Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015) 481–489

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Future research directions for the wind turbine generator system

Md Maruf Hossain n, Mohd. Hasan Ali
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The headway of wind power generation is a great blessing to help meet up the electrical power demand
Received 29 May 2014 day by day. The strongest challenges for wind energy conversion system (WECS) are to handle the
Received in revised form intermittency of wind and to maintain the grid reliability. The power electronics and energy storage
3 April 2015
systems are essential elements of the WECS. This paper attempts to provide various new directions to
Accepted 23 April 2015
Available online 15 May 2015
the future wind energy researchers to improve the wind turbine aerodynamics, electric generators'
configurations with improved control of power electronics and lower cost energy storage system for
Keywords: designing a reliable wind turbine generator system. This study will work as a guideline for the
Aerodynamics researchers to understand the development and requirement of a reliable and smart wind energy
Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
conversion system.
Energy storage system (ESS)
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Permanent magnet synchronous generator
(PMSG)
Power electronics
Wind energy conversion system (WECS)
Wind turbine

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
2. Energy extraction from the wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
2.1. Contemporary wind energy extraction technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
2.2. Wind forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
2.3. Maximum power point tracking technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
2.4. Proposals for the future wind turbine architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
3. Selection of electric generator of wind power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
3.1. Present-day wind generation system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
3.1.1. Synchronous generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
3.1.2. Asynchronous/induction generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
3.2. Proposals for the future wind generator systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
4. Development of power electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
4.1. Proposals for future power electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
5. Transient stability and fault-ride through capability improvement of WECS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
5.1. Proposals for future devices to improve transient stability and fault ride through capability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
6. Necessity of energy storage system in WECS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
6.1. Proposals for the future energy storage system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
7. Power quality improvement of the WECS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
7.1. Proposals for future devices to improve power quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
8. Smart wind turbine generator system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
9. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

n
Corresponding author at. 215 Engineering Science Bldg., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Memphis, 3815 Central Ave, Memphis, TN
38152, USA.
E-mail addresses: mhssain2@memphis.edu, mmh1716@gmail.com (M.M. Hossain), mhali@memphis.edu (Mohd.H. Ali).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.126
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
482 M.M. Hossain, Mohd.H. Ali / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015) 481–489

1. Introduction WECS have been briefly discussed in the Section 4, Section 5,

Section 6 and Section 7, respectively. The outline of a smart wind
Wind energy or wind power refers to the process by which natural park has also been illustrated in Section 8. Finally the Section 9
flow of wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind concludes the paper.
turbines transform the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
power and that mechanical power is used to create electricity. Though
wind power generation has some adverse environmental impacts like 2. Energy extraction from the wind
creating noise, visual and climatic effects, these are minor when
compared with the negative impact of burning fossil fuel [1]. Social 2.1. Contemporary wind energy extraction technique
acceptance of wind power generation is also very high just after solar
energy in comparison with other available electrical power generation There are two types of turbine orientation for the power extraction
technologies [2]. from the wind: (i) horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) and
Wind power generation in USA and Europe has been increased at a (ii) vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) systems. Most of the modern
rate of 20–30% per year over the last decade [3]. According to long wind turbines use the horizontal axis configuration with two or three
term plan, 20% of USA electricity will be generated through wind blades [6]. The turbine with three blades is more popular for its
power by 2030 [1–3], and 400 GW wind power will be generated in symmetrical loading, though its cost is around 50% higher than the
EU by 2030 [2]. The wind power capacity and the additions of wind two blade system [7].
power of the top 10 countries of the world in 2012 has been shown in In a conventional HAWT, a large tower rests on a deep, solid
Fig. 1 [4]. foundation, supporting a nacelle with rotating blades at the top of the
For the wind energy conversion system (WECS), although there are tower shown in Fig. 2. The nacelle contains gearbox, generator, power
lots of fixed-speed wind generators available in the world, but the electronic devices, and yaw mechanism [8]. Wind turbines begin to
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and permanent magnet syn- produce power at wind speeds of about 4 m/s (9 mph), achieve rated
chronous generator (PMSG) are getting wider popularity day by day power at approximately 12 m/s (29 mph), and stop power production
due to their abilities to capture much more energy [5]. Advancement at 25 m/s (56 mph) [9]. One important finding is that almost every
of power electronics is supporting the wind power generation to country has sites with an average wind speed of more than 5 m/s at a
ensure the power quality. The need of energy storage system to ensure height of 10 m [10]. To get steady wind flow, some designs are
the reliability and stability of the wind power is also being focused day presented to harness higher altitude wind power in [11–14]. For a
by day. HAWT system, considering the structural and financial aspects, it is
This paper aims to provide future research directions to the wind not convenient to setup the turbines having more than 100–120 m of
energy researchers with a view to exploring and developing a reliable
and smart wind energy conversion system. Also, the current trends of
wind power systems have been discussed. There are very few papers
where both the mechanical and electrical features for a reliable wind
energy conversion system have been well discussed, though both the
mechanical and electrical engineering efforts are needed together to
establish the wind power generation system. So, in this paper, we have
focused on the importance of both electrical and mechanical sides to
run a wind generator as a reliable system.
The organization of this paper has been made as follows. In
Section 2, we have shown the extraction method of wind power by
the wind turbines. Also some new ideas with proposals in wind
turbine design for future wind energy system have been discussed.
In Section 3, briefly the dominant electric generators currently
available in wind power market with some future proposals have
been conferred. Development of power electronics, transient stabi-
lity and fault-ride through capability improvement, necessity of
energy storage system, and power quality improvement of the Fig. 2. Horizontal axis wind turbine system.

Fig. 1. Wind power capacity of the top-10 countries in 2012.

 M.M. Hossain, Mohd.H. Ali / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015) 481–489 483

height [14]. In [15], it is discussed that the fitting method is the best
way to optimize the tower height matching for a wind farm.
To calculate the power obtained from a wind generator system,
different wind turbine modeling systems are available. However,
the MOD-2 wind turbine modeling system is extensively used
which is shown in detail in [16]. The mechanical power, P,
captured by a wind turbine can be expressed as follows:
for the long term forecasting – numerical weather prediction (NWP)
models; for short term forecasting: Box–Jenkins models (i.e. AR, ARMA
models, etc.), neural network-based models and fuzzy logic models;
and both for the long and short-term prediction – a combination of
different physical and statistical models can generate better results.
Certainly an accurate forecasting tool will improve the reliability of the
wind power system with minimum operational cost.

P ¼ 12 ρπ R2 V 3w C p ðλ; β Þ
where ρ is the air density, R is the radius of the turbine blades, Vw
is the wind speed, and C p ðλ; β Þ is the Betz constant, i.e. power
conversion coefficient; which is a function of both tip speed ratio,
λ, and blade pitch angle, β. According to Betz, theoretically up to
59% power can be extracted from the wind [17–19].
Still now Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory is prominently
used in the wind industry for wind turbine modeling [20–22]. Besides,
taking steps to make the WECS reliable electrically, lots of works are
still going on to support the wind generator from capturing stable
wind energy from the nature. In [23], the concept of a smart wind
turbine has been shown where the turbine blades are extended to
increase the swept area of wind flow when the wind speed falls below
the required wind speed, as shown in Fig. 3.
Another new idea has been mathematically developed and tested
in [24], where multiple hydraulic power transfer systems have been
integrated to connect several wind turbines to a central generation
unit. Though hydraulic transmission system is considerably lighter
than the gearboxes and facilitates continuously variable transmission,
but their efficiency is lower [25].
ð1Þ
2.3. Maximum power point tracking technology
For a WECS, the optimum wind energy can be extracted by
operating the wind turbine in variable speed mode. As shown in
Fig. 4, there is an optimum turbine angular velocity or tip speed ratio
for which the maximum wind power can be captured at a specific
wind speed [29,30]. A maximum power point tracking algorithm
helps increase the power conversion efficiency by regulating the
turbine angular velocity.
Mostly, there are three types of MPPT algorithms, namely tip speed
ratio (TSR) control, perturb and observe (P&O), and optimum
relationship-based (ORB) control [31]. In [32], it is shown that
increased number of turbine blades lowers the tip speed ratio and
increases the amount of power captured by the wind.
2.4. Proposals for the future wind turbine architecture
The wind turbine aerodynamic force is mainly responsible for the
electric power generation. So, the turbine aerodynamic is a very

2.2. Wind forecasting

Wind forecasting is very important for a wind farm to make an

approximate estimation of the expected wind power generation ahead
of time. Certainly an appropriate forecasting tool assists the wind
generation system to minimize the negative impact of the intermittent
nature of the wind power generation.
In [26,27], it is mentioned that different types of conventional
statistical approaches, such as auto regressive moving average (ARMA)
models, auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models,
and Kalman filter can be considered for wind speed forecasting.
Besides, machine learning based techniques such as multilayer
perceptron (MLP) neural networks and radial basis function (RBF)
neural networks are also reported to estimate the wind speed
uncertainty behavior ahead of time [26]. There are also applications
of fuzzy logic and the combination of a Fuzzy Classifier with a
Temporal Neural Network as forecasting methods [28]. In [27,28], a
comparative study among the various forecasting tools is reported,
which will be helpful for the interested researchers to comprehend
among the different types of forecasting tools. In [27], it is stated that Fig. 4. Power generation from the WECS at variable wind speed.

Fig. 3. Wind turbine with variable length blades.

484 M.M. Hossain, Mohd.H. Ali / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015) 481–489
important research area for the wind power generation, and the
dynamic behavior of the turbine blade must be considered when
blades are longer than 45 m [33]. The rotor shape optimization helps
achieve in the maximum stress on more than 80% and makes more
efficient use of rotor material [34]. Improper design of turbine not only
reduces the efficiency of the whole system, but also creates fatigue to
the turbine components and reduces the period of service. In addition,
rotor turbine imbalance, yaw misalignment, wind shear and turbine
shadow create oscillation and deteriorate the generated power quality
[35–37].
Day by day, larger grid-connected wind energy system is getting
more attention and global market for small wind turbine is not being
popular [17]. To yield the maximum power, small wind turbine should
be rotated at the lowest possible wind speed [38]. In general, small
wind turbines are operated mostly in the low and moderate wind
speed area with a lower efficiency compared with the large wind
generator system [17]. For a slow wind speed location, longer blades
are required to generate more power [17,39]. But transportation
problem for carrying long turbines is creating a great barrier to limit
the higher capacity wind turbine growth for turbine installation on
land [3,40]. So, moderate and low wind areas are not getting much
more interest to yield wind energy due to the problem of transporta-
tion and installation of longer turbines. Again, for the higher windy
region, the wind generator efficiency is low, as it cannot produce rated
power due to the absence of consistent wind speed. So, future
research focus should be given on to have a variable sweeping area
by the wind turbines to capture required wind power with reduced
size wind turbines based on the situation of the wind flow. In [24],
though a hydraulic power transfer mechanism is used to integrate
multiple turbines, research also should be focused to integrate the
turbines mechanically as hydraulic transfer systems have lots of
drawbacks. Integrating multiple wind turbines for a central generating
unit might be a new direction of research in the future. This research
should be continued, as there is no alternative to increase the capacity
of a single unit WECS without capturing more energy from the wind.
More research investigations are also needed in order to identify
the required parameters for the smart aerodynamic control for the
WECS. Also, good forecasting tools for wind are needed to connect
them with the power system [27,41,42], and it will help operate the
wind generator reliably.
In [2], it is clearly shown that most of the investment cost for the
wind farm is made for the wind turbine and the tower installation,
though the cost and the capacity of wind generator system are also
highly dependent on the nature of wind resources of a specific
location [43]. So, smart turbine design and reduction in the weight
over the tower will be new direction of research in the future.
The trends of research show that the HAWT is always getting
priority. In 1987, Musgrove theoretically and experimentally proved
that the VAWT had an efficiency similar to the HAWTs [44]. The
VAWT works better in severe wind climates and needs less main-
tenance [44] and can capture the wind flow from any direction
without having any yaw mechanism [45]. Research and development
of VAWTs have been almost stopped since 1980 [19]. Future research
on VAWTs over the large offshore or onshore HAWTs might help
establish this technology intensely.
3. Selection of electric generator of wind power
3.1. Present-day wind generation system
The wind energy conversion system is of mainly two types,
namely the fixed speed and variable speed operation systems. As
compared to the fixed speed wind generation systems, the variable
speed wind generation systems produce more power [6,46,47] and
provide less stress on the generator shaft, as the shaft speed can
vary with the variation of wind speed [48]. The variable speed
WECS is also cost effective and provide simple pitch control for the
turbine [49]. That is why, the variable speed wind energy conver-
sion system is being attractive and getting increased market share
day by day.
One of the major problems in the WECS is the use of the gearbox
while coupling the generator with the wind turbines. A gearbox is not
only expensive, but also creates vibration and noise [50–52], which
introduce torsional oscillation and create electrical power quality
deterioration. Also, due to the tooth contact losses of the gears, the
efficiency of wind turbines is highly affected [39].
Between the dc and ac generators, the dc generators are not
popular in the wind energy conversion system due their higher
expenditure and maintenance with lower rating [6]. The ac generators
mostly dominate the market. A brief review on the synchronous and
asynchronous generators is discussed below.
3.1.1. Synchronous generator
In WECS, the salient pole machines are used due to having
higher number of poles which help generate power at low wind
speed [53]. Currently, the PMSG with full power electronic con-
version system is an attractive solution to generate power where
the gear-box is not used [50,51,54–59]. The PMSG has the higher
efficiency with lower maintenance due to having no slip rings.
Moreover, the PMSG is more stable and lower in weight than the
asynchronous generator due to its reactive power controlling
capability. In [55], a novel single layer winding layout of PMSG
has been demonstrated to improve the performance quality of low
speed direct drive PMSG.
The synchronous generator can be connected with or without
gear shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b). For a gearless PMSG system,
multiple numbers of poles are selected to generate power at lower
rotational speed. As the weight of PMSG is low and can run
without gear, this topology is also very attractive due to putting
lower weight over the tower.
3.1.2. Asynchronous/induction generator
Due to their ruggedness and brushless structure (in squirrel cage),
and lower price, induction generators are also widely used in the
WECS [60]. The fixed speed WECS with the induction generators can
be directly coupled with the grid, as shown in Fig. 5(c). As an induction
generator always draws reactive power from the grid, this topology
uses the capacitor bank for the compensation of reactive power. Also,
a current limiter/soft starter is used to minimize the inrush current
during startup of the induction generator [9,61,62]. The variable-
speed induction generator with full scale power converter, shown in
Fig. 5(a), grieves less stress on the shaft and gears compared to the
fixed speed generation system. Currently the DFIG occupies near 50%
of the wind energy market due to having low rated power converters
with improved efficiency [63]. As shown in Fig. 5(d), the power
converter used by the DFIG is usually 25–30% of the rated power
system [49,64–68].
3.2. Proposals for the future wind generator systems
In the future, the advanced wind generator will have very low
weight with less maintenance and will have the fault ride through
capability. Though the price always varies with the demand, reduction
in the cost of the higher rated generator will also be a great issue in
the future. So, not only focusing on the PMSG or DFIG, but also we
should invent other configuration of generators to fulfill the men-
tioned demand. In [69], a 10 MW superconductor wind turbine
generator has been proposed having one third weight and half losses
of the conventional machines. In [70], it is reported that the brushless
doubly fed reluctance machine (BDFRM) appeared as one promising
 M.M. Hossain, Mohd.H. Ali / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015) 481–489 485

Fig. 5. (a) Variable-speed synchronous/induction generator with full scale power converter; (b) variable-speed, gearless multi pole PMSG based WECS; (c) fixed-speed
WECS, directly connected with the grid; (d) variable-speed doubly-fed induction generator with partial scale power converters.

technology to reduce the maintenance costs and to increase mechan-
ical robustness and versatility. In [71], the application of multipolar
permanent magnet reluctance generator (PMRG) has been investi-
gated for small scale wind turbine generation, and the torque ripple
has been reduced drastically. The application of PMRG also can be
investigated for large scale wind power generation in future. Explora-
tion of research for the different types of electric generators should be
continued to meet up the future requirement in the wind power
industry.
4. Development of power electronics
The advancement of power electronics is helping the wind power
system to increase the reliability and power quality of the entire syst-
em by reducing the turbine mechanical stress and increasing the wind
power yielding with better control of the whole system [72].
In Fig. 5(a), (b) and (d), it has been clearly shown that the power
electronic converters are very important for the variable speed WECS.
Though power electronics devices increase the cost, but help reduce
the expense of mechanical construction in order to absorb the
mechanical stress, as the wind gust generates torque pulsations in
the drive train. The power electronics also helps eliminate the gear-
box which is a great development in the wind industry, as the gear-
box is a great source of loss and failure in the whole system.
For the installation of large generator system, the rating of the
power electronics is a great issue. Currently, the development of
Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices with the formation of parallel or cascaded
converter is helping keep the voltage and current rating much lower
[72]. Also, multiple converter technology is adopted in the wind
energy conversion technology [73–75]. Still now the voltage source
converters (VSCs) are dominating for both the DFIG and PMSG based
WECS. But compared with the VSC and load-commutated inverter
(LCI) based configurations, the pulse width modulation based current
source converter (CSC) offers a simple configuration and excellent grid
486 M.M. Hossain, Mohd.H. Ali / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015) 481–489
integration performance [76]. To design the best power electronic
converters with different electric generator systems, there are still lots
of scopes to be explored for the researchers.
4.1. Proposals for future power electronics
Wind power generation with full power electronics conversion will
be the most attractive solution of WECS. In [77], it has been inve-
stigated that the electronics faces more faulty events in the systems
using synchronous generators compared to the system using induc-
tion generators. Also, half of the wind turbines failures occur due to
the fault of electronic components and the control systems. As the
PMSG is showing its future potential in the wind industry, the efficient
and reliable power electronics design with lower cost will be the hot
topic in the future.
5. Transient stability and fault-ride through capability
improvement of WECS
Like a standalone conventional power system, the WECS should
have the ability to maintain synchronism when subjected to a severe
disturbance, such as a short circuit on a transmission line. The wind
generator should also have the low and high voltage ride through
capability, i.e., the wind generator should remain connected with the
grid if the voltage is lower or higher than the rated voltage, resp-
ectively, due to any problem of the system. The series and shunt
compensating Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices sup-
port the WECS to maintain the fault ride through of the wind
generation system.
The dynamic reactive power compensation helps ensure the
voltage stability. The commonly used FACTS devices for the reactive
power compensation are Static Synchronous Compensator (STAT-
COM), Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Reactor
(TCR), Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR), Thyristor Switched Capacitor
(TSC), etc. In [35,78–80], the application of STATCOM is described for
the WECS. It is noticed that the STATCOM not only help improve the
voltage stability and power quality, but also reduce the mechanical
stress on the drive train of the wind turbine. It is also found that the
power electronic based reactive power compensating devices perform
better than the mechanically switched capacitors or reactors [81].
5.1. Proposals for future devices to improve transient stability and
fault ride through capability
Considering the advantages of different types of devices, studying
the effectiveness of the combined system can be a hot topic for the
future researchers. For example, combined systems, like the SVC/STA-
TCOM with pitch control, can be proposed. The superconducting fault
current limiter (SFCL) is very expensive due to its cooling system [82].
Fig. 6. Wind firm power output.
So, the less expensive devices, such as bridge type fault current limiter
(BFCL), resonant type fault current limiter, series dynamic braking
resistor (SDBR) and other better devices should be explored with
improved control and topologies for the application to the WECS in
the future.
6. Necessity of energy storage system in WECS
The energy storage devices have the capability to store the exce-
ssive generated energy and to supply the stored energy to the con-
sumers when there is shortage of power generation. Typically the
wind power output is not consistent and varied with time due to the
variation of wind flow. In[83,84], the uncertainty of wind power is
modeled. In Fig. 6, the output of a typical wind farm has been depicted
[85]. This clearly indicates that the wind power generation is not
consistent due to the intermittent nature of wind flow. That is why, it
is very important to use the energy storage system (ESS) for a reliable
WECS. The available energy storage technologies are battery energy
storage (BES) [85–88], superconductive magnetic energy storage
(SMES) [89–93], capacitor energy storage (CES) [94], pumped hydro
energy storage[95], fly wheel energy storage [96], hydrogen storage
system [97], etc. There is also application of combined energy storage
systems [98,99]. The CES, high speed flywheel and Sodium Sulphur
batteries have higher round-trip efficiency [100].
A supervisory control with external energy sources and with the
proper sizing of energy storage devices [101,102] can enhance the
performance of the WECS [103]. In [104], a novel coordinated
operational dispatch scheme for a wind farm with a battery energy
storage system is proposed. In [105], a novel approach to connect the
energy storage system with the micro-grid has been presented. Diff-
erent control algorithms and sizing strategies for the ESS to man-
age energy imbalance for wind power system have been presented in
[106]. Regarding the placement of ESS, the authors in [107] have
suggested to install the ESS close to the wind farm in order to share
the same transmission line for the on-site energy storage and the
wind generation to connect to the main grid. It is observed that the
power quality, stability and reliability of the WECS are remarkably
improved with the integration of the energy storage in the power
system.
6.1. Proposals for the future energy storage system
The future wind power system should be designed to deliver
reliable and consistent power whatever the natural flow of wind is.
This could be possible by integrating the energy storage systems with
the wind power plants into the power grids. To operate a stand-alone
wind power system reliably, a minimum of 5–18% of power at normal
condition and 80% of reserves of power at an extreme condition are
needed [108].
 M.M. Hossain, Mohd.H. Ali / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015) 481–489
Fig. 7. Block diagram of the future architecture of a reliable wind energy conversion system.
To accomplish the future goal of wind power generation, careful
selection on the storage technologies with desired operation condi-
tions, and storage capacity and power ratings of the storage devices
are required. Still the cost and the life time of the energy storage
devices are not satisfactory. The cost-effective energy storage devices
with reasonable sizes and smart control techniques will also be a very
hot topic for the researchers to design a reliable WECS.
For developing the optimum management of ESS, a proper
forecasting tool is essential in order to diminish the impacts of wind
forecast errors more effectively. Research should be continued to focus
on the coordination between the forecasting tools and the energy
storage system to minimize the power imbalance and to ensure
economic size optimization of the ESS. Also, finding an appropriate
controller for the combined ESSs operation would be another direction
of research. In addition, study on the capacity optimization of different
hybrid ESS is also required for proper and profitable operation of the
entire system.
7. Power quality improvement of the WECS
One of the resilient challenges for wind power generation system
is to handle the intermittency of wind flow, as this greatly affects the
wind generator output power, frequency, and terminal voltage. In
other words, power quality of the wind generator greatly deteriorates.
The power electronic devices aided by the energy storage system help
the WECS improve the power quality [8,92,93,109]. Also, the pitch
control system can be used for output power smoothing of wind
generator system [110].
7.1. Proposals for future devices to improve power quality
To ensure the power quality, the WECS not only should maintain
consistent voltage and frequency, but also should have the strength to
handle any sort of fault. This can be achieved through the use of the
hybrid systems, like energy storage system with existing real/reactive
power compensating devices. Still there are lots of scopes to be
explored in this field of research.
8. Smart wind turbine generator system
Currently Smart Grid technology is a hot topic for the power
researchers. In view of the smart grid technology, a tentative block
diagram of the future WECS has been depicted in Fig. 7. A wind
turbine having the ability of variable sweeping area, or integrated
multiple wind turbines, or efficient single wind turbine will be
connected with the higher poles generator without any gearbox. The
full power electronics conversion with energy storage system will help
run the whole system reliably. A central or supervisory control
equipped with reliable wind forecasting arrangement will be the
heart of the smart wind park or wind generator system to monitor as
well as operate the whole system consistently. As the wind speed is
not the same in different locations, scattered wind generator systems
487
might be connected to a separate grid with central power manage-
ment arrangement consisting of energy storage systems, and also
connected to the grid in order to enhance the reliability and
consistency of wind power generation. As the development of an
offshore dc grid is also getting interest to the researchers day by day in
order to reduce cable losses and decrease reactive power requirements
[66,111,112], the separate grid with dc power transfer will be more
appropriate. The smart wind park will be more than a micro-grid
system.
Certainly a well-controlled wind power system will fulfill the
requirement like a conventional power plant in future. In [113,114],
it also has been shown that different control methods of WECS have
great influence on their characteristic behavior. So, the research on
determination of the most appropriate controller for WECS should be
continued in the future.
9. Conclusion
In this work, various new directions to the future wind turbine
aerodynamics, electric generators' configurations, improved control of
power electronics and lower cost energy storage system in order to
design a reliable and smart wind turbine generator system has been
explained.
In future, the most challenging feature of wind energy system will
be minimizing the overall cost to run the whole system as a reliable
system. Certainly there should be no compromise on power con-
tinuity, quality and complete system reliability. So, for the develop-
ment of WECS, there should be close association among the different
branches of engineering to manage the wind turbine aerodynamics,
mechanical modeling, developing the structural design to yield a very
consistent electrical power output from the natural flow of wind.
Research focus should be given on the appropriate design of wind
turbine technology with reduced size and weight. Promoting the wind
power generation technology in the moderate wind areas to expand
this technology will be challenging. In future, it is anticipated that the
electric generators will have low weight with less maintenance and
improved capability to maintain the fault ride through. Besides PMSG
or DFIG, discovery of other type of generators will fulfill the men-
tioned demand. Research focus also should be given on the incorpora-
tion of the flawless forecasting tools with the wind farm to minimize
the negative impact of power imbalance. Currently various analyses
are reported and that should be continued for designing efficient
power electronics configuration with lower cost and high lifetime to
support the WECS.
In the smart grid technology, increasing number of the random
parameters will complicate the mathematical computations of the
control algorithms and reliability indexes of the entire system. Since
the smart grid will have various generation sources, finding new
indexes to evaluate the reliability, stability and sustainability of the
whole system will be an interesting research idea. Moreover, devel-
opment of optimal wind farm supervisory control to operate the wind
farm and ESS in favor of the grid operation will also be a prospective
field of investigation.
488 M.M. Hossain, Mohd.H. Ali / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015) 481–489
In this paper, requirements and scopes to design a reliable and
smart wind energy conversion system have been discussed. Certainly,
the research and development of wind power generation technology
will be continued to establish this technology intensely to meetup the
world electricity demand.
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