

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 POST PROJECT REPORT
 Course Code: CSE251

 Course Name: Electronic Circuits

 Section: 01

 Experiment Title: To design and develop a 5V Regulated DC power supply.

 Submitted to:
 MHR

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, EWU

 Submitted by:
 Group Number: 03
 Group Members’ Name and ID:
Md Sifatullah Sheikh 2022-1-60-029
Urmi kirtonia 2022-1-60-184
NuzathTabassam Arthi 2022-1-60-185
Humaira Himu 2022-1-60-403
Abstract:

The main goal of this project is to design an efficient and cost effective 5 volt DC power supply from 220 volt AC source input.
The design is completed using a transformer, full wave bridge rectifier, filter with suitable smoothing capacitor and a voltage
regulator. After completing the design simulation is performed for the design. From the simulation it is observed that the output wave
shape of the DC voltage is very smooth and the value is almost 5.01 V.

1. Introduction
A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The term is most commonly applied to
electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to another. An AC-DC power supply converts
alternating current (AC) into the direct current (DC). In general most consumer electronic devices such as desktop
computer, mobile phone require a low DC power source. In practical field DC power for electronic devices is most
conveniently obtained from commercial AC lines by using rectifier-filter system, called a “DC Power supply”. In this
project we are designing a “5 volt DC power supply”. The whole design can be divided into three subprojects. The
three subprojects are the AC rectification, filtration of pulsating DC and finally regulation of DC voltage.

2. Diagram of Design Procedure

We will follow the following diagram step by step to complete our Design.

3. Equipments and Components

Serial No. Component Details Specification Quantity

1. Transformer 220V/12V 1 piece

2. p-n junction diode 1N4007 4 piece

3. Resistor 100Ω 1 piece

4. Capacitor 1000uf 1 piece

5. Zener diode 1N4733A 1 piece

6. Bread Board 1 unit

7. Wire as required
 4. Circuit diagram

Figure1: Circuit diagram of the Design.

This AC-DC converter basically composed four main design blocks: They are the transformer, full wave bridge
rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator. Now we will go for the detail of every single building block.

The Transformer:
From the circuit diagram we can see that the first component we use for this design is an AC voltage source. Our
input voltage is 220 Vac. But the rated voltage for most of our component is below 220 V. So we use a step-down
transformer for the safety of our design. The transformer is designed to connect in parallel for AC-DC converter design.
The rating of the transformer is,
Input: Voltage: 220 Vac, Frequency:50 Hz.
Output: Voltage: 12 Vac ,Current: 1 A.
It is about an 18:1 step down transformer. Though the output voltage should be 12 V from the experimental circuit we
measured the output transformer voltage 13.6 V. The circuit diagram and wave shape of output voltage of transformer is
given below.

Figure : Wave shape of output voltage of the transformer.

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:

A full wave bridge rectifier is used for the rectification of the step down AC voltage of the transformer. The rectifier
design is composed 4 diodes in a full-wave bridge configuration. The four diodes labeled D1 to D4 are arranged in
“series pairs” with only two diode conducting current during each half cycle.

Figure 4: Circuit diagram of full wave bridge rectifier.

For Positive Half Cycle:

During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse
biased and the current flows through the load as shown below.

Figure : Circuit diagram for positive half cycle.

For Negative half-cycle:

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “off” as
they are now reverse biases. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.

Figure : Circuit diagram for negative half cycle.

As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so the voltage developed across the load also unidirectional.
From this rectification we have got a DC voltage across the load which is called pulsating DC.

Voltage regulator:
After connecting a suitable smoothing capacitor (1000uf) we have got a smooth DC wave shape. But this DC
voltage is not regulated. We have to get an output of 5 volt DC from this project. That is why we have to regulate this
unregulated DC supply. To regulate this DC voltage we used a “zener diode” as a voltage regulator. We would like to
describe why we use zener diode as a voltage regulator giving some information about zener diode.

Zener diode: The Zener diode is like a general-purpose signal diode consisting of a silicon P-N junction. When
biased in the forward direction it behaves just like a normal signal diode passing the rated current, but as soon as a
reverse voltage applied across the zener diode exceeds the rated voltage of the device, the diodes breakdown
voltage VB is reached at which point a process called Avalanche Breakdown occurs in the semiconductor depletion
layer and a current starts to flow through the diode to limit this increase in voltage

The current now flowing through the zener diode increases dramatically to the maximum circuit value (which is
usually limited by a series resistor) and once achieved this reverse saturation current remains fairly constant over a
wide range of applied voltages. This breakdown voltage point, VB is called the "zener voltage" for zener diodes and
can range from less than one volt to hundreds of volts (user defined). Every zener diode has a specific “zener
breakdown voltage (VZ)”. From this zener breakdown voltage the voltage drop across the zener diode remains
constant over a wide range of input voltage variation and load variation.

Symbol:

Figure12: Symbol of zener diode.

Zener Diode Regulator:

Figure: Circuit diagram of voltage regulation using zener diode.

Zener Diodes can be used to produce a stabilised voltage output with low ripple under varying load current conditions.
The zener will maintain constant voltage across the load in spite of changes in load current or input voltage. As the load
current increases, the zener current decreases so that current through resistance R S is constant. As output voltage =Vin-
IRS, and I is constant, therefore, output voltage remains unchanged. The reverse would be true if the load current
decrease. The circuit will also correct for the changes in input voltages. If the input voltage V in increases, more current
will flow through the zener, the voltage drop across RS will increase but load voltage would remain constant. The
reverse would be true if the input voltage decreases.

So we used a zener diode (1N4733A) which breakdown voltage is 5.1 V as voltage regulator to get a constant 5 V DC
supply

5. Circuit Simulation of the Design

Circuit diagram for simulation and simulated wave shape of output voltage are given below.

Figure: Circuit diagram for simulation

6. Data-Table:

Serial No. IL(mA) Vo(V)

1. 14 5
2. 18 4.6

3. 22 4.3
4. 24 4.1
5. 25 4
6. 27 3.7
7. 30 3.4
8. 32 3.1
9. 34 2.9
10. 37 2.6
 Graph :

7. Limitations

1. One problem with zener diode stabiliser circuit is that the diode can sometimes generate electrical noise on top of
the DC supply as it tries to stabilise the voltage.
2. The zener diode has low efficiency for heavy load currents. It is because if the load current is large, there will be
considerable power loss in the series limiting resistance.
3. We assume that there is a very small amount of ripple voltage (0.026V). This value is not exact.
4. Though the output voltage of the transformer should be 12 V. But from the measurement we found out almost 13.6
V.
 8. Conclusion

The AC-DC converter design has been tested with computer simulation and analysis and real resistance load. Though
the efficiency of the power supply is not 100%, we tried so hard to make an efficient DC power supply. In spite of having
some limitations and mistakes we get an output of 5.01 V DC and also get a very smooth wave shape of the DC voltage.
Finally we are pleased to complete the project in time as it was our project.