EEE 463 ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUES

LECTURE NOTES FOR FINAL EXAM_2013

TEXTBOOKS

Lighting D. C. PRITCHARD
Uygulamalı Aydınlatma Tekniği, Yusuf YAMAN
Aydınlatma Tekniği, Prof.Dr. Muzaffer ÖZKAYA
Aydınlatma Tasarımı ve Proje Uygulamaları, Adem ÜNAL

1- READ THE FOLLOWING LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON LIGHTING

Elektrik İç Tesisleri Yönetmeliği

Bayındırlık Bakanlığı Elektrik Tesisatı Genel Teknik Şartnamesi
Fen Adamları Yönetmeliği

2- LIGHTING CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

1-way switching

2-way switching

3-way switching

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3- VOLTAGE DROP AND CABLE SELECTION CALCULATIONS

The voltage drop in cable conductor(s) is directly proportional to the circuit current and the
length of cable run.

For 3-phase systems

100.L.N
%e=
K.S.U2

For 1-phase systems

200.L.N
%e=
K.S.U2

%e= Voltage drop........ (percent) S=Conductor size…………………..(mm2)

N= Power............................. (W) K= Conductivity coefficient …..(m/Ωmm2)
U= Voltage ....................... (volt) K (Cu)………………………..56 m/Ωmm2
L= Line distance ............ (meter) K (Al)………………………...35 m/Ωmm2

Example: For the 380VLL system given, calculate the voltage drop across the line. Determine
is this voltage drop is permissible with the regulations. k is given to be 56 m/ ohm mm2.

2x6 mm2 2x2.5 mm2

3x10 mm2
12m

6m 12m 12m 8m

300W 200W 1200W

32000W 4200W

Voltage drop for single phase lines Voltage drop for three phase lines

200.L.N 100.L.N
%e= %e=
K.S.U2 K.S.U2

For the system given;

% total  % mains % column % lines

200.8.1200 200.12.1400 200.12.1700 1920000 3360000 4080000

% lines      
56.(2,5)(220) 56.(2,5)(220) 56.(2,5)(220) 2 6776000 6776000 6776000
2 2

2
 % lines  0,2834  0,4959  0,6021  1,3814

200.6.4200 5040000
% column    0,3100
56.6(220) 2 16262400

100.12.32000 38400000
% mains    0,4748
56.10.(380) 2 80864000

% total  1,3814  0,31 0,4748  2,1662 (5 pts)

2,1662 > 1.5, this system does not satisfy the regulations.

! Check the regulations and current carrying capabilities of the conductors.

Current carrying capabilities (A) Dimension mm2 Current A at

Cable type N and F cables 2x2,5 26
2x4 34
Voltage 380-1000 V
2x6 44
# of cores 1 2-5 2x10 61
Instalation 2x16 82
3x4 32
Dimension mm2 Inside a tube Air 3x6 44
3x10 61
3x16 82
0,75 - 13 4x4 34
12 4x6 44
1 16
16 4x10 61
1,5 20
21 4x16 82
2,5 27
4 27 36
6 35 47
10 48 65
16 65 87
25 88 115
35 110 143
50 140 178
70 175 220
95 210 265

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Example: The estimated load in a factory extension is 50kW balanced at 0.8 p.f. The supply
point is 120 metres away and the supply voltage is 400V. Calculate the cross-sectional area of
the cable in order that the total voltage drop shall not exceed 2.5% of the supply voltage.

Take the resistivity of copper as 1.78 × 10−8 m.

The line current I = 50000/ (√3 × 400 × 0.8)= 90.21A

Allowable reduction in line voltage = 2.5% × 400= 10 V

Equivalent reduction in phase voltage, = 10/ √3= 5.77V

Resistance per core of the cable

= 5.77/90.21= 0.06396 Ω

The resistance of a cable is given by

R = ρl/A
where ρ is the resistivity (Ωm)
l is the length (m)
A is the cross-sectional area (m2)
A = ρl/R
A = (1.7810-8×120)/(0.06396)
= 0.33/104 m2= 33mm2
4- FUSES

The fuses are labeled with the rated current in amperes. B, C or D indicates the instantaneous
tripping current.

B. Type
Function: Protection and control of the circuits against overloads and short-circuits;
protection for people and big length cables in TN and IT systems. It opens the circuits
immediately.

In: Nominal current of fuse

Magnetic protection (short circuit): 3.5-5 In
Thermal relay (overload): 1.6-3.5 In
Applications: residential, commercial and industrial

C. Type
Function: Protection and control of the circuits against overloads and short-circuits;
protection for resistive and inductive loads with inrush current. It opens the circuit after a
delay.

In: Nominal current of fuse

Magnetic protection (short circuit): 7-12 In
Thermal relay (overload): 1.2-7 In
Applications: residential, commercial and industrial

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Comparison of various light sources

LEDs and LED Driver Circuits

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are electronic devices that change electrical energy into light
energy. The light emitted is at specific wavelengths depending on the material of manufacture.
Modification is necessary to produce white light. LED drivers control many factors that affect the
performance of the LED and are of critical importance in white LEDs.
An LED driver is analogous to the ballast in fluorescent lighting.
The driver converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) if required. It manages the
incoming voltage and current to the voltage and current level requirements of the LED. Electronically,
the driver is a small integrated circuit (IC).
LEDs were initially used as signal indicators; a typical application being a power-on indicator
on a television. In order for LEDs to compete as a source of general illumination with

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incandescent lighting, they must be able to produce a quality, consistent white light and be dimmable.
The choice of LED driver is critical for white light applications.
The requirements that must be considered in specifying an LED driver depend on the planned use of
the LED. LEDs are current-driven and experience a large drop in illumination with a small decrease
in current. A constant-current driver removes variations in the input current by regulating the voltage
across a current-sense resistor. The value of the reference voltage and the resistor determines
the LED current. LEDs sharing the same driver should be connected in series to maintain
a constant current.
Constant-current devices require overvoltage protection. The current output is also constant,
and if the resistance increases down circuit from the LED, the constant current can cause the voltage to
rise beyond the voltage rating for the LED or other discrete components. Overvoltage protection is
provided by zener diodes, which may be thought of as a reverse fuse, in parallel to the LED. When the
overvoltage condition exists, the zener diode starts to conduct electricity. An alternative to the zener
diode approach is to monitor the output voltage and shut down the power supply when an overvoltage
trip point is met.
Efficiency in conversion of energy to light is important in LED use, as that is what
differentiates LEDs as a viable light source. The amount of input power to LED brightness is the
measure of efficiency in LED drivers. There is an inverse relationship between the reference voltage
of the power supply and the LED brightness. Input power, managed by the LED driver, with smaller
reference voltages result in lower electrical use and less heat buildup.
Dimming of the LED light may be managed by the LED driver by decreasing the
input current. This causes a shift in the output color spectrum and requires an analog control signal,
which adds another necessary circuit to the design. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) switches
thecurrent on and off at very-high frequencies. PWM is used in incandescent light dimmers wherein
the current is removed from the same portion of the AC energy wave during each cycle. In the DC
environment of the high-frequency LED, the PWM circuits must work at even higher frequencies.
LED Driver Basics

• The main function of a driver is to limit the current regardless of input and output conditions across a
range of operating conditions
• AC-DC power conversion and driver regulation can be merged together into a single driver or
separated into two stages
• The arrangement of LEDs and the luminaire specifications dictate the fundamental driver
requirements
• Isolated solutions means there is no physical electrical connection between the AC line voltage and
the LEDs

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LED Applications by Power Level Based on Today’s LED Performance

Factors to Consider