platoni 171

platoni
(Zv. w. 429/8-347/8 ww.)

platoni im filosofosTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTac gardatexa moaxdines

azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi. `platoni filosofiaa, xolo filosofia
platonia~ (r. emersoni). es Sefaseba, ra Tqma unda, metaforulia, magram zustad
gamoxatavs platonis literaturuli da filosofiuri memkvidreobis mniSvne-
lobas.
platonis Semoqmedeba moicavs sulieri cxovrebis yvela sferos da aris mra-
valmxrivi inteleqtualuri interesebis, masStaburi filosofiuri azrovnebisa
da araordinaluri mwerluri niWis gamovlineba.
platonis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis xanad Zv. w. 429-347 wlebi iTvleba. igi
mdidar da warCinebul, didad gavlenian ojaxSi daibada, erT-erTi legendis
Tanaxmad, 7 targelions (21 maiss), anu apolonis dabadebis dRes. imasac gadmogvce-
men, rom platoni amave dRes gardacvlila da mis mier daarsebul akademiaSi
daukrZalavT, xolo mis saflavze aseTi epigrama amoukveTiaT: `ori Ze hyolia
apolons: asklepiosi da platoni, erTi sxeulis mkurnali, xolo meore – sulis~.
platonis mama, aristoni, aTenis ukanaskneli mefis, kodrosis STamomavali iyo,
xolo deda cnobil kanonmdebelsa da poets, Svid brZenTagan erT-erTs, solons
enaTesaveboda. momavali filosofosisaTvis mSoblebs aristoklesi daurqmeviaT,
magram mogvianebiT, farTo Sublis, mxarbeWisa Tu vrceli msjelobis gamo, misT-
vis platoni SeurqmeviaT, rac berZnulad `farTos~ niSnavs.
Zalian cota ram viciT platonis piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. SedarebiT gvian-
deli biografiebi utyuar wyarod ar gamodgeba, radgan isini didi rudunebiT
isea Sedgenili, rom platonis dialogTa esa Tu is aspeqti gangvimartos da ara
misi cxovrebis detalebi gadmogvces.
cnobilia, rom platonis gvari sazogadoebriv-politikuri aqtiurobiT ga-
moirCeoda. platonis didi babua, pirilampesi, demokratebis mxardamWeri da
periklesis megobari iyo, xolo biZebi, kritiasi da qarmidesi oligarqebs
TanaugrZnobdnen. danamdvilebiT aris cnobili, rom politikur karieras pla-
tonma filosofiis samsaxuri arCia da mTeli Tavisi cxovreba sibrZnis siyva-
rulsa da qadagebas miuZRvna.
cnobilia, rom Tavdapirvelad platoni tragediebs, epigramebsa da diTiram-
bebs werda, magram – winaprebisa da naTesavebis, solonis, kritiasisa da ando-
kidesisgan gansxvavebiT – misi mowodeba ar iyo arc poetoba, arc dramaturgoba
da arc oratoroba. samagierod, platoni did filosofosad mogvevlina, romlis
nawarmoebebic poeturobiT, dramatulobiTa da mWevrmetyvelebiT gamoirCeoda.
172 platoni

platonis cxovrebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula sokratesTan Sexvedram.

swored man moaxdina arsebiTi gavlena platonis pirovnebad, filosofosad da
moazrovned Camoyalibebaze, Tumca mogvianebiT Segirdma ostatis gzidan gark-
veulwilad gadauxvia. uari Tqva qorwinebasa da STamomavlobaze, sakuTari
filosofiuri skola, akademia daaarsa da, garda amisa, sokratesgan gansxvavebiT,
platonma TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi filosofiuri memkvidreoba werilobiTi saxiT
dagvitova (masve miaweren burusiT mocul `dauwerel moZRvrebas~, romelic Ta-
vis akademiaSi unda Seeqmna da romlis Sesaxebac mxolod arapirdapiri cnobebi
mogvepoveba). sokrates garda, platonis msoflmxedvelobaze seriozuli gavlena
egviptesa da italiaSi, kerZod, siciliaze mogzaurobas, misterialur re-
ligiebTan ziarebasa da piTagorelebTan urTierTobasac unda moexdina.
platonis SemoqmedebaSi gamoiyofa calkeuli Temebi, Sexedulebebi, Tu
tendenciebi, romlebic mis winamorbed moazrovneebs, berZnul Tu aRmosavlur
tradicias ukavSirdeba. esenia: sokrate da misi oponenti sofistebi (ix.: `hipiasi~,
`protagorasi~, `gorgiasi~), naturfilosofosebi, piTagoreizmisa da eleaturi
skolis warmomadgenlebi (ix.: `parmenidesi~, `sofisti~, `timeosi~), ZvelberZnuli
poezia da gansakuTrebiT homerosi, egvipte, kreta, maTi kanonmdeblobani da sxv.
(ix.: `saxelmwifo~, `timeosi~, `kanonebi~).
Zveli berZnuli, kerZod, sokratemdeli filosofia Tavis naazrevs xSirad
bundovani, aforistuli stiliTa da brZnuli darigebebiT, leqsad an prozad
gadmogvcemda. platonma TviTgamoxatvis formad dialogi airCia, rogorc nimuSi
Tavisi didi maswavleblis, sokrates cnobili principisa da meTodisa – WeS-
mariti filosofosi meani qalia, romelic Tavisi kiTxvebiTa da pasuxebiT mosau-
bres exmareba, rom man dialogis Sedegad WeSmariteba Svas. iTvleba, rom dialo-
gis formis SemotaniT platonma filosofiis istoriaSi erTgvari gadatrialeba
moaxdina.
Tavisi nawarmoebis personaJad platoni arasodes gvevlineba. filosofosi
amgvarad cdilobs gaemijnos im argumentacias, romelic mis dialogebSia war-
modgenili. am TvalsazrisiT platoni yvelasagan gamoirCeva. igi sakuTar ideebsa
da azrebsac ki sxvebs miawers, obieqturobis garemos qmnis da amgvarad aiZulebs
mkiTxvels, rom man Tavad gaakeTos arCevani da gadawyvitos, ramdenad misaRebi da
gasaziarebelia esa Tu is debuleba. iTvleba, rom am `strategias~ platoni gansa-
kuTrebuli warmatebiT Tavis SedarebiT mokle dialogebSi iyenebs, sadac argu-
mentebi ufro cocxlad aris warmodgenili.
dialogis forma platonisaTvis ara stilisturi xerxi, aramed epistemolo-
giuri principia. filosofoss Rrmad swams, rom codna maSinaa WeSmaritad Rire-
buli, rodesac sakuTari ZalisxmeviT, sulieri da mentaluri Zalebis mobilize-
biT miiRweva da ara meqanikurad, sxvaTagan mxolod mosmeniTa da wignebis kiTx-
viT. platonisaTvis arsebiTia azrovnebis procesis stimulireba da ara mza do-
qtrinebis qadageba.
platonis dialogebi didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva da mravalmxrivobisa
da mravalaspeqturobis gamo sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva.
jer kidev antikur xanaSi kamaTobdnen, Tu ras warmoadgenda platonis filoso-
fiuri memkvidreoba. es iyo garkveul doqtrinaTa, moZRvrebaTa wyeba Tu msje-
loba da debatebi. Suaplatonizmis warmomadgenlebi platonis Semoqmedebas ar-
gumentirebis mudmiv procesad miiCnevdnen da swored amis gamo miagebdnen pativs.
antikur xanaSive arsebobda Tvalsazrisi, rom platonis calkeul dialogebSi
warmodgenili iyo misi moZRvrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, xolo maTi gaerTiane-
biTa da gamTlianebiT viRebdiT platonizms, azrovnebis sruliad gansazRvrul
sistemas. platonis Semoqmedebis amgvari e. w. `dogmaturi~ interpretaciiT
cdilobdnen aexsnaT: dialogebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli xasiaTi, mravali
platoni 173

sakiTxis usistemo da zogjer urTierTsawinaaRmdego gaazreba, sokrates rolis

TandaTanobiT Sesusteba da bolos misi gaqroba da sxv. `dogmatikosebi~ amgvar
winaaRmdegobebs platonis azrovnebisa da moZRvrebis ganviTarebas, mis evolu-
cias ukavSirebdnen.
dReisaTvis Cvens xelT arsebuli xelnawerebis safuZvelze, platonis filoso-
fiuri memkvidreoba moicavs ocdaaTze met filosofiur dialogsa da 13 werils.
XIX saukunidan moyolebuli cdilobdnen platonis dialogTa avTenturobisa da
qronologiis dadgenas, ris Sedegadac mecnierebaSi gaCnda e. w. platonis sakiTxi.
unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi TviT kompiuterulma analizmac ki
sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. verc erTi e. w. `stilisturi testiT~ ver dadg-
inda nawarmoebTa zusti Tanmimdevroba, Tumca, stilisturi TvalsazrisiT, dia-
logebi sam, SedarebiT naklebad winaaRmdegobriv jgufad iyofa: 1
1) adreuli, anu sokratuli dialogebi, sadac sokrate, centraluri figura,
sxvaTa poziciis dadgenas cdilobs, magram Tavis Tvalsazriss ar amJRavnebs. sok-
ratul dialogebs ganekuTvneba: `ioni~, `laqesi~, `lisisi~, `apologia~, `evTi-
froni~, `qarmidesi~, `meneqsenosi~, `didi hipiasi~, `mcire hipiasi~, `protagorasi~,
`kritoni~, `klitofoni~, `Teagesi~, `alkibiadesi~, `eriqsiasi~ da `hiparqosi~ (am
ori ukanasknelis avTenturobas jer kidev antikur xanaSi xSirad eWvqveS ay-
enebdnen, xolo XIX saukunidan moyolebuli maT ricxvs `alkibiadesic~ emateba).
momdevno etapze gardamaval safexurad iTvleba `gorgiasi~ da `menoni~. `ev-
Tidemosi~ da `Teetetosi~, ase vTqvaT, sokratul formats mimarTaven, Tumca gvi-
andel dialogebTan bevri sxva ram aqvT saerTo.
2) Sua periodis dialogebSi sokrate kvlav wamyvan personaJad rCeba, Tumca
sxvaTa Sexedulebebis `ngrevas~ aRar cdilobs, bevr mniSvnelovan ideas gvTa-
vazobs da maT gamowvlilviTac ganixilavs. Sua periodis nawarmoebebs gane-
kuTvneba: `fedoni~, `saxelmwifo~, `nadimi~ da `fedrosi~.
3) gviandel dialogebSic sokrate mTavar mosaubred gvevlineba, xolo pla-
toni vrclad, xSirad kritikulad warmogvidgens rogorc sakuTar, ise sxva
filosofosTa mosazrebebs. amasTan, igi misTvis manamde uCveulo xerxebs mimar-
Tavs, detalurad, metismetad teqnikuri da profesiuli maneriT msjelobs.
gviandel dialogebs ganekuTvneba: `kratilosi~, `parmenidesi~, `sofisti~, `po-
litikosi~, `filebosi~ da `kanonebi~. am jgufs xSirad `timeossa~ da `kritiassac~
miakuTvneben xolme, magram ufro mizanSewonilia, rom isini Sua periodis nawar-
moebebad miviCnioT.
platonis literaturul da filosofiur memkvidreobaze msjeloba mravali
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba. misi analizis erTi, upirobo gza arc arsebobs. pla-
tonis Semoqmedebis mravali aspeqti mkiTxvels filosofiur problemaTa daus-
rulebeli analizisken ubiZgebs, zogierT nawarmoebSi ki esa Tu is sakiTxi imde-
nad safuZvlianad aris gaazrebuli, rom imasac ki Caafiqrebs, vinc platonis
`dogmatur interpretacias~ ewinaaRmdegeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom platonis
mdidari da mravalmxrivi Semoqmedebis mokle mimoxilva praqtikulad Seu-
Zlebelia, mis nawarmoebebSi calkeuli wamyvani Temisa da motivis gamoyofa mainc
SeiZleba.
platonis msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi yvelaze arsebiTi da mniSvnelovani
nawili m o Z R v r e b a a r s i s Sesaxeb da masTan uSualod dakavSirebuli
i d e a T a T e o r i a a. platonma cnebisa da dialeqtikuri meTodis sokrate-
seuli xedva piTagorul-eleaturi metafizikis safuZvelze ganavrco da ganavi-
Tara (`saxelmwifo~, `fedoni~, `fedrosi~, `nadimi~, `parmenidesi~).

1
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa platonis dia-
logTa qronologiasTan dakavSirebiR.
174 platoni

platonis mixedviT, cneba anu zogadis codna grZnobadi sinamdvilisagan da-

moukidebelia da mas ucvleloba, sayovelTaoba da obieqturoba axasiaTebs. Sesa-
bamisad, arsebobs grZnobadi sinamdvilisagan damoukidebeli da TavisTavadi
obieqturi arsi.
zogadi aris erTi, TavisTavSi dasrulebuli mTeli da ucvleli, xolo kerZo,
mis sapirispirod, simravleSi gaSlili realoba, naklovani, cvalebadi da war-
mavalia. zogadi Tavisi arsebobiT, anu eqsistenciurad da Semecnebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, anu gnoseologiurad win uswrebs kerZos. zogads, anu kerZosagan, mov-
lenisagan damoukidebelsa da mis sapirispiro arss, platoni ideas uwodebs. jer
kidev aristotelem SeniSna, rom platonma da misma skolam ideebi `kerZoobisgan~
gamoacalkeves (`metafizika~, 1078b31).
zogadi TavisTavSi erTia, magram vinaidan arsebobs mravali zogadi, arsebobs
ideaTa didi simravlec, rac ideaTa obieqtur samyaros Seadgens, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, azrobrivi, logikuri sinamdvilea. idea Seimecneba ara grZnobebis saSu-
alebiT, aramed – gonebiT.
platoni gamoyofs da erTmaneTs upirispirebs or arss: zegrZnobads, ideasa da
grZnobads, sagansa da movlenas. Sesabamisad, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, erTi
mxriv, ideaTa, xolo, meore mxriv, fizikuri, materialur saganTa samyaro.
pirveli maTgani WeSmaritad arsebuli, anu `arsebulad arsebulia~, xolo meore
– moCvenebiTi, araarsebiTi. ideaTa sauflo uxilavi, ucvleli, maradiuli da
srulyofilia, xolo materialuri samyaro – xiluli, cvalebadi, warmavali da
arasrulyofili.
platonis Tanaxmad, idea sagnisa da movlenis arsebobis mizezi, logikuri sa-
fuZveli da mizania. idea ganapirobebs sagnis ama Tu im niSan-Tvisebas, mis xasiaTs,
maSasadame, aris misi e. w. `formaluri mizezi~. garda amisa, idea aris `arseba~,
romlis srulyofilebisaken warumateblad, magram mainc miiltvis sagani. aqedan
gamomdinare, idea e. w. `finalur mizezadac~ gvevlineba.
idea arsebulis dedani, pirvelsaxea, movlena ki – misi aCrdili. idea aris ara
zogadi (universali), romelic mJRavndeba kerZoTi, aramed igi warmogvidgeba
rogorc ideali, standarti, sazRvari, romelsac calkeuli sagnebi eswrafvian,
magram mxolod uaxlovdebian. idea aris paradigma, nimuSi, srulyofili modeli,
romlis kopirebas warumateblad cdilobs kerZooba.
platonis filosofiur sistemaSi grZnobadi sagnebis mimarTeba ideasTan gai-
azreba rogorc mibaZva, mimesisi, iseve rogoc monawileoba, Tanaziaroba. maSasa-
dame, ideebi arian sagnebSi da maT aZleven TavianT xasiaTs. imavdroulad ideebi
arian ara grZnobad sagnebSi arasrulyofilad ganxorcielebulni, aramed arse-
boben maTgan damoukideblad. damoukideblad arsebuli, an saganSi (kerZoSi) war-
modgenili idea (zogadi) ganisazRvreba im damaxasiaTebeli niSniT, romelic mas
saganSi Seaqvs. idea arsebobs erTi da igive saxelis mqone saganTa yoveli jgu-
fisaTvis.
platoni gamoyofs rogorc transcendentur, ise e. w. imanentur ideebs, anu
imas, rac aris damaxasiaTebeli, niSandoblivi ama Tu im kerZosaTvis. mkvlevarTa
nawili imanenturi ideis cnebaSi xedavs Canasaxs aristoteles doqtrinisa ma-
teriis, ideisa da konkretuli, Sedgenili, sinTeturi sagnis Sesaxeb.
ideebi TanabarmniSvnelovanni rodi arian. isini erTgvar ierarqiasac ki qmnian.
ideaTa saTaveSi dgas erTi idea – sikeTe, romelsac sibrZnis, samarTlianobis, si-
mamacis, vaJkacobis, keTilgonierebisa da mSvenierebis ideebi ukavSirdebian. maT
qvemoT ganlagdebian sxva ideebi da amgvarad warmoiqmneba ideaTa piramida.
saganTa mizezis Ziebis sokrateseuli procesi platonis erT-erT dialogSi,
kerZod, `fedonSi~ moxseniebulia rogorc deuvtero~ plou`~. es ganmarteba dRemde
mwvave diskusiis sagania. am gamoTqmis interpretaciisas mkvlevarni eyrdnobian,
platoni 175

ZiriTadad, menandross, romlis Tanaxmad, deuvtero~ plou`~ sityvasityviT niSnavs

naosnobis dros niCbebis gamoyenebas qaris Sesustebisas (fr. 241), xolo `fedonis~
SemTxvevaSi igi metaforulad gulisxmobs miznis miRwevis ufro nel da rTul,
Sromatevad process. mizani ki sokratesaTvis aris saganTa mizezis povna, rac
ideaTa saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
`parmenidesSi~ Tavad platonma eWvqveS daayena Tavisi ideebis Teoria. rogorc
Cans, igi Tavad xedavda, rom misi moZRvrebis mixedviT ver xerxdeboda erTisa da
simravlis, arsisa da ararsis, `raimesa~ da `sxvis~, e. i. ideebisa da grZnobadi
sagnebis mimarTebis problemis gadawyveta. mogvianebiT, platonis moswavlem,
aristotelem Tavisi `metafizikis~ pirveli wignis mecxre Tavi da mecamete wignis
meoTxe-mexuTe Tavebi swored Tavisi pedagogis ideaTa Teoriis kritikas miuZ-
Rvna.
ideaTa Teorias ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba platonis m o Z R v r e b a
x e l o v n e b a z e. mis Tanaxmad, mSveniereba arsebobs TavisTavad, rogorc mara-
diuli idea. materialuri obieqtebi, grZnobadi sagnebi xdebian mSvenieri
swored mSvenierebis ideasTan ziarebiT. xelovnebas mSvenierebis samsaxuri da
misi asaxva marTebs. xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmna niSnavs mSvenierebis ideis gamosax-
vas erT konkretul, materialur, grZnobad saxeSi. es ki, platonis Tanaxmad, mibaZ-
vis mibaZvaa. xelovani baZavs grZnobad sagans, romelic, Tavis mxriv, baZavs ideas.
swored amitom, platonis moZRvreba xelovnebis Sesaxeb gvevlineba mibaZvis, anu
mimesisis Teoriad.
imavdroulad, platonis Tanaxmad, verc swavla, verc srulyofilebisaken
ltolva da verc mimbaZveloba adamians WeSmarit xelovanad ver aqcevs, Tu igi
Sepyrobili ar iqna mSvenierebis ideiT, Tu mas aRmafrena ar daeufla, romlis
wyalobiTac mSveniereba da ritmi ibadeba.
platonis Tanaxmad, poeti da, zogadad, xelovani Semoqmedia mSvenieri nawar-
moebisa, romelSic ganxorcielebulia siyvaruli mSvenierebisadmi TavisTavad
(`nadimi~), magram idealur saxelmwifoSi poetebs araferi esaqmebaT. vinaidan po-
eti mibaZviT saqmianobas eweva, igi WeSmaritebasaa mowyvetili, adamianis garTo-
bas emsaxureba da ara mis zneobriv srulyofas. poeturi nawarmoebebi miuRebe-
lia rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT. poeti sulis cud mxares avarjiSebs da ga-
naviTarebs, goniT nawils asustebs da amdablebs, xolo saxelmwifoSi qvena
grZnobani da siamovnebani ki ar unda batonobdes, aramed – kanoni da goneba.
platonis e p i s t e m o l o g i a, a n u c o d n i s a T u S e m e c n e b i s
T e o r i a ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba misi msoflmxedvelobis sxva aspeqtebs: su-
lisa da sxeulis dualizms, ideaTa Teorias, moZRvrebas arsze, rac ideebisa da
grZnobadi samyaros dapirispirebas gulisxmobs (`Teetetosi~, `fedoni~, `menoni~,
`fedrosi~).
platoni uaryofs grZnobadi codnis WeSmaritebas, aRiarebs Semecnebas cne-
biTi azrovnebiT da miiCnevs, rom suls cnebebi, anu WeSmariti codna Tandayo-
lili aqvs. amgvarad, filosofosi safuZvels uyris e. w. nativizms, Tandayoli-
lobis Teorias. mis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti codna mTlianad Tandayolilia, Se-
mecneba ki ubralod misi gamovlenis procesia. igi, faqtobrivad, ukve arsebuli
codnis gaxseneba, mogonebaa, rasac platoni anamnesiss uwodebs.
suli eswrafvis codnis SeZenas, ufro sworad, mis gamovlenas. anu suli
cdilobs, amaRldes grZnobadi codnidan cnebamde, grZnobadi sagnidan ideamde. am
swrafvas ki platoni eross, filosofiur, anu codnisa da sibrZnis siyvaruls
miawers. swored amitom, mSvenierebisa da sikeTis trfobas platonur, anu
idealur siyvaruls uwodeben.
platoni Semecnebis, WeSmariti codnis miRebis meTodad dialeqtikas miiCnevs.
es aris xelovneba, romlis wyalobiTac azrovnebaSi winaaRmdegobrivis gziT
176 platoni

arawinaaRmdegobrivi dgindeba. vinaidan Semecnebis procesi cnebebiT xor-

cieldeba, dialeqtika cnebaTa `aRmoCenis~, `dabadebis~ xelovnebaa.
dialeqtika azrovnebis saSualebiT uaryofs kerZos, grZnobads da amgvarad
adis zogadamde, pirvelarsamde. dialeqtikur meTodSi gamoiyofa: epagoge anu
induqcia – kerZodan zogadze gadasvla; sinagoge anu gaerTianebis momenti – cne-
baTa gaerTianeba ufro zogad cnebaSi, gvarSi; dieresisi anu gayofis momenti –
gvarSi Semaval cnebaTa saxeebis CamoTvla srulad, anu cnebis gayofa; daSvebis
anu hipoTeturi gamokvlevis momenti – daSveba saZiebeli cnebis aRmoCenis mizniT,
agreTve antinomiuris anu sawinaaRmdegos daSvebiT dapirispirebulTa sa-
fuZvlis kvleva.
iTvleba, rom gansakuTrebuli ostatobiTa da srulyofilebiT Tavis
dialeqtikur meTods platoni `parmenidessa~ da `sofistSi~ iyenebs.
p l a t o n i s k o s m o l o g i u r i S e x e d u l e b e b i yvelaze Tanmimdev-
rulad `timeosSia~ gadmocemuli. filosofosis Tanaxmad, kosmosi sferosebria.
centrSi moqceulia dedamiwa, mis irgvliv ki moZravi ciuri sferoebi, planetebi
da maTze mimagrebuli uZravi varskvlavebi warmogvidgeba.
grZnobadi samyaro oTxi elementisgan, miwis, wylis, haerisa da cecxlisgan
Sedgeba. isini `ararsebul~, anu WeSmarit arss moklebul, ganusazRvrel, boro-
tebis safuZvel materias qmnian. bunebis Semqmnel Zalas platoni demiurgoss, Se-
moqmeds anu RmerTs uwodebs. buneba warmoiqmneba ideebis samyarosadmi msgavse-
biT. amdenad, buneba da misi Semadgeneli sagnebi maradiuli, WeSmaritad arse-
buli ideebis aslebi da aCrdilebia. ideebsa da sagnebs Soris damoukidebel ar-
sTa saxiT moqmedeben ricxvebi, romelTac saerTo aqvT ideebTanac da sagnebTanac.
aristoteles Tanaxmad, platoni `grZnobad sagnebsa da ideebs Soris aTavsebda
maTematikur obieqtebs, romlebic gansxvavdebian grZnobadi sagnebisgan imiT, rom
arian maradiulni da ucvlelni da ideebisgan imiT, rom arian bevrni, erTmaneTis
msgavsni, maSin roca idea TavisTavSi aris yovelTvis erTaderTi~ (`metafizika~,
98b14-18).
platonis mixedviT, arsebobs demiurgosis igiveobrivi msoflio suli, ro-
melic samyaroSi moZraobis wyarod, sicocxlisa da qmedebis mizezad gvevlineba.
adamianis organizmSi suli sxeuls amoZravebs, xolo kosmosis mamoZravebeli
Zala msoflio sulia.
platonis kosmologia anTropomorfistulia, vinaidan samyaro, adamianis
kvalobaze, maradiuli, ucvleli sulisa da warmavali, cvalebadi sxeulis erTo-
bad warmogvidgeba. kosmosi saganTa gonivruli wesrigis Sedegi, arsisa da arar-
sis erTianobaa.
platonis Tanaxmad, kosmosi aris erTaderTi da arsebulTagan yvelaze sru-
lyofili, am srulyofilebis mizezi ki RmerTia. amgvarad, berZeni moazrovne
filosofiis istoriaSi pirvelad gvTavazobs RmerTis arsebobis damasabuTebel
arguments.
zneobriobisa da saTnoebis qadageba platonis mTel Semoqmedebas laitmoti-
vad gasdevs. saTnoeba sibrZnesTan da WeSmaritebis wvdomasTan gaigivdeba. indi-
vidualuri eTikis sakiTxebs platoni `filebosSi~ ganixilavs, socialuri eTikis
Teorias ki – `saxelmwifoSi~. misi e T i k u r i d a p o l i t i k u r i m o Z -
R v r e b a erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. filosofosi yovelnairad cdilobs, rom
individualuri saTnoeba da sazogadoebrivi samarTlianoba erTmaneTTan Seax-
amos. erTi mxriv, platoni acxadebs, rom qalaqis politikur cxovrebaSi
monawileoba adamians aiZulebs, rom an zneobriv faseulobebze Tqvas uari, an Ta-
vis eTikur principebs Seewiros (`apologia~). meore mxriv, filosofosi saTnoe-
bas swored politikur konteqstSi ganixilavs da mas saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Tavis
platoni 177

moZRvrebas ukavSirebs, saxelmwifo wyobilebisa da sxvadasxva saTnoebaTa erTo-

bas idealad warmogvidgens (`saxelmwifo~).
platonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo oTxi socialuri fenis – miwaTmoqmedTa,
xelosanTa, mcvelTa da mmarTvelTa – urTierTmimarTebas emyareba. isini yovelT-
vis harmoniulad da erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad ver moqmedeben, ris gamoc marT-
vis cudi da kargi formebi arsebobs. `saxelmwifosa~ da `politikosSi~ platoni
Svidi tipis saxelmwifo wyobilebis Sesaxeb gvesaubreba da yvelaze srulyofi-
lad aristokratul respublikasa da monarqias miiCnevs, damaxinjebulad da mi-
uReblad – timokratias, oligarqias, demokratiasa da tiranias, anu pativmoy-
vareTa, mdidarTa, xalxisa da erTis absolutur mmarTvelobas. adamianTa
idealuri Tanacxovreba ki, platonis azriT, saxelmwifosa da kanonmdeblobaze
maRla dgas, xolo idealuri mmarTvelni gonieri adamianebi, brZenni da filoso-
fosni arian.
platonma Tavis dialogebSi idealuri saxelmwifo warmogvidgina, romelic
sazogado sakuTrebas, axalgazrda Taobis sazogadoebriv aRzrdas, harmoniasa
da samarTlianobas efuZneboda, magram mogvianebiT Tavadve aRiara, rom es
mxolod ocneba, ganuxorcielebeli idea, utopia iyo.
platoni Tavisi Teoriis praqtikaSi danergvasac cdilobda. man mravali weli
Sealia Tavis ganuxorcielebel ocnebas. uamravi sirTulis, dabrkolebisa da se-
riozuli gansacdelis miuxedavad, didi riskis fasad, samjer ewvia sirakusas da
Zal-Rone ar dauSurebia, rom siciliis tirania ganaTlebul monarqiad eqcia, ma-
gram amaod. filosofosis Zalisxmevam nayofi ver gamoiRo.
Tu `saxelmwifoSi~ platoni jer kidev uSvebda samarTliani saxelmwifos
arsebobas, ufro gviandel dialogebSi mas ukve kronosis mmarTvelobis xanas
(`politikosi~), odesRac arsebul da msoflio kataklizmebis Sedegad gamqral
idealur saxelmwifoebs ukavSirebda (`timeosi~, `kritiasi~). vin icis, ramdenjer
daubrundnen evropeli moazrovneebi idealuri saxelmwifos platonur ideas,
magram ocneba ocnebad rCeba.
rodesac platonis Semoqmedebas ganvixilavT, gverds ver avuvliT im mZlavr
m i T o l o g i u r n a k a d s, romelic mis memkvidreobaSi Zalumad iCens Tavs.
Tavis SemoqmedebiT principebs platoni arc miTologiasTan mimarTebaSi Ra-
latobs. kerZod, erTi mxriv, igi eyrdnoba tradicias, anu safuZvlad iRebs ukve
arsebul da aRiarebul miTologiur gadmocemebs, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavisi
mxatvruli Tu filosofiuri Canafiqris Sesabamisad maT transformirebas
axdens. filosofosi ukve arsebuli miTologiuri gadmocemebis gadamuSavebiT
qmnis originalur miTebs, romelTac miTosis tradiciuli formiT gvTavazobs,
magram maTSi yovelTvis igrZnoba platonis individualuri xelwera.
platonis miTebSi aris fantaziac, gamonagonic, tradiciuli rwmenac da gark-
veuli Teoriuli codnac, im droisaTvis arsebuli mecnieruli monacemebic.
miTis saSualebiT platons logikuri azrovnebidan mistikis sferoSi gadavye-
varT. gvixsnis sulier Tvals, radgan WeSmariteba mxolod mSrali logikuri op-
eraciebiT ar Seimecneba. miTi xSirad wamogvidgeba ama Tu im dialogis filo-
sofiuri problematikis sailustracio masalad, racionaluri msjelobis ira-
cionalur eqod, filosofosis argumentaciis damxmare masalad, mis mxardam-
Werad.
garda amisa, platonis dialogebSi gadmocemuli miTebi zogjer am nawar-
moebTa emociuri zemoqmedebis Zalas ganapirobeben, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise
mxatvruli formis TvalsazrisiT.
platoni sxvadasxva miTologiur saxeebsac xSirad mimarTavs da, Cveulebriv,
isini acocxleben da alamazeben Txrobas. mas ufro gamomsaxvels, amaRelvebelsa
da STambeWdavs xdian. organulad Tavsdebian azris logikur mdinarebaSi da ara-
178 platoni

sodes gvevlinebian ufunqcio, garegnul samkaulad. isini Rrma simboloebadac

SeiZleba miviCnioT, romelTac Znelad Tu gavmijnavT obieqtur-ontologiuri
msjelobisagan.
rac Seexeba platonisa da misterialuri religiebis urTierTmimarTebas,
kvlevam cxadyo, rom, erTi mxriv, platonis qmnilebebi xels uwyobs religiis is-
toriis Seswavlas, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavad religiis istoria platonis Semo-
qmedebis ukeT gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
berZnuli religiis mkvlevarni sxva avtorTa cnobebisa da arqeologiuri ma-
salis garda, Zalian xSirad platonis memkvidreobasac eyrdnobian, radgan
filosofosi klasikur saberZneTSi misterialur religiaTa Teoriuli sa-
fuZvlebis karg codnas amJRavnebs. ZiriTadad, `gorgiasi~, `menoni~, `kratilosi~,
`fedoni~, `nadimi~, `fedrosi~, `timeosi~, `saxelmwifo~ da, nawilobriv, sxva dia-
logebic saintereso da xSirad unikalur informacias awvdian Zveli berZnuli
religiis mkvlevars.
platonis nawarmoebebSi reliefurad warmoCnda orfizmis, piTagoreizmisa da
dionises kultis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, sulis ukvdavebisa da metemfsiqozis idea,
sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovrebis rwmena, ganwmendisa da xeldasxmis ritualebi, mis-
teriebi – maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli saiqio netarebis molodiniTa da imediT, dai-
monis cneba Tu kerZo kultebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
da bolos, aRsaniSnavia, rom misterialur religiur praqtikasa da mdidar
religiur leqsikas platoni mimarTavs filosofiuri cxovrebis wesisa da
filosofosis raobis gansazRvrisaTvis, ris demonstrirebasac axdens sokrates
ukanaskneli saaTebis saTanado aRweriT (`fedoni~).
platonis literaturuli memkvidreobis erT-erTi Rirseba isicaa, rom masSi
poeturoba da m a R a l m x a t v r u l o b a harmoniulad erwymis filosofiuri
msjelobis siRrmesa da sirTules. konstruqciul-logikuri azrovnebis ab-
straqtuloba materialur-grZnobad suraTovnebas exameba.
platonis dialogebi, Cveulebriv, ar aris erTi konkretuli Janris far-
glebSi moqceuli nawarmoebebi. isini warmogvidgebian filosofiur dialogad,
daZabul diskusiad, romelic xorcSesxmulia sxvadasxva JanrisaTvis niSando-
blivi literaturuli xerxebis saSualebiT, rac SeiZleba aixsnas, erTi mxriv,
zogadad filosofiuri dialogis literaturuli wyaroebis mravalferovne-
biT, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavad platonis araordinaluri mwerluri TvisebebiT.
xSirad saubroben platonis dialogTa dramatizmis Sesaxeb da, saerTod, unda
iTqvas, rom am moazrovnisa da berZnuli dramis urTierTmimarTeba sakmaod
rTuli da araerTgvarovani, SeiZleba iTqvas, winaaRmdegobrivic kia. filoso-
fosi, erTi mxriv, zogadad poeziisa da kerZod dramis aSkara mowinaaRmdeged
gvevlineba, magram, meore mxriv, platonis qmnilebebSi misTvis `miuRebeli~ Janri-
saTvis damaxasiaTebel araerT detals gamohyofen. problemis sirTulesa da di-
lemurobas ganapirobebs platonis dialogebSi moZiebuli masalis ambivalen-
turoba.
unda iTqvas, rom paradoqsuloba platonis memkvidreobis erT-erT maxasiaTe-
bladac iTvleba: `erTi mxriv, igi werilobiTi formis winaaRmdegia da, meore
mxriv, mdidar, sworedac rom werilobiT memkvidreobas gvitovebs; akritikebs
xelovnebasa da ritorikas da amave dros srulyofil oratorad da Semoqmedad
gvevlineba; qmnis idealuri saxelmwifos models da aqve daamatebs, rom es
praqtikulad ganuxorcielebelia; acxadebs, rom suli, an samyaros Semoqmedi ad-
amianuri gonebiT Seucnobelia, rom misi aRwera mxolod SedarebebiT SeiZleba
da paralelurad qmnis iseT saxeebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Semdgomi perio-
dis moazrovneTa mTel Taobebze~ (r. rezerfordi).
platoni 179

platonis qmnilebaTa dramatuloba ZvelTaganve SeuniSnavT. jer kidev plu-

tarqosi werda, rom `platonis dramatul dialogTagan yvelaze martivebs bavS-
vebi swavlobdnen da zepiradac ambobdnen; amave dros moqmed pirTa xasiaTs, xmas,
pozas, warmoTqmuli sityvebis Sesabamis ganwyobilebas asaxierebdnen~.
platonis dialogebisa da dramis urTierTmimarTebis zogad suraTs odnav
utrirebulad, magram reliefurad warmogvidgens erT-erTi mkvlevari, j. ari-
eti. misi TqmiT, `Tu Cven platonis dialogebis klasifikacia gvsurs, `prota-
gorasi~ SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc komedia, `evTidemosi~ da `kratilosi~
– rogorc farsi. `fedoni~ tragediaa da masze gulisSemZvreli berZen poetebs
araferi SeuqmniaT. `saxelmwifo~ ufro Cvens filosofiur romanebs hgavs – ma-
galiTad, Tomas manis `jadosnur mTas~ da goeTes `fausts~. l. kuperis Sefasebi-
Tac, `apologia~, `kritoni~ da `fedoni~ Zalian hgvanan tragikul trilogias.
rac Seexeba platonis weris maneras, igi zedmiwevniT sadaa da daxvewili, mety-
veleba mkafioa da lakonuri. v. asmusis SefasebiT, platonis ena moqnilia, ga-
momsaxveli, gamWvirvale, amasTanave zusti da xatovani, rac mxatvruli xerxebis
zomieri gamoyenebiT miiRweva. imavdroulad, platonisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
`stiliT TamaSi~. mwerlis stili da metyveleba xSirad icvleba Txrobis obi-
eqtidan gamomdinare.
platonis dialogebi maqsimaluradaa gantvirTuli efeqturi, magram zogjer
myvirala gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisagan da swored amitom amaRlebuloba
aq maRalfardovnebaSi ar gadadis. mxatvrul saSualebaTa siWarbe daamZimebda
mis nawarmoebebs, xelovnur bariersa da distancias Seuqmnida mkiTxvels. sisa-
daviT, daxvewilobiTa da simsubuqiT platonis dialogebi ufro advilad
mkvidrdeba CvenSi.
cnobilia, rom Txrobis daZabul da emociur intonacias platoni sxvadasxva
mwerluri xerxiT da maT Soris oratoruli xelovnebis saidumloebaTa codniT
aRwevs.
dialogis saSualebiT filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvas platoni ri-
torikis ZiriTad wesebs umorCilebs. gvaqvs Sesavali anu Temis dasabuTeba (exor-
dium), misi gavrcoba (narratio) da daskvna (conclusio). xSiria sxvadasxvagvari ritori-
kuli xerxebi – frazaTa emociuri da azrobrivi ganmeorebani Tu dazustebani,
winamaval TezisebTan dabruneba Tu sakiTxidan lirikuli gadaxveva.
ritorikul figuraTagan platoni sakmaod xSirad iyenebs antiTezas, romelic
sxvadasxva struqturul doneze vlindeba, leqsikuri safexuri iqneba es,
gramatikuli Tu kompoziciuri, rac situaciebis aRwerasa da saxeebis agebis
principebs gulisxmobs.
platoni xSirad mimarTavs enleqsiss anu uaryofas. mosaubres (Cveulebriv,
sokrates) jer winaaRmdegobamde mihyavs oponentis Tezisi, romelic, rogorc
wesi, sayovelTaod miRebuli azria da, bolos, sapirispiro daskvnas akeTebinebs.
yvelaferi es xdeba kategoriulobisa da mentoruli tonis gareSe.
sxvadasxva oratorul xerxs platoni mimarTavs ara logikis saWiroebisaTvis,
aramed msjelobis procesSi msmenelebze emociuri zemoqmedebis moxdenis, gark-
veuli debulebis aqcentirebis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT xSirad gamoiyeneba erTi
azris sxvadasxva ritorikuli variaciebi.
oratoruli xelovnebis kvalobaze platoni sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobda
frazis JReradobas, `mis materialur faqturas~. sagangebod arCevda leqsikur
masalas, mimarTavda aliteraciebsa da kalamburebs, sityvisa da bgeris TamaSs,
rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc platonis literaturuli geniis aracnobier
gamovlinebad, ise savsebiT cnobierad gamoyenebul xerxad.
neitralizacia opoziciisa `poeturi ena – filosofiuri ena~ ar aris yvela
drois konstanta. igi icvleba epoqidan epoqaSi. filosofiuri metyveleba gark-
180 platoni

veul periodSi Tavis Tavze iRebs amocanebs, romlebsac sxva epoqaSi itvirTebs
poeturi metyveleba da piriqiT. rac Seexeba platons, erTi mxriv, poeturi da,
meore mxriv, filosofiuri ena misi dialogebis Tanabaruflebiani komponentebia.
Tavisi niWis, fantaziisa da alRos saSualebiT platoni sxvadasxva poetur Tu
oratorul xerxs ganumeorebel xiblsa da axlebur mizandasaxulobas aniWebs.
amave dros, platonis yoveli mwerluri xerxi aris filosofiuri azris ukeT
gadmocemis saSualeba.
platoni uaRresad popularuli iyo rogorc antikur, ise gviandel moazrov-
neTa Soris da man udidesi gavlena moaxdina rogorc elinisturi, ise Sua sau-
kuneebis da axali drois evropuli filosofiis ganviTarebaze. ori aTasi wlis
manZilze mudmivad da sul sxvadasxvagvari kuTxiT iazrebdnen platonis Semo-
qmedebas da mis mravalgvar interpretacias gvTavazobdnen.
antikuri epoqis platonikosebi da neoplatonikosebi am berZen moazrovneSi
`RvTaebriv moZRvars~ xedavdnen, Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebi – qristianuli
msoflaRqmis winamorbeds da mas gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen `timeosisa~ da
`menonis~ SeqmnisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua saukuneebSi platonis moZRvrebas
iyenebdnen rogorc qristianuli, ise iudeuri da magometanuri religiebis
dasabuTebisaTvis. isini warmarTobas erTob uaryofiTad afasebdnen, magram
platonis naazrevSi maT izidavda ara warmarTuli poliTeizmi, aramed samyaros
erTiani Semoqmedi, demiurgosi.
aRorZinebis epoqaSi `nadimisa~ da `saxelmwifos~ avtori fasdeboda rogorc
idealuri siyvarulis mqadagebeli da politikuri utopiis Semqmneli. XIX-XX
saukuneebSi platoni warmogvidgeboda germanuli klasikuri filosofiis su-
liskveTebiT gamsWvalul idealistad, neokantianelad Tu eqsistencialistad.
kanti, hegeli, Selingi, saerTod, axali da uaxlesi idealizmis warmomadgenlebi
swored platonis memkvidreobas eyrdnobodnen.
da bolos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kacobriobis mentaluri evolucia bevrwilad
swored am berZenma moazrovnem gansazRvra. `platonis filosofiuri sistema iyo
mTeli winamorbedi filosofiuri moZraobis dasrulebac da is safuZvelic, ro-
melzec ganviTarda xalxTa Semdgomi sulieri cxovreba~ (a. giliarovi).

Txzulebebi: `ioni~, `laqesi~, `lisisi~, `apologia~, `evTifroni~, `qarmidesi~,

`meneqsenosi~, `didi hipiasi~, `mcire hipiasi~, `protagorasi~, `kritoni~,
`kleitofoni~, `Teagesi~, `alkibiadesi~, `eriqsiasi~, `hiparqosi~, `gorgiasi~,
`menoni~, `evTidemosi~, `Teetetosi~, `fedoni~, `saxelmwifo~, `nadimi~,
`fedrosi~, `timeosi~, `kritiasi~, `kratilosi~, `parmenidesi~, `sofisti~,
`politikosi~, `filebosi~, `kanonebi~, 13 werili.
aristotele 181

aristotele
(Zv. w. 384-322 ww.)

`filosofia iwyeba gakvirvebiT da sruldeba...

ufro didi gakvirvebiT~
aristotele

aristotele daibada TrakiaSi, qalaq stagiraSi (es qalaqi dResac arsebobs),

ris gamoc mas xSirad antikur da Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi `stagirelad~
moixseneben. igi iyo makedoneli mefis amintas II-is eqimis, nikomaqosis Svili. 17
wlis aristotele gaeSura aTens, sadac gaxda platonis akademiis mowafe. oci
wlis manZilze igi swavlobda akademiaSi, romelic mxolod platonis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg datova. ar aris savaraudo, rom aristoteles raime radi-
kaluri msoflmxedvelobiTi konfliqti hqonoda platonTan manamde, sanam is
akademiaSi swavlobda da garkveuli periodi amis merec. cota xnis Semdeg pla-
tonis gardacvalebidan aristotele mas aseT xotbas asxams: `uRirsebs misi Seqe-
bis uflebac ki ar aqvT; man (platonma) aCvena Tavisi cxovrebiTa da moZRvrebiT
rogor SeiZleba iyo erTdroulad bednieric da keTilic~. aristotele aRar
darCa aTenSi, sadac akademiis axali lideri gaxda spevsiposi, aramed wavida
troadis qalaq asosSi, sadac daafuZna akademiis filiali. asosSi igi dauax-
lovda mmarTvel hermiass, xolo misi ZmiSvili da Svilobili, piTiasi, colad
moiyvana. ukve asosSi muSaobisas aristotele aviTarebs sakuTar damoukidebel
filosofiur ideebs, romlebic aRar Tavsdebian akademiis swavlebis CarCoebSi.
albaT am periods asaxavs cnobili frTiani gamoTqma, romelsac aristoteles
miaweren: `platoni Cemi megobaria, magram ufro didi megobaria WeSmariteba~.
Zv. w. 343-2 wlebSi aristotele moiwvia filipe II makedonelma, raTa aRezarda
misi cameti wlis Svili aleqsandre. aristotele makedoniaSi darCa aleqsandres
gamefebamde, Zv.w. 336-5 wlebSi. mas didi gavlena unda hqonoda axalgazrda
aleqsandreze, rac am ukanasknels cxovrebis bolomde gahyva. cnobilia aleqsan-
dres werili, romelic man aristoteles miswera sparseTis kampaniidan. sxvaTa So-
ris, am werilSi aleqsandre sayvedurobs Tavis maswavlebels, rom man gamoaqveyna
is filosofiuri doqtrinebi, romlebic mxolod filosofosTa viwro, ezo-
Teruli wrisaTvis unda yofiliyo gankuTvnili. Tavis mxriv, aristotele (ro-
melic miuxedavad aleqsandres axleburi kosmopolituri xedvebisa, mainc tra-
diciuli berZeni darCa viwro-polisuri politikuri gagebebiT) ar amarTlebda
Tavisi mowafis tendencias, waeSala zRvari `barbarosebsa~ da elinebs Soris.
182 aristotele

makedoniuri wlebis Semdeg aristotele savaraudod dabrunda Tavis mSob-

liur stagiraSi, romelic aleqsandrem Tavisi maswavleblis pativsacemad xe-
laxla ganaSena.
Zv.w. 335-4 wlebSi aristotele dabrunda aTenSi, sadac daaarsa sakuTari sko-
la, radgan Tavisi ukve sakmaod originaluri filosofiuri Sexedulebebi ar
aZlevda mas saSualebas, dabruneboda platonis akademias. axali skola mdeba-
reobda qalaqis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, likeionSi, apolon likeosis taZris si-
axloves. ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom filosofosebi Tavis skolebs RmerTebis an
gmirebis (akademosic, saidanac momdinareobs sityva akademia, RvTiur rangSi ayva-
nili berZeni gmiri iyo) saxelebs ukavSirebdnen: filosofosoba, Teoretikosoba
xom yvelaze RvTaebriv saqmianobad iTvleboda adamianisTvis; TviT sityva `Teo-
riac~ amas aRniSnavs: `xedavde RmerTebs~ anda `xedavde RvTaebrivad~ (berZn.
`Teos~ – RmerTi da `orao~ – vxedav). aristotelem Tavisi skola miuZRvna muzebs.
skolas sxvanairad uwodebdnen peripatoss, xolo mis wevrebs peripatetikosebs,
rac asaxavs im tradicias, rom moswavleebi da maswavleblebi seirnobdnen
(berZnulad `peripate~-obdnen) likeionis baRSi da ase msjelobdnen filo-
sofiur ideebze. sainteresoa, rom TviT sityva `skola~ momdinareobs erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi aristoteleseuli gagebidan `sqole~, rac niSnavs `mocaleobas~
– anu mecnierebebisa da filosofiisTvis aucilebelia `mocaleoba~; es termini
Cven rusTavelisgan gvaxsovs da mijnurobas ukavSirdeba; kavSiri ar aris
SemTxveviTi: filosofiac xom `sibrZnis trfialebad~ SeiZleba iTargmnos.
aristoteles skolas hyavda maswavleblebi, hqonda biblioTeka, leqciebi
regularulad tardeboda.
Zv.w. 323 wels aleqsandre gardaicvala. aTenSi daiwyo reaqcia makedonelTa
batonobis winaaRmdeg, rac aristotelesac, rogorc aleqsandresTan daaxlove-
bul pirs, Seexo. mas, iseve rogorc sokrates, brali dasdes `araRvTismosaobaSi~
(`asebia~). aristotelem, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `ixsna aTenelebi meore
danaSaulisagan filosofiis winaaRmdeg~ da, sokratesagan gansxvavebiT, datova
aTeni. man darCenili cxovreba gaatara Tavisi dedis mamulSi, evboas qalaq
qalkisSi, sadac avadmyofobiT gardaicvala Zv. w. 322 wels.
aristoteles Txzulebebi or nawilad iyofa: 1. egzoTeruli (`ekdedomenoi
logoi~), anu gareSe publikisTvis `gacemuli naSromebi~ da 2. pedagogiuri anu
ezoTeruli naSromebi, romlebic gankuTvnili iyo likeionis studentebis viwro
wrisaTvis, ZiriTadad isini swored saleqcio Canawerebs, konspeqtebs war-
moadgenen (albaT SeuZlebelia daadgino, es Tavad maswavleblis konspeqtebi iyo,
Tu studentebis saleqcio Canawerebi). aristoteles pirveli tipis Sromebi dia-
logis saxiT iyo dawerili, platonis dialogebis msgavsad, da literaturul
momxiblvelobas ar iyvnen moklebulni; maT stils maRal Sefasebas aZlevda cice-
roni. am naSromebma Cvenamde, samwuxarod, ver moaRwies. rac Seexeba meore tipis
naSromebs, maTi vrceli korpusia Semonaxuli. es aristoteles ganasxvavebs pla-
tonisagan, vinaidan platonis SemTxvevaSi piriqiTaa: SemorCa mxolod egzoTer-
uli, farTo publikisTvis gankuTvnili naSromebi – dialogebi – xolo Sida wri-
saTvis dawerili teqstebi daikarga. amiT aixsneba is, rom gansxvavebiT platonis
nawarmoebebisagan, aristoteles teqstebi ufro mkacrad mecnierulia: Segnebuli
terminTSemoqmedeba da terminebis sizustis dacva ufro Tanmimdevrulad aris
ganxorcielebuli; samagierod isini moklebulia platonis nawarmoebebis mxat-
vrul-ritorikul simdidres. aristoteles es ezoTeruli naSromebi pirvelad
gamoaqveyna andronikos rodoselma (Zv.w. 60-50 wlebi).
aristoteles memkvidreobas savaraudod sam periodad yofen. pirvel periods
miakuTvneben im naSromebs, romlebSic aSkaraa platonis gavlena; maTSi aristote-
le srulad iziarebs Tavisi maswavleblis im ideebsac, romlebsac SemdgomSi
aristotele 183

daupirispirda (magaliTad, sulis da ideebis Teoriis Sesaxeb). meore periodis

naSromebSi platonis gavlena isev mniSnvnelovania, magram ukve Cans aristoteles
kritikuli damokidebulebac akademiis tradiciasTan; am periods miakuTvneben,
magaliTad, mis naSroms `filosofiis Sesaxeb~. mesame periodis naSromebs
akavSireben aristoteles likeionSi moRvaweobis periodTan. maTSi ukve aSkaraa
aristoteles sakuTari, idiosinkretuli meTodi, originaluri midgoma
filosofiisadmi. ZiriTadi rac ganasxvavebs mas platonisagan meTodologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, aris is, rom aristotele xiluli samyaros, fizikuri realobis
Seswavlas aucilebel safuZvlad miiCnevs filosofiisTvis. amdenad, igi arnaxul
Zalisxmevas mimarTavs bunebis, fizikuri samyaros mecnieruli klasifikaciisaT-
vis. empiriul kvlevas masTan gacilebiT didi yuradReba eqceoda, vidre pla-
tonis akademiaSi. es aristoteles aaxlovebs Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan. ra Tqma
unda, fizikuri realobis Seswavla ar iyo filosofiis `kenwero~ – es ukanask-
neli aristotelesTvis, iseve rogorc platonisTvis, iyo uxilavi, meta-fizikuri
samyaros Wvreta, magram fizika, empiriuli kvleva iyo aucilebeli fesvi, romel-
zedac Semdgomi, ufro maRali codna unda amozrdiliyo. sapirispirod, platon-
isaTvis fizikuri samyaro, rogorc cvalebadi da daudgromeli, ar iyo
filosofiuri Semecnebis sagani, ramdenadac, misi azriT, myari codna mxolod
imazea SesaZlebeli, rac Tavad myari da ucvlelia – anu maradiuli ideebi. goeTe
aristoteles filosofias moxdenilad adarebda piramidas, romelic zecisken
safexurebiT miiwevs miwaze damyarebuli vrceli saZirkvelidan, xolo platonis
filosofias obelisks anda cecxlis als, romelic miwidan pirdapir zecaSia
atyorcnili gradaciebis gareSe.
aristoteles bolo `likeionuri~ periodis teqstebs Tematikis mixedviT ase
yofen:
a) logikuri xasiaTis naSromebi
b) naSromebi fizikis Sesaxeb (anu naturaluri filosofia)
g) metafizika (rac, erTis mxriv, niSnavs `fizikis mere~ da gamoxatavs aristo-
teles skolis kurikulumSi am Temis Semdgomobas empiriuli samyaros swavle-
basTan SedarebiT; meores mxriv, ki niSnavs `fizikis miRmiers~, anu imas, rom igi
exeba aramaterialur sagnebs, umTavresad ki _ Tavad uxilav RmerTs)
d) eTika da politika
e) esTetika, istoria da literatura.
aristotele SeiZleba CaiTvalos logikis, rogorc samecniero disciplinis,
fuZemdeblad. aristotelem Seqmna formalur-Teoriuli logika, anu man
ganixila logika da misi wesebi TavisTavad, mowyvetilad yovelgvari ontolo-
giuri datvirTvisagan. Tumca Secdoma iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom azrovnebis for-
mebis, logikuri wesebis aRmoCena aristotelesTan saboloo jamSi damoukide-
beli iyo realobis Secnobis amocanisagan. mas logikuri wesebi sWirdeboda
rogorc instrumenti filosofiisTvis, realobis SecnobisaTvis da ara rogorc
TviTmkmari disciplina, rogorc es aris dRes. logikis arsi aris silogizmSi,
anu `msjelobaSi, rodesac raRac winadadebebi (wanamZRvrebi) winaswar aris
gacxadebuli, da am winaswari gancxadebebidan logikuri aucileblobiT gamom-
dinareobs sxva gancxadeba (daskvna), rac manamde ar iyo Tqmuli~. aseTi msjelo-
bisas aucilebelia or winadadebas raRac akavSirebdes erTmaneTTan, es
makavSirebeli ki aris saSuali termini (`to meson~). magaliTad, am or winadade-
baSi 1. `yvela CogburTeli sportsmenia~ da 2. `andre agassi CogburTelia~ saSu-
ali termini aris `CogburTeli~; am saSualis meSveobiT logikuri aucileblo-
biT viRebT axal, aqamde arTqmul winadadebas: `andre agassi sportsmenia~.
aristotele silogizmis sam formas asxvavebda:
184 aristotele

saSuali termini (b) subieqtia pirvel wanamZRvarSi da Semasmeneli (predikati)

meoreSi: mag. Tu b aris c da a aris b da maSin a aris c (zemo SemTxveva agassize).
saSuali termini Semasmenelia orive wanamZRvarSi: Tu a aris b da c ar aris b,
maSin c ar aris a. mag. yvela Tevzi wyalSi cxovrobs; Jirafi wyalSi ar cxovrobs;
maSasadame: Jirafi Tevzi ar aris.
saSuali termini subieqtia orive wanamZRvarSi: Tu b aris a da b aris c, maSin a
aris c. mag. yvela yvavi Savia; yvela yvavi frinvelia; daskvna: zogi frinveli Savia.
es aris deduqciis, anu aucileblobiTi gamomdinareobis meTodi.
ra Tqma unda, aristotele iazrebda imas, rom wanamZRvrebi TavisTavad
moiTxovda damtkicebas. magram, Tu yvela wanamZRvars dasabuTebas davuwyebT, ma-
Sin mivalT e.w. `mankier usasrulobamde~. maSasadame, aristotele miiCnevda, rom
nebismieri logikuri msjelobisaTvis saWiroa winaswari, a priori principebis Se-
muSaveba, romlebsac viRebT ukve ara deduqciiT, aramed winaswari intuiciiT.
erTi aseTi a priori principia kontradiqciis principi, anu is, rom Tu or wi-
nadadebaSi erT-erTi amtkicebs imas, rasac meore uaryofs, ar SeiZleba orive wi-
nadadeba marTali iyos, aramed erTi iqneba marTali, meore mcdari. aseve, silo-
gizmis umTavresi wanamZRvrebi aristotelesTvis efuZnebian ara deduqcias, ara-
med induqcias, anu dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul codnas. magaliTad, wanamZRvari
`yvela yvavi Savia~ ar efuZneba raime silogizms, aramed empiriul dakvirvebas,
rom TeTri yvavi jer aravis unaxavs.
logika, rogorc vTqviT, aris aristotelesTvis instrumenti samyaros Secno-
bisaTvis. rogoria aristoteles danaxuli samyaros suraTi? aristoteles
samyaro iyofa or nawilad: mTvarisqveSa samyaro, sadac yvelaferi ibadeba da
ixrwneba, da ase dausruleblad, da mTvariszeda samyaro, sadac aris maradiuli
materialuri sxeulebi – planetebi, TiToeuli sakuTari sferoTi, xolo sul
maRla, varskvlavebis sfero: anu, rogorc ZvelqarTulad uwodebdnen `cTo-
milni~ (planetac modis zmnidan `planaomai~ – `vcdebi~) da `ucTomelni~ –
varskvlavebi. ratom ase? imitom, rom empiriuli dakvirvebiT planetebis moZ-
raoba met cvalebadobas aCvenebs, zogi maTgani, magaliTad marsi, raRac ucnaur
manevrebsac akeTebs caze, maSin, rodesac varskvlavebi ucvlelni rCebian; xolo
rac metad aris ucvleli, miT metad aris RvTaebrivi.
mTvarisqveSa samyaro Sedgeba oTxi stiqiisagan: cecxlis, wylis, haerisa da mi-
wisagan, xolo ciuri sxeulebi Sedgebian sxva, ufro maRali elementis – eTerisa-
gan (e.w. `kvintesencia~ anu mexuTe elementi). samyaros centrSi aris dedamiwa da
swored mis garSemo brunaven planetaruli sferoebi. xiluli samyaros es su-
raTi ZiriTadi iyo Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi, manamde, sanam kopernikma da
galileom axleburi xedva ar wamoayenes.
aristotele gaemijna platonis Teorias materialuri samyarosagan damou-
kideblad arsebuli ideebis Sesaxeb. misTvis ideebi (aristotele iyenebs termin
`formas~ (`morfes~) ufro, vidre `ideas~) gancalkevebulad ar arseboben, aramed
arian materiaSi, aZleven materias gansazRvrulobas. aristoteles filosofias
`hilemorfizmsac~ uwodeben, anu materiisa (hile) da formis (morfe) erToblio-
bis filosofias. forma misTvis aris materiis Tviseba. am TvisebebSi aristotele
ganasxvavebda i) arsebiT Tvisebebs, anu iseT Tvisebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven ama
Tu im realobis fundamentur raobas, rac aucileblad gansazRvravs am realobas
da uromlisodac es realoba veRar iarsebebs mocemuli saxeliT; da ii) SemTxveviT
Tvisebebs, romlebic SeiZleba icvlebodes ise, rom TviT realoba amiT Tavis
fundamentur xasiaTs da saxelis ganmsazRvrel Tvisebebs ar icvlides. magali-
Tad, amoburculoba cxviris aucilebeli, arsebiTi Tvisebaa, ise rom, Tu Tviseba
`amoburculobas~ gavauqmebT, maSin gauqmdeba TviT cxviric; samagierod Tviseba
`TeTri~ mxolod SemTxveviTi Tvisebaa da igi SeiZleba icvlebodes (magaliTad,
aristotele 185

mzis moqmedebis Sedegad wiTelSi gadavides) ise, rom TviT `cxvirobas~ araferi
daakldeba. kidev rom gavimeoroT, aristotelesTvis Tvisebebi ar arseboben Ta-
visTavad, materiis gareSe. magaliTad, universaluri cxenobis idea ar aris ze-
caSi arsebuli realoba, romelSic miwieri cxeni monawileobs, platonis Te-
oriis msgavsad, aramed igi mxolod mentaluri konstruqciaa, romelsac adamiani
agebs empiriuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze: naxavs mraval cxens da gamoyofs
maTSi arsebiT Tvisebebs, rac gansazRvravs maT `cxenobas~ da ara maT `bukefal~-
obas (aleqsandres cxenis saxeli) an `lurja~-obas (arsenas cxenis saxeli). es ka-
maTi platonsa da aristoteles Soris gagrZelda Sua saukuneebis evropul
filosofiaSic: erT banakSi iyvnen nominalistebi, romlebsac aristoteles
msgavsad universaliebi (`cxenoba~, `magidoba~ a.S.) miaCndaT mentalur konstru-
qciebad, da meore banakSi realistebi, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom universaliebi
obieqturad, Tumca uxilavad, arseboben materiisagan damoukideblad.
aristotele mivida yovelgvar formas da Tvisebas moklebuli pirveladi ma-
teriis (berZn. `prote hile~; laT. materia prima) gaazrebamde: pirveladi materia
aris sruli potenciuroba, romelsac SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri forma. forma
aris aqtualizacia materiis potenciisa. potenciis aqtualizacia, anu SesaZle-
blobis realizacia aris erT-erTi umTavresi aspeqti aristoteles filosofi-
aSi.
filosofia gulisxmobs mizezTa Seswavlas. anu, filosofia aris ara mxolod
empiriul realobaze dakvirveba da misi aRwera, aramed SekiTxvebis dasma Tu
`ratom xdeba ase?~ `raa mizezi?~ da am SekiTxvebiT aRmoCena axali ramis, iseTis,
rac Tavad empiriul dakvirvebaSi araa mza saxiT mocemuli. mizezebs Soris aris-
totele ganarCevda oTx ZiriTads: materialurs, moqmedebiTs, formalurs da
saboloos. martivi magaliTisTvis, rkina da xe arian xistariani danis materi-
aluri mizezebi; xelosani, romelic maT aZlevs Sesabamis formas, aris moqmedeb-
iTi mizezi, xolo mis gonebaSi arsebuli forma, ris mixedviTac igi warmarTavs
Tavis zemoqmedebas materiaze, aris formaluri mizezi; rac Seexeba saboloo
mizezs, es iqneba Wra, radgan danis saboloo daniSnuleba Wraa. zogjer Znelia
mkafiod gamijno formaluri da saboloo mizezebi aristotelesTan. yvela arse-
bas aqvs potenciis aqtualobad qcevis sakuTari gza, sakuTari daniSnuleba,
berZnulad `telos~-i. aristoteles cnobili termini `en-teleqia~ niSnavs, rom
sagani asrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas, aris Tavis `telosSi~. magaliTad, cecxlis
bunebrivi enteleqiaa midiodes zeviT, kaklis Teslis – amovides kaklis xed da
moisxas kaklebi, Tvalis enteleqiaa xedva, planetis enteleqiaa moZraobdes
wriulad, raTa ganmeorebadobiT da ciklurobiT mibaZos ucvlel maradisobas.
amdenad, moZraobebi bunebaSi, aristotelesaTvis, ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed
teleologiuri, mizanmimarTuli.
aristotele daakvirda moZraobebis bunebas da SeniSna, rom yvelaferi rac
moZraobs, moZraobs raRac sxva moZravis meSveobiT. magram ase mivalT kvlav mank-
ier usasrulobamde. maS ra unda iyos is, rac amoZravebs sxvebs da TviTon rCeba
uZravi? aseTi ram aristotelesTvis aris RmerTi (`kinoun akinetos~ – uZravi ma-
moZravebeli), igi aris mTeli samyaros moZraobis formaluri da saboloo mize-
zi. ramdenadac materiam ar SeiZleba sxva rame aamoZravos, Tuki igi Tavad ar amo-
Zravdeba da ramdenadac pirveli mizezi amoZravebs ise, rom TviT uZravad rCeba,
maSasadame pirveli mizezi aris aramaterialuri, sufTa forma. ai, es erTaderTi
formaa aristotelesTvis materiisagan mocilebuli – Tavad RmerTi, uZravi ma-
moZravebeli. amiT, arsebiTad, isic platoniviT obieqturi idealisti rCeba.
Tumca, platonis miTologiuri demiurgosisagan gansxvavebiT, aristoteles
RmerTi ar aris samyaros Semqmneli, an winaswar mocemuli qaosis momwesrigebeli,
aramed ukve mzad arsebuli samyaros mamoZravebeli mizezi. samyaro maradiulad
186 aristotele

da ucvlelad aris mocemuli, iseve rogorc misi mamoZravebeli RmerTi. samyaro

ar Seqmnila, igi rogorc mTlianoba, RmerTis Tanamaradiulia. arsebebi,
cxovelebis da mcenareebis saxeobebi maradiulad aseTebi iyo. aristoteles am
Sexedulebas, romelic ZiriTadad miiRes neoplatonikosebma, SemdgomSi mkveT-
rad daupirispirdnen qristianebi Tavisi ideiT samyaros ex nihilo anu arafrisgan
Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
aristoteles RmerTi aris goneba, romelic fiqrobs sakuTar fiqrs (`noesis
noeseos~ – fiqris fiqri) da ar aris mimarTuli samyarosaken, ase vTqvaT, `ar
zrunavs~ samyaroze. rom warmovidginoT, Tu rogor amoZravebs samyaros RmerTi,
SeiZleba moviyvanoT magaliTad Seyvarebulis `moZraoba~, miswrafeba sayvareli
adamianisadmi, rodesac es ukanaskneli SeiZleba arc amCnevdes mas.
sainteresoa, ra damokidebuleba aris RvTiur gonebasa da adamianis gonebas
Soris? aristotelesTan cxadi pasuxi amaze ar aris, rac sxvadasxva interpre-
taciis safuZvels iZleva. aristotelesTvis adamianis suli ar aris damoukide-
beli adamianis sxeulisagan, aramed, rogorc nebismieri forma, warmoadgens am
sxeulis enteleqias, anu sxeulis potenciis aqtualizacias. magaliTad, yuris
aqtualizaciaa smena, Tvalis – xedva, cxviris – ynosva a.S., anu es Tvisebebi imanen-
turad dakavSirebulni arian sxeulTan da maT gareSe ar arseboben. imis sailus-
traciod, rom sxeuli da misi Tviseba ganuyoflebi arian, aristoteles moyavs
amdagvari magaliTebi: Cven rom gavzardoT sxeulze zemoqmedebis intensivoba,
magaliTad zedmetad kaSkaSa Suqi mivanaToT Tvals, an gemis sayvirs mivadoT
yuri – aseT dros daziandeba da ganadgurdeba rogorc grZnobis aRqmis organo,
ise is Tviseba, romelic mas axasiaTebda (kaci dabrmavdeba an dayruvdeba). magram,
fiqrobs aristotele, aris adamianSi erTi Tviseba, erTi funqcia, rodesac am
funqciis intensivobis gazrdiT ar ziandeba materialuri sxeuli da es Tvisebaa
azrovneba. azrovnebis intensifikacia, gansxvavebiT Suqisa da xmis intensifi-
kaciisagan ar iwvevs raimes dazianebas adamianSi. maSasadame, aristotele akeTebs
daskvnas, rom swored es, goneba, aris adamianSi aramaterialuri da RvTiuri. ma-
gram aris Tu ara es goneba individualuri? anu, adamiani rom warmovidginoT
oTaxad, aris Tu ara goneba am oTaxis naTurasaviT, misi ganuyofeli nawili, Tu
igi ufro hgavs mzis Suqs, romelic ar ekuTvnis oTaxs, aramed sarkmelidan Se-
modis da garedan anaTebs mas? aristotele albaT ufro meore Sexedulebisken
ixreba, rodesac ambobs, rom `goneba sarkmelidan (berZn. `TuraTen~) Semodis~. es
Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia adamianis mokvdavoba-ukvdavobis TvalsazrisiT:
Tu goneba, romelic erTaderTia ukvdavi da aramaterialuri adamianSi, ar aris
adamianis piradi goneba, aramed RvTiuri gonebis moqmedebaa masSi, maSin adamiani
gamodis mokvdavi. magram, Tuki piriqiT, es goneba aris individualuri, maSin ga-
modis, rom adamianSi aris Tavisi sakuTari iseTi ram, rac ar mokvdeba sxeulTan
erTad. am kiTxvaze mkafio pasuxi ar aris aristoteles teqstebSi, amitom misi in-
terpretatorebi rogorc Zvelad, ise axlac gansxvavebul poziciebze dganan.
didi laTini Teologi, sqolastikis mwvervali Toma aqvineli, rogorc aristo-
teles `naTlia~, aqristianebs Tavis warmarT maswavlebels da individualuri,
ukvdavi inteleqtebis Sexedulebas amyarebs.
aristoteles eTika efuZneba realobis miseul teleologiur xedvas. adamian-
sac, misi azriT, aqvs sakuTari telosi, rac aris Rirseuli cxovreba, siqveleebis
an saTnoebebis SeZena. es ki SeuZlebelia azrovnebis gareSe. emocia arc Rirsebaa
da arc mankiereba. Cven ar gvadanaSauleben imisTvis, rom gagviCnda brazis gancda,
aramed imisTvis, rom ar movTokeT igi da ar davumorCileT gonebas. Tu gonebis
moqmedeba aristotelesTan identuria RmerTis moqmedebasTan, maSin pirdapir
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mankiereba aris rodesac emociuri impulsebi ar emor-
Cileba RmerTs. maSasadame, SeuZlebelia Rirseba arCevanis gareSe. rogorc aris-
aristotele 187

totele ambobs: `Rirsebebi gamomdinareobs arCevanidan, an SeuZlebelni arian ar-

Cevanis gareSe~. aseve Rirsebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Cveni bunebrivi monacemebi,
aramed is, Tu rogor viyenebT am monacemebs. maSasadame, Rirseba ar aris monacemi,
aramed Cvevis (berZn. `eTos~) gamomuSaveba, rac miiRweva ZalisxmeviT. aristo-
telesTvis is ki ar aris Rirseuli, vinc erTxel Caidens Rirseul saqciels, ara-
med is, vinc gamudmebuli ZalisxmeviT Rirseul qcevas sakuTar CveulebaSi
gadazrdis, sakuTari xasiaTis nawilad aqcevs. eTosi, saidanac modis sityva eTika,
xom swored xasiaTs, qcevis maneras aRniSnavs. Rirseba aristotelesTvis da-
kavSirebulia oqros Sualedis povnasTan ukiduresobebs Soris. magaliTad
guluxvobis Rirseba aris oqros Sualedi mflangvelobasa da siZunwes Soris,
anda vaJkacobis Rirseba aris oqros Sualedi ugunur riskianobas/TavzexelaRe-
bulobasa da simxdales Soris. anu Rirseba aris Sualedi naklsa da gadaWarbebas
Soris. platonisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis eTikuri Teoria ukiduresad in-
teleqtualizirebuli iyo (kerZod, platoni miiCnevda, rom adamianma Tuki icis
ra aris keTili, mas araferi dauSlis gaakeTos kidec igi, da rom ukeTurobis
mizezi mxoloddamxolod ucodinrobaa), aristotele daakvirda adamianis nebis
sisustesac, rac misi moraluri Teoriis realisturobaze metyvelebs: anu, ada-
mianma SeiZleba icodes ra aris keTili, magram susti nebis gamo (berZn. `akrasia~ –
sisuste) mainc ar akeTos is. eTika da politika organul kavSirSia aristo-
telesTan, radganac adamiani misTvis pirvel rigSi aris `politikuri cocxali
arseba~ (berZn. `zoon politikon~), rac niSnavs, rom Rirseuli adamiani unda iyos
sakuTari sazogadoebis (polisis) aqtiuri wevri; is vinc ar aris Rirseuli mo-
qalaqe, ar asrulebs Tavis bunebriv, adamianur daniSnulebas, wydeba Tavis te-
loss.
am mimoxilvis daskvniT nawils davuTmobT aristoteles Sexedulebebs poezi-
aze, kerZod berZnul dramaze.
Tavisi Sexedulebebi poeziis raobaze aristoteles Camoyalibebuli aqvs naS-
romSi `poetika~. es aris pirveli sistematuri samecniero naSromi poeturi
xelovnebis raobis Sesaxeb. manamdeli msjelobebi am Temaze, platonTan an isok-
ratesTan, aris SedarebiT fragmentuli da usistemo. aristotele Seecada
saxeobebisa da gvarebis mixedviT klasifikaciis meSveobiT Caetarebina poeturi
xelovnebis analizi, raTa aRmoeCina am xelovnebis anu `teqnes~ raoba. misi azriT,
poeturi xelovnebis safuZvelSi devs realobis `mibaZva~ (berZn. `mimesisi~). Tu
platonTan es `mibaZva~ uaryofiTad aris Sefasebuli, ramdenadac ar asaxavs
realobas adeqvaturad, iseTad rogoric is sinamdvileSi aris, aristotelesTan,
piriqiT, `mimesisi~ yuradRebis centrSia da poeturi xelovnebis Rirsebas gan-
sazRvravs. aristoteles azriT, swored mibaZviTaa, rom adamianebi iReben pirve-
lad Semecnebas da amisgan sixaruls ganicdian. im faqtidan, rom adamianebi TviT
sazizRari cxovelebis gamosaxulebebis yurebisas siamovnebas iReben, aristo-
telem daaskvna, rom es siamovneba gamowveulia msgavsebis aRmoCenis, Semecnebis
sixarulidan. amdenad, baZvisas msgavsebis aRmoCena aristotelesTvis SemecnebiTi,
logikuri aqtia, romelic pasuxobs adamianis bunebriv moTxovnilebas – gaigos,
Seimecnos realoba (aristoteles `metafizika~ swored am grandiozuli fraziT
iwyeba: `yvela adamians, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, aqvs swrafva Semecnebisken~).
platonisagan gansxvavebiT, aristotele naklebad uyurebs poezias rogorc
eqstatur, ara inteleqtismier da mxolod grZnobisken mimarTul sagans, romel-
sac qmnian dionisurad Sepyrobili, STagonebaSi myofi poetebi. misTvis poezia
rogorc poetis, ise misi auditoriis mxridan, aris inteleqtualur-SemecnebiTi
aqti da efuZneba adamianis Tandayolil (`sumfuton~ – `Tan-Sebunebebul~) Tvise-
bas – mibaZos realobas.
188 aristotele

aristotelem Camoayaliba im moTxovnaTa sia, romelTa dacvac aucilebelia

poeturi xelovnebis nimuSis Sesaqmnelad. `poetikis~ Cvenamde moRweul nawilSi
ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba tragedias da Cvenc masze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
tragediis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia poetisaTvis mibaZvis sagani iyos seriozuli,
dasrulebuli moqmedeba; mibaZvis saSualeba – mxatvrulad mimzidveli, damatk-
bobeli sityva; mibaZva unda moxdes ara Txrobis saxiT, rogorc es aris eposSi,
aramed moqmedebis, dramis (berZn. `dramein~ – moqmedeba) saxiT. tragediis mizani
aris gamoiwvios mayurebelSi da msmenelSi eldis (SiSis) da TanagZnobis emociebi
da am gziT Seqmnas masSi ganwmendis, `kaTarsisis~ SegrZneba. seriozuli moqmede-
bis nimuSebad, romlebsac unda mibaZos poetma, aristetele asaxelebda miTolo-
giur siuJetebs. magaliTad, klitemnestras mier sakuTari qmris, agamemnonis
mkvleloba da Semdeg orestesis mier dedis, klitemnestras SurisZiebiTi mkvle-
loba. poets ar aqvs ufleba Secvalos miTis siuJeti, anu ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,
gamoiyvanos iseTi klitemnestra, romelic ar klavs qmars, an iseTi oidiposi, ro-
melic ar irTavs colad sakuTar dedas, magram man unda SeZlos mxatvrulad daa-
muSavos mocemuli siuJeti. aq eZleva mis originalobas gasaqani.
tragikuli nawarmoebi unda warmoadgendes erT mTlianobas, romelic mkafiod
gansazRvruli nawilebisagan Sedgeba. tragedia, rogorc realobis mibaZva, imave
teleologiur, anu enteleqiur sqemaSia Casmuli, rogorc bunebis obieqtebi:
rogorc xes aqvs Tavisi ganviTarebis mizez-Sedegobrivad dakavSirebuli sta-
diebi Teslidan zrdasrul xemde, ise tragediasac aqvs mizez-Sedegobrivad da-
kavSirebuli nawilebi, saboloo miznamde – mayurebelSi eldisa da sibralulis
gamowvevamde, da, amis Sedegad, kaTarsisamde. is nawili, romlis amogdebac ar iw-
vevs mTelis darRvevas, ar aris mizez-Sedegobriobis jaWvis mdgeni, amdenad arc
ekuTvnis organulad mTels da misi amoRebac arafers daaklebs tragedias. mTli-
anobaSi: nawilebis mowesrigebulobaSi da maT organul erTianobaSi xedavda
aristotele mxatvruli nawarmoebis silamazes (`to kalon~).
tragediis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris umniSvnelovanesia `peripetia~ – anu
erTi mdgomareobidan ucabedi cvaleba sxva mdgomareobamde: magaliTad, rodesac
macne gaamJRavnebs oidiposis warmomavlobis saidumlos, da is igebs, rom saku-
Tari mama mouklavs da deda ki colad SeurTavs, mTeli moqmedeba icvleba, anu
ganicdis peripetias. tragediis meore umniSvnelovanesi mdgenia `cnoba~/“gamJ-
Ravneba~ (`anagnorisis~), anu umecrebis mdgomareobidan gadasvla gagebamde, Se-
mecnebamde, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs siyvarulidan siZulvilze gadasvlas, an
piriqiT. magaliTad, medeas mier iasonis gadawyvetilebis gageba, an iasonis mier
medeas sazareli qmedebis gageba. zogjer, rogorc es aris oidiposis SemTxvevaSi,
peripetia da anagnorisisi erTmaneTs emTxveva. msgavsi SemTxvevebi, aristoteles
azriT, aRmoCenis yvelaze efeqtur formas warmoadgens. swored amas mohyveba
tragikuli efeqti, rac iwvevs sibralulisa da eldis gancdebs.
aristotele ganasxvavebs mxatvrul realobas istoriuli realobisagan da
pirvels garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs meoresTan SedarebiT. igi ambobs, rom
poezia `ufro filosofiuri da ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre istoria, radgan igi
(poezia) Seexeba zogadobebs, xolo istoria erTeul xdomilebebs~. marTlac, is-
toria mogviTxrobs, Tu ra gaakeTa ama Tu im kacma, mag. alkibiadesma, ama Tu im
dros, maSin roca poeti gveubneba, Tu zogadad ama da am xasiaTis, Tvisebebis ada-
miani ras gaakeTebs aucileblad anda savaraudod ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi. anu poeti
asaxavs ara imas, rac moxda, aramed imas, rac SesaZlebelia (`eikos~) an aucilebe-
lia (`anagkaios~) rom moxdes. personaJis xasiaTisa da misi qmedebebis Sesatyviso-
bis principi daculi unda iyos tragediaSic. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, poe-
turi gamonagoni, ase vTqvaT, `tyuili~, SesaZlebelia ufro adekvaturad as-
axavdes fsiqologiur realobas, vidre realuri istoriuli faqtebi, ramde-
aristotele 189

nadac poetis mier personaJis qmedebis aRweras Tavis Singanani logika aqvs,
Tavisi zogadi mizan-Sedegobrioba, romelsac SemTxveviTi movlenebi ar
abrkolebs. anu poeti ufro filosofiuria vidre istorikosi, ramdenadac igi
wvdeba Sesabamisobis zogad princips da ar asaxavs erTeul xdomilebas, romelic
realobaSi ki moxda, magram SemTxveviTi movlenebis gamo masSi Sinagani logika da
Sesabamisobis principi ar ganxorcielebula.
aristotele exeba poeturi enis, gamosaxvis formebis sakiTxsac: rogori unda
iyos tragediis ena? aristotelesTvis, mas unda axasiaTebdes keTilSobileba
(`semnotes~), uCveuloba, ucxooba (`qsenikon~), rac msmenelSi gansakuTrebul
efeqts iwvevs. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas igi aniWebs metaforebs, ramdenadac
isini ormag efeqts iwveven: akvirveben msmenels, da aniWeben mas msgavsebis aRmoCe-
nis siamovnebas. swored metaforebSi xedavda aristotele poetisaTvis Tavisi
originalobis gamoCenis saukeTeso saSualebas: `mxolod amas ver gadmoiRebs [po-
eti] sxvisgan; es (e.i. metaforis mofiqreba) aris niSani mxolod sakuTari niWisa –
marTlac, kargad rom gadmosce azri metaforiT, unda SegeZlos sagnebs Soris
msgavsebis aRmoCena~.
aristotele dramis istoriis sakiTxsac exeba. misi azriT, tragedia momdi-
nareobs dionises sadidebeli ritualebidan, diTirambis momRerlebis improvi-
zaciebidan, maSin rodesac komedia momdinareobs falikuri simRerebis momRer-
lebis improvizaciebidan.
`poetikis~ meore wigni, rogorc Cans, Seexeboda `kaTarsisis~ bunebis analizs
da aseve, komedias, magram samwuxarod am nawilma Cvenamde ver moaRwia. aristo-
teles `poetikis~ es dakarguli nawili da misi SesaZlo saxifaTo mniSvneloba
Sua saukuneebis kaTolikuri eklesiisTvis Seadgens cnobili italieli mwerali-
mediaevistis umberto ekos bestseleris `vardis saxelis~ mTavar Temas.
bolos vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi aristotele ukve Sua-saukuneebSi didi
popularobiT sargeblobda. misi logikuri naSromebi, ioane damaskeliseul
gadamuSavebaSi, orjer iyo naTargmni meTerTmete-meTormete saukuneebSi efrem
mciresa da arsen iyalToelis mier. udidesi qarTveli filosofosi ioane
petriwi, miuxedavad Tavisi platonisturi poziciisa da aristoteles zogi ide-
isadmi kritikuli damokidebulebisa, filosofosofas `aristotelobas~ uwo-
debda (`mewada mearistotelura~); arc aris gasakviri: petriwisTvis xom filo-
sofosoba, iseve rogorc stagirelisTvis, adamianis saukeTeso moRvaweoba, ada-
mianis umSvenieresi mizanswrafva iyo, da iqneb bednier damTxvevaze metia saxeli
`aristotele~-s etimologia: `ariston~-“saukeTeso~; `telos~-“mizani~,
`daniSnuleba~.

Txzulebebi:
logikuri xasiaTis Sromebi: kategoriebi (terminTa 10 klasifikacia);
ganmartebis Sesaxeb (winadadebebi, WeSmariteba, modalobebi); winare
analitika (silogisturi logika); Semdgomi analitika (mecnieruli meTodi
da silogizmi); `topika~ (efeqturi argumentis Camoyalibebis da kamaTis
wesebi); sofisturi uaryofebi (araformaluri logikuri cTomilebebi).
fizikuri xasiaTis Sromebi: fizika (ganixilavs cvlilebas, moZraobas,
cariel sivrces, dros); cis Sesaxeb (cis struqtura, dedamiwa, stiqiebi);
warmoSobis Sesaxeb; meteorologia (kometebis warmoSoba, amindi, bunebrivi
katastrofebi).
fsiqologiuri xasiaTis Sromebi: sulis Sesaxeb (ganixilavs sulis Tvisebebs,
grZnobebs, gonebas, warmodgenas); mexsierebis, gaxsenebis, sizmrebis da
winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb
190 aristotele

naSromebi bunebis istoriaze: cxovelebis istoria (fizikuri/fsiqikuri

Tvisebebi, Cvevebi); cxovelebis nawilebis Sbesaxeb;. cxovelebis moZraobis
Sesaxeb; cxovelebis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb; cxovelebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb;.
mcire traqtatebi; problemebi
filosofiuri Sromebi: metafizika (arsi, mizezi forma, potenciuroba); ni-
komaqes eTika (suli, bedniereba, saTnoeba, megobroba); evdemosis eTika; didi
eTika; politika (saukeTeso saxelmwifoebi, konstituciebi, revoluciebi);
ritorika (sasamarTlo da politikuri debatebis elementebi); poetika (tra-
gedia, epikuri poezia)