1

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Context analysis is probably the first step and very important in the process
of translating a document. Realize that one cannot translate a text without
analyzing (consciously or subconsciously) the context in which the text
appears; Malinowski, Firth, Hymes and Halliday have developed four models
for context analysis. Of the four explored context models, Halliday's model
appears to be the most comprehensive and powerful as it helps us to relate
each component of the model field, male accent, and mode to one
composition at the semantic and grammatical levels respectively. When we
can understand the context in which text occurs, we can predict at least some
of the meanings and, in turn, key grammatical elements and lexical items in
the text. At this point, it can be asserted that context is an important factor that
translators need to take into account when translating a text from one
language to another.

Halliday develops a model for contextual analysis which consists of three

components or parameters: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of
discourse.

In this assignment, I apply Halliday's context analysis model to analyze the

topic: "Covid: France schools close under third lockdown" from BBC News
according to three components and practice translating 2 news: "Lô vaccine
COVID-19 đầu tiên của Covax về Việt Nam vào tháng 4" & "Chuẩn bị mở
rộng tiêm chủng vaccine COVID-19 cho nhiều đối tượng hơn" reported by
VTV.vn
 CHAPTER 2: CONTENTS

Appendix 1: "Covid: France schools close under third lockdown" from

BBC News

Covid: France schools to close under third lockdown

French schools will close for at least three weeks as part of new national
restrictions to fight rising Covid cases, President Emmanuel Macron says. Mr
Macron said that schools would move to remote learning from next week.
Lockdown measures, introduced in some areas of France earlier this month,
are also being extended to other districts. All non-essential shops are to close
from Saturday and there will be a ban on travelling more than 10km (six
miles) from home without good reason.

The country is facing a peak of over 5,000 people in intensive care. On

Wednesday, the country's health ministry reported 59,038 new cases. France
has so far reported more than 4.6 million cases of Coronavirus and 95,495
Covid-related deaths.

What measures has Macron announced?

In his live televised address on Wednesday, Mr Macron described the

situation in the country as "delicate" and said that April would prove crucial.
"We will lose control if we do not move now," he said. The 43-year-old
president said it was a race between vaccinations on the one hand and
attempting to control the spread of the virus on the other. He said that while
schools would be closing from next week, classes would remain open for the
children of key workers. Primary schools and kindergartens will shut for three
weeks and high schools for a week longer, although that includes two weeks
of spring holiday from 12-26 April. Mr Macron said that measures introduced
in 19 districts earlier this month - including the closure of non-essential
businesses, exercise restricted to within 10km of an individual's home and a
ban on travel to other parts of the country without a valid reason - would be
extended nationwide. "Everyone should limit their contacts with other
people," he said, adding that people would be given the Easter weekend to get
themselves to where they want to spend the lockdown. France's nationwide
19:00 curfew will remain in place and people are again being asked to work
from home. The president said "the end of the tunnel" was in sight if people
respected the new measures. Parliament will debate the measures announced
by Mr Macron before voting on them on Thursday, according to the prime
minister's office.

More than at previous turning-points, the politics of Covid in France is

becoming interesting. For one thing, President Macron has opened up a much
clearer target now for the opposition - they can argue that his decision back in
January to overrule the scientists and not launch a third lockdown was a
blunder. He was warned then that the so-called British variant would sweep
all before it by the end of March - and lo and behold that is what has
happened...The other reason it's getting sensitive is the UK. Everyone in
France can see how much better the vaccination programme is going there. If
the UK starts resuming ordinary life while France is still struggling, tough
questions will be asked of the president. And elections are only a year away.

How serious is the situation in France?

With serious cases of Coronavirus increasing in France, the pressure on

hospitals in the greater Paris region has resulted in a surge in demand for beds
at intensive care units (ICUs). Hospitals in and around Paris have also been
reducing non-Covid treatments. The French hospital federation (FHF) last
week warned that wards across the country were facing an "unprecedented
violent shock" in the coming weeks if authorities were unable to curb the rise
in cases. It urged the government to issue a "strict lockdown" or risk hospitals
becoming overwhelmed. In an interview with France Inter radio on Tuesday,
head of infectious diseases at the Tenon hospital in Paris, Gilles Pialoux, said
that lockdown restrictions should have been implemented sooner. "We've lost
so much time that the measures now will be harder and last for longer," he
said, adding that hospital staff were "tired of being tired".

Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo on Wednesday backed the closure of schools,

saying the move - which had been seen by the government as a last resort -
was necessary because of the "very serious situation". A group of French
school teachers had earlier filed a legal complaint against Education Minister
Jean-Michel Blanquer for "endangering the lives of others", accusing him of
failing to protect staff in regular contact with children in classrooms.

Appendix 2: Analysis: "Covid: France schools close under third

lockdown" from BBC News based on Halliday's context analysis model

A. Describe the field:

1. The event in question is: Schools in France closed by order of the third
lock "because of Covid translation.

2. The participants are the Government of France and all the people of
France; especially all students who are attending schools in France.

3. Space set up a curfew by President Emmanuel Macron throughout France.

In this newsletter, the main focus is schools in France.
4. Schools in France will be closed for at least three weeks.

5. A document for the French president to announce to the entire population

of the ban on mass concentration in order to prevent the Covid epidemic
from spreading in France.

6. The article includes 6 main points as follows:

- French social restraining order.

- Covid cases are complicated

- Measures to prevent disease from spreading in the community

- The political situation of France in the face of a pandemic

- The number of Covid cases increased rapidly because of pressure on

hospitals in France

- Closing schools is essential in the midst of the pandemic

7. The topic of the post is measures to prevent the spread of Coronavirus

8. The main concepts are expressed in the President's speech on television to

the entire people. In the speech refers to specific entities (schools, shops,
hospitals, students and people), abstract entities (coronavirus, severe
situation). The main concepts appearing in the text are school, measure,
case.

9. The concept of shared knowledge is to close schools in France to prevent

the spread of Covid's epidemic.

10. The main context of the Covid epidemic was complicated, so the French
president requested an order for the social exclusion of the whole country.
11. This document was used in different places and at a time when France
was facing a complicated Covid pandemic, by people living in France.

B. Describe the tenor:

1. The author of the text clearly shows that he is a journalist. he used his
expression to pass on information about the French president's speech by
everyone reading about the Covid pandemic, the new orders during the time
the French epidemic was complicated.

2. The relationship between the journalist and the reader as the journalist is
only the person who records the news spoken by the president to keep the
readers up to date on new news.

3. Journalists take on the role of informants, specific readers who live in

France will be the recipients of that information.

4. The act of speech that is performed throughout the narrative.

C. Describe the mode:

1. Language code is English, register is press.

2. The channel used for this text is the writing medium (can be written to
speak - excerpt from the French president's statement)

3. The text seems to have been carefully constructed, as it is finely

structured. It also shows expectations for an information reception in order
for the reader to be able to fulfill the requirements outlined in the article.
4. The most important information in the article is recognized:

- through the style of press language, to report domestic and international

news, to reflect the opinions of the newspaper and the public opinion, in
order to promote the progress of society. The article includes 6 main
information, providing readers with hot and accurate information about the
location, time, characters, events that will happen in the coming time.

Appendix 3: Practical translation

1. Translation English-Vietnamese
Covid: France schools to close Covid: Các trường học ở Pháp
under third lockdown phải đóng cửa theo lệnh khóa thứ
ba
French schools will close for at least Tổng thống Emmanuel Macron cho
three weeks as part of new national biết các trường học ở Pháp sẽ đóng
restrictions to fight rising Covid cửa trong ít nhất ba tuần như một
cases, President Emmanuel Macron phần của các hạn chế quốc gia mới
says. Mr Macron said that schools nhằm chống lại các trường hợp
would move to remote learning from Covid đang gia tăng. Ông Macron
next week. Lockdown measures, nói rằng các trường học sẽ chuyển
introduced in some areas of France sang hình thức học tập từ xa từ tuần
earlier this month, are also being tới. Các biện pháp ngăn chặn, được
extended to other districts. All non- áp dụng ở một số khu vực của Pháp
essential shops are to close from vào đầu tháng này, cũng đang được
Saturday and there will be a ban on mở rộng sang các quận khác. Tất cả
travelling more than 10km (six miles) các cửa hàng không cần thiết là phải
from home without good reason. đóng cửa từ thứ Bảy và sẽ có một
lệnh cấm đi du lịch hơn 10km (sáu
dặm) từ nhà mà không có lý do
chính đáng.
The country is facing a peak of Cả nước đang phải đối mặt với đỉnh
over 5,000 people in intensive care. điểm hơn 5.000 người phải chăm
On Wednesday, the country's health sóc đặc biệt. Hôm thứ Tư, Bộ Y tế
ministry reported 59,038 new cases. nước này báo cáo có 59.038 trường
France has so far reported more than hợp mắc mới. Cho đến nay, Pháp đã
4.6 million cases of Coronavirus and báo cáo hơn 4,6 triệu trường hợp
95,495 Covid-related deaths. nhiễm Coronavirus và 95.495
trường hợp tử vong liên quan đến
Covid.
What measures has Macron Macron đã công bố những biện
announced? pháp nào?
Trong bài phát biểu được truyền
In his live televised address on
hình trực tiếp hôm thứ Tư, ông
Wednesday, Mr Macron described
Macron mô tả tình hình đất nước là
the situation in the country as
"nhạy cảm " và nói rằng tháng Tư sẽ
"delicate" and said that April would
chứng tỏ là rất quan trọng. "Chúng
.

2. Translation Vietnamese- English

2.1 Text 1: “Lô vaccine COVID-19 đầu tiên của Covax về Việt Nam vào
tháng 4- from VTV.vn
 Covax's first batch of COVID-
Lô vaccine COVID-19 đầu tiên của
19 vaccine returned to Vietnam
Covax về Việt Nam vào tháng 4
in April
According to a representative of
Theo đại diện Bộ Y tế, việc lùi thời
the Ministry of Health, the delay
gian sẽ không ảnh hưởng đến kế hoạch
of time will not affect the
cung ứng và phân bổ tiêm vaccine
vaccine supply and distribution
trong cả năm nay. Covax vẫn cam kết
plan for the whole year. Covax is
cung cấp đủ cho Việt Nam hơn 4 triệu
still committed to provide
liều, chia thành các đợt từ nay đến
Vietnam with more than 4
cuối tháng 5.
million doses, divided into
batches from now to the end of
May.
Up to now, the COVID-19 vaccine
Đến nay, các nguồn cung ứng vaccine
supplies for Vietnam include the
phòng COVID-19 cho Việt Nam bao
support from Covax and the order
gồm từ hỗ trợ của Covax và Công ty
VNVC Company ordered. It is
VNVC đặt mua. Dự kiến, trong năm
expected that this year, Vietnam
nay, Việt Nam sẽ nhận được 60 triệu
will receive 60 million doses of
liều vaccine AstraZeneca, trong đó 30
AstraZeneca vaccine, of which 30
triệu liều từ Covax, 30 triệu liều đặt
million doses from Covax, 30
mua. Kế hoạch phân phối 60 triệu liều
million doses ordered. The plan to
có thể bị đẩy lùi một phần sang năm
distribute 60 million doses could
2022.
be partially pushed back by 2022.
In addition to AstraZeneca, on
Ngoài AstraZeneca, ngày 23/3, Việt
March 23, Vietnam approved the
Nam phê duyệt khẩn cấp vaccine
Russian Sputnik V vaccine
Sputnik V của Nga để phục vụ nhu
urgently to serve the urgent need
cầu cấp bách chống dịch. Bộ Y tế và
to fight the epidemic. The
các đơn vị cung ứng vaccine, dược
Ministry of Health and vaccine
cũng đang làm việc với hãng Johnson
and pharmaceutical suppliers are
& Johnson và Moderna, các nhà sản
also working with Johnson &
xuất của Ấn Độ và các nước khác, đề
Johnson and Moderna,
nghị thông báo khả năng cung ứng
manufacturers of India and other
vaccine.
2.2. Text 2: “ Chuẩn bị mở rộng tiêm chủng vaccine COVID-19 cho nhiều
đối tượng hơn” from VTV.vn
 Preparing to expand COVID-19
Chuẩn bị mở rộng tiêm chủng
vaccination to more subjects
vaccine COVID-19 cho nhiều đối
tượng hơn
In the coming time, the COVID-19
Thời gian tới, vaccine COVID-19 sẽ
vaccine will be deployed on a larger
được triển khai tiêm trên quy mô
scale, with more injection subjects,
rộng hơn, nhiều đối tượng tiêm hơn,
ensuring the safety of the injected
việc đảm bảo an toàn cho người
person is extremely necessary.
được tiêm là vô cùng cần thiết.

More than 46,000 people who are

Đã có hơn 46.000 người là cán bộ,
officers and employees of the first-
nhân viên thuộc lực lượng phòng
line anti-epidemic force have been
chống dịch tuyến đầu đã được
vaccinated with AstraZeneca
tiêm vaccine AstraZeneca.
vaccine.
The Minister of Health requires the
Bộ trưởng Bộ Y tế yêu cầu Sở Y tế
Department of Health of provinces
tỉnh, thành phố rà soát, cập nhật
and cities to review and update the
danh sách các đối tượng để triển
list of subjects for immunization in
khai tiêm chủng theo đúng quy định
accordance with the provisions of the
tại Nghị quyết số 21 của Chính phủ,
Government's Resolution No. 21,
huy động tối đa các cơ sở y tế trên
and mobilize the maximum number
địa bàn, cơ sở đào tạo về y tế để tổ
of medical facilities. local health
chức tiêm vaccine COVID-19.
facilities, medical training facilities
to organize COVID-19 vaccination.

Vaccination establishments shall

Các cơ sở tiêm chủng bố trí đầy đủ
arrange sufficient equipment and
trang thiết bị, cử cán bộ đầu mối
assign focal staff to monitor adverse
thực hiện giám sát sự cố bất lợi sau
events after vaccination to promptly
tiêm chủng để xử lý kịp thời khi có
handle serious complications after
trường hợp tai biến nặng sau tiêm
vaccination.
chủng.

The Ministry of Health proposes

Bộ Y tế đề xuất các ban ngành, đoàn
departments, unions, and non-
thể, các lực lượng ngoài y tế trên địa
medical forces in the area to
 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION

When it comes to professional translation, you need to make sure that

you are not only translating the words you are reading, but also the meaning
and general purpose of the entire text. Halliday's model analyzes most
comprehensively and most strongly according to each component of the
discourse field, discourse tone and discourse mode with one component at
the respective semantic and grammatical levels.

In my assignment, based on the above model of analysis, the practice of

analyzing and translating 3 articles also has certain advantages and
disadvantages. The advantage is that, we rely on Halliday's analytical
model, to analyze the context of the text correctly, then when we translate
from the source text to the target text, the reader will receive the standard
the content in the target language targeted by the translator. On the contrary,
we will be very difficult if we do not properly analyze the context of the
text will lead to misunderstanding about its content and meaning when the
text is translated into the target language, thereby causing readers receive
false information or do not understand the intent of the text. This can be
especially challenging, even for those who are fluent in several languages.

Not only are you fluent in the language, but your goal is to have
professional translation, you must also be a translator with experience in the
arts of translation and familiar with the content you are translating.

The experience after practicing translating is that for any text, when we
translate, we must clearly define the context of the text to accurately
analyze the objects, information provided in the text. source for exact target
translation.