ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION

GROUP NO: 1 WORKSTATION NO : 16

MUHAMMAD ZAIN UL ABIDEEN

MOWAHHID BIN SAFDAR
HAMAAD JAVED
 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Abstract – Half-wave rectification involves allowing only the positive half of an AC waveform to pass
through a circuit using a diode. This process results in a pulsating DC voltage, crucial for various
applications. However, electromagnetic coupling can introduce crosstalk, diminishing signal quality.
Proper techniques like shielding and isolation minimize crosstalk, ensuring efficient rectification and
reducing signal distortion, vital for consistent performance in electrical systems.

 OBJECTIVES
 Learning about Transformers and bulding half wave recitifier.
 Calculating Voltage of Load resistor and Transformer.

 APPARATUS
 Resistor
 Connecting wires
 Power Supply
 Transformer
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
 Multimeter
 Zener Diode

I. INTRODUCTION TO TRANSFORMER

Transformers are essential electrical components that use electromagnetic induction to move energy between
circuits. They raise or lower voltage according to the turns ratio of a common core that is wound around main
and secondary coils. They efficiently transfer electricity over great distances when used in power distribution.
Electrical isolation and voltage adaptation for various components are used in electronics to guarantee safety.
Transformers are vital parts of contemporary electrical networks because they are used in so many different
purposes, such as powering houses and facilitating the operation of electronic equipment.

Figure 1; Step up and Step Down Transformers

II. WORKING OF TRANSFORMER

Transformers need electromagnetic induction to function. The magnetic field in the core changes as a result of
the primary coil's alternating current. Through mutual induction, this field causes an alternating voltage to be
induced in the secondary coil. Voltage transformation is determined by the coils' turn ratio. Step-down
transformers have fewer secondary turns, which lowers voltage, and step-up transformers have more turns,
which increase voltage. Effective power distribution, voltage conversion, and impedance matching are made
possible by this voltage transformation and can be used in a variety of applications, including electrical grids
and electronic devices. Electrical systems' functionality and safety are greatly enhanced by transformers, which
supply vital energy transfer and electrical isolation.

III. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Through electromagnetic induction, a step-down transformer lowers the voltage applied to the primary and
secondary coils. The magnetic field in the core changes as alternating current passes through the primary coil.
A voltage is induced in the secondary coil as a result. Step-down transformers lower the output voltage relative
to the input because the secondary coil has fewer turns than the primary. By matching lower voltage consumer
loads to higher voltage transmission lines, this voltage reduction promotes safe electrical distribution. In order
to facilitate effective energy transmission and maintain electrical system compatibility and safety, step-down
transformers are crucial components of power networks, appliances, and electronics.

IV. CRO AND ITS WORKING

The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is an essential tool in science and engineering, particularly in fields like
physics, engineering, and telecommunications. It observes electrical signal changes over time, displaying
voltage on the Y-axis and time on the X-axis. Operating on the principle of deflecting an electron beam with
electric or magnetic fields, it accurately represents fluctuating voltages. In electrical engineering labs, it serves
multiple purposes, including waveform observation, amplitude measurement, frequency determination, and
phase difference study.

Figure 2; CRO

V. HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION

Half-wave rectification is a fundamental process in electronics, allowing only the positive half of an AC
waveform to pass through a circuit, resulting in a pulsating DC voltage. Achieved through the use of a diode
acting as a one-way valve, this process involves forward biasing during the positive half cycle and reverse
biasing during the negative half cycle. As a result, the rectified output waveform consists of positive pulses
 representing the positive halves of the original AC signal. However, this pulsating DC voltage lacks smoothness
and may require additional filtering for applications necessitating a constant DC voltage.

Figure 3; Half Wave Rectification

VI. EXPERIMENT

We shall use a diode and resistor in series with voltage being provided by the step down transformer and the
probes of the CRO connected to both terminals of the resistor.

Figure 4; Wave Form of Voltage

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit was made on the breadboard.

2. The Multimeter and the Power Supply was set up.

3. Power was supplied to the circuit, and the voltage across the resistor and the
input/output voltage values of transformer were calculated by multimeter.

4. The experiment was done for both forward and reverse biased diode.

Figure 5; CIrcuit on BreadBoard

 VII. RESULTS

Sr No. Wire R (kΩ) Vin (V) Vout,R (V) Vpeak (V) Vavg (V) T (s) Vout,T(V)
FORWARD
1 Blue 1.487 220 V 5.76 V 1.96 V 605 mV 0.0198 6.4 mV
2 Blue 2.20 220 V 5.78 V 1.96 V 625 mV 0.0198 4.5 mV
3 Black 1.487 220 V 2.74 V 930 mV 282 mV 0.0198 8.4 mV
4 Black 2.20 220 V 2.76 V 928 mV 284 mV 0.0198 6.6 mV
REVERSE
1 Blue 2.20 220 V 31.7 milli 8.4 mV -1.9 mV 0.0196 3.22 V
2 Blue 1.487 220 V 36.8 milli 6.4 mV -1.18 mV 0.0193 488 mV
3 Black 1.487 220 V 45 milli 8 mV -1.6 mV 0.0198 505.7
mV
4 Black 2.20 220 V 2.7 V 900 mV -266 mV 0.0199 1.9 V

Figure 9; CRO 1 Figure 8; CRO 2

Figure 7; CRO 3 Figure 6; CRO 4

VIII. DISCUSSION:

The experimental results showcase the impact of different resistor values and diode configurations on the
rectified output voltage in half-wave rectification. For instance, when the resistor value is increased from 1.487
kΩ to 2.20 kΩ, the rectified output voltage decreases for both forward and reverse biased diodes. This reduction
is expected, as a higher resistance typically results in a larger voltage drop across the resistor. Similarly,
variations in diode biasing affect the rectification process, with forward biasing leading to positive output
voltages and reverse biasing resulting in negligible or negative output voltages. Moreover, changes in the input
voltage from the transformer also influence the output voltage levels, with higher input voltages generally
yielding higher output voltages. These results highlight the interdependence of various parameters in the half-
wave rectification process and emphasize the importance of careful selection and configuration of components
to achieve desired outcomes.

IX. CONCLUSION

The experiment illustrates the intricate relationship between resistor values, diode biasing, and transformer
input voltages.