH less than 7 is a characteristic Lemon juice is an acid

Lemon juice
of an acidic

Water 7 pH = 7 H2O is neutral

 9 pH more than 7 is a NaHCO3 is a base
Dil. NaHCO3
characteristics of a base

PART B. Properties of Acid and Bases.

Solution Reaction Discussion Conclusion

HCL IN BLUE the color of the When the HCL is Blue litmus solution
LITMUS solution changes added to the blue turns red because
SOLUTION from blue to red litmus the solution HCL is an acid with
changer its color a PH value below
7.
NAOH in red The red litmus when the NAOH is Red litmus solution
Litmus solution solution changes in added to the red turns blue because
color litmus the solution NAOH is an
changes its color Alkaline with a PH
more than 7.
HCL + Zn Metal Zinc reaction with When we bring the -Zinc reacts with
HCl acid produce burning match stick HCI Acid the
popping sound of near the mouth of reaction popping
hydrogen gas het tube, the sound as hydrogen
hydrogen gas gas is produced
coming out from
the test tube - HCl and Zn is
causes the flame to corrosive and can
flare up cause skin burns
NaOH+ Zn metal Zinc react with Zinc is a metal for Therefore, Zinc
excess sodium transition which reacts with NaOH
hydroxide to form demonstrates to form sodium
sodium zincate moderate reactivity. zincate with the
along with As hydrogen gas evolution of
hydrogen gas. Zinc develops, zinc hydrogen gas.
is a transition metal reacts with NaOH
which shows to form sodium
moderate reactivity. zincate.

HCI + Na2CO3 A gas is evolved, When solutions of The solutions of

and the lime water sodium carbonate sodium carbonate
in the beaker and hydrochloric and hydrochloric
turned milky, thus acid are mixed. acid are mixed.
the gas evolved is Bubbles of a color
CO2 which turns less gas are
lime water milky. evolved when
these solutions are
mixed.
 NaOH+ Na2CO3 The color of the This means that Therefore, both
solution turns pink solid reagent grade Na2CO3 are
which means it sodium hydroxide alkaline, so they do
absorbs moisture is not pure enough not react but form
from the to weigh and use alkaline solution.
atmosphere. Once directly.
it has a little
moisture it also
absorbs carbon
dioxide which is
always present in
air.

PART C. Buffers and Buffer Capacity Demonstration.

Solutio pH before addition of pH after addition of pH

Conclusion
n 0.1M NaOH 0.1M NaOH difference
the pH level
and its color
Acetic 4.73 4.73 remain in
Acid N/A buffer
solution.

The pH
level in HCl
increased
HCl 4.7 9.9 5.19 drastically
and
changes its
color.

 When the NaOH (strong base) was added in the HCl solution, it changes its color but
in buffer solution, it remains red.
 The pH level in HCl (Acid) increased drastically approaching 9.9 while the pH in
buffer solution has remained in 4.7.
 The buffer solution has resisted a change in pH because of its ability to react with the
added strong base.

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1) Discuss how the following buffer systems work in the human body:
 a) Carbonate buffer system- The bicarbonate buffer system is perhaps the most
significant since it is the only one linked to the respiratory system. It also plays a vital
role in other tissues as well. Consequently, in the human body, particularly in the
stomach and duodenum, the bicarbonate buffer system serves both to neutralize gastric
acid and to stabilize the intracellular pH of epithelial cells by secreting bicarbonate ions
into the gastric mucosa. Moreover, it also helps maintain a constant pH in the
bloodstream. Blood pH depends on the ratio of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. For
example, during strenuous exercise, rapid breathing helps to compensate for the rise in
carbon dioxide in your blood.
b) Phosphate buffer system- The phosphate buffer system works inside the internal
fluids of all cells. Moreover, it consists of dihydrogen phosphate ions as a hydrogen ion
donor of "acid" and hydrogen phosphate ion as an ion acceptor of "base." Furthermore,
when additional ions of hydroxide join the cellular fluid, they are neutralized by the
dihydrogen phosphate ion. If extra hydrogen ions enter the cellular fluid, they are
neutralized by the hydrogen phosphate ion.
 c) Proteins- The protein buffer system helps to maintain acidity in and around the cells
of the body. Moreover, hemoglobin makes an ideal buffer by binding to small quantities
of acids in the blood until it can change the pH of the blood. Other proteins containing
amino acid histidine are also useful for buffering.
2) A sodium hydroxide solution has a pH of 11.40, what is the [OH–] in this solution?
Show your solution
pOH= ph-14
pOH=11.40 -14
pOH= -2.6 [OH-]
= 10^-pOH [OH-]
= 10^-2.6 [OH-]

= 2.51x10^-3

3). An HCl solution has a pH of 3.10, what is the [H3O+] in this solution? Show your
solution.

pH + pOH= 14
pOH = 14- 3.10
pOH = -log ({H30+})
pOH = 10.9
log ({H30+}) = -pOH
{H30+} = 10-pOH
{H30+} = 10 -10.9

{H30+} =1.26 x 10-11 M

REFERENCES
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-
sciences-practice-tut/e/the-role-of-the-bicarbonate-buffer-system-in-regulating-blood-ph
https://sciencing.com/carbonate-buffering-8299150.html.